{
 "record_id": "527c17fa11ad1ccaff05d13eaeb2dfa2ff940bdd",
 "eligible": true,
 "exclusion_reason": null,
 "study": {
  "title": "Geospatial Heterogeneity in Monetary Value of Proximity to Waterfront Ecosystem Services in the Gulf of Mexico",
  "year": 2021,
  "doi": "10.3390/w13172401",
  "country": "United States",
  "region_city": "Coastal counties of Mississippi and Alabama (Gulf of Mexico)",
  "sample_start": 2010,
  "sample_end": 2010,
  "property_type": "mixed",
  "price_type": "appraisal",
  "data_source": "U.S. Census Bureau 2010 data at Census block-group level (620 block groups): median self-reported house value, median rooms, median age; GIS distances from block-group centroids",
  "document_type": "journal",
  "estimators": [
   "OLS",
   "GWR"
  ],
  "spatial_method": "geographically weighted regression (adaptive bandwidth 533 m)",
  "time_fe": false,
  "location_fe": false,
  "se_type": "robust",
  "n_obs_total": 620,
  "ai_methods": [],
  "notes": "UNIT OF OBSERVATION = Census block group (aggregated medians), not individual sales; dependent variable ln(median assessed house value as reported by residents, 2010 USD). OLS global model prints coefficient and White (heteroskedasticity-robust) SE; GWR local model prints min/lower quartile/median/upper quartile/max of local coefficients (no SE) — recorded as a separate model using the median with medium confidence. Star legend: * p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01. Distances enter in natural logs; implicit prices are reported per km. Flag for human review (aggregated data)."
 },
 "models": [
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "table": "2",
   "column": "Global Model (OLS)",
   "page": 9,
   "dep_var": "ln(housing value)",
   "dep_transform": "log",
   "estimator": "OLS",
   "n_obs": 620,
   "r2": 0.518,
   "se_or_t_in_parentheses": "se",
   "sample_subset": "all 620 block groups; White SE"
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "table": "2",
   "column": "Local Model (GWR) - median of local coefficients",
   "page": 9,
   "dep_var": "ln(housing value)",
   "dep_transform": "log",
   "estimator": "GWR",
   "n_obs": 620,
   "r2": 0.572,
   "se_or_t_in_parentheses": "none",
   "sample_subset": "median of local GWR coefficients; min-max in notes"
  }
 ],
 "coefficients": [
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "var_name_printed": "Rooms",
   "taxonomy_id": "bedrooms",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "count",
   "beta": 0.059,
   "se": 0.031,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "*",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "Median number of rooms in block group White SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "var_name_printed": "Rooms",
   "taxonomy_id": "bedrooms",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "count",
   "beta": 0.049,
   "se": null,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "Median number of rooms in block group GWR median of local coefficients; range 0.031 to 0.104; no SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "var_name_printed": "House Age",
   "taxonomy_id": "age",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "years",
   "beta": -0.014,
   "se": 0.003,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "Median house age White SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "var_name_printed": "House Age",
   "taxonomy_id": "age",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "years",
   "beta": -0.015,
   "se": null,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "Median house age GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.017 to -0.013; no SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "var_name_printed": "House Age-squared",
   "taxonomy_id": "age",
   "x_transform": "squared",
   "x_unit": "years",
   "beta": 0.0,
   "se": 0.0,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "White SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "var_name_printed": "House Age-squared",
   "taxonomy_id": "age",
   "x_transform": "squared",
   "x_unit": "years",
   "beta": 0.0,
   "se": null,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "GWR median of local coefficients; range 0.0 to 0.0; no SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Income)",
   "taxonomy_id": "income",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "currency",
   "beta": 0.42,
   "se": 0.067,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "Log median household income White SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Income)",
   "taxonomy_id": "income",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "currency",
   "beta": 0.496,
   "se": null,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "Log median household income GWR median of local coefficients; range 0.266 to 0.525; no SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "var_name_printed": "Median Age",
   "taxonomy_id": "demographics",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "years",
   "beta": 0.007,
   "se": 0.003,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "**",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "Median age of residents White SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "var_name_printed": "Median Age",
   "taxonomy_id": "demographics",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "years",
   "beta": 0.0,
   "se": null,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "Median age of residents GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.002 to 0.014; no SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "var_name_printed": "Poverty",
   "taxonomy_id": "other",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "share",
   "beta": -0.001,
   "se": 0.002,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "Poverty rate (%) White SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "var_name_printed": "Poverty",
   "taxonomy_id": "other",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "share",
   "beta": -0.001,
   "se": null,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "Poverty rate (%) GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.002 to 0.001; no SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Pop den)",
   "taxonomy_id": "density",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "per_km2",
   "beta": 0.0,
   "se": 0.021,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "Log population density White SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Pop den)",
   "taxonomy_id": "density",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "per_km2",
   "beta": 0.014,
   "se": null,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "Log population density GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.031 to 0.036; no SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "var_name_printed": "Vacant",
   "taxonomy_id": "vacancy",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "share",
   "beta": -0.009,
   "se": 0.004,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "**",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "Percentage of vacant houses White SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "var_name_printed": "Vacant",
   "taxonomy_id": "vacancy",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "share",
   "beta": -0.008,
   "se": null,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "Percentage of vacant houses GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.012 to -0.006; no SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "var_name_printed": "Recreation",
   "taxonomy_id": "other",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "share",
   "beta": 0.019,
   "se": 0.006,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "Percentage of houses used for recreational purposes White SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "var_name_printed": "Recreation",
   "taxonomy_id": "other",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "share",
   "beta": 0.022,
   "se": null,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "Percentage of houses used for recreational purposes GWR median of local coefficients; range 0.009 to 0.033; no SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Road)",
   "taxonomy_id": "highway_distance",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": 0.004,
   "se": 0.014,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "Log distance to nearest road White SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Road)",
   "taxonomy_id": "highway_distance",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": 0.004,
   "se": null,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "Log distance to nearest road GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.004 to 0.028; no SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Rail)",
   "taxonomy_id": "transit_distance",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": 0.013,
   "se": 0.013,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "Log distance to nearest railroad (line, not station) White SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Rail)",
   "taxonomy_id": "transit_distance",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": 0.011,
   "se": null,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "Log distance to nearest railroad (line, not station) GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.021 to 0.028; no SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(School)",
   "taxonomy_id": "school_distance",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": 0.0,
   "se": 0.022,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "White SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(School)",
   "taxonomy_id": "school_distance",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": 0.011,
   "se": null,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.021 to 0.016; no SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Shopping centers)",
   "taxonomy_id": "commercial_distance",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": -0.036,
   "se": 0.021,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "*",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "White SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Shopping centers)",
   "taxonomy_id": "commercial_distance",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": -0.029,
   "se": null,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.051 to -0.013; no SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Hospital)",
   "taxonomy_id": "hospital_distance",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": -0.086,
   "se": 0.025,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "White SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Hospital)",
   "taxonomy_id": "hospital_distance",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": -0.137,
   "se": null,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.157 to -0.032; no SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Airport)",
   "taxonomy_id": "airport_distance",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": 0.006,
   "se": 0.026,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "White SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Airport)",
   "taxonomy_id": "airport_distance",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": 0.052,
   "se": null,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "GWR median of local coefficients; range 0.0 to 0.076; no SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Park)",
   "taxonomy_id": "green_space",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": -0.01,
   "se": 0.021,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "Log distance to nearest public park White SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Park)",
   "taxonomy_id": "green_space",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": 0.01,
   "se": null,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "Log distance to nearest public park GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.036 to 0.023; no SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Bay)",
   "taxonomy_id": "water_proximity",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": -0.059,
   "se": 0.009,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "Log distance to nearest bay White SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Bay)",
   "taxonomy_id": "water_proximity",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": -0.054,
   "se": null,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "Log distance to nearest bay GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.064 to -0.047; no SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(River)",
   "taxonomy_id": "water_proximity",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": -0.004,
   "se": 0.012,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "Log distance to nearest river White SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(River)",
   "taxonomy_id": "water_proximity",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": -0.025,
   "se": null,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "Log distance to nearest river GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.032 to -0.005; no SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Stream)",
   "taxonomy_id": "water_proximity",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": -0.03,
   "se": 0.017,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "*",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "Log distance to nearest stream White SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Stream)",
   "taxonomy_id": "water_proximity",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": -0.055,
   "se": null,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "Log distance to nearest stream GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.078 to -0.033; no SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Bayou)",
   "taxonomy_id": "water_proximity",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": 0.038,
   "se": 0.018,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "**",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "Log distance to nearest bayou White SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Bayou)",
   "taxonomy_id": "water_proximity",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": 0.048,
   "se": null,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "Log distance to nearest bayou GWR median of local coefficients; range 0.032 to 0.073; no SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-OLS",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Water)",
   "taxonomy_id": "water_proximity",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": -0.029,
   "se": 0.011,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "***",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "Log distance to nearest other water body White SE."
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-GWR",
   "var_name_printed": "Ln(Water)",
   "taxonomy_id": "water_proximity",
   "x_transform": "log",
   "x_unit": "km",
   "beta": -0.015,
   "se": null,
   "t": null,
   "p": null,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "Log distance to nearest other water body GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.04 to -0.012; no SE."
  }
 ]
}