{
 "record_id": "1076844f99e9f35c7768a4e64f2c167ab26b5afd",
 "eligible": true,
 "exclusion_reason": null,
 "study": {
  "title": "Predicting Housing Prices in Riyadh: A Comparative Analysis on Machine Learning and Hedonic Regression",
  "year": 2025,
  "doi": "10.64389/isp.2025.01220",
  "country": "Saudi Arabia",
  "region_city": "Riyadh (five districts: North, South, West, East, Central)",
  "sample_start": 2024,
  "sample_end": 2024,
  "property_type": "mixed",
  "price_type": "listing",
  "data_source": "Aqar real estate platform (sa.aqar.fm) listings collected in Q3 2024; 2,997 residential units (apartments and villas)",
  "document_type": "journal",
  "estimators": [
   "OLS"
  ],
  "spatial_method": "district dummies only",
  "time_fe": false,
  "location_fe": true,
  "se_type": "OLS",
  "n_obs_total": 2997,
  "ai_methods": [
   "ANN (MLP, predictive comparison)",
   "random_forest (predictive comparison, feature importance)"
  ],
  "notes": "Semi-log OLS hedonic regression (ln listing price). Table 2 (p. 9) prints B, Std. Error, t, Sig. (p-value), Tolerance, VIF. N not printed in Table 2; text (p. 8) says training data (70 %, N=2,097) were used to fit the models and Table 3 gives training R2 0.8178 / test R2 0.8034. District dummies (North/South/West/Central vs East) treated as location fixed effects and not extracted. Building type reference = villa. Breusch-Pagan p=0.13, classical OLS SEs. ANN and RF results are predictive metrics only (Tables 4-7)."
 },
 "models": [
  {
   "model_id": "T2-c1",
   "table": "2",
   "column": "1",
   "page": 9,
   "dep_var": "ln listing price (SAR)",
   "dep_transform": "log",
   "estimator": "OLS",
   "n_obs": 2097,
   "r2": 0.8178,
   "se_or_t_in_parentheses": "se",
   "sample_subset": "70 % training split (N=2,097 per Table 3, not printed in Table 2); R2 = training R-squared from Table 3; full dataset 2,997"
  }
 ],
 "coefficients": [
  {
   "model_id": "T2-c1",
   "var_name_printed": "Building Type",
   "taxonomy_id": "dwelling_type",
   "x_transform": "dummy",
   "x_unit": "binary",
   "beta": -0.473,
   "se": 0.022,
   "t": -21.673,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "apartment indicator, reference = villa"
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-c1",
   "var_name_printed": "Bed Room",
   "taxonomy_id": "bedrooms",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "count",
   "beta": 0.012,
   "se": 0.004,
   "t": 2.837,
   "p": 0.005,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "number of bedrooms"
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-c1",
   "var_name_printed": "Living Room",
   "taxonomy_id": null,
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "count",
   "beta": 0.045,
   "se": 0.008,
   "t": 5.349,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "number of living rooms; no taxonomy leaf"
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-c1",
   "var_name_printed": "Bathroom",
   "taxonomy_id": "bathrooms",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "count",
   "beta": 0.03,
   "se": 0.006,
   "t": 5.007,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "number of bathrooms"
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-c1",
   "var_name_printed": "Kitchen",
   "taxonomy_id": "kitchen_quality",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "count",
   "beta": -0.005,
   "se": 0.019,
   "t": -0.259,
   "p": 0.795,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "number of kitchens (count, not quality); mapped to kitchen_quality by synonym only"
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-c1",
   "var_name_printed": "Size",
   "taxonomy_id": "living_area",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "m2",
   "beta": 0.002,
   "se": 0,
   "t": 27.336,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "notes": "size in square metres; printed SE is 0 (rounded to 3 decimals)"
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-c1",
   "var_name_printed": "Street Wide",
   "taxonomy_id": null,
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "m",
   "beta": 0.001,
   "se": 0.001,
   "t": 1.468,
   "p": 0.142,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "street width (presumably metres); no taxonomy leaf"
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-c1",
   "var_name_printed": "Floor",
   "taxonomy_id": "floor_level",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "count",
   "beta": -0.022,
   "se": 0.006,
   "t": -3.599,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "floor number (0-10)"
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-c1",
   "var_name_printed": "Age",
   "taxonomy_id": "age",
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "years",
   "beta": -0.007,
   "se": 0.001,
   "t": -5.051,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "age of building in years (0-20)"
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-c1",
   "var_name_printed": "Entrance Number",
   "taxonomy_id": null,
   "x_transform": "level",
   "x_unit": "count",
   "beta": 0.047,
   "se": 0.016,
   "t": 2.972,
   "p": 0.003,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "number of entrances (1-2); no taxonomy leaf"
  },
  {
   "model_id": "T2-c1",
   "var_name_printed": "Elevator",
   "taxonomy_id": "accessibility",
   "x_transform": "dummy",
   "x_unit": "binary",
   "beta": 0.065,
   "se": 0.011,
   "t": 5.861,
   "p": 0.0,
   "p_stars": "",
   "ci_lo": null,
   "ci_hi": null,
   "page": 9,
   "confidence": "high",
   "notes": "presence of an elevator"
  }
 ]
}