{
 "record_id": "41c05e4c190bfd812f576bb4bc53a0c147331a7d",
 "eligible": true,
 "exclusion_reason": null,
 "study": {
  "title": "Accounting for Spatial Autocorrelation in Algorithm-Driven Hedonic Models: A Spatial Cross-Validation Approach",
  "year": 2022,
  "doi": "10.1007/s11146-022-09915-y",
  "country": "Germany",
  "region_city": "Frankfurt am Main",
  "sample_start": 2019,
  "sample_end": 2020,
  "property_type": "rental",
  "price_type": "rent",
  "data_source": "PATRIZIA AG / multiple listing systems, 9,256 apartment asking rents Jan 2019-Mar 2020",
  "document_type": "journal",
  "estimators": [
   "OLS"
  ],
  "spatial_method": "none in OLS appendix (coordinates as controls in Panel A); spatial lag/error and ML models used for prediction only",
  "time_fe": false,
  "location_fe": false,
  "se_type": "unknown",
  "n_obs_total": 9256,
  "ai_methods": [
   "random_forest",
   "gradient_boosting"
  ],
  "notes": "Main paper is about spatial cross-validation of random forest / XGBoost (prediction only, no marginal effects); only the appendix OLS (Table 6) gives coefficients. p-values printed to 2 decimals (0.00 means < 0.005). Significance codes: *** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05. 'Entry date [years]' (listing time trend) and latitude/longitude controls not extracted. n_obs assumed equal to the full sample of 9,256 (not printed in the table)."
 },
 "models": [
  {
   "model_id": "T6-A",
   "table": "6",
   "column": "Panel A",
   "page": 32,
   "dep_var": "log(rent) (monthly asking rent, EUR)",
   "dep_transform": "log",
   "estimator": "OLS",
   "n_obs": 9256,
   "r2": null,
   "se_or_t_in_parentheses": "se",
   "sample_subset": "OLS including spatial controls (coordinates, distances); SE/t/p printed in columns"
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-B",
   "table": "6",
   "column": "Panel B",
   "page": 32,
   "dep_var": "log(rent) (monthly asking rent, EUR)",
   "dep_transform": "log",
   "estimator": "OLS",
   "n_obs": 9256,
   "r2": null,
   "se_or_t_in_parentheses": "se",
   "sample_subset": "OLS excluding spatial controls; continued on page 33"
  }
 ],
 "coefficients": [
  {
   "model_id": "T6-A",
   "var_name_printed": "Living Area [log]",
   "taxonomy_id": "living_area",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "m2",
   "beta": 0.8,
   "se": 0.01,
   "t": 81.98,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-A",
   "var_name_printed": "Age [years]",
   "taxonomy_id": "age",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "years",
   "beta": 0.0,
   "se": 0.0,
   "t": -20.11,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "Coefficient and SE printed as 0.00 (rounded); t = -20.11"
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-A",
   "var_name_printed": "Age squared",
   "taxonomy_id": "age",
   "x_transform": "squared",
   "x_unit": "years",
   "beta": 0.0,
   "se": 0.0,
   "t": 19.59,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "Printed as 0.00 (rounded)"
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-A",
   "var_name_printed": "Rooms",
   "taxonomy_id": "bedrooms",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "count",
   "beta": 0.04,
   "se": 0.0,
   "t": 10.05,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "Number of rooms"
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-A",
   "var_name_printed": "Floor",
   "taxonomy_id": "floor_level",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "count",
   "beta": 0.0,
   "se": 0.0,
   "t": 5.29,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "Printed as 0.00 (rounded)"
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-A",
   "var_name_printed": "Bathtub",
   "taxonomy_id": "bathroom_quality",
   "x_transform": "binary",
   "x_unit": "binary",
   "beta": -0.04,
   "se": 0.0,
   "t": -9.78,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-A",
   "var_name_printed": "Refurbished",
   "taxonomy_id": "renovation",
   "x_transform": "binary",
   "x_unit": "binary",
   "beta": 0.02,
   "se": 0.01,
   "t": 3.03,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "**",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-A",
   "var_name_printed": "Built-in kitchen",
   "taxonomy_id": "kitchen_quality",
   "x_transform": "binary",
   "x_unit": "binary",
   "beta": 0.11,
   "se": 0.01,
   "t": 21.65,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-A",
   "var_name_printed": "Balcony",
   "taxonomy_id": "terrace_balcony",
   "x_transform": "binary",
   "x_unit": "binary",
   "beta": 0.02,
   "se": 0.0,
   "t": 3.84,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-A",
   "var_name_printed": "Parking",
   "taxonomy_id": "parking",
   "x_transform": "binary",
   "x_unit": "binary",
   "beta": 0.03,
   "se": 0.01,
   "t": 4.88,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-A",
   "var_name_printed": "Elevator",
   "taxonomy_id": "accessibility",
   "x_transform": "binary",
   "x_unit": "binary",
   "beta": 0.04,
   "se": 0.01,
   "t": 7.64,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-A",
   "var_name_printed": "Terrace",
   "taxonomy_id": "terrace_balcony",
   "x_transform": "binary",
   "x_unit": "binary",
   "beta": 0.04,
   "se": 0.01,
   "t": 5.99,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-A",
   "var_name_printed": "NUTS centroid [km]",
   "taxonomy_id": "cbd_distance",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": -0.02,
   "se": 0.0,
   "t": -13.02,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "Distance to NUTS-3 centroid (city centre proxy)"
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-A",
   "var_name_printed": "Bakery [km]",
   "taxonomy_id": "neighbourhood_amenities",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": -0.01,
   "se": 0.01,
   "t": -1.22,
   "p": 0.22,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-A",
   "var_name_printed": "Bar [km]",
   "taxonomy_id": "neighbourhood_amenities",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": -0.02,
   "se": 0.0,
   "t": -3.73,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-A",
   "var_name_printed": "Biergarten [km]",
   "taxonomy_id": "neighbourhood_amenities",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": -0.05,
   "se": 0.0,
   "t": -14.71,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-A",
   "var_name_printed": "Café [km]",
   "taxonomy_id": "neighbourhood_amenities",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": -0.02,
   "se": 0.01,
   "t": -2.11,
   "p": 0.03,
   "p_stars": "*",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-A",
   "var_name_printed": "School [km]",
   "taxonomy_id": "school_distance",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": -0.03,
   "se": 0.01,
   "t": -2.35,
   "p": 0.02,
   "p_stars": "*",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-A",
   "var_name_printed": "Supermarket [km]",
   "taxonomy_id": "commercial_distance",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": 0.02,
   "se": 0.01,
   "t": 1.2,
   "p": 0.23,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-A",
   "var_name_printed": "Bus station [km]",
   "taxonomy_id": "transit_distance",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": -0.04,
   "se": 0.0,
   "t": -17.16,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-B",
   "var_name_printed": "Living Area [log]",
   "taxonomy_id": "living_area",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "m2",
   "beta": 0.84,
   "se": 0.01,
   "t": 76.62,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-B",
   "var_name_printed": "Age [years]",
   "taxonomy_id": "age",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "years",
   "beta": 0.0,
   "se": 0.0,
   "t": -18.16,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "Printed as 0.00 (rounded)"
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-B",
   "var_name_printed": "Age squared",
   "taxonomy_id": "age",
   "x_transform": "squared",
   "x_unit": "years",
   "beta": 0.0,
   "se": 0.0,
   "t": 21.45,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 32,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "Printed as 0.00 (rounded)"
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-B",
   "var_name_printed": "Rooms",
   "taxonomy_id": "bedrooms",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "count",
   "beta": 0.03,
   "se": 0.0,
   "t": 6.32,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 33,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "Number of rooms"
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-B",
   "var_name_printed": "Floor",
   "taxonomy_id": "floor_level",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "count",
   "beta": 0.01,
   "se": 0.0,
   "t": 6.43,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 33,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-B",
   "var_name_printed": "Bathtub",
   "taxonomy_id": "bathroom_quality",
   "x_transform": "binary",
   "x_unit": "binary",
   "beta": -0.05,
   "se": 0.0,
   "t": -10.78,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 33,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-B",
   "var_name_printed": "Refurbished",
   "taxonomy_id": "renovation",
   "x_transform": "binary",
   "x_unit": "binary",
   "beta": 0.03,
   "se": 0.01,
   "t": 4.53,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 33,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-B",
   "var_name_printed": "Built-in kitchen",
   "taxonomy_id": "kitchen_quality",
   "x_transform": "binary",
   "x_unit": "binary",
   "beta": 0.15,
   "se": 0.01,
   "t": 26.57,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 33,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-B",
   "var_name_printed": "Balcony",
   "taxonomy_id": "terrace_balcony",
   "x_transform": "binary",
   "x_unit": "binary",
   "beta": 0.02,
   "se": 0.01,
   "t": 2.94,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "**",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 33,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-B",
   "var_name_printed": "Parking",
   "taxonomy_id": "parking",
   "x_transform": "binary",
   "x_unit": "binary",
   "beta": 0.01,
   "se": 0.01,
   "t": 1.52,
   "p": 0.13,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 33,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-B",
   "var_name_printed": "Elevator",
   "taxonomy_id": "accessibility",
   "x_transform": "binary",
   "x_unit": "binary",
   "beta": 0.1,
   "se": 0.01,
   "t": 16.78,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 33,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T6-B",
   "var_name_printed": "Terrace",
   "taxonomy_id": "terrace_balcony",
   "x_transform": "binary",
   "x_unit": "binary",
   "beta": 0.03,
   "se": 0.01,
   "t": 4.06,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 33,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": ""
  }
 ]
}