% ============================================================================ % UQO Working Paper 34 — Beyond the Square-Root Barrier % ============================================================================ \documentclass[12pt,letterpaper]{article} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage[english]{babel} \usepackage[letterpaper,top=1in,bottom=1in,left=1in,right=1in]{geometry} \usepackage{mathptmx} \usepackage{microtype} \usepackage{setspace} \onehalfspacing \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsthm} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{booktabs} \usepackage{tabularx} \usepackage{multirow} \usepackage{threeparttable} \usepackage{longtable,array,calc} \usepackage{siunitx} \sisetup{input-symbols = {()}, parse-numbers = false} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{subcaption} \usepackage{float} \usepackage{tikz} \usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta,positioning,calc,fit,backgrounds,shapes.misc,shapes.geometric,matrix,chains} \usepackage[dvipsnames]{xcolor} \usepackage[colorlinks=true,linkcolor=NavyBlue,citecolor=NavyBlue,urlcolor=NavyBlue,breaklinks=true]{hyperref} \usepackage[authoryear,round,semicolon]{natbib} \bibliographystyle{aer} \usepackage[font=small,labelfont=bf,labelsep=period,justification=justified,singlelinecheck=false]{caption} \usepackage{fancyhdr} \pagestyle{fancy} \fancyhf{} \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} \fancyfoot[C]{\thepage} \usepackage{titlesec} \titleformat{\section}{\large\bfseries}{\thesection.}{0.5em}{} \titleformat{\subsection}{\normalsize\bfseries}{\thesubsection.}{0.5em}{} \titleformat{\subsubsection}{\normalsize\itshape}{\thesubsubsection.}{0.5em}{} \usepackage[toc,page]{appendix} \usepackage{enumitem} \setlist{nosep,leftmargin=*} \usepackage{algorithm} \usepackage{algpseudocode} \usepackage{listings} \lstset{basicstyle=\ttfamily\scriptsize,breaklines=true,columns=fullflexible,frame=single,framerule=0.2pt} \theoremstyle{plain} \newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section] \newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition} \newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma} \newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary} \newtheorem{fact}[theorem]{Fact} \theoremstyle{definition} \newtheorem{definition}[theorem]{Definition} \newtheorem{assumption}[theorem]{Assumption} \newtheorem{hypothesis}[theorem]{Hypothesis} \newtheorem{conjecture}[theorem]{Conjecture} \newtheorem{observation}[theorem]{Observation} \theoremstyle{remark} \newtheorem{remark}[theorem]{Remark} \newtheorem{example}[theorem]{Example} \newcommand{\F}{\mathbb{F}} \newcommand{\Z}{\mathbb{Z}} \newcommand{\Q}{\mathbb{Q}} \newcommand{\N}{\mathbb{N}} \newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}} \newcommand{\Fp}{\mathbb{F}_p} \newcommand{\E}{\mathcal{E}} \newcommand{\Oinf}{\mathcal{O}} \newcommand{\End}{\operatorname{End}} \newcommand{\Aut}{\operatorname{Aut}} \newcommand{\ord}{\operatorname{ord}} \newcommand{\Norm}{\operatorname{N}} \newcommand{\Tr}{\operatorname{Tr}} \newcommand{\Ch}{\mathrm{Ch}} \newcommand{\Maj}{\mathrm{Maj}} \newcommand{\SigZ}{\Sigma_0} \newcommand{\SigO}{\Sigma_1} \newcommand{\sigz}{\sigma_0} \newcommand{\sigo}{\sigma_1} \newcommand{\rotr}{\mathrm{R}} \newcommand{\shr}{\mathrm{S}} \newcommand{\secp}{\textsf{secp256k1}} \newcommand{\libsecp}{\texttt{libsecp256k1}} \newcommand{\kk}{\texttt{k256}} \newcommand{\code}[1]{\texttt{#1}} \newcommand{\Hname}[1]{\textsf{#1}} \providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}} \graphicspath{{figures/}} % Numbers generated by scripts (never typed by hand): paper/tables/numbers.tex \input{tables/numbers} \input{tables/numbers_ecdlp} \input{tables/numbers_sha} % ============================================================================ \newcommand{\WPnumber}{34} \newcommand{\WPtitle}{Beyond the Square-Root Barrier: Automated Discovery of Algebraic and Algorithmic Shortcuts in Bitcoin Cryptography} \newcommand{\WPsubtitle}{A hypothesis-driven, reproducible study of secp256k1, ECDSA, BIP340 Schnorr and SHA-256 with machine-checked identities and controlled negative results} \newcommand{\WPdate}{November 2026} \newcommand{\WPversion}{1.0} \newcommand{\WPabstract}{\input{sections/abstract}} \newcommand{\WPkeywords}{elliptic curve discrete logarithm; secp256k1; Pollard rho; endomorphisms; ECDSA; Schnorr signatures; BIP340; SHA-256; SAT-based cryptanalysis; automated mathematical discovery; Lean 4; reproducibility} \newcommand{\WPjel}{C63, C88, D83 (MSC 2020: 94A60, 11T71, 11G20, 68V15, 68W30)} \newcommand{\WPauthor}{Simon-Pierre Boucher} \newcommand{\WPaffiliation}{% Département des sciences administratives\\ Université du Québec en Outaouais% } \newcommand{\WPemail}{simon-pierre.boucher@uqo.ca} \newcommand{\WPaddress}{% Gatineau -- Pavillon Alexandre-Taché\\ 283, boulevard Alexandre-Taché\\ Gatineau, Québec, Canada J9A 1L8% } \begin{document} \input{sections/titlepage} \tableofcontents \newpage \input{sections/01_introduction} \input{sections/02_foundations} \input{sections/03_literature} \input{sections/04_secp256k1} \input{sections/05_dlog_algorithms} \input{sections/06_signatures} \input{sections/07_sha256} \input{sections/08_discovery_framework} \input{sections/09_experimental_design} \input{sections/10_results} \input{sections/11_formal_negative} \input{sections/12_implications} \input{sections/13_limitations} \input{sections/14_conclusion} \newpage \bibliography{references} \input{appendix/appendix} \end{document}