version: '1.0' created: '2026-11-03' sources: openalex_topics: openalex_topics_2026-10-14.csv dblp_streams: dblp_streams_2018_2026.csv generator: taxonomy/build_ontology.py data_modules: taxonomy/src/*.py areas: - id: ai_ml name: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning description: 'Learning systems and their theory: large language and foundation models, multimodal and generative models, agents, reinforcement learning, learning theory, neural architectures, and AI safety.' leaves: - llm - foundation_models - multimodal_ai - generative_ai - ai_agents - reinforcement_learning - ml_theory - deep_learning_architectures - ai_safety - id: perception_interaction name: Perception, Language, Robotics and Interaction description: 'Systems that sense, communicate and act in the physical and human world: vision, natural language, speech and audio, robotics, human-computer interaction, and computer graphics.' leaves: - computer_vision - nlp - speech_audio - robotics - hci - computer_graphics - id: software_pl name: Software, Programming Languages and Formal Methods description: 'How software is built, expressed, translated and proved correct: software engineering, programming languages, compilers, and formal verification.' leaves: - software_engineering - programming_languages - compilers - formal_verification - id: theory name: Theory of Computation description: Algorithms, data structures and the limits of efficient computation. leaves: - algorithms - computational_complexity - id: data_distributed name: Data, Information and Distributed Systems description: 'Storing, retrieving and processing data at scale: databases, information retrieval, distributed, cloud and edge computing, and computer networks.' leaves: - database_systems - information_retrieval - distributed_computing - cloud_computing - edge_computing - computer_networks - id: security_privacy name: Security, Privacy and Trust description: 'Protecting systems, data and users: cybersecurity, applied cryptography, blockchain systems, privacy-preserving computation, and federated learning.' leaves: - cybersecurity - applied_cryptography - blockchain - privacy_preserving_computation - federated_learning - id: hardware_emerging name: Hardware, Architecture and Emerging Computing description: 'Physical substrates of computation: computer architecture, AI accelerators, operating systems, quantum computing, and sustainable computing.' leaves: - computer_architecture - ai_accelerators - operating_systems - quantum_computing - sustainable_computing - id: computational_science name: Computational Science and Discovery description: 'Computing as an instrument of science: scientific computing, computational biology, and autonomous scientific discovery.' leaves: - scientific_computing - computational_biology - autonomous_scientific_discovery categories: - id: llm number: 1 name: Large Language Models area: ai_ml definition: 'Research whose object is a transformer-based language model trained at scale: pre-training, instruction tuning, prompting and in-context learning, reasoning, retrieval augmentation, efficient inference, evaluation and benchmarks of LLMs. Excludes classical NLP tasks solved with small task-specific models (nlp) and non-language foundation models (foundation_models).' openalex_topics: - id: T10028 weight: 1.0 note: 'OpenAlex cluster hosting BERT / pre-trained LM / RAG / QA work: the de-facto LLM topic' - id: T11714 weight: 0.4 note: multimodal LLMs and vision-language models - id: T12031 weight: 0.3 note: dialogue systems, LLM chatbots - id: T10181 weight: 0.3 note: NLP techniques incl. neural MT and NLG - id: T12128 weight: 0.3 note: chatbots in service interactions - id: T14414 weight: 0.2 note: 'AI in education: mostly ChatGPT studies post-2023' openalex_subfields: - id: 1702 weight: 0.2 arxiv_categories: - id: cs.CL weight: 0.5 - id: cs.AI weight: 0.2 - id: cs.LG weight: 0.2 dblp_streams: - key: conf/acl weight: 0.5 - key: conf/emnlp weight: 0.5 - key: conf/naacl weight: 0.5 - key: conf/eacl weight: 0.4 - key: conf/coling weight: 0.4 - key: journals/tacl weight: 0.5 - key: conf/iclr weight: 0.3 - key: conf/nips weight: 0.3 - key: conf/icml weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tmlr weight: 0.3 - key: conf/aaai weight: 0.2 - key: conf/nlpcc weight: 0.3 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\blarge language models?\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bLLMs?\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(ChatGPT|GPT-?3(\.5)?|GPT-?4o?|GPT-?4\.\d|GPT-?5|LLaMA|Llama-? ?[234]|PaLM|InstructGPT|Qwen|Vicuna|Mixtral|DeepSeek-?(V\d|R1)|Claude ?[34]|Gemini ?(Pro|Ultra|1\.5|2))\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bpre-?trained language models?\b|\bPLMs?\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(instruction[- ]tuning|instruction-?tuned|in-?context learning|chain[- ]of[- ]thought|retrieval[- ]augmented generation|RAG\b|prompt (engineering|tuning|learning)|prompting|RLHF|supervised fine-?tuning|SFT\b)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(masked|autoregressive|causal|decoder-?only|encoder-?decoder) language model weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(language model|transformer) (pre-?training|scaling|scaling laws?)\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(parameter-?efficient fine-?tuning|PEFT\b|LoRA\b|adapters? for (language|LLM))\b weight: 0.6 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bBERT\b|\bRoBERTa\b|\bT5\b|\bBART\b weight: 0.6 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bhallucinat(ion|ions|e|es|ing)\b weight: 0.5 field: both - pattern: (?i)\blanguage models?\b weight: 0.4 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(tokeni[sz](er|ation)|context (window|length)|KV[- ]cache|speculative decoding|mixture[- ]of[- ]experts)\b weight: 0.4 field: both exclusions: [] related: - foundation_models - nlp - generative_ai - ai_agents - ai_safety parent_of: [] child_of: - foundation_models provenance: 'Topics chosen by inspecting OpenAlex keyword lists (T10028 lists BERT, pre-trained language models, retrieval-augmented generation). Venues: *CL conferences and ML venues at partial weight because LLM work is spread across them. Keyword patterns reach the threshold alone, as required for the six AI categories OpenAlex cannot separate.' - id: foundation_models number: 2 name: Foundation Models area: ai_ml definition: 'Large pre-trained models intended for adaptation to many downstream tasks in any modality: scaling laws, pre-training objectives, self-supervised representation learning at scale, transfer, fine-tuning and adapter methods, model releases and their evaluation. Language-specific work is llm (a child); vision-language work is multimodal_ai (a child).' openalex_topics: - id: T11307 weight: 0.5 note: domain adaptation, few-shot, parameter-efficient fine-tuning, continual learning - id: T11714 weight: 0.4 note: vision-language models / CLIP - id: T10028 weight: 0.3 note: pre-trained language models - id: T10036 weight: 0.2 note: backbone networks, model compression - id: T12422 weight: 0.2 note: foundation models in medical imaging / radiomics openalex_subfields: - id: 1702 weight: 0.2 arxiv_categories: - id: cs.LG weight: 0.4 - id: cs.CV weight: 0.2 - id: cs.CL weight: 0.2 - id: cs.AI weight: 0.2 dblp_streams: - key: conf/nips weight: 0.3 - key: conf/icml weight: 0.3 - key: conf/iclr weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tmlr weight: 0.3 - key: conf/cvpr weight: 0.2 - key: conf/iccv weight: 0.2 - key: conf/eccv weight: 0.2 - key: journals/natmi weight: 0.2 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\bfoundation models?\b|\bfoundational models?\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(vision|visual|time[- ]series|protein|genomic|geospatial|medical|clinical|weather|climate|chemistry|molecular|tabular|graph|speech|audio|robotics?|world) foundation models?\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bscaling laws?\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(self-?supervised|contrastive|masked) (pre-?training|representation learning|learning at scale)\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(pre-?train(ed|ing)) (on|at) (web|internet|large|massive|billion)[- ]scale weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(vision transformers?|ViT-?[BLHG]?|DINO(v2)?|segment anything|SAM ?2|masked auto-?encoders?|MAE\b|CLIP\b|SigLIP)\b weight: 0.6 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(general-?purpose|generalist|universal|all-?in-?one) (models?|agents?|representations?)\b weight: 0.6 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(transfer learning|fine-?tun(ing|ed?)|downstream tasks?|zero-?shot|few-?shot)\b weight: 0.4 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(adapters?|LoRA|parameter-?efficient|prompt tuning|emergent (abilities|capabilities))\b weight: 0.5 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bworld models?\b weight: 0.5 field: both exclusions: [] related: - llm - multimodal_ai - generative_ai - deep_learning_architectures - ml_theory parent_of: - llm - multimodal_ai child_of: [] provenance: No OpenAlex topic isolates foundation models; T11307 (PEFT, few-shot, continual) is the closest methodological host. Keyword patterns carry the category; the generic 'transfer learning/fine-tuning' terms are deliberately below threshold. - id: multimodal_ai number: 3 name: Multimodal AI area: ai_ml definition: 'Models and systems that jointly process two or more modalities (vision-language, audio-visual, video-text, 3D-language, sensors with language): vision-language models and multimodal LLMs, captioning, visual question answering, cross-modal retrieval and grounding. Unimodal vision is computer_vision; pure speech is speech_audio.' openalex_topics: - id: T11714 weight: 1.0 note: 'Multimodal Machine Learning Applications: VLMs, MLLMs, VQA, captioning' - id: T10627 weight: 0.4 note: image and video retrieval incl. cross-modal - id: T11439 weight: 0.2 note: video analysis and summarization - id: T10824 weight: 0.2 note: image retrieval and classification - id: T13155 weight: 0.2 note: digital communication and language (multimodal discourse) openalex_subfields: - id: 1707 weight: 0.1 arxiv_categories: - id: cs.MM weight: 0.6 - id: cs.CV weight: 0.3 - id: cs.CL weight: 0.3 - id: cs.LG weight: 0.2 dblp_streams: - key: conf/mm weight: 0.6 - key: journals/tmm weight: 0.6 - key: conf/icmi weight: 0.6 - key: journals/tomccap weight: 0.5 - key: conf/icmcs weight: 0.5 - key: conf/mir weight: 0.5 - key: journals/mms weight: 0.5 - key: journals/mta weight: 0.3 - key: conf/mmm weight: 0.5 - key: journals/inffus weight: 0.2 - key: conf/cvpr weight: 0.2 - key: conf/iccv weight: 0.2 - key: conf/eccv weight: 0.2 - key: conf/acl weight: 0.2 - key: conf/emnlp weight: 0.2 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\bmulti-?modal(ity)?\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(vision[- ]language|vision[- ]and[- ]language|visual[- ]language|language[- ]vision|image[- ]text|video[- ]language|audio[- ]language|speech[- ]language|3D[- ]language|text[- ]to[- ]3D)[- ]?(models?|pre-?training|tasks?|alignment|understanding|learning|reasoning|navigation|action|retrieval|generation)?\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(VLMs?|MLLMs?|LVLMs?|LMMs?|VLAs?)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bvisual question answering\b|\bVQA\b|\bvideo question answering\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(image|video|dense|audio) captioning\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bcross-?modal(ity)?\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(audio-?visual|visual grounding|referring expression|visual dialog|visual reasoning|visual instruction tuning|LLaVA|BLIP-?2?|Flamingo|GPT-?4V|CLIP|ALIGN\b|CoCa)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(text-to-image|text-to-video|image-to-text|text-image|image-text) (retrieval|alignment|matching|generation|models?)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(modalit(y|ies) (fusion|alignment|gap)|(early|late|intermediate) fusion of|sensor fusion with language)\b weight: 0.7 field: both exclusions: - (?i)\bmultimodal (therapy|analgesi|treatment|intervention|pain|anesthesi|anaesthesi|imaging biomarkers?|prehabilitation|transport)\b related: - computer_vision - nlp - llm - speech_audio - generative_ai parent_of: [] child_of: - foundation_models provenance: T11714 is the only OpenAlex topic centred on vision-language learning. Multimedia venues at partial weight (they also host unimodal media work). Medical 'multimodal' senses are vetoed. - id: generative_ai number: 4 name: Generative AI area: ai_ml definition: 'Models that synthesise new content (images, video, audio, 3D, text, code, molecules) and their training, sampling, evaluation, detection and misuse: GANs, VAEs, diffusion and flow models, autoregressive generators, text-to-X synthesis, deepfakes and AI-generated-content detection. LLM text generation as such is llm unless the contribution concerns the generative model or its outputs'' authenticity.' openalex_topics: - id: T10775 weight: 1.0 note: GANs, diffusion models, image/video generation - id: T12357 weight: 0.5 note: 'digital media forensics: deepfake detection' - id: T11349 weight: 0.2 note: music technology (music generation) - id: T10388 weight: 0.2 note: steganography / watermarking (of generated content) - id: T14254 weight: 0.2 note: digital media and visual art (AI art) openalex_subfields: [] arxiv_categories: - id: cs.CV weight: 0.2 - id: cs.LG weight: 0.3 - id: cs.GR weight: 0.2 - id: cs.SD weight: 0.1 - id: cs.AI weight: 0.1 - id: cs.MM weight: 0.1 dblp_streams: - key: conf/nips weight: 0.2 - key: conf/icml weight: 0.2 - key: conf/iclr weight: 0.2 - key: conf/cvpr weight: 0.2 - key: conf/iccv weight: 0.2 - key: conf/eccv weight: 0.2 - key: conf/siggraph weight: 0.2 - key: conf/siggrapha weight: 0.2 - key: journals/tog weight: 0.1 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\bgenerative (AI|artificial intelligence|models?|modell?ing|adversarial networks?|pre-?trained|design|art)\b|\bGenAI\b|\bAIGC\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bGANs?\b|\b(conditional|cycle|style|Wasserstein)GAN\b|\bStyleGAN\w*\b weight: 0.9 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(denoising diffusion|latent diffusion|stable diffusion|diffusion transformers?|DDPM|DDIM|score-?based generative|score matching|flow[- ]matching|rectified flow|normali[sz]ing flows?|consistency models?)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bdiffusion models?\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\btext-?to-?(image|video|3D|audio|speech|music|motion|SVG|scene)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(image|video|music|audio|speech|3D|motion|molecule|molecular|code|scene|face|avatar|talking[- ]head|layout|texture|graph) (generation|synthesis)\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bdeep-?fakes?\b|\bface swap(ping)?\b|\bsynthetic media\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bvariational auto-?encoders?\b|\bVAEs?\b|\bVQ-?VAE\b|\bVQGAN\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(AI-?generated|machine-?generated|synthetic(ally)?[- ]generated|LLM-?generated) (content|images?|text|data|videos?|audio|art|code|faces)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(image (inpainting|outpainting|editing|to-image translation)|style transfer|super-?resolution|image restoration|controllable generation|ControlNet|DreamBooth|textual inversion|classifier-?free guidance|Midjourney|DALL-?E|Imagen|Sora)\b weight: 0.6 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bautoregressive (models?|generation|image|video)\b weight: 0.5 field: both exclusions: - (?is)^(?!.*(generative|GANs?\b|synthesis|generation|deepfake|VAE|AI-?generated)).*\b(drug|gas|molecular|thermal|anomalous|reaction-?|water|heat|ion|oxygen|particle|turbulent|surface|solute|vapou?r) diffusion\b - (?is)^(?!.*(generative|GANs?\b|synthesis|generation|deepfake|VAE|AI-?generated)).*\bdiffusion (coefficients?|tensor|MRI|weighted|equations?|process(es)?|of innovations?|limited)\b related: - llm - multimodal_ai - computer_vision - computer_graphics - foundation_models - speech_audio parent_of: [] child_of: [] provenance: T10775 keywords explicitly list GANs, diffusion models, Stable Diffusion, text-to-image. Physics/finance senses of 'diffusion' are vetoed only when no generative-modelling term is present. - id: ai_agents number: 5 name: AI Agents and Autonomous Systems area: ai_ml definition: 'Software agents that perceive, decide and act with some autonomy: LLM-based agents and tool use, multi-agent systems, planning and automated reasoning for acting, agent architectures, negotiation, agentic workflows and benchmarks, embodied agents in simulated environments. Physical robots are robotics; RL algorithms as such are reinforcement_learning.' openalex_topics: - id: T10456 weight: 1.0 note: 'Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation: BDI, agent architectures, argumentation' - id: T10906 weight: 0.6 note: AI-based problem solving and planning (PDDL, multi-agent planning) - id: T11574 weight: 0.4 note: AI in games (game-playing agents) - id: T10249 weight: 0.3 note: distributed control of multi-agent systems (control-theoretic MAS) - id: T12128 weight: 0.2 note: chatbots and service agents openalex_subfields: - id: 1702 weight: 0.1 arxiv_categories: - id: cs.MA weight: 1.0 - id: cs.AI weight: 0.4 dblp_streams: - key: conf/atal weight: 1.0 - key: conf/ifaamas weight: 1.0 - key: journals/aamas weight: 1.0 - key: conf/icaart weight: 0.6 - key: conf/aaai weight: 0.2 - key: conf/ijcai weight: 0.2 - key: journals/jair weight: 0.2 - key: journals/ai weight: 0.2 - key: conf/kr weight: 0.2 - key: conf/ecai weight: 0.3 - key: conf/ecai2 weight: 0.3 - key: conf/ictai weight: 0.2 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\b(LLM|language[- ]model|AI|autonomous|intelligent|embodied|conversational|software|web|GUI|coding|browsing|tool-?using|generative|multi-?step|computer-?use|research|planning)[- ](based |powered |driven )?agents?\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bagentic\b|\bagent-?based (LLM|AI|systems?|frameworks?|workflows?)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bmulti-?agent (systems?|reinforcement|collaboration|coordination|negotiation|planning|simulation|frameworks?|debate|learning|path finding|communication|environments?)\b|\bMAS\b|\bMARL\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(tool (use|using|learning|calling|augmented|integration)|function calling|API calling|ReAct|AutoGPT|AutoGen|LangChain|LangGraph|CrewAI|MetaGPT|SWE-?agent|SWE-?bench|WebArena|AgentBench|OSWorld|Model Context Protocol|MCP servers?)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(BDI|belief-?desire-?intention) (agents?|architectures?|models?)\b|\bagent-?oriented (programming|software engineering)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(automated|classical|hierarchical|task|AI|temporal|epistemic) planning\b|\bPDDL\b|\btask (decomposition|and motion planning)\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bagent-?based (model(ing|s)?|simulations?)\b|\bABM\b weight: 0.6 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(autonomous systems?|autonomy|self-?driving|self-?improving|self-?evolving|long-?horizon (tasks?|planning)|memory (module|mechanism|augmented) (for|in) agents?)\b weight: 0.5 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(game[- ]playing|general game|AlphaGo|AlphaZero|MuZero|OpenAI Five|AlphaStar|CICERO|Diplomacy)\b weight: 0.6 field: both exclusions: - (?i)\b(reagents?|chemical|contrast|therapeutic|antimicrobial|chelating|reducing|oxidi[sz]ing|pharmacological|anti-?cancer|infectious|causative|etiologic(al)?|biological|pathogenic|anesthetic|anaesthetic|alkylating|cross-?linking|blowing|surface-?active|wetting|coupling|cytotoxic|antiviral|antibacterial|antifungal|bleaching|dispersing|sweetening|flavou?ring|leavening|real estate|travel|insurance|customs|shipping|sports|literary|secret|double|free|special) agents?\b related: - llm - reinforcement_learning - robotics - ai_safety - autonomous_scientific_discovery parent_of: [] child_of: [] provenance: T10456 is the classical MAS host; the LLM-agent wave has no OpenAlex topic yet, so keyword patterns on 'X agent' (with the qualifier restricted to computing senses) and agent frameworks/benchmarks carry it. Chemical/medical/commercial senses of 'agent' are vetoed. - id: reinforcement_learning number: 6 name: Reinforcement Learning area: ai_ml definition: 'Learning to act from reward signals: value- and policy-based methods, model-based RL, offline and inverse RL, multi-agent RL, bandits, exploration, reward design, RL from human feedback, and RL theory. Applications to robot control are shared with robotics.' openalex_topics: - id: T10462 weight: 1.0 note: 'Reinforcement Learning in Robotics: Q-learning, PPO, offline RL, imitation learning' - id: T12794 weight: 0.5 note: adaptive dynamic programming control - id: T11574 weight: 0.3 note: AI in games - id: T10100 weight: 0.1 note: metaheuristic optimisation (RL-based hyper-heuristics) openalex_subfields: [] arxiv_categories: - id: cs.LG weight: 0.3 - id: cs.AI weight: 0.2 - id: cs.RO weight: 0.1 - id: eess.SY weight: 0.1 - id: cs.MA weight: 0.1 dblp_streams: - key: conf/nips weight: 0.2 - key: conf/icml weight: 0.2 - key: conf/iclr weight: 0.2 - key: conf/corl weight: 0.3 - key: conf/aaai weight: 0.1 - key: journals/jmlr weight: 0.1 - key: conf/atal weight: 0.2 - key: journals/tnn weight: 0.1 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\breinforcement learning\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(deep|multi-?agent|offline|online|inverse|model-?based|model-?free|safe|hierarchical|meta|batch|distributional|constrained|goal-?conditioned|preference-?based|federated|quantum)[- ]RL\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(Q-?learning|DQN|double DQN|Rainbow DQN|PPO|proximal policy optimi[sz]ation|TRPO|actor-?critic|A3C|A2C|SAC\b|soft actor-?critic|TD3|DDPG|policy gradients?|REINFORCE|AlphaZero|MuZero|Dreamer(V\d)?|decision transformers?|world models? for (control|RL|planning))\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bMarkov decision process(es)?\b|\bMDPs?\b|\bPOMDPs?\b|\bsemi-?MDP\b|\bDec-?POMDP\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(reward (functions?|shaping|models?|hacking|design|learning|signals?)|sparse rewards?|exploration[- ]exploitation|intrinsic (motivation|rewards?)|curiosity-?driven|multi-?armed bandits?|contextual bandits?|credit assignment|experience replay|sim-?to-?real)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(imitation learning|behavio(u)?r(al)? cloning|learning from demonstrations?|inverse reinforcement|apprenticeship learning|offline (policy|data) (evaluation|learning))\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(RLHF|RLAIF|reinforcement learning from (human|AI) feedback|GRPO|DPO\b|direct preference optimi[sz]ation|RLVR|reasoning models? trained with|verifiable rewards?)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(temporal[- ]difference|value (functions?|iteration)|policy (iteration|evaluation|optimi[sz]ation|learning)|Bellman|dynamic programming for control|optimal control via learning|regret bounds? for (MDP|RL))\b weight: 0.6 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(agents?|policies|policy|environments?|episodes?|rollouts?)\b weight: 0.2 field: both exclusions: - (?i)\breinforcement (of|in|for) (concrete|steel|soil|composites?|polymers?|fib(er|re)s?|masonry|beams?|slabs?|pavements?)\b(?!.*reinforcement learning) related: - ai_agents - robotics - ml_theory - ai_safety - llm parent_of: [] child_of: [] provenance: T10462 is the RL topic (its keywords list MARL, Q-learning, PPO, offline RL). Algorithm names reach the threshold alone. - id: ml_theory number: 7 name: Machine Learning Theory area: ai_ml definition: 'Statistical and computational learning theory and principled ML methodology: generalisation and sample complexity, optimisation theory for learning, kernel and Bayesian methods, probabilistic models, causal inference, online learning, PAC learning, interpretability and fairness as formal problems. Architecture engineering is deep_learning_architectures.' openalex_topics: - id: T12072 weight: 1.0 note: 'Machine Learning and Algorithms: PAC learning, generalisation bounds, VC dimension' - id: T11612 weight: 0.8 note: stochastic gradient optimisation, NTK, implicit regularisation - id: T12814 weight: 0.7 note: Gaussian processes and Bayesian inference - id: T11303 weight: 0.6 note: Bayesian modelling and causal inference - id: T10845 weight: 0.5 note: advanced causal inference techniques - id: T11901 weight: 0.5 note: Bayesian methods and mixture models - id: T12535 weight: 0.4 note: ML and data classification (SVM, ensembles) - id: T10637 weight: 0.4 note: clustering algorithms - id: T12026 weight: 0.4 note: explainable AI - id: T12536 weight: 0.4 note: topological and geometric data analysis - id: T11652 weight: 0.3 note: imbalanced classification - id: T11689 weight: 0.3 note: adversarial robustness (certified robustness) - id: T10963 weight: 0.3 note: advanced optimisation algorithms - id: T12761 weight: 0.3 note: data stream mining (concept drift) - id: T12205 weight: 0.3 note: time series forecasting - id: T13373 weight: 0.2 note: data mining and ML applications - id: T12676 weight: 0.2 note: extreme learning machines - id: T11512 weight: 0.6 note: anomaly detection techniques and applications - id: T10820 weight: 0.3 note: fuzzy logic and control systems (soft computing) - id: T11063 weight: 0.3 note: rough sets and fuzzy logic (granular computing, feature selection) openalex_subfields: - id: 1702 weight: 0.3 arxiv_categories: - id: stat.ML weight: 0.8 - id: cs.LG weight: 0.4 - id: math.ST weight: 0.3 - id: math.OC weight: 0.2 dblp_streams: - key: conf/colt weight: 1.0 - key: conf/alt weight: 1.0 - key: journals/jmlr weight: 0.8 - key: conf/aistats weight: 0.8 - key: conf/uai weight: 0.8 - key: journals/ml weight: 0.6 - key: journals/tmlr weight: 0.4 - key: conf/nips weight: 0.3 - key: conf/icml weight: 0.3 - key: conf/iclr weight: 0.2 - key: journals/tnn weight: 0.3 - key: journals/nn weight: 0.3 - key: journals/pr weight: 0.2 - key: conf/pkdd weight: 0.3 - key: conf/kdd weight: 0.2 - key: conf/icdm weight: 0.2 - key: journals/pami weight: 0.2 - key: journals/ijar weight: 0.4 - key: journals/sac weight: 0.4 - key: journals/csda weight: 0.3 - key: journals/cstat weight: 0.2 - key: journals/eswa weight: 0.1 - key: journals/kbs weight: 0.1 - key: journals/isci weight: 0.1 - key: journals/ijon weight: 0.2 - key: journals/nca weight: 0.1 - key: journals/mlc weight: 0.3 - key: journals/apin weight: 0.2 - key: journals/air weight: 0.2 - key: conf/ecai weight: 0.3 - key: conf/ecai2 weight: 0.3 - key: conf/icmla weight: 0.5 - key: conf/ssci weight: 0.4 - key: conf/ictai weight: 0.3 - key: conf/icic weight: 0.3 - key: conf/aciids weight: 0.2 - key: conf/kes weight: 0.2 - key: journals/tcyb weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tsmc weight: 0.2 - key: journals/tfs weight: 0.3 - key: journals/fss weight: 0.3 - key: conf/fuzzIEEE weight: 0.3 - key: journals/ijfs weight: 0.3 - key: journals/jifs weight: 0.2 - key: journals/ijis weight: 0.3 - key: journals/ijcisys weight: 0.3 - key: journals/comintsys weight: 0.3 - key: journals/es weight: 0.3 - key: journals/iasc weight: 0.2 - key: journals/inffus weight: 0.3 - key: journals/eaai weight: 0.2 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\b(generali[sz]ation (bounds?|error|gap|theory)|sample complexity|regret (bounds?|minimi[sz]ation|analysis)|minimax (rates?|optimal|lower)|PAC(-Bayes(ian)?)?( learning| bounds?)?|Rademacher|VC[- ]dimension|convergence (rates?|guarantees?|analysis)|statistical learning theory|computational learning theory|learnability|uniform convergence|excess risk)\b weight: 0.9 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(kernel (methods?|machines?|ridge|mean embedding)|reproducing kernel|RKHS|Gaussian process(es)?|variational inference|Bayesian (optimi[sz]ation|neural networks?|inference|deep learning|nonparametric)|probabilistic (models?|programming|graphical)|graphical models?|expectation[- ]maximi[sz]ation|Markov chain Monte Carlo|MCMC|Hamiltonian Monte Carlo|normali[sz]ing flows? for inference|conformal prediction|calibration)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bcausal (inference|discovery|representation learning|effect estimation|structure learning|machine learning)\b|\bcounterfactual (reasoning|inference|fairness)\b|\bstructural causal models?\b|\btreatment effect\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(online learning|bandits?|stochastic (gradient|optimi[sz]ation|approximation)|non-?convex optimi[sz]ation|convex optimi[sz]ation for learning|implicit (bias|regulari[sz]ation)|gradient (descent|flow) dynamics|saddle points?|loss landscapes?|mirror descent|optimal transport|Wasserstein)\b weight: 0.6 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(double descent|neural tangent kernel|NTK\b|lottery ticket|over-?parameteri[sz](ed|ation)|benign overfitting|grokking|feature learning (regime|theory)|mean-?field (limit|theory) of neural|infinite-?width|random features?)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(interpretab(le|ility)|explainab(le|ility)) (machine learning|AI|models?|methods?)\b|\bXAI\b|\bSHAP\b|\bLIME\b|\bfeature attribution\b|\bsaliency maps? for\b weight: 0.5 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(fairness (constraints?|metrics?|in machine learning)|algorithmic fairness|demographic parity|equali[sz]ed odds|fair (classification|representation))\b weight: 0.5 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(semi-?supervised|self-?supervised|unsupervised|active|transfer|meta|continual|lifelong|few-?shot|zero-?shot|multi-?task|weakly[- ]supervised|positive-?unlabeled|contrastive|representation|manifold|metric|dictionary|ensemble|boosting|bagging) learning\b weight: 0.4 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(distribution shift|out-?of-?distribution|domain generali[sz]ation|covariate shift|label noise|robust(ness)? (to|under|against) (noise|shift|corruption)|concept drift|anomaly detection|outlier detection|imbalanced (data|learning|classification)|dimensionality reduction|matrix (completion|factori[sz]ation)|tensor (decomposition|methods?)|sparse (coding|recovery)|compressed sensing)\b weight: 0.5 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(support vector machines?|SVMs?|random forests?|gradient boosting|XGBoost|LightGBM|k-?means|spectral clustering|Gaussian mixture|hidden Markov models?|HMMs?|logistic regression|decision trees?|nearest neighbou?rs?|kNN)\b weight: 0.5 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bmachine learning\b|\bstatistical learning\b|\blearning theory\b weight: 0.4 field: both exclusions: [] related: - deep_learning_architectures - reinforcement_learning - algorithms - computational_complexity - ai_safety - foundation_models parent_of: [] child_of: [] provenance: 'Hosts classical ML and its theory: OpenAlex splits them across T12072 (learning theory), T11612 (optimisation), T12814/T11303/T11901 (Bayesian), T12535/T10637 (classical methods). Venue weights follow venue purity (COLT/ALT/JMLR/AISTATS/UAI strong; NeurIPS/ICML partial).' - id: deep_learning_architectures number: 8 name: Deep Learning Architectures area: ai_ml definition: 'Design, training and compression of neural network architectures as such: CNNs, RNNs, transformers and attention, graph neural networks, state-space models, normalisation and optimisers in practice, neural architecture search, pruning, quantisation and distillation, neuromorphic and spiking networks as models. Task-specific results go to the application category; hardware goes to ai_accelerators.' openalex_topics: - id: T10320 weight: 1.0 note: 'Neural Networks and Applications: training, architectures, activation functions' - id: T11273 weight: 1.0 note: Advanced Graph Neural Networks - id: T10036 weight: 0.5 note: 'Advanced Neural Network Applications: YOLO, lightweight networks, model compression' - id: T12676 weight: 0.5 note: extreme learning machines - id: T12611 weight: 0.4 note: reservoir computing / echo state networks - id: T11612 weight: 0.3 note: DNN training optimisation - id: T11347 weight: 0.3 note: neural network stability and synchronisation - id: T11307 weight: 0.3 note: PEFT and continual learning for deep nets - id: T12205 weight: 0.2 note: time-series forecasting with deep nets - id: T10502 weight: 0.2 note: neuromorphic computing (spiking models) - id: T11206 weight: 0.2 note: model reduction and neural networks openalex_subfields: - id: 1702 weight: 0.3 arxiv_categories: - id: cs.NE weight: 1.0 - id: cs.LG weight: 0.5 - id: cs.CV weight: 0.1 - id: cs.AI weight: 0.1 dblp_streams: - key: conf/iclr weight: 0.5 - key: conf/nips weight: 0.4 - key: conf/icml weight: 0.4 - key: journals/tnn weight: 0.6 - key: journals/nn weight: 0.6 - key: conf/ijcnn weight: 0.6 - key: journals/ijon weight: 0.5 - key: journals/nca weight: 0.5 - key: conf/icann weight: 0.6 - key: conf/iconip weight: 0.5 - key: journals/npl weight: 0.5 - key: conf/esann weight: 0.5 - key: journals/tmlr weight: 0.3 - key: journals/pami weight: 0.2 - key: journals/cin weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tetci weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tai weight: 0.3 - key: journals/ficn weight: 0.2 - key: journals/cogcom weight: 0.2 - key: journals/aisy weight: 0.1 - key: conf/aaai weight: 0.1 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\b(deep|convolutional|recurrent|graph|spiking|artificial|feed-?forward|residual|siamese|capsule|physics-?informed|liquid|binary|quanti[sz]ed|Hopfield|Kolmogorov-?Arnold) neural networks?\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(CNNs?|RNNs?|LSTMs?|GRUs?|GNNs?|GCNs?|GATs?|SNNs?|MLPs?|DNNs?|ANNs?|KANs?|ResNets?|DenseNet|EfficientNet|MobileNet|U-?Net|ViTs?|Swin)\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\btransformers?\b weight: 0.5 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(self-?|cross-?|multi-?head |sparse |linear |flash)?attention (mechanisms?|heads?|layers?|maps?|weights)\b|\battention is all\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bneural architecture search\b|\bNAS\b.*\b(architecture|search space|supernet)\b|\bdifferentiable architecture search\b|\bgraph neural networks?\b|\bnetwork architectures? (design|for deep learning)\b|\barchitectures? of (deep|convolutional|recurrent) neural\b|\bdeep (neural )?network (architectures?|design|compression)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bAutoML\b|\bhyper-?parameter optimi[sz]ation\b weight: 0.6 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(model compression|knowledge distillation|network pruning|structured pruning|unstructured pruning|post-?training quanti[sz]ation|quanti[sz]ation-?aware training|low-?rank (factori[sz]ation|approximation) of (weights|layers)|weight sharing|parameter sharing|lightweight (networks?|architectures?|models?)|efficient (architectures?|networks?|transformers?))\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(batch|layer|group|instance|weight|spectral) normali[sz]ation\b|\bdropout\b|\bresidual (connections?|learning|blocks?)\b|\bskip connections?\b|\bactivation functions?\b|\bReLU\b|\bGELU\b|\bSwiGLU\b|\bsoftmax\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(mixture[- ]of[- ]experts|MoE\b|state[- ]space models?|SSMs?\b|Mamba|S4\b|RWKV|Hyena|linear (RNNs?|transformers?)|positional (encodings?|embeddings?)|RoPE|rotary|hypernetworks?|neural ODEs?|implicit (layers|neural representations?)|capsule networks?|equivariant (networks?|neural)|geometric deep learning|message passing (neural|networks?)|graph (convolution|attention|transformers?|pooling)|over-?smoothing)\b weight: 0.9 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(backpropagation|back-?prop|gradient (vanishing|exploding)|learning rate (schedul|warm-?up)|Adam(W)?\b|optimi[sz]ers? for (deep|neural)|weight (decay|initiali[sz]ation)|training (dynamics|instabilit)|loss functions? for|curriculum learning|data augmentation|mixup|CutMix|label smoothing|early stopping|hyper-?parameter (tuning|optimi[sz]ation))\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bdeep learning\b|\bneural networks?\b|\bneural nets?\b weight: 0.5 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(spiking|neuromorphic|reservoir computing|echo state|extreme learning machines?|ELM\b)\b weight: 0.5 field: both exclusions: - (?is)^(?!.*(neural|deep learning|attention|language model|vision|encoder|decoder)).*\b(power|distribution|current|voltage|instrument|high-?voltage|dry-?type|oil-?immersed|pulse|flyback|isolation|phase-?shifting|step-?(up|down)) transformers?\b related: - ml_theory - computer_vision - nlp - ai_accelerators - foundation_models - llm parent_of: [] child_of: [] provenance: T10320 and T11273 are architecture-centred OpenAlex topics; cs.NE is the arXiv home of neural and evolutionary computation. 'Transformer' alone is weak and electrical senses are vetoed when no learning term co-occurs. - id: computer_vision number: 9 name: Computer Vision area: perception_interaction definition: 'Extracting information from images, video and 3D data: recognition, detection, segmentation, tracking, pose, depth and 3D reconstruction, image restoration and enhancement, medical and remote-sensing image analysis, visual representation learning. Image synthesis is generative_ai; vision-language is multimodal_ai; rendering is computer_graphics.' openalex_topics: - id: T10036 weight: 1.0 note: object detection, segmentation, YOLO - id: T10531 weight: 1.0 note: advanced vision and imaging - id: T10331 weight: 1.0 note: video surveillance and tracking - id: T11448 weight: 1.0 note: face recognition - id: T10057 weight: 1.0 note: face and expression recognition - id: T10812 weight: 1.0 note: human pose and action recognition - id: T12549 weight: 1.0 note: image and object detection - id: T11605 weight: 1.0 note: visual attention and saliency - id: T14339 weight: 1.0 note: image processing and 3D reconstruction - id: T10601 weight: 0.8 note: handwritten text recognition - id: T10824 weight: 0.8 note: image retrieval and classification - id: T11019 weight: 0.8 note: image enhancement - id: T11105 weight: 0.8 note: advanced image processing - id: T11439 weight: 0.8 note: video analysis and summarization - id: T12923 weight: 0.8 note: digital image processing - id: T13579 weight: 0.8 note: image and video stabilization - id: T12111 weight: 0.8 note: industrial vision and defect detection - id: T10052 weight: 0.7 note: medical image segmentation - id: T10688 weight: 0.7 note: image and signal denoising - id: T10627 weight: 0.7 note: image and video retrieval - id: T11165 weight: 0.7 note: image and video quality assessment - id: T13114 weight: 0.7 note: image processing techniques - id: T10444 weight: 0.6 note: context-aware activity recognition - id: T10689 weight: 0.6 note: remote-sensing image classification - id: T11659 weight: 0.6 note: image fusion - id: T12422 weight: 0.5 note: radiomics and ML in medical imaging - id: T12983 weight: 0.5 note: satellite image processing and photogrammetry - id: T12859 weight: 0.5 note: cell image analysis - id: T10719 weight: 0.5 note: 3D shape modeling and analysis - id: T11398 weight: 0.5 note: hand gesture recognition - id: T14319 weight: 0.5 note: currency recognition - id: T10522 weight: 0.4 note: medical imaging techniques - id: T12357 weight: 0.4 note: digital media forensics - id: T11714 weight: 0.4 note: multimodal (vision-language) - id: T11707 weight: 0.4 note: gaze tracking - id: T10775 weight: 0.3 note: GANs and image synthesis - id: T10888 weight: 0.3 note: augmented reality - id: T10901 weight: 0.3 note: advanced data compression (image) - id: T10741 weight: 0.3 note: video coding - id: T10388 weight: 0.3 note: steganography and watermarking - id: T11017 weight: 0.2 note: chaos-based image encryption - id: T12874 weight: 0.4 note: digital imaging for blood diseases - id: T10638 weight: 0.2 note: optical measurement and interference - id: T13759 weight: 0.3 note: medical imaging and pathology openalex_subfields: - id: 1707 weight: 0.5 arxiv_categories: - id: cs.CV weight: 1.0 - id: eess.IV weight: 0.6 dblp_streams: - key: conf/cvpr weight: 1.0 - key: conf/iccv weight: 1.0 - key: conf/eccv weight: 1.0 - key: conf/wacv weight: 1.0 - key: conf/bmvc weight: 1.0 - key: conf/accv weight: 1.0 - key: conf/iccvw weight: 1.0 - key: conf/fgr weight: 1.0 - key: conf/3dim weight: 1.0 - key: journals/ijcv weight: 1.0 - key: journals/cviu weight: 1.0 - key: journals/ivc weight: 1.0 - key: journals/mva weight: 1.0 - key: journals/pami weight: 0.8 - key: journals/tip weight: 0.8 - key: conf/icip weight: 0.8 - key: conf/icpr weight: 0.8 - key: conf/icdar weight: 0.8 - key: conf/visapp weight: 0.8 - key: conf/prcv weight: 0.8 - key: journals/tcsv weight: 0.7 - key: journals/iet-ipr weight: 0.7 - key: journals/jrtip weight: 0.7 - key: journals/pr weight: 0.6 - key: journals/prl weight: 0.6 - key: journals/jvcir weight: 0.6 - key: journals/sivp weight: 0.6 - key: journals/jimaging weight: 0.6 - key: conf/miccai weight: 0.6 - key: journals/mia weight: 0.6 - key: journals/tmi weight: 0.5 - key: conf/isbi weight: 0.5 - key: journals/paa weight: 0.5 - key: journals/tci weight: 0.5 - key: journals/imst weight: 0.5 - key: journals/cmig weight: 0.5 - key: journals/spic weight: 0.5 - key: journals/jei weight: 0.5 - key: journals/cars weight: 0.4 - key: journals/bmcmi weight: 0.4 - key: journals/ijprai weight: 0.5 - key: journals/tgrs weight: 0.3 - key: conf/igarss weight: 0.2 - key: journals/remotesensing weight: 0.2 - key: journals/lgrs weight: 0.3 - key: journals/staeors weight: 0.2 - key: conf/vcip weight: 0.6 - key: conf/icmcs weight: 0.3 - key: conf/mm weight: 0.2 - key: journals/mta weight: 0.3 - key: conf/ivs weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tits weight: 0.1 - key: journals/jdi weight: 0.3 - key: journals/jmihi weight: 0.3 - key: conf/bmei weight: 0.4 - key: journals/displays weight: 0.2 - key: conf/icpram weight: 0.5 - key: journals/cg weight: 0.2 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\bcomputer vision\b|\bmachine vision\b|\bvision (models?|transformers?|tasks?|backbones?|systems?)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(object|face|facial|pedestrian|vehicle|action|activity|pose|gesture|scene|visual|image|video|person|text|lane|landmark|anomaly in video|salient object) (detection|recognition|tracking|re-?identification|classification|segmentation|understanding|retrieval|estimation|parsing|captioning|matting)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(semantic|instance|panoptic|medical image|image|video|3D|point[- ]cloud|interactive|few-?shot|open-?vocabulary) segmentation\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(point clouds?|optical flow|depth (estimation|completion)|stereo (matching|vision)|3D reconstruction|structure[- ]from[- ]motion|SfM\b|multi-?view (stereo|geometry)|NeRF|neural radiance fields?|Gaussian splatting|visual (SLAM|odometry|localization)|camera (pose|calibration)|epipolar|homography|feature (matching|descriptors?)|SIFT|keypoints?)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(image|video) (processing|enhancement|denoising|restoration|deblurring|dehazing|super-?resolution|quality assessment|registration|retrieval|classification|synthesis|inpainting|compression|coding|forensics|fusion|stitching|matting|colori[sz]ation|harmoni[sz]ation)\b|\bvideo (surveillance|understanding|analysis|summari[sz]ation|prediction|anomaly)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(convolutional neural networks?|CNNs?|YOLO\w*|R-?CNN|Mask R-?CNN|DETR|U-?Net|ViTs?|vision transformers?|Swin|ResNet|VGG|backbone networks?|feature pyramid|anchor-?free|non-?maximum suppression|IoU\b|mAP\b|COCO|ImageNet|Pascal VOC|KITTI|nuScenes|Cityscapes|ADE20K)\b weight: 0.6 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(medical imag(e|es|ing)|radiomics|histopatholog|whole-?slide|retinal (image|fundus)|OCT (image|scan)|MRI|CT (scans?|images?)|X-?ray (images?|classification)|ultrasound (image|video)|mammogra|dermoscop|endoscop|colonoscop|microscopy images?)\b weight: 0.5 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(saliency|visual attention|OCR|optical character recognition|handwrit|scene text|document (image|layout|understanding)|license plate|biometrics?|iris recognition|fingerprint|gait recognition|crowd counting|human parsing|6-?DoF pose|hand pose|body pose|facial (landmarks?|expression|attributes?)|deepfake detection|face anti-?spoofing|remote sensing (images?|scene)|hyperspectral (image|classification)|SAR (images?|target)|change detection in|aerial imag|satellite imag|UAV imag)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(self-?supervised visual|contrastive visual|visual representation|visual features?|image embeddings?|visual recognition|visual perception|pixel-?wise|pixel-?level|bounding box(es)?|RGB-?D|LiDAR (point|perception|segmentation|detection)|BEV (perception|features?|segmentation)|bird'?s-?eye view|autonomous driving perception|3D (object detection|detection|perception|vision|human))\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(images?|visual|pixels?|cameras?|videos?)\b weight: 0.2 field: both exclusions: [] related: - multimodal_ai - computer_graphics - robotics - deep_learning_architectures - generative_ai - computational_biology parent_of: [] child_of: [] provenance: All 35 topics of OpenAlex subfield 1707 reviewed; those that are image/video-centred receive 0.5-1.0, media/compression/encryption topics are shared at low weight; relevant Engineering (22) remote-sensing topics and Medicine imaging topics added at partial weight. cs.CV is a sufficient signal. - id: nlp number: 10 name: Natural Language Processing area: perception_interaction definition: 'Computational processing of human language: machine translation, parsing and tagging, information extraction, sentiment and text classification, summarisation, question answering, dialogue, text mining, computational linguistics, low-resource and multilingual NLP, NLP evaluation and resources. LLM-centred work is llm (also classified here when the task framing dominates).' openalex_topics: - id: T10181 weight: 1.0 note: 'NLP techniques: MT, parsing, NLU/NLG' - id: T10664 weight: 1.0 note: sentiment analysis and opinion mining - id: T11550 weight: 1.0 note: text and document classification - id: T13629 weight: 1.0 note: text readability and simplification - id: T13083 weight: 0.8 note: advanced text analysis - id: T12380 weight: 0.8 note: authorship attribution and profiling - id: T11710 weight: 0.8 note: biomedical text mining and ontologies - id: T12262 weight: 0.7 note: hate speech detection - id: T10028 weight: 0.6 note: topic modeling / pre-trained LMs - id: T12031 weight: 0.6 note: speech and dialogue systems - id: T13910 weight: 0.5 note: computational and text analysis methods - id: T13623 weight: 0.4 note: linguistic studies and language acquisition - id: T10215 weight: 0.4 note: semantic web and ontologies - id: T13274 weight: 0.4 note: expert finding and Q&A - id: T11010 weight: 0.3 note: logic, reasoning and knowledge representation - id: T10034 weight: 0.3 note: syntax, semantics, linguistic variation - id: T11644 weight: 0.3 note: spam and phishing detection (text) - id: T11147 weight: 0.3 note: misinformation - id: T12016 weight: 0.3 note: web data mining and analysis - id: T13155 weight: 0.3 note: digital communication and language - id: T12353 weight: 0.2 note: lexicography and language studies - id: T13310 weight: 0.2 note: subtitles and audiovisual media openalex_subfields: - id: 1702 weight: 0.1 arxiv_categories: - id: cs.CL weight: 1.0 - id: cs.IR weight: 0.1 dblp_streams: - key: conf/acl weight: 1.0 - key: conf/emnlp weight: 1.0 - key: conf/naacl weight: 1.0 - key: conf/eacl weight: 1.0 - key: conf/coling weight: 1.0 - key: journals/tacl weight: 1.0 - key: journals/coling weight: 1.0 - key: conf/lrec weight: 1.0 - key: conf/semeval weight: 1.0 - key: conf/wmt weight: 1.0 - key: conf/nlpcc weight: 1.0 - key: journals/talip weight: 1.0 - key: conf/wassa weight: 1.0 - key: conf/sepln weight: 0.8 - key: journals/csl weight: 0.6 - key: journals/taslp weight: 0.5 - key: conf/clef weight: 0.5 - key: journals/ipm weight: 0.3 - key: conf/dihu weight: 0.3 - key: conf/dhd weight: 0.3 - key: conf/interspeech weight: 0.2 - key: conf/aaai weight: 0.1 - key: conf/ijcai weight: 0.1 - key: journals/kbs weight: 0.1 - key: journals/eswa weight: 0.1 - key: conf/cikm weight: 0.2 - key: conf/www weight: 0.1 - key: journals/jasis weight: 0.2 - key: conf/cogsci weight: 0.2 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\bnatural language (processing|understanding|generation|inference|interfaces?)\b|\bNLP\b|\bNLU\b|\bNLG\b|\bNLI\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(machine translation|neural machine translation|NMT\b|named entity recognition|NER\b|part-?of-?speech|POS tagging|dependency parsing|constituency parsing|coreference resolution|word embeddings?|word2vec|GloVe|sentiment analysis|opinion mining|aspect-?based sentiment|text (classification|summari[sz]ation|generation|mining|simplification|normali[sz]ation|clustering|retrieval)|abstractive summari[sz]ation|extractive summari[sz]ation|question answering|reading comprehension|relation extraction|event extraction|information extraction|semantic (parsing|role labeling|similarity|textual similarity)|textual entailment|language identification|tokeni[sz]ation|lemmati[sz]ation|stemming|word sense disambiguation|grammatical error correction|spell(ing)? correction|discourse (parsing|analysis)|argument mining|keyphrase extraction|topic model(ing|s)|LDA\b|latent Dirichlet)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(computational linguistics|corpus linguistics|treebanks?|low-?resource languages?|multilingual|cross-?lingual|code-?switching|morpholog(y|ical) (analysis|segmentation)|lexical (semantics|resources?)|WordNet|language resources?|annotated corp(us|ora)|inter-?annotator)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(dialogue (systems?|state tracking|generation|management|acts?)|task-?oriented dialogue|open-?domain dialogue|chatbots?|conversational (AI|agents?|systems?|search))\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(hate speech|fake news|misinformation|rumou?r|stance|sarcasm|irony|emotion|humou?r|offensive language|toxic(ity)?|propaganda|clickbait|authorship) (detection|classification|identification|recognition|attribution|analysis)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(language models?|BERT|GPT|transformers?|sequence-?to-?sequence|seq2seq|encoder-?decoder|attention)\b weight: 0.3 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(knowledge graph|ontolog(y|ies)|semantic web|entity linking|knowledge base) (completion|embedding|construction|population|question answering|alignment|learning)?\b weight: 0.4 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(text|texts|textual|linguistic|lexical|syntactic|semantic|sentences?|words?|documents?|corpus|corpora|language)\b weight: 0.2 field: both exclusions: [] related: - llm - speech_audio - information_retrieval - multimodal_ai - computational_biology parent_of: [] child_of: [] provenance: OpenAlex 1702 language topics (T10181, T10664, T11550, T13083, T12380, T13629, T12262) plus biomedical text mining (field 13) and social-science text topics. *CL venues are the strongest venue signal in the whole ontology (ACL Anthology coverage). - id: speech_audio number: 11 name: Speech and Audio Computing area: perception_interaction definition: 'Processing and generation of speech, music and general audio: speech recognition and synthesis, speaker and language recognition, enhancement and separation, spoken language understanding, music information retrieval and generation, audio event detection, neural audio codecs. Text-only dialogue is nlp.' openalex_topics: - id: T10201 weight: 1.0 note: speech recognition and synthesis - id: T10860 weight: 1.0 note: speech and audio processing - id: T11309 weight: 1.0 note: music and audio processing - id: T11349 weight: 0.6 note: music technology and sound studies - id: T11447 weight: 0.6 note: blind source separation - id: T12031 weight: 0.5 note: speech and dialogue systems - id: T10863 weight: 0.3 note: voice and speech disorders - id: T11034 weight: 0.2 note: digital filter design - id: T10931 weight: 0.2 note: direction-of-arrival estimation (microphone arrays) - id: T10941 weight: 0.1 note: musicology openalex_subfields: - id: 1711 weight: 0.2 arxiv_categories: - id: eess.AS weight: 1.0 - id: cs.SD weight: 1.0 - id: cs.CL weight: 0.1 - id: eess.SP weight: 0.1 dblp_streams: - key: conf/interspeech weight: 1.0 - key: journals/taslp weight: 1.0 - key: journals/speech weight: 1.0 - key: conf/slt weight: 1.0 - key: conf/asru weight: 1.0 - key: journals/csl weight: 0.8 - key: conf/icassp weight: 0.5 - key: conf/apsipa weight: 0.3 - key: conf/eusipco weight: 0.3 - key: journals/spl weight: 0.2 - key: journals/sigpro weight: 0.2 - key: journals/dsp weight: 0.2 - key: journals/jstsp weight: 0.2 - key: journals/cssp weight: 0.1 - key: conf/mm weight: 0.1 - key: journals/tmm weight: 0.1 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\bspeech (recognition|synthesis|enhancement|separation|processing|emotion|translation|coding|to text|to speech|language models?|foundation models?|representations?|technolog(y|ies)|signals?|corpus|corpora|data)\b|\btext-?to-?speech\b|\bTTS\b|\bASR\b|\bspeech-?to-?text\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(automatic speech|spoken (language|dialogue|term|question)|speaker (recognition|verification|identification|diarization|embeddings?|adaptation)|voice (conversion|cloning|assistants?|activity detection|biometrics|synthesis)|keyword spotting|wake[- ]word|acoustic (model(s|ing)?|scene|event|features?|echo)|phonemes?|phonetic|prosod(y|ic)|intonation|lip[- ]reading|audio-?visual speech|dysarthri|pathological speech|whisper(ed)? speech)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(audio|music|sound|acoustic) (classification|generation|synthesis|tagging|retrieval|processing|understanding|event detection|source separation|representation|captioning|language models?|foundation models?|codecs?|signals?|features?|embeddings?)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(music information retrieval|MIR\b|music (transcription|recommendation|generation|genre|emotion|structure|similarity)|singing voice|beat tracking|chord (recognition|estimation)|melody extraction|symbolic music|MIDI|audio (signal|watermark|deepfake|anti-?spoofing)|microphone arrays?|beamforming for speech|hearing aids?|cochlear|room (impulse|acoustics)|reverberation|dereverberation|noise suppression|sound event|environmental sound|bird (song|call) (detection|classification)|bioacoustic|wav2vec|Whisper\b|HuBERT|WavLM|WaveNet|vocoders?|HiFi-?GAN|spectrograms?|mel[- ]spectrogram|MFCCs?|EnCodec|SoundStream)\b weight: 0.9 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(speech|audio|acoustic|speaker|music|voice|sound|auditory|phonological)\b weight: 0.3 field: both exclusions: [] related: - nlp - multimodal_ai - generative_ai - llm parent_of: [] child_of: [] provenance: OpenAlex T10201/T10860/T11309 and the eess.AS/cs.SD arXiv pair; INTERSPEECH/TASLP strong, ICASSP partial (shared with signal processing). - id: robotics number: 12 name: Robotics area: perception_interaction definition: 'Machines that sense and act in the physical world: manipulation, locomotion, motion and path planning, SLAM and localisation, robot learning, human-robot interaction, autonomous vehicles and drones as robotic systems, soft and swarm robotics, teleoperation. RL algorithms are reinforcement_learning; robotic process automation and surgical-outcome studies are excluded.' openalex_topics: - id: T10586 weight: 1.0 note: robotic path planning - id: T10653 weight: 1.0 note: robot manipulation and learning - id: T10191 weight: 1.0 note: robotics and sensor-based localization - id: T10709 weight: 1.0 note: social robot interaction and HRI - id: T10879 weight: 1.0 note: robotic locomotion and control - id: T11615 weight: 1.0 note: control and dynamics of mobile robots - id: T10571 weight: 0.8 note: robotic mechanisms and dynamics - id: T10868 weight: 0.8 note: soft robotics - id: T13382 weight: 0.8 note: robotics and automated systems - id: T12784 weight: 0.8 note: modular robots and swarm intelligence - id: T11687 weight: 0.7 note: teleoperation and haptic systems - id: T11099 weight: 0.7 note: autonomous vehicle technology and safety - id: T11023 weight: 0.6 note: prosthetics and rehabilitation robotics - id: T11133 weight: 0.6 note: UAV applications - id: T10462 weight: 0.5 note: reinforcement learning in robotics - id: T10249 weight: 0.5 note: distributed control multi-agent (multi-robot) - id: T14335 weight: 0.5 note: educational robotics - id: T11486 weight: 0.5 note: micro and nano robotics - id: T11325 weight: 0.4 note: inertial sensor and navigation - id: T12158 weight: 0.3 note: guidance and control systems - id: T10805 weight: 0.2 note: vehicle dynamics and control - id: T11192 weight: 0.3 note: underwater vehicles - id: T10525 weight: 0.2 note: human-automation interaction openalex_subfields: [] arxiv_categories: - id: cs.RO weight: 1.0 - id: eess.SY weight: 0.2 - id: cs.SY weight: 0.2 dblp_streams: - key: conf/icra weight: 1.0 - key: conf/iros weight: 1.0 - key: journals/ral weight: 1.0 - key: conf/rss weight: 1.0 - key: conf/corl weight: 1.0 - key: journals/trob weight: 1.0 - key: journals/ijrr weight: 1.0 - key: journals/arobots weight: 1.0 - key: journals/ras weight: 1.0 - key: journals/jirs weight: 1.0 - key: journals/robotica weight: 1.0 - key: journals/jfr weight: 1.0 - key: conf/humanoids weight: 1.0 - key: conf/robio weight: 1.0 - key: conf/hri weight: 1.0 - key: journals/ijsr weight: 1.0 - key: conf/ro-man weight: 1.0 - key: conf/icira weight: 1.0 - key: journals/firai weight: 1.0 - key: journals/finr weight: 1.0 - key: journals/robotics weight: 1.0 - key: journals/ar weight: 1.0 - key: journals/jrm weight: 1.0 - key: conf/rcar weight: 1.0 - key: conf/icarm weight: 1.0 - key: conf/biorob weight: 1.0 - key: conf/robosoft weight: 1.0 - key: conf/aimech weight: 0.8 - key: conf/sii weight: 0.8 - key: conf/case weight: 0.6 - key: conf/icarcv weight: 0.6 - key: journals/rcim weight: 0.6 - key: conf/icinco weight: 0.6 - key: journals/tiv weight: 0.5 - key: conf/ivs weight: 0.5 - key: journals/tase weight: 0.5 - key: conf/itsc weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tits weight: 0.2 - key: conf/cdc weight: 0.1 - key: journals/tcst weight: 0.1 - key: conf/amcc weight: 0.1 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\brobot(s|ic|ics|ically)?\b|\bcobots?\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(manipulat(ion|ors?)|grasp(ing|s)?|dexterous|motion planning|path planning|trajectory (planning|optimi[sz]ation)|SLAM\b|simultaneous locali[sz]ation|visual servoing|legged|quadrupeds?|bipeds?|humanoids?|exoskeletons?|end-?effectors?|teleoperation|telerobot|kinematics|inverse dynamics|whole-?body control|locomotion)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(autonomous (driving|vehicles?|navigation|systems?|mobile|underwater|aerial|ground)|self-?driving|UAVs?|UGVs?|AUVs?|drones?|quadrotors?|quadcopters?|unmanned (aerial|ground|surface|underwater)|multi-?robot|swarm robot)\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(human-?robot|embodied (AI|agents?|intelligence|learning)|sim-?to-?real|imitation learning|learning from demonstration|vision-?language-?action|VLA models?|robot(ic)? foundation models?|RT-?[12]\b|Open-?X Embodiment|diffusion polic(y|ies)|affordance|tactile sensing|force control|compliance control|soft (actuators?|grippers?))\b weight: 0.8 field: both exclusions: - (?i)\brobotic process automation\b|\bRPA\b - (?is)^(?!.*(algorithm|control|planning|learning|sensor|kinematic|autonom|simulation|software|system design)).*\brobot(ic)?-?assisted (surgery|prostatectomy|hysterectomy|laparoscop\w+|thoracic|radical|gastrectomy|colectomy|nephrectomy|cystectomy)\b related: - reinforcement_learning - computer_vision - ai_agents - hci - edge_computing parent_of: [] child_of: [] provenance: OpenAlex spreads robotics over CS 1707 (path planning), Engineering 2202/2204/2207 (manipulation, locomotion, mobile robots) and Psychology 3207 (HRI); all reviewed. 'robot' is unambiguous enough to be a 1.0 keyword. - id: hci number: 13 name: Human-Computer Interaction area: perception_interaction definition: 'Design, evaluation and understanding of interactive systems and their users: user studies and usability, interaction techniques, VR/AR/XR, accessibility and assistive technology, CSCW and social computing, human-AI interaction, ubiquitous and wearable computing, affective computing. Rendering is computer_graphics; physical robots are robotics.' openalex_topics: - id: T10470 weight: 1.0 note: usability and user interface design - id: T10648 weight: 1.0 note: virtual reality applications - id: T10789 weight: 1.0 note: interactive and immersive displays - id: T10803 weight: 1.0 note: innovative human-technology interaction - id: T11707 weight: 0.8 note: gaze tracking and assistive technology - id: T14074 weight: 0.8 note: persona design - id: T10888 weight: 0.8 note: augmented reality applications - id: T13874 weight: 0.8 note: information architecture and usability - id: T11398 weight: 0.7 note: hand gesture recognition - id: T10525 weight: 0.7 note: human-automation interaction and safety - id: T10709 weight: 0.5 note: social robot interaction - id: T11704 weight: 0.5 note: mobile crowdsensing and crowdsourcing - id: T11687 weight: 0.5 note: teleoperation and haptics - id: T10429 weight: 0.5 note: EEG and brain-computer interfaces - id: T12128 weight: 0.4 note: AI in service interactions (chatbot UX) - id: T13155 weight: 0.4 note: digital communication and language - id: T10914 weight: 0.3 note: tactile and sensory interactions - id: T11902 weight: 0.3 note: intelligent tutoring systems - id: T10444 weight: 0.3 note: context-aware activity recognition (ubicomp) - id: T12260 weight: 0.2 note: educational technology - id: T11122 weight: 0.2 note: online learning and analytics - id: T13807 weight: 0.2 note: cultural insights and digital impacts - id: T12338 weight: 0.2 note: digital literacy - id: T14114 weight: 0.2 note: digital media and philosophy openalex_subfields: - id: 1709 weight: 0.6 arxiv_categories: - id: cs.HC weight: 1.0 - id: cs.CY weight: 0.2 - id: cs.SI weight: 0.1 dblp_streams: - key: conf/chi weight: 1.0 - key: conf/uist weight: 1.0 - key: conf/cscw weight: 1.0 - key: journals/pacmhci weight: 1.0 - key: journals/tochi weight: 1.0 - key: journals/ijmms weight: 1.0 - key: journals/ijhci weight: 1.0 - key: conf/iui weight: 1.0 - key: conf/ACMdis weight: 1.0 - key: conf/vr weight: 1.0 - key: conf/ismar weight: 1.0 - key: journals/vr weight: 1.0 - key: conf/huc weight: 1.0 - key: journals/imwut weight: 1.0 - key: conf/assets weight: 1.0 - key: conf/interact weight: 1.0 - key: conf/mc weight: 1.0 - key: conf/tei weight: 1.0 - key: conf/acmidc weight: 1.0 - key: conf/etra weight: 1.0 - key: journals/behaviourIT weight: 1.0 - key: journals/interactions weight: 1.0 - key: conf/hci weight: 0.8 - key: journals/chb weight: 0.6 - key: conf/ahfe weight: 0.6 - key: conf/icmi weight: 0.6 - key: journals/taffco weight: 0.6 - key: journals/displays weight: 0.5 - key: journals/cbsn weight: 0.4 - key: journals/nms weight: 0.3 - key: conf/hri weight: 0.3 - key: journals/ile weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tvcg weight: 0.2 - key: journals/ce weight: 0.2 - key: journals/eait weight: 0.2 - key: conf/um weight: 0.3 - key: journals/entcom weight: 0.5 - key: conf/cig weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tele weight: 0.2 - key: conf/icwsm weight: 0.3 - key: journals/ijim weight: 0.3 - key: journals/jaihc weight: 0.2 - key: conf/percom weight: 0.3 - key: conf/cscwd weight: 0.3 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\bhuman-?computer interaction\b|\bHCI\b|\bCSCW\b|\bcomputer-?supported cooperative\b|\buser-?centered design\b|\bhuman factors\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(user (study|studies|experience|interfaces?|engagement|perception|acceptance|needs|research|testing|feedback)|usability (study|testing|evaluation)?|UX\b|UI (design|components)|participatory design|co-?design|design (fiction|probes?|implications|space|guidelines)|think-?aloud|Wizard[- ]of[- ]Oz|formative (study|evaluation)|within-?subjects?|between-?subjects?|Likert|System Usability Scale|SUS\b|NASA-?TLX)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(virtual|augmented|mixed|extended) reality\b|\bVR\b|\bXR\b|\bhead-?mounted\b|\bimmersive\b|\bmetaverse\b|\bHMDs?\b|\btelepresence\b|\bcybersickness\b|\bpresence (in|and) VR\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(accessibilit(y|ies)|assistive technolog(y|ies)|eye[- ]tracking|gaze(-based)?|gestures?|gestural|haptics?|tangible|wearables?|smart ?watch|brain-?computer interfaces?|BCI\b|affective computing|emotion recognition for interaction|screen readers?|blind (users|people)|visually impaired|older adults|children'?s? (interaction|technology)|neurodivergent)\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(human-?AI (interaction|collaboration|teaming|co-?creation)|human-?in-?the-?loop|human-?centered AI|explanation interfaces?|conversational (user )?interfaces?|voice (user )?interfaces?|chatbot (design|user)|interactive machine learning|mixed-?initiative|AI-?assisted (writing|design|creativity)|trust in (AI|automation|robots))\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(interaction (design|techniques?|paradigms?|modalit)|interactive (systems?|visuali[sz]ation|prototypes?|installations?)|user interfaces?|GUIs?\b|touch(screen| input| interaction)|pen input|mid-?air|gaze input|input (devices?|techniques?)|text entry|target acquisition|Fitts)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(ubiquitous computing|pervasive computing|ubicomp|context-?aware(ness)?|smart (homes?|environments?)|ambient (intelligence|assisted)|activity recognition (from|using|with) (wearable|smartphone|sensors?)|mobile (interaction|HCI|users?)|notifications?|digital well-?being|persuasive technolog|serious games?|gamification|player experience|game (design|user research))\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(social computing|social media (use|users|platforms?)|online communit(y|ies)|crowdsourcing|crowd ?workers?|Mechanical Turk|content creators?|misinformation (on|and) (social|platforms)|online harassment|moderation practices|collaborative (work|writing|tools)|remote (work|collaboration)|computer-?mediated communication)\b weight: 0.6 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(qualitative (study|analysis|interviews?)|interview study|semi-?structured interviews?|thematic analysis|grounded theory|focus groups?|diary study|ethnograph|participants (reported|described|were recruited)|N\s?=\s?\d+ participants)\b weight: 0.5 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(users?|participants?|interaction|interactive|interfaces?|design)\b weight: 0.2 field: both exclusions: [] related: - computer_graphics - robotics - ai_safety - multimodal_ai - software_engineering - information_retrieval parent_of: [] child_of: [] provenance: All 8 topics of OpenAlex subfield 1709 mapped; supporting topics from Psychology (human-automation), Neuroscience (BCI) and education technology at low weight. CHI/UIST/CSCW/PACM HCI/TOCHI are near-pure venues. - id: software_engineering number: 14 name: Software Engineering area: software_pl definition: 'How software is specified, built, tested, maintained and studied: requirements, architecture, testing and debugging, program repair, mining software repositories, empirical studies of developers, DevOps, model-driven engineering, open-source ecosystems, and AI-assisted software development. Language design is programming_languages; proofs of correctness are formal_verification.' openalex_topics: - id: T10430 weight: 1.0 note: software engineering techniques and practices - id: T10260 weight: 1.0 note: software engineering research - id: T10639 weight: 1.0 note: advanced software engineering methodologies - id: T10743 weight: 1.0 note: software testing and debugging - id: T11450 weight: 1.0 note: model-driven software engineering - id: T12423 weight: 1.0 note: software reliability and analysis - id: T12490 weight: 1.0 note: software engineering and design patterns - id: T11675 weight: 0.8 note: open source software - id: T13197 weight: 0.8 note: spreadsheets and end-user computing - id: T12127 weight: 0.7 note: software system performance, microservices, AIOps - id: T10679 weight: 0.7 note: service-oriented architecture and web services - id: T12799 weight: 0.6 note: mobile and web applications - id: T12601 weight: 0.5 note: web applications and data management - id: T10533 weight: 0.4 note: teaching and learning programming - id: T11986 weight: 0.4 note: research software and scientific workflows - id: T12479 weight: 0.3 note: web application security vulnerabilities - id: T13650 weight: 0.3 note: Python scientific programming - id: T10126 weight: 0.2 note: logic, programming and type systems - id: T13034 weight: 0.2 note: information systems education and curriculum - id: T13681 weight: 0.1 note: engineering and information technology openalex_subfields: - id: 1712 weight: 0.5 arxiv_categories: - id: cs.SE weight: 1.0 dblp_streams: - key: conf/icse weight: 1.0 - key: conf/sigsoft weight: 1.0 - key: conf/kbse weight: 1.0 - key: conf/issta weight: 1.0 - key: conf/msr weight: 1.0 - key: conf/icst weight: 1.0 - key: conf/saner weight: 1.0 - key: journals/tse weight: 1.0 - key: journals/tosem weight: 1.0 - key: journals/ese weight: 1.0 - key: journals/jss weight: 1.0 - key: journals/infsof weight: 1.0 - key: conf/re weight: 1.0 - key: conf/models weight: 1.0 - key: conf/issre weight: 1.0 - key: conf/qrs weight: 1.0 - key: journals/spe weight: 1.0 - key: journals/software weight: 1.0 - key: conf/caise weight: 0.6 - key: conf/compsac weight: 0.6 - key: journals/jossw weight: 0.5 - key: journals/softx weight: 0.5 - key: journals/aes weight: 0.5 - key: journals/csse weight: 0.4 - key: journals/tr weight: 0.3 - key: conf/dsn weight: 0.3 - key: journals/computing weight: 0.3 - key: conf/sac weight: 0.2 - key: journals/cacm weight: 0.1 - key: journals/computer weight: 0.1 - key: conf/icws weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tsc weight: 0.3 - key: conf/fedcsis weight: 0.2 - key: conf/gi weight: 0.2 - key: journals/ieicetd weight: 0.1 - key: journals/jsjkx weight: 0.1 - key: conf/iceis weight: 0.3 - key: conf/sigcse weight: 0.2 - key: conf/iticse weight: 0.2 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\bsoftware (engineering|development|testing|maintenance|evolution|quality|defects?|bugs?|repositor(y|ies)|architectures?|design|reuse|process(es)?|product lines?|projects?|metrics|vulnerabilit(y|ies)|ecosystems?|supply chains?|requirements?|documentation|analytics|practitioners?|developers?|teams?|artifacts?|systems? engineering|verification and validation|reliability|security practices|refactoring|modernization|migration|libraries|dependencies)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(code (review|generation|completion|smells?|clones?|search|summari[sz]ation|comprehension|quality|coverage|readability|translation|refactoring|LLMs?)|program (repair|comprehension|synthesis|analysis|slicing)|bug (locali[sz]ation|fixing|reports?|prediction|detection|triage)|defect prediction|fault locali[sz]ation|test (generation|cases?|suites?|oracles?|flakiness|automation|prioriti[sz]ation|amplification)|unit tests?|fuzz(ing|ers?)|mutation testing|regression testing|continuous (integration|delivery|deployment)|DevOps|CI/CD|technical debt|refactoring|static analysis|dynamic analysis|GitHub|open[- ]source (projects?|software|development|communities)|Stack Overflow|pull requests?|commit (messages?|histor)|issue (tracking|reports?)|mining software|API (usage|misuse|evolution|documentation|recommendation)|build (systems?|failures?)|configuration (errors?|management)|infrastructure as code|logging practices|AIOps|incident management)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(agile|Scrum|Kanban|requirements engineering|user stories|model-?driven|MDE\b|UML\b|SysML|domain-?specific modeling|microservices?|monolith|low-?code|no-?code|end-?user (programming|development)|spreadsheets?|pair programming|code ownership|onboarding|developer (productivity|experience|tools|surveys?)|programmers?' )\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(LLM|AI|automated|neural|learning)-?(based|assisted|powered|driven)? (software engineering|code generation|programming|program repair|test generation|code review|debugging)\b|\b(code|coding) (LLMs?|assistants?|models?|agents?)\b|\bCopilot\b|\bvibe coding\b|\bLLMs? for (code|software|programming|testing)\b|\bAI pair programm\w+\b|\bCodex\b|\bStarCoder\b|\bCodeLlama\b|\bHumanEval\b|\bMBPP\b|\bSWE-?bench\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(developers?|programmers?|software|codebase|source code|programs?|debugging|testing|maintainab)\b weight: 0.3 field: both exclusions: [] related: - programming_languages - formal_verification - llm - hci - ai_agents - operating_systems parent_of: [] child_of: [] provenance: All 5 topics of OpenAlex subfield 1712 plus SE topics in 1702/1710 (T10639, T10430, T10260) and Social Sciences (T12490); ICSE/FSE/ASE/TSE/TOSEM/EMSE are the core venues; cs.SE suffices alone. - id: programming_languages number: 15 name: Programming Languages area: software_pl definition: 'Design, semantics, type systems and implementation principles of programming languages: type theory, operational and denotational semantics, functional and logic programming, effects, concurrency models, memory safety, domain-specific languages, program analysis as a language problem. Code generation and optimisation pipelines are compilers (a child); machine-checked correctness is formal_verification.' openalex_topics: - id: T10126 weight: 1.0 note: logic, programming and type systems - id: T11727 weight: 0.3 note: advanced algebra and logic - id: T11567 weight: 0.2 note: formal languages and automata - id: T12002 weight: 0.2 note: computability and logic - id: T10533 weight: 0.2 note: teaching and learning programming - id: T13197 weight: 0.2 note: end-user programming openalex_subfields: [] arxiv_categories: - id: cs.PL weight: 1.0 - id: cs.LO weight: 0.3 - id: cs.FL weight: 0.2 dblp_streams: - key: journals/pacmpl weight: 1.0 - key: conf/pldi weight: 1.0 - key: conf/oopsla weight: 1.0 - key: conf/esop weight: 1.0 - key: journals/toplas weight: 1.0 - key: journals/jfp weight: 1.0 - key: conf/fscd weight: 0.8 - key: conf/sas weight: 0.6 - key: journals/mscs weight: 0.5 - key: conf/ppopp weight: 0.5 - key: conf/concur weight: 0.4 - key: conf/csl weight: 0.3 - key: conf/lics weight: 0.3 - key: journals/lmcs weight: 0.3 - key: conf/cgo weight: 0.3 - key: conf/cc weight: 0.3 - key: journals/acta weight: 0.3 - key: conf/birthday weight: 0.1 - key: journals/tcs weight: 0.1 - key: journals/spe weight: 0.2 - key: journals/computing weight: 0.1 - key: conf/sigcse weight: 0.1 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\bprogramming languages?\b|\blanguage (design|semantics|implementation|features?|constructs?|runtimes?)\b|\bPL (research|community|theory)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\btype (systems?|theory|inference|checking|safety|soundness|classes|errors?|annotations?|directed)\b|\b(dependent|gradual|refinement|session|linear|affine|effect|ownership|intersection|union|algebraic data|polymorphic|higher-?kinded|substructural) types?\b|\b(statically|dynamically)[- ]typed\b|\btyped (lambda|functional|assembly|languages?)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(lambda[- ]calculus|pi-?calculus|operational semantics|denotational semantics|axiomatic semantics|program semantics|abstract interpretation|separation logic|Hoare logic|category theory|monads?|monadic|algebraic effects|effect handlers|continuations?|CPS\b|Curry-?Howard|homotopy type theory|cubical|normali[sz]ation by evaluation|bidirectional typing|subtyping|parametricity|logical relations|step-?indexed|coinduction|abstract machines?)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(functional programming|logic programming|constraint logic programming|answer set programming|probabilistic programming languages?|reactive programming|dataflow programming|array programming|Haskell|OCaml|Standard ML|Scheme|Racket|Clojure|Erlang|Elixir|Scala|Prolog|Datalog|Coq|Agda|Idris|Lean 4|Rust|WebAssembly|Wasm|Kotlin|Swift|Julia|domain-?specific languages?|DSLs?|embedded DSL|metaprogramming|macros?|staging|multi-?stage programming|garbage collect(ion|ors?)|memory safety|unsafe (code|Rust)|borrow checker|ownership (types?|model)|smart contracts? languages?|language (interoperability|workbench)|parser (combinators?|generators?)|grammars? (for|of) programming)\b weight: 0.9 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(program (synthesis|analysis|verification|transformation|equivalence|slicing|refinement|calculation)|static analysis|dataflow analysis|points?-?to analysis|alias analysis|taint analysis|symbolic execution|partial evaluation|interpreters?|virtual machines? for|bytecode|intermediate language|runtime systems?|concurrency (primitives|models|bugs)|memory models?|weak memory|data races?|deadlock (detection|freedom)|software transactional memory|actors? model|async/await|coroutines?|exceptions? handling|gradual verification)\b weight: 0.6 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(syntax|semantics|compil\w+|interpret\w+|languages?|programs?|programming)\b weight: 0.2 field: both exclusions: [] related: - compilers - formal_verification - software_engineering - computational_complexity parent_of: - compilers child_of: [] provenance: T10126 is the single OpenAlex PL topic (types, logic, programming); PACMPL (POPL/OOPSLA/ICFP/PLDI) is the dominant venue stream in DBLP; conf/popl and conf/icfp have no separate stream over the window. - id: compilers number: 16 name: Compilers area: software_pl definition: 'Translation and optimisation of programs for execution: compiler construction, intermediate representations, optimisation passes, code generation, JIT compilation, auto-vectorisation and parallelisation, polyhedral methods, high-level synthesis, and compilers for machine-learning workloads and accelerators. A child of programming_languages.' openalex_topics: - id: T10054 weight: 0.6 note: 'parallel computing: compiler optimization, OpenMP, CUDA' - id: T10126 weight: 0.4 note: logic, programming and type systems - id: T10904 weight: 0.3 note: 'embedded systems design: high-level synthesis' - id: T13650 weight: 0.2 note: Python scientific programming (JIT, NumPy) openalex_subfields: [] arxiv_categories: - id: cs.PL weight: 0.5 - id: cs.DC weight: 0.1 - id: cs.AR weight: 0.1 - id: cs.MS weight: 0.1 - id: cs.PF weight: 0.1 dblp_streams: - key: conf/cgo weight: 1.0 - key: conf/cc weight: 1.0 - key: conf/pact weight: 0.8 - key: conf/pldi weight: 0.6 - key: journals/taco weight: 0.6 - key: conf/ppopp weight: 0.5 - key: conf/asplos weight: 0.4 - key: conf/mlsys weight: 0.4 - key: journals/pacmpl weight: 0.3 - key: journals/toplas weight: 0.3 - key: conf/ics weight: 0.3 - key: conf/sc weight: 0.2 - key: conf/micro weight: 0.2 - key: journals/tecs weight: 0.2 - key: conf/europar weight: 0.2 - key: journals/tpds weight: 0.1 - key: conf/ipps weight: 0.1 - key: journals/jpdc weight: 0.1 - key: conf/esop weight: 0.2 - key: conf/sas weight: 0.2 - key: journals/spe weight: 0.2 - key: conf/date weight: 0.1 - key: conf/dac weight: 0.1 - key: conf/fccm weight: 0.2 - key: conf/fpga weight: 0.2 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\bcompilers?\b|\bcompilation\b|\bcompiler (optimi[sz]ation|design|infrastructure|passes|back-?ends?|front-?ends?|frameworks?|construction|bugs?|testing|fuzzing|verification|correctness)\b|\bcompiling\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(LLVM|MLIR|GCC|Clang|TVM|XLA|Halide|TensorRT|polyhedral|auto-?tuning|auto-?vectori[sz]ation|vectori[sz]ation|loop (tiling|fusion|unrolling|interchange|transformations?|nests?|optimi[sz]ations?)|register allocation|instruction (scheduling|selection)|intermediate representations?|IR\b.*\b(lowering|optimi[sz]ation)|just-?in-?time|JIT\b|ahead-?of-?time|AOT\b|code generation (for|targeting)|binary (translation|rewriting|optimi[sz]ation)|decompil\w+|superoptimi[sz]\w+|peephole|tensor compilers?|kernel (generation|fusion|compilers?)|operator fusion|graph (compilers?|lowering|rewriting for)|schedule (search|space)|cost models? for (compilers?|code))\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(high-?level synthesis|HLS\b|OpenMP|OpenCL|OpenACC|CUDA (kernels?|code|programming)|SYCL|parallelizing|auto-?parallel|program transformation|link-?time optimi[sz]ation|profile-?guided|whole-?program|inlining|dead code|constant (propagation|folding)|SSA\b|static single assignment|control-?flow graphs?|data-?flow (analysis|graphs?)|alias analysis|escape analysis|garbage collector (design|implementation)|managed runtimes?|interpreters? (design|performance)|bytecode (optimi[sz]ation|interpreters?)|WebAssembly compil|transpil\w+|source-?to-?source)\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(machine learning|deep learning|ML|DL|AI|neural network|DNN|tensor|quantum|domain-?specific|hardware|FPGA|GPU|accelerator|verified|certified) compilers?\b|\bcompilers? for (machine learning|deep learning|neural networks?|accelerators?|GPUs?|FPGAs?|quantum)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(Triton|CUTLASS|cuDNN|oneDNN|XNNPACK|ONNX|TorchInductor|torch\.compile|TorchScript|Glow|nGraph|IREE|Tiramisu|AutoTVM|Ansor|CompCert|CakeML|Cranelift|V8|HotSpot|GraalVM|Numba|JAX (compilation|tracing)|Mojo)\b weight: 0.8 field: both exclusions: [] related: - programming_languages - ai_accelerators - computer_architecture - scientific_computing - distributed_computing parent_of: [] child_of: - programming_languages provenance: 'No dedicated OpenAlex topic: compiler optimisation sits inside T10054 (keywords list ''compiler optimization'') and T10126. CGO/CC/PACT/TACO are the dedicated streams; keyword patterns (compiler, LLVM, MLIR, polyhedral...) carry the category.' - id: formal_verification number: 17 name: Formal Verification area: software_pl definition: 'Mathematically rigorous establishment of system properties: model checking, theorem proving and proof assistants, SAT/SMT solving and automated reasoning, deductive and runtime verification, verified software and hardware, formal semantics as a verification tool, verification of neural networks, smart contracts and protocols, automata and temporal logics. Language semantics as design is programming_languages.' openalex_topics: - id: T10142 weight: 1.0 note: formal methods in verification - id: T11125 weight: 0.8 note: Petri nets in system modeling - id: T12002 weight: 0.4 note: computability, logic and AI algorithms - id: T11010 weight: 0.4 note: logic, reasoning and knowledge - id: T11596 weight: 0.4 note: constraint satisfaction and optimization (SAT/CSP) - id: T11727 weight: 0.3 note: advanced algebra and logic - id: T11567 weight: 0.3 note: automata theory - id: T10126 weight: 0.3 note: logic, programming and type systems - id: T11424 weight: 0.2 note: security and verification in computing - id: T13286 weight: 0.2 note: modeling and simulation systems openalex_subfields: [] arxiv_categories: - id: cs.LO weight: 1.0 - id: cs.FL weight: 0.6 - id: cs.PL weight: 0.2 - id: cs.SE weight: 0.1 dblp_streams: - key: conf/cav weight: 1.0 - key: conf/tacas weight: 1.0 - key: conf/fm weight: 1.0 - key: conf/cade weight: 1.0 - key: conf/itp weight: 1.0 - key: conf/cpp weight: 1.0 - key: conf/fmcad weight: 1.0 - key: conf/vmcai weight: 1.0 - key: journals/fmsd weight: 1.0 - key: journals/jar weight: 1.0 - key: journals/tocl weight: 0.8 - key: conf/sat weight: 0.8 - key: conf/lpar weight: 0.8 - key: conf/lics weight: 0.6 - key: conf/csl weight: 0.6 - key: journals/lmcs weight: 0.6 - key: conf/concur weight: 0.6 - key: conf/cp weight: 0.5 - key: conf/fossacs weight: 0.5 - key: journals/constraints weight: 0.4 - key: journals/acta weight: 0.4 - key: conf/sas weight: 0.4 - key: journals/apal weight: 0.3 - key: journals/iandc weight: 0.3 - key: conf/jelia weight: 0.3 - key: conf/aiml weight: 0.3 - key: conf/kr weight: 0.3 - key: journals/mscs weight: 0.3 - key: conf/fscd weight: 0.3 - key: conf/dlt weight: 0.3 - key: conf/birthday weight: 0.2 - key: journals/tcs weight: 0.2 - key: conf/dsn weight: 0.1 - key: journals/tse weight: 0.1 - key: conf/icse weight: 0.05 - key: journals/pacmpl weight: 0.2 - key: conf/pldi weight: 0.2 - key: conf/esop weight: 0.3 - key: conf/models weight: 0.2 - key: conf/rtss weight: 0.1 - key: journals/tcad weight: 0.1 - key: conf/date weight: 0.1 - key: conf/dac weight: 0.1 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\bformal (verification|methods?|specification|semantics|proofs?|analysis|modell?ing|reasoning|guarantees)\b|\bformally (verified|proved|proven|specified)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(model check(ing|ers?)|theorem prov(ing|ers?)|proof assistants?|interactive theorem|automated (reasoning|theorem|deduction)|SMT (solvers?|solving)|SAT (solvers?|solving)|satisfiability modulo|bounded model checking|symbolic model checking|abstraction refinement|CEGAR|IC3|PDR\b|k-?induction|temporal logics?|LTL\b|CTL\b|TCTL|mu-?calculus|Büchi|timed automata|hybrid automata|probabilistic model checking|PRISM model|refinement (calculus|checking)|TLA\+|Isabelle|Coq|Rocq|Lean (prover|4|theorem)|Agda|Dafny|Why3|Frama-?C|SPARK Ada|Z3|CVC[45]|Alloy|Event-?B|Petri nets?|process (algebras?|calculi)|bisimulation|rewriting logic|Maude|B method|VDM\b)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(verified (compilers?|software|implementations?|kernels?|systems?|cryptograph\w+|parsers?|libraries)|certified (programming|software|compilers?)|mechani[sz]ed (proofs?|semantics|metatheory|formali[sz]ation)|machine-?checked|proof of correctness|correct-?by-?construction|deductive verification|invariant (synthesis|generation|inference)|loop invariants?|runtime verification|runtime monitoring|contract-?based|design by contract|refinement types for verification|termination (analysis|proofs?)|verification conditions?|weakest precondition|proof (obligations?|engineering|repair|automation))\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(neural network verification|verif(y|ying|ication of) (neural|deep|DNN|smart contracts?|cryptographic protocols?|distributed (protocols?|systems?)|hardware|RTL|hybrid systems?|cyber-?physical|autonomous|learning-?enabled)|safety verification|reachability analysis|abstract domains?|barrier certificates?|symbolic reasoning about|equivalence checking|hardware verification|formal hardware)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(automata|decidab(le|ility)|undecidab|satisfiab(le|ility)|unsatisfiable core|constraint solving|first-?order logic|higher-?order logic|modal logic|separation logic|Hoare logic|dynamic logic|description logics?|answer set|logic programming for verification|proof (search|systems?|theory|nets)|sequent calculus|resolution (proving|refutation)|superposition|E prover|Vampire)\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(autoformali[sz]ation|formal (mathematics|theorem proving) (with|using|via) (LLMs?|language models?|neural)|neural theorem proving|LLM-?based (theorem|proof)|Lean (proofs?|theorems?|mathlib)|miniF2F|ProofNet|AlphaProof|DeepSeek-?Prover|proof (generation|synthesis) (with|using) (LLMs?|language models?))\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(verification|verified|correctness|soundness|completeness|specification|logic|proofs?)\b weight: 0.2 field: both exclusions: [] related: - programming_languages - software_engineering - computational_complexity - applied_cryptography - ai_safety - computer_architecture parent_of: [] child_of: [] provenance: T10142 is the OpenAlex formal-methods topic; logic/automata topics of 1703 (T12002, T11567, T11727) and Petri nets (T11125) support it. CAV/TACAS/FM/CADE/ITP/CPP/FMCAD/VMCAI/JAR/FMSD are dedicated streams; cs.LO suffices alone. - id: algorithms number: 18 name: Algorithms and Data Structures area: theory definition: 'Design and analysis of algorithms and data structures: graph, string, geometric, approximation, randomized, online, streaming, parallel and parameterized algorithms, combinatorial optimisation and metaheuristics, algorithmic game theory, algorithm engineering, and the combinatorics that underpins them. Lower bounds and hardness as such are computational_complexity; numerical algorithms are scientific_computing.' openalex_topics: - id: T10720 weight: 1.0 note: complexity and algorithms in graphs (approximation, shortest paths, flows) - id: T11269 weight: 1.0 note: algorithms and data compression (strings, sorting, succinct structures) - id: T10374 weight: 0.8 note: advanced graph theory research - id: T12292 weight: 0.8 note: graph theory and algorithms - id: T10996 weight: 0.7 note: computational geometry and mesh generation - id: T12541 weight: 0.6 note: graph labeling and dimension problems - id: T12288 weight: 0.6 note: optimization and search problems - id: T11596 weight: 0.6 note: constraint satisfaction and optimization - id: T11476 weight: 0.6 note: graph theory and applications - id: T11106 weight: 0.6 note: data management and algorithms - id: T10100 weight: 0.5 note: metaheuristic optimization algorithms - id: T11975 weight: 0.5 note: evolutionary algorithms - id: T10948 weight: 0.5 note: advanced combinatorial mathematics - id: T10551 weight: 0.5 note: scheduling and optimization algorithms - id: T12176 weight: 0.5 note: optimization and packing problems - id: T10792 weight: 0.4 note: matrix theory and algorithms - id: T11329 weight: 0.4 note: limits and structures in graph theory - id: T10963 weight: 0.4 note: advanced optimization algorithms - id: T12401 weight: 0.4 note: scheduling and timetabling - id: T10848 weight: 0.3 note: multi-objective optimization algorithms - id: T10545 weight: 0.3 note: optimization and variational analysis - id: T11697 weight: 0.3 note: numerical methods and algorithms - id: T12162 weight: 0.3 note: cellular automata - id: T12536 weight: 0.3 note: topological data analysis - id: T10567 weight: 0.3 note: vehicle routing optimization - id: T12709 weight: 0.3 note: optimization and mathematical programming - id: T12303 weight: 0.3 note: tensor decomposition - id: T11031 weight: 0.3 note: game theory and applications - id: T10991 weight: 0.3 note: game theory and voting systems - id: T11182 weight: 0.2 note: auction theory - id: T10287 weight: 0.2 note: algebraic structures and combinatorial models - id: T12056 weight: 0.2 note: Markov chains and Monte Carlo - id: T11716 weight: 0.2 note: random matrices - id: T12177 weight: 0.2 note: resource-constrained project scheduling - id: T11252 weight: 0.2 note: evolutionary game theory and cooperation openalex_subfields: - id: 1703 weight: 0.3 arxiv_categories: - id: cs.DS weight: 1.0 - id: cs.DM weight: 0.8 - id: cs.CG weight: 0.8 - id: cs.GT weight: 0.5 - id: cs.CC weight: 0.2 - id: math.OC weight: 0.3 - id: cs.NE weight: 0.3 dblp_streams: - key: conf/soda weight: 1.0 - key: conf/esa weight: 1.0 - key: journals/algorithmica weight: 1.0 - key: journals/talg weight: 1.0 - key: conf/wads weight: 1.0 - key: conf/isaac weight: 1.0 - key: conf/swat weight: 1.0 - key: conf/alenex weight: 1.0 - key: conf/wea weight: 1.0 - key: conf/icalp weight: 0.8 - key: conf/latin weight: 0.8 - key: journals/jco weight: 0.8 - key: journals/algorithms weight: 0.8 - key: journals/dmaa weight: 0.8 - key: conf/cccg weight: 0.8 - key: conf/stacs weight: 0.7 - key: conf/mfcs weight: 0.7 - key: journals/ipl weight: 0.7 - key: journals/dam weight: 0.7 - key: journals/dcg weight: 0.7 - key: conf/approx weight: 0.7 - key: conf/stoc weight: 0.6 - key: conf/focs weight: 0.6 - key: journals/siamcomp weight: 0.6 - key: journals/tcs weight: 0.6 - key: journals/siamdm weight: 0.6 - key: conf/fsttcs weight: 0.6 - key: conf/gecco weight: 0.6 - key: conf/cec weight: 0.6 - key: journals/tec weight: 0.6 - key: journals/swevo weight: 0.6 - key: journals/jcss weight: 0.5 - key: conf/sofsem weight: 0.5 - key: journals/jacm weight: 0.4 - key: journals/dm weight: 0.4 - key: journals/combinatorics weight: 0.4 - key: journals/jgt weight: 0.4 - key: journals/gc weight: 0.4 - key: journals/cor weight: 0.4 - key: journals/orl weight: 0.4 - key: journals/mp weight: 0.4 - key: conf/sigecom weight: 0.4 - key: conf/cp weight: 0.4 - key: journals/ejc weight: 0.3 - key: journals/eor weight: 0.3 - key: journals/siamjo weight: 0.3 - key: journals/jgo weight: 0.3 - key: journals/ol weight: 0.3 - key: journals/jcta weight: 0.3 - key: journals/jctb weight: 0.3 - key: journals/jct weight: 0.3 - key: journals/itor weight: 0.3 - key: journals/rairo weight: 0.3 - key: journals/jota weight: 0.2 - key: journals/geb weight: 0.2 - key: journals/anor weight: 0.2 - key: journals/ior weight: 0.2 - key: journals/jors weight: 0.2 - key: journals/mansci weight: 0.1 - key: journals/jet weight: 0.1 - key: conf/sat weight: 0.2 - key: journals/ffa weight: 0.2 - key: journals/candie weight: 0.2 - key: journals/asc weight: 0.2 - key: journals/soco weight: 0.2 - key: journals/evi weight: 0.4 - key: journals/jossac weight: 0.2 - key: journals/siamam weight: 0.1 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\b(approximation|randomi[sz]ed|online|streaming|sublinear|parameteri[sz]ed|exact|combinatorial|graph|geometric|parallel|distributed|dynamic|external[- ]memory|cache-?oblivious|greedy|divide-?and-?conquer|branch-?and-?bound|exponential-?time|polynomial-?time|efficient|fast|optimal|linear-?time|near-?linear|quantum|string|matching|sorting|search|enumeration|sampling|sketching|learning-?augmented) algorithms?\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bdata structures?\b|\balgorithm (design|analysis|engineering|theory)\b|\balgorithmic\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(time complexity|running time|worst-?case|amorti[sz]ed|competitive ratio|approximation (ratio|factor|scheme)|PTAS|FPTAS|NP-?hard|NP-?complete|polynomial[- ]time|FPT\b|fixed-?parameter|kernelization|treewidth|lower bounds?|upper bounds?|O\(n (log|\^)|tight bounds?|conditional lower bounds?)\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(shortest paths?|(maximum|max)[- ]flow|(minimum|min)[- ]cut|spanning trees?|vertex cover|independent sets?|dominating sets?|graph colou?ring|cliques?|Steiner trees?|knapsack|bin packing|TSP\b|travell?ing salesman|scheduling problems?|vehicle routing|facility location|set cover|matchings?|matroids?|submodular|(linear|integer|semidefinite) programming|cutting planes?|primal-?dual|LP (relaxation|rounding)|network flows?|spanners?|reachability|dynamic graphs?|distance oracles?)\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(sorting|searching|hashing|hash (tables?|functions? for)|suffix (trees?|arrays?)|string (matching|algorithms?|indexing)|pattern matching|succinct|compressed (indexes?|data structures?)|sketch(es|ing)|locality[- ]sensitive hashing|Bloom filters?|priority queues?|heaps?|balanced (trees?|search)|B-?trees?|tries?|range (queries|searching|minimum)|nearest neighbou?r search|k-?d trees?|persistent data|dynamic (connectivity|trees)|union-?find|disjoint sets?|skip lists?|cuckoo hashing|streaming (algorithms?|model)|sketch(ing)? algorithms?|sublinear)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(metaheuristics?|evolutionary (algorithms?|computation)|genetic algorithms?|particle swarm|ant colony|simulated annealing|tabu search|local search|differential evolution|swarm intelligence|memetic|hyper-?heuristics?|combinatorial optimi[sz]ation|constraint (programming|satisfaction|propagation)|SAT-?based|MaxSAT|mixed-?integer|branch-?and-?(bound|cut|price)|column generation|Lagrangian relaxation|multi-?objective optimi[sz]ation|Pareto (front|optimal))\b weight: 0.6 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(computational geometry|Voronoi|Delaunay|convex hull|triangulations?|arrangements? of|range searching|point location|motion planning (complexity|algorithms)|polygon|visibility graphs?|geometric (optimi[sz]ation|intersection|approximation)|kinetic data)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(algorithmic game theory|mechanism design|price of anarchy|Nash equilibri(a|um)|equilibrium computation|fair division|cake cutting|matching markets|stable matching|auction (design|theory)|social choice|voting rules?|computational social choice|incentive compatib)\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(graph theory|planar graphs?|chromatic|Hamiltonian|Ramsey|extremal (graph|combinatorics)|combinatorics|combinatorial (designs?|structures?)|enumerative|Latin squares?|permutations? (patterns?|statistics)|hypergraphs?|digraphs?|tournaments?|graph (minors?|decompositions?|embeddings?|homomorphisms?|isomorphism))\b weight: 0.6 field: both - pattern: (?i)\balgorithms?\b|\bcomplexity\b|\bheuristics?\b|\boptimi[sz]ation\b|\bgraphs?\b weight: 0.3 field: both exclusions: [] related: - computational_complexity - ml_theory - computer_graphics - database_systems - distributed_computing - scientific_computing parent_of: [] child_of: [] provenance: Core topics T10720/T11269 (1703, 1702) plus graph-theory, geometry, combinatorial-optimisation and metaheuristic topics of fields 17, 26 and 22; SODA/ESA/Algorithmica/TALG are the pure venues, STOC/FOCS shared with complexity. - id: computational_complexity number: 19 name: Computational Complexity area: theory definition: 'The intrinsic difficulty of computational problems: complexity classes and their separations, hardness of approximation, circuit, proof, communication and query complexity, fine-grained and parameterized complexity, pseudorandomness and derandomization, computability and automata theory, algebraic complexity, and quantum complexity. Algorithm design is algorithms; cryptographic hardness assumptions are applied_cryptography.' openalex_topics: - id: T12002 weight: 0.8 note: computability, logic and AI algorithms (Turing machines, Kolmogorov complexity) - id: T11567 weight: 0.7 note: semigroups and automata theory - id: T10720 weight: 0.5 note: complexity and algorithms in graphs (P vs NP, complexity classes) - id: T11435 weight: 0.5 note: polynomial and algebraic computation - id: T11727 weight: 0.3 note: advanced algebra and logic - id: T11130 weight: 0.2 note: coding theory and cryptography - id: T12162 weight: 0.2 note: cellular automata - id: T10020 weight: 0.1 note: quantum information (quantum complexity) - id: T12469 weight: 0.1 note: chaos, complexity and education openalex_subfields: - id: 1703 weight: 0.2 arxiv_categories: - id: cs.CC weight: 1.0 - id: cs.FL weight: 0.5 - id: cs.LO weight: 0.2 - id: cs.DS weight: 0.2 - id: quant-ph weight: 0.1 - id: cs.IT weight: 0.1 - id: math.IT weight: 0.1 dblp_streams: - key: journals/eccc weight: 1.0 - key: journals/toct weight: 1.0 - key: conf/stoc weight: 0.8 - key: conf/focs weight: 0.8 - key: conf/csr weight: 0.6 - key: conf/dlt weight: 0.6 - key: conf/icalp weight: 0.5 - key: conf/stacs weight: 0.5 - key: conf/mfcs weight: 0.5 - key: journals/siamcomp weight: 0.5 - key: journals/jcss weight: 0.5 - key: journals/iandc weight: 0.5 - key: journals/jacm weight: 0.4 - key: conf/approx weight: 0.4 - key: conf/fsttcs weight: 0.4 - key: journals/tcs weight: 0.3 - key: conf/sofsem weight: 0.3 - key: journals/ipl weight: 0.2 - key: conf/lics weight: 0.2 - key: journals/lmcs weight: 0.2 - key: conf/soda weight: 0.2 - key: journals/apal weight: 0.2 - key: journals/mscs weight: 0.2 - key: journals/algorithmica weight: 0.1 - key: journals/talg weight: 0.1 - key: conf/csl weight: 0.1 - key: journals/acta weight: 0.2 - key: conf/sat weight: 0.2 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\b(computational|circuit|communication|proof|query|descriptive|parameteri[sz]ed|fine-?grained|average-?case|Kolmogorov|algorithmic|quantum|structural|space|time|arithmetic|algebraic|Boolean|counting|streaming|information) complexity\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bcomplexity (theory|class(es)?|lower bounds?|separations?|dichotom(y|ies)|hierarch(y|ies))\b|\bcomplexity-?theoretic\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(P (vs\.?|versus|=|≠|!=) ?NP|NP-?complete(ness)?|NP-?hard(ness)?|coNP|PSPACE|EXPTIME|NEXP|#P\b|BPP\b|BQP\b|QMA\b|MIP\*?\b|PH\b|polynomial(-time)? hierarchy|AC\^?0|NC\^?[01]|TC\^?0|ACC\^?0|NL\b|L\b vs|P/poly|NP ∩ coNP|ZPP|RP\b|PP\b|PPAD|PLS\b|TFNP|W\[1\]|W\[2\]|XP\b|para-?NP)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(hardness of approximation|inapproximab|PCP theorem|probabilistically checkable|unique games|exponential[- ]time hypothesis|SETH\b|ETH\b|orthogonal vectors|3-?SUM|APSP (hardness|conjecture)|derandomi[sz]ation|pseudorandom(ness)? (generators?|functions?|for)|hardness (amplification|vs\.? randomness|magnification|escalation)|natural proofs|lifting theorems?|arithmetic circuits?|algebraic (complexity|circuits)|VP (vs|versus|≠) VNP|matrix multiplication exponent|omega \(ω\)|Boolean (circuits?|functions?) (lower|complexity|size)|circuit lower bounds?|formula (size|lower bounds?)|decision tree complexity|sensitivity conjecture|constraint satisfaction problems? dichotomy|CSP dichotomy|counting complexity|holographic algorithms|interactive proofs?|zero-?knowledge complexity|Arthur-?Merlin|relativi[sz]ation|oracle separations?|time-?space trade-?offs?|catalytic|meta-?complexity|MCSP|minimum circuit size)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(computability|decidability|undecidab|Turing machines?|halting problem|recursion theory|recursively enumerable|computably enumerable|Turing degrees|automata theory|formal languages?|regular languages?|context-?free (languages?|grammars?)|pushdown automata|finite automata|cellular automata|descriptional complexity|state complexity|Rice'?s theorem|reductions? (between|from|to)|Kolmogorov|algorithmic (randomness|information)|reverse mathematics|Büchi automata|tree automata|weighted automata|transducers?|ω-?regular)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\bproof complexity\b|\bresolution (lower bounds?|refutations?|width|size)\b|\bcutting planes proofs?\b|\bFrege\b|\bbounded arithmetic\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(hardness|intractab(le|ility)|lower bounds?|reductions?|separations?)\b weight: 0.4 field: both exclusions: - (?is)^(?!.*(complexity (class|theory)|NP|PSPACE|lower bound|hardness|computab|automata|Turing|circuit|reduction|decidab)).*\b(complexity of (care|disease|life|organi[sz]ations|the (world|environment|problem))|complex systems?|complexity science|chaos)\b related: - algorithms - formal_verification - quantum_computing - applied_cryptography - ml_theory parent_of: [] child_of: [] provenance: 'OpenAlex has no pure complexity topic: it mixes classes into T10720 and computability into T12002/T11567. ECCC and ToCT are the pure streams; STOC/FOCS shared with algorithms; cs.CC alone suffices.' - id: database_systems number: 20 name: Database Systems area: data_distributed definition: 'Storage, querying and management of structured and semi-structured data: query processing and optimisation, transactions and concurrency control, indexing and storage engines, data integration, cleaning and provenance, big-data processing frameworks, data mining as a data-management problem, learned database components, vector and graph databases. Ranking of unstructured documents is information_retrieval.' openalex_topics: - id: T10317 weight: 1.0 note: advanced database systems and queries - id: T12761 weight: 0.6 note: data stream mining - id: T11719 weight: 0.6 note: data quality and management - id: T14280 weight: 0.6 note: big data technologies and applications - id: T10538 weight: 0.5 note: data mining algorithms and applications - id: T11181 weight: 0.5 note: advanced data storage technologies - id: T12601 weight: 0.5 note: web applications and data management - id: T11106 weight: 0.5 note: data management and algorithms - id: T10772 weight: 0.4 note: distributed systems and fault tolerance (distributed databases, transactions) - id: T13373 weight: 0.4 note: data mining and ML applications - id: T11891 weight: 0.4 note: big data and business intelligence - id: T10215 weight: 0.4 note: semantic web and ontologies (RDF, SPARQL) - id: T12016 weight: 0.4 note: web data mining - id: T14435 weight: 0.4 note: information retrieval and data mining - id: T11937 weight: 0.3 note: research data management - id: T13647 weight: 0.3 note: AI and big data applications - id: T14347 weight: 0.2 note: big data and digital economy - id: T10101 weight: 0.2 note: cloud computing (MapReduce, Hadoop) - id: T10757 weight: 0.2 note: geographic information systems - id: T13832 weight: 0.2 note: advanced decision-making techniques (DSS) - id: T14484 weight: 0.2 note: technology and data analysis openalex_subfields: - id: 1710 weight: 0.1 arxiv_categories: - id: cs.DB weight: 1.0 dblp_streams: - key: conf/sigmod weight: 1.0 - key: journals/pvldb weight: 1.0 - key: journals/pacmmod weight: 1.0 - key: conf/icde weight: 1.0 - key: conf/edbt weight: 1.0 - key: conf/pods weight: 1.0 - key: journals/tods weight: 1.0 - key: journals/vldb weight: 1.0 - key: conf/dasfaa weight: 1.0 - key: conf/vldb weight: 0.8 - key: journals/tkde weight: 0.8 - key: journals/tbd weight: 0.6 - key: conf/apweb weight: 0.6 - key: conf/icdm weight: 0.5 - key: conf/pakdd weight: 0.5 - key: journals/tkdd weight: 0.5 - key: journals/kais weight: 0.5 - key: conf/bigdataconf weight: 0.5 - key: journals/jbd weight: 0.5 - key: conf/gis weight: 0.5 - key: conf/cikm weight: 0.4 - key: conf/kdd weight: 0.4 - key: journals/ijdsa weight: 0.4 - key: journals/data weight: 0.4 - key: conf/pkdd weight: 0.3 - key: journals/www weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tgis weight: 0.3 - key: journals/gis weight: 0.3 - key: journals/biodb weight: 0.3 - key: conf/semweb weight: 0.3 - key: conf/esws weight: 0.3 - key: journals/dss weight: 0.2 - key: journals/isf weight: 0.1 - key: journals/tist weight: 0.2 - key: journals/kbs weight: 0.1 - key: conf/ksem weight: 0.2 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\bdatabases?\b|\bDBMSs?\b|\bRDBMSs?\b|\bdatabase (systems?|management|engines?|design|theory|queries|tuning|research)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(query (processing|optimi[sz]ation|execution|languages?|engines?|compilation|plans?|rewriting|answering over)|SQL\b|NoSQL|NewSQL|relational (model|algebra|databases?|queries|tables?)|transaction(al)? (processing|management|systems?)|ACID\b|OLTP|OLAP|HTAP|index(ing|es) (structures?|for|techniques)|B\+?-?trees?|learned (index(es)?|cardinality|query optimi[sz]ers?|database)|key-?value stores?|column(ar)? (stores?|storage|formats?)|data (warehous(e|es|ing)|lakes?|lakehouses?|integration|cleaning|quality|provenance|lineage|wrangling|catalogs?|cubes?|partitioning|versioning|discovery|marketplaces?)|schema (matching|evolution|mapping|inference)|entity (resolution|matching)|record linkage|join (algorithms?|processing|ordering|optimi[sz]ation)|cardinality estimation|selectivity estimation|data management|graph databases?|property graphs?|spatial (databases?|indexing|queries|joins?)|spatio-?temporal (databases?|queries|indexing)|time[- ]series databases?|vector (databases?|search engines?|indexes?)|approximate nearest neighbou?r search|similarity search|top-?k queries|skyline queries|query by example|data lakes?|metadata management|Datalog engines?)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(data mining|frequent (patterns?|itemsets?|subgraphs?)|association rules?|knowledge discovery in databases|KDD\b|sequential pattern mining|stream (processing|mining)|data streams?|sliding windows?|big data (analytics|processing|systems?|platforms?|frameworks?|management)|Hadoop|HDFS|Apache Spark|Spark SQL|MapReduce|Flink|Hive|Presto|Trino|Kafka|ETL\b|ELT\b|text-?to-?SQL|NL2SQL|natural language interfaces? to databases?|NLIDB|LLMs? for (data|databases?|SQL|tables?)|table (question answering|understanding|representation))\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(PostgreSQL|Postgres|MySQL|SQLite|DuckDB|MongoDB|Cassandra|RocksDB|LevelDB|Neo4j|ClickHouse|Snowflake|BigQuery|Redshift|TiDB|CockroachDB|Spanner|DynamoDB|LSM-?trees?|storage engines?|buffer (pool|management)|concurrency control|MVCC|multi-?version|crash recovery|write-?ahead log(ging)?|WAL\b|checkpointing in databases|isolation levels?|serializab(le|ility)|snapshot isolation|two-?phase (locking|commit)|optimistic concurrency|deterministic databases?|in-?memory databases?|main-?memory databases?|disaggregated (storage|memory) for databases?|cloud(-?native)? databases?|database-?as-?a-?service|DBaaS|multi-?model databases?|time-?travel queries|temporal databases?)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(data|queries|query|tables?|records?|tuples?|schemas?|indexes|indices)\b weight: 0.2 field: both exclusions: - (?is)^(?!.*(query processing|SQL|transaction|index(ing)?|storage engine|DBMS|data management|data integration|schema|NoSQL|query optimi)).*\b(PubMed|Embase|Scopus|Web of Science|Cochrane|MEDLINE|CINAHL|PsycINFO) (databases?|were searched|search)\b related: - information_retrieval - distributed_computing - cloud_computing - algorithms - ml_theory parent_of: [] child_of: [] provenance: T10317 is the OpenAlex database topic; data-mining and big-data topics (1710, 1711, 18xx) shared at 0.4-0.6. SIGMOD/PVLDB/PACMMOD/ICDE/EDBT/PODS/TODS/VLDBJ pure; CIKM/KDD shared with IR and ML. Systematic-review mentions of bibliographic databases are vetoed when no DB-systems term co-occurs. - id: information_retrieval number: 21 name: Information Retrieval area: data_distributed definition: 'Finding and ranking relevant information for a user need: search engines and ranking models, dense and sparse retrieval, recommender systems, query understanding, evaluation and test collections, web search and mining, scholarly and digital-library retrieval, retrieval components of RAG systems. Structured query processing is database_systems; text understanding tasks are nlp.' openalex_topics: - id: T10286 weight: 1.0 note: information retrieval and search behavior - id: T10203 weight: 1.0 note: recommender systems - id: T13274 weight: 0.8 note: expert finding and Q&A systems - id: T14435 weight: 0.6 note: information retrieval and data mining - id: T13976 weight: 0.5 note: web visibility and informetrics - id: T12016 weight: 0.5 note: web data mining and analysis - id: T10627 weight: 0.4 note: advanced image and video retrieval - id: T10824 weight: 0.3 note: image retrieval and classification - id: T10028 weight: 0.3 note: topic modeling / RAG / sentence retrieval - id: T10215 weight: 0.3 note: semantic web and ontologies - id: T13673 weight: 0.2 note: library science and information - id: T11937 weight: 0.2 note: research data management - id: T11813 weight: 0.2 note: library collection development and digital resources - id: T12863 weight: 0.2 note: web and library services - id: T10664 weight: 0.2 note: sentiment analysis and opinion mining - id: T11644 weight: 0.2 note: spam and phishing detection - id: T14330 weight: 0.2 note: library science and information systems - id: T13166 weight: 0.2 note: information science and libraries - id: T13874 weight: 0.2 note: information architecture and usability - id: T11122 weight: 0.2 note: online learning and analytics (recommendation) openalex_subfields: - id: 1710 weight: 0.1 arxiv_categories: - id: cs.IR weight: 1.0 - id: cs.DL weight: 0.6 - id: cs.SI weight: 0.3 dblp_streams: - key: conf/sigir weight: 1.0 - key: conf/wsdm weight: 1.0 - key: conf/ecir weight: 1.0 - key: conf/recsys weight: 1.0 - key: journals/tois weight: 1.0 - key: journals/ipm weight: 0.8 - key: conf/clef weight: 0.8 - key: conf/jcdl weight: 0.8 - key: conf/um weight: 0.8 - key: conf/cikm weight: 0.6 - key: conf/www weight: 0.6 - key: journals/www weight: 0.6 - key: journals/jasis weight: 0.6 - key: conf/asist weight: 0.6 - key: journals/scientometrics weight: 0.5 - key: conf/semweb weight: 0.5 - key: conf/esws weight: 0.5 - key: conf/webi weight: 0.5 - key: journals/kais weight: 0.3 - key: conf/kdd weight: 0.3 - key: conf/icwsm weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tist weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tkde weight: 0.2 - key: journals/snam weight: 0.2 - key: conf/asunam weight: 0.2 - key: journals/tcss weight: 0.1 - key: journals/ijinfoman weight: 0.2 - key: journals/jkm weight: 0.1 - key: journals/iam weight: 0.1 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\binformation retrieval\b|\bIR (systems?|models?|evaluation|research|community)\b|\bad[- ]hoc retrieval\b|\bretrieval (models?|systems?|effectiveness|augmented)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(search engines?|web search|enterprise search|product search|query (expansion|reformulation|understanding|suggestion|logs?|auto-?completion|intent)|ranking (models?|functions?|losses?|metrics)|learning[- ]to[- ]rank|LTR\b|dense (retrieval|passage retrieval|retrievers?)|sparse retrieval|lexical retrieval|hybrid retrieval|BM25|TF-?IDF|neural (retrieval|rankers?|IR|re-?ranking)|re-?rank(ing|ers?)|cross-?encoders?|bi-?encoders?|dual encoders?|ColBERT|late interaction|SPLADE|DPR\b|document (ranking|retrieval|expansion)|passage (ranking|retrieval)|relevance (judgments?|feedback|assessment|modeling)|click (models?|logs?|through)|conversational search|interactive (IR|retrieval)|session search|evaluation (campaigns?|measures?)|nDCG|MRR\b|mean reciprocal rank|MAP@|test collections?|TREC\b|MS ?MARCO|BEIR|pooling bias|query performance prediction|retrieval-?augmented|RAG (systems?|pipelines?)|retriever|generative (retrieval|recommendation))\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\brecommend(er|ation) (systems?|models?|algorithms?|engines?|tasks?|lists?|quality)\b|\brecommenders?\b|\bcollaborative filtering\b|\b(sequential|session-?based|conversational|cross-?domain|cold-?start|news|music|point-?of-?interest|POI|job|group|bundle|LLM-?based|explainable|fair|multi-?stakeholder) recommendation\b|\bclick-?through rate\b|\bCTR prediction\b|\bimplicit feedback\b|\buser (modeling|preferences?|interests?) (for|in) recommendation\b|\bmatrix factori[sz]ation\b|\bitem (embeddings?|cold start)\b|\bMovieLens\b|\bNetflix Prize\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(knowledge graphs?|entity linking|entity search|semantic web|linked (open )?data|SPARQL|RDF\b|ontolog(y|ies) (matching|alignment|engineering)|schema\.org|Wikidata|DBpedia|question answering over knowledge)\b weight: 0.5 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(digital librar(y|ies)|scholarly (search|recommendation|data|documents?|knowledge graphs?)|citation (analysis|networks?|recommendation|counts?|indexing)|bibliometric|scientometric|altmetric|h-?index|peer[- ]review (process|quality)|web (crawl(ing|ers?)|archiv(es?|ing)|mining)|social media (mining|analytics|retrieval)|hashtags?|microblog|user-?generated content|community question answering|CQA\b|expert finding|e-?commerce search|sponsored search|computational advertising|ad (auctions?|ranking))\b weight: 0.6 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(retrieval|search|ranking|recommendation|relevance|queries|query|users?' (information|search))\b weight: 0.3 field: both exclusions: [] related: - nlp - database_systems - llm - hci - ml_theory parent_of: [] child_of: [] provenance: T10286 (search behaviour) and T10203 (recommenders) are the OpenAlex IR hosts; library/information-science topics of 1710 included at 0.2 because they share venues (JASIST, ASIS&T). SIGIR/WSDM/ECIR/RecSys/TOIS pure. - id: distributed_computing number: 22 name: Distributed Computing area: data_distributed definition: 'Computation across multiple processors or machines: distributed algorithms and consensus, fault tolerance and replication, parallel programming and HPC systems software, cluster and grid resource management, distributed storage and middleware, distributed and parallel ML training systems. Cloud service models are cloud_computing and edge placement is edge_computing (both children).' openalex_topics: - id: T10715 weight: 1.0 note: distributed and parallel computing systems (grid, cluster, scheduling) - id: T10772 weight: 1.0 note: distributed systems and fault tolerance (consensus, replication, transactions) - id: T10742 weight: 0.8 note: peer-to-peer network technologies - id: T10054 weight: 0.6 note: parallel computing (HPC, MPI, GPU) - id: T10829 weight: 0.5 note: interconnection networks and systems - id: T11181 weight: 0.5 note: advanced data storage technologies - id: T10101 weight: 0.4 note: cloud computing and resource management - id: T12127 weight: 0.4 note: software system performance and reliability - id: T10679 weight: 0.3 note: service-oriented architecture - id: T10273 weight: 0.3 note: IoT and edge/fog computing - id: T10249 weight: 0.3 note: distributed control multi-agent systems - id: T12203 weight: 0.3 note: mobile agent-based network management - id: T11986 weight: 0.3 note: scientific workflows - id: T12879 weight: 0.2 note: distributed sensor networks and detection - id: T12216 weight: 0.2 note: network time synchronization - id: T11478 weight: 0.2 note: caching and content delivery openalex_subfields: - id: 1705 weight: 0.1 arxiv_categories: - id: cs.DC weight: 1.0 - id: cs.PF weight: 0.5 - id: cs.OS weight: 0.2 - id: cs.NI weight: 0.1 dblp_streams: - key: journals/tpds weight: 1.0 - key: journals/jpdc weight: 1.0 - key: conf/ipps weight: 1.0 - key: conf/podc weight: 1.0 - key: conf/spaa weight: 1.0 - key: conf/opodis weight: 1.0 - key: conf/europar weight: 1.0 - key: conf/ics weight: 1.0 - key: conf/hpdc weight: 1.0 - key: conf/icdcs weight: 1.0 - key: conf/middleware weight: 1.0 - key: conf/cluster weight: 1.0 - key: conf/icpads weight: 1.0 - key: conf/ica3pp weight: 1.0 - key: conf/ispa weight: 1.0 - key: conf/sc weight: 0.8 - key: conf/ccgrid weight: 0.8 - key: conf/hpcc weight: 0.8 - key: conf/ppopp weight: 0.8 - key: journals/concurrency weight: 0.8 - key: journals/tjs weight: 0.8 - key: journals/cluster weight: 0.8 - key: journals/ijhpca weight: 0.8 - key: journals/scpe weight: 0.8 - key: journals/fgcs weight: 0.6 - key: conf/eurosys weight: 0.6 - key: journals/ppna weight: 0.6 - key: conf/aina weight: 0.6 - key: conf/nsdi weight: 0.5 - key: conf/dsn weight: 0.5 - key: conf/socc weight: 0.5 - key: conf/cloud weight: 0.5 - key: journals/tos weight: 0.5 - key: conf/fast weight: 0.5 - key: conf/osdi weight: 0.4 - key: conf/sosp weight: 0.4 - key: journals/tc weight: 0.4 - key: journals/sp weight: 0.4 - key: conf/mlsys weight: 0.4 - key: conf/ucc weight: 0.4 - key: journals/tcc weight: 0.3 - key: journals/jsa weight: 0.3 - key: journals/computing weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tnsm weight: 0.2 - key: conf/xsede weight: 0.4 - key: conf/pact weight: 0.2 - key: journals/taco weight: 0.1 - key: journals/tnse weight: 0.2 - key: journals/jnca weight: 0.2 - key: conf/isca weight: 0.1 - key: journals/ieicetd weight: 0.1 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\b(distributed|parallel|concurrent) (systems?|computing|algorithms?|programming|processing|storage|file systems?|transactions?|consensus|ledgers?|training|inference|machine learning|deep learning|graph processing|databases?|data processing|simulation|applications?|execution|runtime|scheduling|snapshots?|shared memory|memory|protocols?|optimi[sz]ation|SGD|stochastic)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(consensus (protocols?|algorithms?)|Paxos|Raft\b|Byzantine|fault[- ]toleran(t|ce)|replication|state machine replication|linearizab(le|ility)|serializab|eventual consistency|strong consistency|consistency models?|CRDTs?|conflict-?free replicated|vector clocks?|logical clocks?|leader election|gossip protocols?|epidemic protocols?|distributed (hash tables?|locks?|snapshots?|tracing|ledger|shared)|two-?phase commit|atomic (broadcast|commit)|failure detectors?|self-?stabili[sz]|population protocols?|LOCAL model|CONGEST|message complexity|round complexity|asynchronous (systems?|networks?|model))\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(high[- ]performance computing|HPC\b|supercomput\w+|exascale|petascale|MPI\b|OpenMP|message passing|load balancing|job scheduling|workflow (scheduling|management|engines?)|resource (allocation|management|scheduling) (in|for|on|across) (clusters?|grids?|data ?cent(er|re)s?|HPC|supercomputers?)|scalab(le|ility) (to|on|across) \d[\d,]* (nodes|cores|GPUs|processors)|multi-?GPU|GPU clusters?|data[- ]parallel(ism)?|model[- ]parallel(ism)?|pipeline[- ]parallel(ism)?|tensor[- ]parallel(ism)?|expert parallelism|all-?reduce|all-?to-?all|parameter servers?|collective communication|NCCL|ZeRO\b|FSDP|DeepSpeed|Megatron|Horovod|gradient (synchroni[sz]ation|accumulation across)|stragglers?|checkpoint(ing)? (for|of|in) (training|HPC)|large-?scale training|training (at scale|on \d+ GPUs)|distributed (LLM|DNN) (training|inference|serving)|cluster schedul(ers?|ing)|Slurm|Kubernetes schedul|Borg|YARN|Mesos)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(middleware|publish[- ]subscribe|pub/sub|message (queues?|brokers?)|Kafka|RabbitMQ|actor model|service mesh|stream processing (engines?|systems?|frameworks?)|Apache (Spark|Flink|Storm|Beam|Hadoop)|MapReduce|Ray\b|Dask|dataflow (systems?|engines?)|serverless (workflows?|computing)|microservices? (architecture|performance|systems?)|RPC\b|remote procedure|gRPC|RDMA|interconnects?|InfiniBand|network-?on-?chip)\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(peer-?to-?peer|P2P\b|overlay networks?|volunteer computing|grid computing|cluster computing|utility computing|desktop grid|BOINC|BitTorrent|DHTs?\b|Chord|Kademlia|gossip-?based)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(multi-?core|many-?core|multi-?threaded|multithreading|lock-?free|wait-?free|non-?blocking (data structures?|algorithms?)|transactional memory|synchroni[sz]ation primitives|mutex(es)?|spin-?locks?|barriers?|work[- ]stealing|parallel(i[sz]ation|ism|izing)|task (parallel|graphs?)|speedup|Amdahl|strong scaling|weak scaling|parallel efficiency|SIMD parallel|GPU (computing|programming|acceleration)|CUDA\b|OpenCL|heterogeneous computing)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(nodes?|clusters?|scalab(le|ility)|parallel|distributed|concurrency|replicas?|throughput|latency)\b weight: 0.2 field: both exclusions: - (?is)^(?!.*(comput|system|algorithm|protocol|network|server|cluster|node|GPU|processor|storage|training|software)).*\b(distributed (generation|energy resources?|lag|fibre|fiber|acoustic|temperature|parameter|load|element|order|delay|control of (power|microgrid|vehicles?|robots?)|leadership|cognition|practice|manufacturing))\b related: - cloud_computing - edge_computing - computer_networks - database_systems - operating_systems - scientific_computing - blockchain - federated_learning parent_of: - cloud_computing - edge_computing child_of: [] provenance: T10715 and T10772 (subfield 1705) are the OpenAlex hosts; T10054 (parallel/HPC) is shared with architecture and scientific computing. TPDS/JPDC/IPDPS/PODC/SPAA/Euro-Par/ICS/HPDC/ICDCS/Middleware are the pure venues; cs.DC suffices. - id: cloud_computing number: 23 name: Cloud Computing area: data_distributed definition: 'Computing delivered as elastic, multi-tenant, on-demand services: IaaS/PaaS/SaaS and serverless, virtualisation and containers, resource provisioning and auto-scaling, SLAs and pricing, cloud-native architectures, data-centre resource management, cloud security and migration. A child of distributed_computing; placement at the network edge is edge_computing.' openalex_topics: - id: T10101 weight: 1.0 note: cloud computing and resource management (VMs, serverless, data centres) - id: T14067 weight: 1.0 note: cloud computing and remote desktop technologies - id: T11614 weight: 0.6 note: cloud data security solutions - id: T12127 weight: 0.6 note: software system performance (microservices, cloud-native, AIOps) - id: T10679 weight: 0.6 note: service-oriented architecture and web services - id: T10273 weight: 0.4 note: IoT and edge/fog (cloud-edge) - id: T14098 weight: 0.4 note: energy efficiency in computing (data centres) - id: T10715 weight: 0.3 note: distributed and parallel computing (grid) - id: T11181 weight: 0.2 note: data storage technologies - id: T12799 weight: 0.2 note: mobile and web applications - id: T12238 weight: 0.2 note: green IT (green data centres) openalex_subfields: [] arxiv_categories: - id: cs.DC weight: 0.6 - id: cs.NI weight: 0.1 - id: cs.SE weight: 0.1 - id: cs.PF weight: 0.2 dblp_streams: - key: journals/tcc weight: 1.0 - key: conf/cloud weight: 1.0 - key: conf/socc weight: 1.0 - key: conf/ucc weight: 1.0 - key: conf/ic2e weight: 1.0 - key: journals/tsc weight: 0.8 - key: conf/icws weight: 0.8 - key: conf/ccgrid weight: 0.6 - key: journals/fgcs weight: 0.5 - key: journals/cluster weight: 0.5 - key: journals/tnsm weight: 0.4 - key: conf/eurosys weight: 0.4 - key: conf/nsdi weight: 0.4 - key: conf/usenix weight: 0.4 - key: conf/middleware weight: 0.4 - key: journals/jnca weight: 0.4 - key: conf/osdi weight: 0.3 - key: conf/hpcc weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tjs weight: 0.3 - key: journals/concurrency weight: 0.3 - key: journals/scpe weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tsusc weight: 0.3 - key: journals/suscom weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tpds weight: 0.2 - key: journals/jsa weight: 0.2 - key: conf/icdcs weight: 0.2 - key: conf/sc weight: 0.1 - key: journals/computing weight: 0.2 - key: conf/aina weight: 0.3 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\bcloud(-?based|-?native| computing| services?| providers?| infrastructures?| platforms?| data ?cent(er|re)s?| storage| resources?| workloads?| environments?| applications?| deployments?| migration| security| gaming| robotics| servers?| tenants?| customers?| costs?| pricing| offloading| continuum| vendors?| APIs?| regions?| instances?| orchestration| bursting| federation| brokers?)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(serverless|function-?as-?a-?service|FaaS\b|infrastructure-?as-?a-?service|IaaS\b|platform-?as-?a-?service|PaaS\b|software-?as-?a-?service|SaaS\b|multi-?cloud|hybrid cloud|cloud-?edge|edge-?cloud|virtual machines?|VMs?\b|virtuali[sz]ation|hypervisors?|containers?|containeri[sz]ed|Docker|Kubernetes|K8s|container orchestration|auto-?scaling|autoscal\w+|elastic(ity)? (provisioning|scaling|resources?)|service[- ]level (agreements?|objectives?)|SLAs?\b|SLOs?\b|multi-?tenan(t|cy)|resource provisioning|VM (placement|consolidation|migration|scheduling|allocation)|live migration|workload (prediction|consolidation|characteri[sz]ation|placement)|spot instances?|cloud (cost|FinOps)|pay-?as-?you-?go|data ?cent(er|re) (scheduling|networks?|resource|management|operators?|utili[sz]ation))\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(AWS|Amazon (EC2|S3|Lambda|Web Services)|Microsoft Azure|Google Cloud|GCP\b|OpenStack|CloudSim|web services?|service-?oriented (architecture|computing)|service (composition|selection|discovery|mesh)|SOA\b|microservices?|cloud-?computing|Infrastructure as Code|Terraform|DevOps for cloud|cloud-?native (applications?|systems?))\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(data ?cent(er|re)s?|hyperscal(e|ers?)|warehouse-?scale)\b weight: 0.6 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(virtuali[sz]ed|hosted|on-?demand|elastic|scalable services?|tenants?)\b weight: 0.2 field: both exclusions: - (?is)^(?!.*(computing|comput|server|data ?cent|virtual|service|storage|infrastructure|platform|deployment|workload|software)).*\b(point clouds?|cloud (cover|droplets?|condensation|physics|microphysics|radiative|albedo|forcing|seeding|chamber|water|base|top|height|fraction|layers?|types?|formation)|molecular cloud|electron cloud|Oort cloud|dust cloud|cloud(s)? (and|in) (climate|atmosphere|precipitation))\b related: - distributed_computing - edge_computing - operating_systems - computer_networks - sustainable_computing - cybersecurity parent_of: [] child_of: - distributed_computing provenance: T10101 keywords list cloud computing, virtualization, serverless, SLAs, data centers. TCC/SoCC/UCC/IC2E pure; systems venues partial. Meteorological and point-cloud senses of 'cloud' are vetoed when no computing term co-occurs. - id: edge_computing number: 24 name: Edge Computing area: data_distributed definition: 'Computation placed near data sources and users: edge/fog/MEC architectures, computation offloading, on-device and TinyML inference, edge-cloud collaboration and split computing, IoT platforms as computing substrates, latency-critical edge services, edge caching and orchestration. Radio access and protocols are computer_networks; model compression as such is deep_learning_architectures or ai_accelerators.' openalex_topics: - id: T10273 weight: 1.0 note: IoT and edge/fog computing (offloading, MEC, edge AI) - id: T13038 weight: 0.6 note: Internet of Things and AI - id: T12079 weight: 0.4 note: IoT networks and protocols - id: T13420 weight: 0.3 note: Arduino and IoT applications - id: T13535 weight: 0.3 note: wireless sensor networks and IoT - id: T13541 weight: 0.3 note: IoT-based control systems - id: T13924 weight: 0.3 note: IoT and social network interactions - id: T10080 weight: 0.3 note: energy-efficient wireless sensor networks - id: T10101 weight: 0.2 note: cloud computing (cloud-edge) - id: T12406 weight: 0.2 note: IoT and GPS vehicle safety - id: T10904 weight: 0.1 note: embedded systems design - id: T13918 weight: 0.3 note: advanced data and IoT technologies - id: T11704 weight: 0.2 note: mobile crowdsensing openalex_subfields: [] arxiv_categories: - id: cs.DC weight: 0.4 - id: cs.NI weight: 0.4 - id: eess.SP weight: 0.1 - id: cs.AR weight: 0.1 dblp_streams: - key: conf/sec weight: 1.0 - key: conf/iotdi weight: 0.8 - key: journals/iotj weight: 0.6 - key: journals/iot weight: 0.6 - key: conf/percom weight: 0.6 - key: conf/wf-iot weight: 0.6 - key: conf/ithings weight: 0.5 - key: conf/uic weight: 0.4 - key: conf/mobisys weight: 0.4 - key: conf/sensys weight: 0.4 - key: conf/ipsn weight: 0.4 - key: conf/ewsn weight: 0.4 - key: journals/ijdsn weight: 0.4 - key: conf/dasc weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tmc weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tcc weight: 0.3 - key: journals/fgcs weight: 0.3 - key: journals/ett weight: 0.3 - key: journals/jnca weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tecs weight: 0.3 - key: conf/aina weight: 0.3 - key: conf/infocom weight: 0.2 - key: journals/tnsm weight: 0.2 - key: journals/tii weight: 0.2 - key: conf/icdcs weight: 0.2 - key: conf/hpcc weight: 0.2 - key: conf/ispa weight: 0.2 - key: journals/tvt weight: 0.1 - key: journals/jsac weight: 0.1 - key: journals/ton weight: 0.1 - key: conf/ieeesensors weight: 0.1 - key: journals/sensors weight: 0.1 - key: journals/tgcn weight: 0.2 - key: journals/tccn weight: 0.1 - key: journals/wc weight: 0.2 - key: journals/network weight: 0.2 - key: conf/metroi weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tnse weight: 0.1 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\b(edge|fog|mist|mobile[- ]edge|multi-?access edge|edge-?cloud|cloud-?edge|device-?edge-?cloud|edge-?to-?cloud|far[- ]edge|cloudlet|vehicular edge|satellite edge|serverless edge) (computing|intelligence|AI|inference|servers?|nodes?|devices?|deployment|caching|offloading|learning|networks?|resources?|orchestration|analytics|clusters?|platforms?|services?|applications?|continuum|infrastructures?|data ?cent(er|re)s?|scheduling|placement|training|LLMs?)\b|\bMEC\b|\bcloudlets?\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(computation(al)?|task|workload|service|DNN|inference|model|function) offloading\b|\boffloading (decisions?|strategies|policies|schemes?)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(on-?device (AI|inference|learning|training|machine learning|deep learning|LLMs?|language models?|processing)|TinyML|microcontrollers?|MCUs?\b|resource-?constrained (devices?|IoT|hardware|environments?)|embedded (AI|inference|deep learning|machine learning|neural)|IoT (devices?|edge|gateways?|platforms?|architectures?|applications?|systems?|analytics|middleware)|Internet of (Things|Vehicles|Medical Things|Everything)|IIoT|cyber-?physical systems?|CPS\b|digital twins?|smart (cities|homes?|factor(y|ies)|grids?|manufacturing|agriculture|buildings?|campus)|Industry 4\.0|AIoT)\b weight: 0.7 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(latency-?sensitive|latency-?critical|ultra-?low latency|edge-?native|edge (AI|ML)|split (computing|inference|learning)|early[- ]exit|model partitioning|DNN partitioning|collaborative (inference|edge)|device-?cloud (collaboration|synergy)|edge-?assisted|edge-?enabled|near-?user|in-?network computing|in-?situ processing|data locality at the edge|mobile cloud computing|MCC\b|cloudlets?|micro ?data ?cent(er|re)s?|service placement|application placement|container orchestration at the edge|KubeEdge|OpenFaaS|edge orchestrat)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(fog|edge|IoT|offload\w*|devices?|sensors?|gateways?)\b weight: 0.3 field: both exclusions: - (?is)^(?!.*(comput|offload|inference|IoT|device|server|latency|cloud|network|processing|deployment)).*\b(edge (detection|states?|modes?|effects?|dislocations?|plasma|localized|of (the|a) (wafer|chaos|cliff|forest|field|table|sample|crack|blade|flange))|band edge|leading edge|trailing edge|cutting-?edge|knife-?edge|edge (finishing|trimming|cracks?))\b related: - cloud_computing - computer_networks - federated_learning - ai_accelerators - sustainable_computing - robotics - distributed_computing parent_of: [] child_of: - distributed_computing provenance: T10273 keywords list edge computing, fog computing, MEC, task offloading, edge AI; IoT topics (1705, 1710, 2208) included at 0.3-0.6 because IoT papers often treat edge placement. SEC and IoTDI are the dedicated streams; IoT-J and PerCom partial. Geometric/physics senses of 'edge' vetoed when no computing term co-occurs. - id: computer_networks number: 25 name: Computer Networks area: data_distributed definition: 'Design, protocols, measurement and performance of communication networks: Internet architecture and transport, routing, wireless and mobile networks, 5G/6G and software-defined networking, network management, sensor and vehicular networks, content delivery and caching, network coding and information theory applied to networking. Physical-layer signal processing is included only when framed as networking.' openalex_topics: - id: T10138 weight: 1.0 note: network traffic and congestion control - id: T10246 weight: 1.0 note: mobile ad hoc networks - id: T10575 weight: 1.0 note: wireless communication networks research - id: T10714 weight: 1.0 note: software-defined networks and 5G - id: T11158 weight: 1.0 note: wireless networks and protocols - id: T11478 weight: 1.0 note: caching and content delivery - id: T11896 weight: 1.0 note: opportunistic and delay-tolerant networks - id: T13553 weight: 1.0 note: age of information optimization - id: T10761 weight: 1.0 note: vehicular ad hoc networks - id: T12326 weight: 0.9 note: network packet processing - id: T10651 weight: 0.9 note: IPv6, mobility, handover, networks, security - id: T10080 weight: 0.8 note: energy-efficient wireless sensor networks - id: T10579 weight: 0.8 note: cognitive radio networks and spectrum sensing - id: T10796 weight: 0.8 note: cooperative communication and network coding - id: T12801 weight: 0.8 note: Bluetooth and wireless technologies - id: T11409 weight: 0.8 note: advanced wireless network optimization - id: T12079 weight: 0.8 note: IoT networks and protocols - id: T10232 weight: 0.7 note: optical network technologies - id: T10847 weight: 0.7 note: advanced optical network technologies - id: T12203 weight: 0.6 note: mobile agent-based network management - id: T11498 weight: 0.6 note: security in wireless sensor networks - id: T10125 weight: 0.6 note: advanced wireless communication techniques - id: T11932 weight: 0.6 note: wireless body area networks - id: T13535 weight: 0.6 note: wireless sensor networks and IoT - id: T10400 weight: 0.5 note: network security and intrusion detection - id: T10829 weight: 0.5 note: interconnection networks - id: T10742 weight: 0.5 note: peer-to-peer networks - id: T12879 weight: 0.5 note: distributed sensor networks and detection - id: T14353 weight: 0.5 note: wireless sensor networks for data analysis - id: T12216 weight: 0.5 note: network time synchronization - id: T11598 weight: 0.5 note: Internet traffic analysis - id: T12042 weight: 0.5 note: satellite communication systems - id: T11321 weight: 0.5 note: error-correcting code techniques - id: T11458 weight: 0.5 note: advanced wireless communication technologies - id: T11392 weight: 0.5 note: energy harvesting in wireless networks - id: T12791 weight: 0.5 note: full-duplex wireless - id: T10964 weight: 0.5 note: wireless communication security - id: T10148 weight: 0.4 note: advanced MIMO systems - id: T10851 weight: 0.4 note: optical wireless communication - id: T12131 weight: 0.4 note: wireless signal modulation classification - id: T11130 weight: 0.3 note: coding theory and cryptography - id: T10711 weight: 0.3 note: target tracking and data fusion in sensor networks - id: T10273 weight: 0.3 note: IoT and edge/fog computing - id: T11797 weight: 0.3 note: graph theory and CDMA systems - id: T10767 weight: 0.3 note: advanced photonic communication systems openalex_subfields: - id: 1705 weight: 0.3 arxiv_categories: - id: cs.NI weight: 1.0 - id: cs.IT weight: 0.5 - id: math.IT weight: 0.5 - id: eess.SP weight: 0.3 dblp_streams: - key: journals/ton weight: 1.0 - key: journals/cn weight: 1.0 - key: journals/tmc weight: 1.0 - key: conf/infocom weight: 1.0 - key: conf/sigcomm weight: 1.0 - key: conf/conext weight: 1.0 - key: conf/imc weight: 1.0 - key: conf/mobihoc weight: 1.0 - key: conf/wowmom weight: 1.0 - key: conf/lcn weight: 1.0 - key: conf/icnp weight: 1.0 - key: conf/mobicom weight: 1.0 - key: conf/ewsn weight: 1.0 - key: conf/mass weight: 1.0 - key: conf/icc weight: 1.0 - key: conf/globecom weight: 1.0 - key: conf/wcnc weight: 1.0 - key: conf/pimrc weight: 1.0 - key: journals/tnsm weight: 1.0 - key: journals/comcom weight: 1.0 - key: journals/winet weight: 1.0 - key: journals/adhoc weight: 1.0 - key: journals/wpc weight: 1.0 - key: journals/network weight: 1.0 - key: journals/cm weight: 1.0 - key: journals/comsur weight: 1.0 - key: journals/wc weight: 1.0 - key: journals/ijcomsys weight: 1.0 - key: journals/tccn weight: 1.0 - key: journals/monet weight: 1.0 - key: journals/ejwcn weight: 1.0 - key: journals/telsys weight: 1.0 - key: journals/wicomm weight: 1.0 - key: conf/noms weight: 1.0 - key: conf/iwcmc weight: 1.0 - key: conf/ccnc weight: 1.0 - key: conf/comsnets weight: 1.0 - key: conf/icoin weight: 1.0 - key: conf/icccn weight: 1.0 - key: conf/iscc weight: 1.0 - key: conf/eucnc weight: 1.0 - key: journals/rfc weight: 1.0 - key: conf/nsdi weight: 0.8 - key: conf/ipsn weight: 0.8 - key: conf/vtc weight: 0.8 - key: journals/jsac weight: 0.8 - key: journals/tcom weight: 0.8 - key: journals/twc weight: 0.8 - key: journals/jnca weight: 0.8 - key: journals/icl weight: 0.8 - key: journals/wcl weight: 0.8 - key: journals/iet-com weight: 0.8 - key: journals/ieicet weight: 0.8 - key: journals/ett weight: 0.8 - key: journals/phycomm weight: 0.8 - key: journals/ojcs weight: 0.8 - key: conf/wcsp weight: 0.8 - key: journals/ieicetb weight: 0.8 - key: journals/jocn weight: 0.8 - key: conf/IEEEants weight: 0.8 - key: conf/isncc weight: 0.8 - key: conf/iccchina weight: 0.8 - key: conf/mobisys weight: 0.7 - key: conf/sensys weight: 0.7 - key: journals/fi weight: 0.7 - key: journals/ijdsn weight: 0.7 - key: conf/milcom weight: 0.7 - key: journals/tvt weight: 0.6 - key: journals/iotj weight: 0.6 - key: journals/tnse weight: 0.6 - key: journals/tgcn weight: 0.6 - key: conf/icton weight: 0.6 - key: journals/ppna weight: 0.6 - key: journals/iot weight: 0.6 - key: conf/icct weight: 0.6 - key: conf/bmsb weight: 0.6 - key: conf/spawc weight: 0.6 - key: journals/tit weight: 0.5 - key: conf/isit weight: 0.5 - key: conf/ofc weight: 0.5 - key: conf/ecoc weight: 0.5 - key: journals/mis weight: 0.5 - key: conf/icccnt weight: 0.5 - key: conf/ictc weight: 0.5 - key: journals/itiis weight: 0.5 - key: journals/sensors weight: 0.3 - key: conf/acssc weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tsp weight: 0.2 - key: conf/itw weight: 0.5 - key: journals/entropy weight: 0.1 - key: conf/icact weight: 0.5 - key: journals/tetc weight: 0.1 - key: conf/percom weight: 0.3 - key: conf/wf-iot weight: 0.4 - key: journals/js weight: 0.3 - key: conf/ieeesensors weight: 0.2 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\b(computer|wireless|mobile|cellular|vehicular|sensor|ad[- ]hoc|mesh|satellite|optical|software-?defined|data ?cent(er|re)|core|access|backbone|overlay|delay-?tolerant|body area|underwater|LoRa(WAN)?|5G|6G|NB-?IoT|LTE|Wi-?Fi|IP|content-?centric|named data|information-?centric|non-?terrestrial|integrated|heterogeneous|programmable|intent-?based|self-?driving|zero-?touch|open radio access|radio access|time-?sensitive|deterministic|in-?vehicle|home|campus|enterprise|wide area|local area|personal area|low-?power wide|multi-?hop|peer-?to-?peer) networks?\b|\bnetworking\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(TCP|UDP|QUIC|BGP|OSPF|IPv[46]|MPTCP|routing (protocols?|algorithms?|tables?)|congestion control|packet (loss|scheduling|processing|classification|forwarding|switching|headers?)|MAC (protocols?|layer)|medium access control|network (protocols?|topolog(y|ies)|slicing|function virtuali[sz]ation|measurement|traffic|management|coding|calculus|simulation|emulation|performance|planning|operators?|infrastructure|stack|layers?|devices?|interfaces?|cards?|services?|automation|digital twins?|telemetry|monitoring|tomography|utility|economics)|NFV\b|SDN\b|OpenFlow|P4\b|programmable (switches|data planes?)|data plane|control plane|traffic (engineering|classification|prediction|shaping|analysis)|quality of service|QoS\b|QoE\b|throughput|end-?to-?end (delay|latency)|bandwidth allocation|spectrum (sharing|allocation|sensing|management)|channel (allocation|assignment|access)|beamforming|MIMO|massive MIMO|OFDM(A)?|NOMA|RIS-?(aided|assisted)|reconfigurable intelligent surfaces?|mmWave|millimeter[- ]wave|THz communications?|channel estimation|resource allocation (in|for) (wireless|cellular|5G|6G|networks?)|handover|handoff|base stations?|small cells|user equipment|O-?RAN|Open RAN|RAN\b|Wi-?Fi|802\.11|802\.15|Bluetooth|BLE\b|Zigbee|LTE|5G NR|NR\b|age of information|AoI\b|URLLC|eMBB|mMTC|network (densification|coverage)|cell-?free|D2D\b|device-?to-?device|V2X|V2V|vehicular communications?|CDN\b|content delivery|edge caching|multicast|anycast|DNS\b|CDNs?|middleboxes?|NAT\b|firewalls? (rules|placement)|DDoS mitigation at|interdomain|AS-?level|Internet (measurement|topology|routing|architecture|protocols?|traffic|outages?|censorship|of Things)|RTT\b|jitter|bufferbloat|active queue management|flow (scheduling|completion time|tables?)|load balancing in (data ?cent|networks?)|RDMA networks?|InfiniBand|optical (networks?|switching|transport|access)|PON\b|passive optical|wavelength (division|assignment)|WDM|free-?space optical|visible light communication|VLC\b|LiFi|underwater (acoustic|communication)|satellite (networks?|communications?|constellations?)|LEO (satellite|constellation)|UAV (networks?|communications?|relays?)|network (security|intrusion) in|wireless (security|jamming|eavesdropping)|physical layer security|cross-?layer|protocol (design|stack|verification))\b weight: 0.9 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(information theory|channel capacity|coding theorem|error[- ]correcting codes?|channel codes?|LDPC|polar codes?|turbo codes?|rate-?distortion|source coding|network coding|index coding|coded caching|compressed sensing for|Shannon|mutual information bounds|outage probability|ergodic capacity|secrecy capacity|wiretap)\b weight: 0.6 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(intrusion detection|DDoS|network security|anomaly detection in network|botnets?|traffic anomaly)\b weight: 0.4 field: both - pattern: (?i)(?' patterns and algorithm names (FedAvg, FedProx, SCAFFOLD...) carry the category at 1.0; bare 'FL' is 0.5 and case-sensitive. Non-ML senses of 'federated' are vetoed when no learning term co-occurs. - id: ai_safety number: 38 name: AI Safety and Alignment area: ai_ml definition: 'Making AI systems safe, aligned, robust, fair, interpretable and governable: alignment and preference learning framed as a safety problem, red-teaming and jailbreaks, adversarial robustness and backdoors, hallucination and truthfulness, bias and fairness, mechanistic interpretability, evaluation of dangerous capabilities, AI governance and regulation. Generic system security is cybersecurity; XAI as a statistical method only is ml_theory.' openalex_topics: - id: T10883 weight: 1.0 note: 'Ethics and Social Impacts of AI: AI safety, alignment, fairness, governance' - id: T11689 weight: 0.6 note: adversarial robustness, backdoors, prompt injection - id: T12026 weight: 0.5 note: explainable AI / mechanistic interpretability - id: T13851 weight: 0.4 note: law, AI and intellectual property - id: T12262 weight: 0.3 note: hate speech and cyberbullying detection (harm mitigation) - id: T11147 weight: 0.3 note: misinformation and its impacts - id: T10525 weight: 0.2 note: human-automation interaction and safety - id: T14307 weight: 0.1 note: bioethics and human rights openalex_subfields: [] arxiv_categories: - id: cs.CY weight: 0.5 - id: cs.AI weight: 0.2 - id: cs.LG weight: 0.1 - id: cs.CL weight: 0.1 - id: cs.CR weight: 0.1 dblp_streams: - key: conf/fat weight: 1.0 - key: conf/aies weight: 1.0 - key: journals/aiethics weight: 1.0 - key: conf/satml weight: 1.0 - key: journals/ais weight: 0.5 - key: journals/natmi weight: 0.2 - key: conf/nips weight: 0.1 - key: conf/iclr weight: 0.1 - key: conf/icml weight: 0.1 - key: journals/tai weight: 0.2 - key: journals/dai weight: 0.1 - key: conf/sp weight: 0.1 - key: conf/ccs weight: 0.1 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\bAI (safety|alignment|governance|regulation|ethics|risks?|act|auditing|accountability|harms?|misuse|incidents?|oversight|assurance|red[- ]teaming)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(aligned|alignment of|align(ing)?|misaligned|misalignment of) (large )?(language models?|LLMs?|AI (systems?|models?)|foundation models?|agents?)\b|\bsuper-?alignment\b|\bvalue alignment\b|\bhuman values?\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(jail-?break(s|ing)?|red[- ]teaming|prompt injection|backdoor (attacks?|defenses?)|data poisoning|model (stealing|extraction|inversion)|membership inference|adversarial (prompts?|suffixes?)|refusal|safety (training|fine-?tuning|guardrails?|alignment|benchmarks?|evaluations?)|guardrails?|harmful (content|outputs?|responses?|requests?)|unsafe (outputs?|behavio(u)?rs?))\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\badversarial (examples?|attacks?|robustness|training|perturbations?|defenses?|vulnerabilit)\b|\bcertified robustness\b|\brobustness (certification|verification)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(algorithmic|AI|model|machine learning|ML|LLM|gender|racial|demographic|social) (fairness|bias(es)?|discrimination|transparency|accountability|audits?|auditing)\b|\bbias (mitigation|amplification|in (LLMs?|language models?|AI))\b|\bdebiasing\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(responsible|trustworthy|ethical|safe|harmless|honest|helpful|human-?centered|human-?compatible|beneficial) (AI|artificial intelligence|machine learning|LLMs?|agents?)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(mechanistic interpretability|sparse auto-?encoders? (for|on) (LLM|language|features)|activation (steering|patching)|circuit discovery|probing classifiers?|representation engineering|superposition hypothesis|induction heads|feature visuali[sz]ation|concept (bottleneck|activation vectors?)|model editing|knowledge editing)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(hallucinations?|truthfulness|factuality|sycophancy|deceptive alignment|deception|reward hacking|specification gaming|goal misgeneralization|scalable oversight|weak-?to-?strong|constitutional AI|RLHF|preference (learning|optimi[sz]ation)|human feedback|over-?optimi[sz]ation|situational awareness|sandbagging|power-?seeking|instrumental convergence|corrigib)\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(existential risks?|catastrophic risks?|x-?risk|frontier (AI|models?)|dangerous capabilit(y|ies)|misuse of AI|dual-?use|AGI (safety|risk|alignment)|superintelligen|loss of control|AI (doom|pause)|compute governance|responsible scaling|model (cards?|evaluations? for safety)|capability evaluations?|system cards?)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(toxic(ity)?|hate speech|harmful|offensive|abusive) (language|content|speech|text|generation|detection)\b|\bcontent moderation\b|\b(misinformation|disinformation|fake news) (detection|generation|and LLMs?)\b weight: 0.5 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(watermark(ing)?|detect(ing|ion) of|detecting) (LLM|AI|machine)-?generated (text|content|images?)\b|\bAI-?text detection\b weight: 0.8 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(machine unlearning|right to be forgotten|differential privacy for (LLM|language)|memori[sz]ation (in|of) (LLM|language models?)|training data extraction)\b weight: 0.5 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(uncertainty (quantification|estimation|calibration)|out-?of-?distribution detection|distribution shift|safe (reinforcement learning|RL|exploration)|runtime monitoring of (neural|ML)|verification of neural networks?)\b weight: 0.4 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(ethics|ethical|societal (impact|implications)|social (impact|implications)|regulation|policy|governance|accountability|transparency|explainability|interpretability|fairness|bias|safety|risk)\b weight: 0.2 field: both exclusions: - (?i)\b(multiple sequence|read|genome|sequence|image|spinal|wheel|dental|teeth|occlusal|fib(er|re)|beam|optical|antenna|shaft|laser) alignment\b(?!.*(AI|LLM|language model|RLHF|human values)) related: - llm - ml_theory - cybersecurity - privacy_preserving_computation - ai_agents - hci - reinforcement_learning parent_of: [] child_of: [] provenance: T10883 (field 33, Social Sciences) explicitly lists 'AI safety', 'AI alignment', 'algorithmic fairness'; T11689 and T12026 host the technical robustness/interpretability halves. FAccT, AIES, SaTML and AI & Ethics are the dedicated venues; the generic ethics/governance words are kept far below threshold. - id: sustainable_computing number: 39 name: Sustainable Computing area: hardware_emerging definition: 'The energy, carbon, water and material footprint of computing and how to reduce it: energy-efficient and carbon-aware systems, data-centre energy and cooling, Green AI and the cost of training and inference, life-cycle and embodied carbon of hardware, green software engineering and networking, energy harvesting and intermittent computing, computing for sustainability when the object studied is the computing system. Generic low-power circuit design is computer_architecture; energy-efficient communication is computer_networks.' openalex_topics: - id: T14098 weight: 1.0 note: 'energy efficiency in computing: data centre energy, server power' - id: T12238 weight: 1.0 note: 'green IT and sustainability: green computing, green AI' - id: T10080 weight: 0.3 note: energy-efficient wireless sensor networks - id: T10363 weight: 0.3 note: low-power VLSI design - id: T11392 weight: 0.3 note: energy harvesting in wireless networks - id: T10101 weight: 0.2 note: cloud computing (data centres) - id: T11954 weight: 0.2 note: energy efficiency and management - id: T10435 weight: 0.2 note: environmental impact and sustainability - id: T10502 weight: 0.1 note: energy-efficient neuromorphic computing - id: T10933 weight: 0.1 note: real-time scheduling (energy-aware) - id: T14296 weight: 0.1 note: climate change and sustainable development openalex_subfields: [] arxiv_categories: - id: cs.CY weight: 0.2 - id: cs.DC weight: 0.2 - id: cs.AR weight: 0.2 - id: cs.NI weight: 0.1 - id: cs.PF weight: 0.1 - id: cs.ET weight: 0.1 dblp_streams: - key: journals/suscom weight: 1.0 - key: journals/tsusc weight: 1.0 - key: journals/tgcn weight: 0.8 - key: conf/islped weight: 0.5 - key: conf/ithings weight: 0.3 - key: journals/tcc weight: 0.2 - key: journals/tetc weight: 0.2 - key: journals/fgcs weight: 0.1 - key: journals/jsa weight: 0.1 - key: journals/tpds weight: 0.1 - key: conf/ccgrid weight: 0.1 - key: journals/cluster weight: 0.1 - key: journals/tjs weight: 0.1 - key: journals/ais weight: 0.1 - key: conf/fat weight: 0.1 - key: journals/aiethics weight: 0.1 - key: journals/tecs weight: 0.1 - key: journals/computer weight: 0.1 - key: journals/cacm weight: 0.1 - key: journals/cm weight: 0.1 - key: journals/network weight: 0.1 - key: conf/sc weight: 0.1 - key: journals/tnsm weight: 0.1 - key: journals/tsg weight: 0.1 - key: journals/patterns weight: 0.1 - key: journals/natmi weight: 0.05 - key: journals/ncs weight: 0.1 - key: journals/jocs weight: 0.1 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\b(sustainable|green|carbon-?aware|carbon-?efficient|carbon-?neutral|carbon-?free|energy-?aware|energy-?efficient|energy-?proportional|low-?carbon|net-?zero|zero-?carbon|climate-?aware|eco-?friendly|environmentally[- ]friendly|frugal|lean) (computing|AI|artificial intelligence|machine learning|deep learning|software( engineering| development| design)?|data ?cent(er|re)s?|cloud|HPC|supercomput\w+|networking|networks?|ICT|IT\b|information technology|communications?|blockchain|mining|LLMs?|language models?|NLP|systems?|hardware|architectures?|scheduling|inference|training|computation|algorithms?|coding|programming|edge|IoT|5G|6G|wireless|datacent(er|re)s?|clusters?|servers?|GPUs?|chips?|processors?|storage|databases?|web|internet|digital)\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(carbon (footprints?|emissions?|intensity|accounting|offsets?|costs?|impact|budgets?|aware(ness)?|efficiency|tax(es)? on|neutrality of|credits? for|dioxide emissions? (of|from) (computing|AI|data))|CO2(e|-?eq|-?equivalent)? (emissions?|footprint)|greenhouse gas(es)? (emissions?)? (of|from|and) (computing|AI|data ?cent|ICT|software|training|cloud|blockchain|digital)|embodied (carbon|emissions?|energy|footprint)|operational (carbon|emissions?)|life-?cycle (assessment|analysis|emissions?|carbon) (of|for) (computing|hardware|AI|data ?cent|servers?|smartphones?|ICT|devices?|software|electronics)|LCA of (ICT|hardware|data|AI|computing|electronics)|environmental (impact|footprint|costs?|sustainability|burden|implications?) of (computing|AI|artificial intelligence|machine learning|deep learning|LLMs?|language models?|data ?cent(er|re)s?|training|inference|software|blockchain|cryptocurrenc|Bitcoin|ICT|the internet|digital (technolog|infrastructure|services)|cloud|HPC|GPUs?|neural)|e-?waste|electronic waste|WEEE|rebound effects? (of|in) (ICT|digital|computing|AI)|Jevons|sustainability of (AI|computing|ML|machine learning|software|data ?cent(er|re)s?|HPC|blockchain|digital)|Green500|Top500 (energy|power)|energy (consumption|usage|efficiency|footprint|costs?|demand|requirements?|profiling|measurement|modeling|budget|savings?) (of|for|in|during) (AI|training|inference|LLMs?|large language|deep learning|neural networks?|machine learning|data ?cent(er|re)s?|computing|software|blockchain|Bitcoin|mining|cryptocurrenc|HPC|supercomput|GPUs?|servers?|cloud|mobile apps?|smartphones?|web|video streaming|the internet|ICT|digital|edge|IoT devices?|federated|transformers?|generative)|power (consumption|usage|draw|cap(ping)?|budgets?|management|efficiency|demand) (of|for|in|at) (data ?cent(er|re)s?|GPUs?|servers?|training|inference|HPC|AI|supercomput|clusters?|cloud)|PUE\b|power usage effectiveness|WUE\b|water usage effectiveness|CUE\b|data ?cent(er|re)s? (energy|power|cooling|efficiency|sustainability|water|carbon|emissions|heat reuse|waste heat|renewable|siting|demand response|load shifting|electricity)|cooling (of|for|in) data ?cent|liquid cooling (of|for) (servers|GPUs|data)|immersion cooling|free cooling|waste heat (recovery|reuse) (from|of) data|water (footprint|consumption|usage|use) of (AI|data ?cent|computing|LLMs?|training)|renewable(-?powered| energy (for|in|powered) (data ?cent|computing|cloud|HPC|AI|training|blockchain))|solar-?powered (data|computing|servers?|edge|IoT)|demand response (for|in|and) data ?cent|carbon-?aware (scheduling|computing|workload|training|shifting|load)|temporal (load|workload) shifting for carbon|spatial (load|workload) shifting for carbon|carbon-?intensity (signals?|aware|forecast)|grid carbon|marginal emissions? (factor|rate)|energy harvesting (for|in|powered) (IoT|sensors?|computing|devices?|wearables?)|battery-?free (devices?|computing|sensing|IoT)|batteryless|intermittent computing|energy-?harvesting devices?|ambient (RF|energy) harvesting for|green (software|coding|programming|IT|ICT|networking|cloud|AI|ML|NLP|data ?cent(er|re)s?|HPC|computing|blockchain|mining|5G|6G|edge|IoT|DevOps|software engineering|web|design patterns|metrics|certification|procurement) (practices|metrics|patterns|principles|engineering|movement|initiatives?|standards?|foundation)?|Green Software Foundation|software carbon intensity|SCI\b|CodeCarbon|carbontracker|ML CO2 impact|experiment-?impact-?tracker|energy (labels?|efficiency ratings?) for (software|AI|apps?|models?)|FLOPs? (as|vs\.?|versus) (energy|carbon)|energy (per|per-?)(inference|token|query|FLOP|operation|bit|training run)|joules? per (inference|token|query|operation|bit)|energy-?delay product|EDP\b|performance-?per-?watt|perf/W|FLOPS/W|TOPS/W|GFLOPS/W|GOPS/W|energy-?efficient (scheduling|resource management|virtual machine|VM|consolidation|server|routing|protocols?|MAC|caching|offloading|inference|training|accelerators?|architectures?|processors?|memory|storage|algorithms?|software|coding|code|programming|data processing|query processing|databases?|deep learning|neural|AI|machine learning|LLMs?|computing|HPC|supercomput|data ?cent|cloud|edge|IoT|wireless|networks?|communications?|5G|6G|blockchain|consensus|mining|web|mobile|smartphones?|embedded|FPGA|GPU|hardware|chips?|design))\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(energy[- ]efficien(t|cy)|low[- ]power|power[- ]efficient|energy (consumption|saving|savings|optimi[sz]ation|reduction|management|harvesting|usage|cost|budget|constraints?|profile|model|footprint)|DVFS|dynamic voltage and frequency|power (management|capping|gating|budgets?|consumption|efficiency|usage)|thermal (management|efficiency)|cooling|heat dissipation|battery (life|lifetime|drain|consumption)|renewable energy|solar|wind power|smart grid|demand response|electricity (consumption|costs?|prices?|usage))\b weight: 0.5 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(sustainab(le|ility)|green|carbon|climate|environmental|emissions?|footprint|ecolog\w+|circular economy|e-?waste|recycl\w+|obsolescence|right to repair|digital sobriety|frugal)\b weight: 0.3 field: both exclusions: - (?is)^(?!.*(computing|comput\w+|data ?cent(er|re)|software|AI\b|artificial intelligence|machine learning|deep learning|neural network|LLMs?|language models?|cloud|HPC|GPUs?|servers?|processors?|chips?|hardware|algorithms?|networking|ICT|blockchain|internet|digital|IoT|wireless|smartphones?|electronics|semiconductor|IT\b|information technology|training|inference|code|programming)).*\b(green|sustainable|carbon|energy|climate|environmental)\b related: - cloud_computing - computer_architecture - ai_accelerators - edge_computing - distributed_computing - computer_networks - ai_safety parent_of: [] child_of: [] provenance: T14098 (CS 1708, 7k works) and T12238 (Engineering 2208, 27k works) are the only topics centred on the footprint of computing; energy-efficient WSN/VLSI/harvesting topics shared at 0.3. SUSCOM, T-SUSC and T-GCN are the dedicated streams; generic 'energy-efficient' terms are 0.5 and 'green/sustainable' 0.3, with a veto when no computing term appears anywhere in the text. - id: autonomous_scientific_discovery number: 40 name: Autonomous Scientific Discovery area: computational_science definition: 'AI and automation systems that perform or substantially drive the scientific process: AI scientist and research-agent systems, automated hypothesis generation and literature synthesis, self-driving laboratories and closed-loop experimentation, AI-driven discovery of materials, molecules, equations, algorithms or theorems, autonomous experimental design, benchmarks for research agents, and the epistemology and evaluation of machine-generated science. Using ML inside a scientific pipeline without autonomy is scientific_computing or computational_biology; LLM agents in general are ai_agents.' openalex_topics: - id: T11948 weight: 0.6 note: 'machine learning in materials science: materials discovery, high-throughput experimentation, materials informatics' - id: T10211 weight: 0.3 note: computational drug discovery - id: T11986 weight: 0.3 note: scientific computing and data management (workflows) - id: T13904 weight: 0.3 note: artificial intelligence applications (AI in science) - id: T11937 weight: 0.3 note: research data management - id: T11975 weight: 0.2 note: evolutionary algorithms (symbolic regression) - id: T11206 weight: 0.2 note: model reduction and neural networks (equation discovery) - id: T10906 weight: 0.1 note: AI planning (experiment planning) - id: T13126 weight: 0.1 note: scientific research and discoveries - id: T10778 weight: 0.1 note: philosophy and history of science - id: T14100 weight: 0.1 note: scientific research and technology - id: T13976 weight: 0.1 note: web visibility and informetrics (science of science) openalex_subfields: [] arxiv_categories: - id: cs.AI weight: 0.2 - id: cs.LG weight: 0.1 - id: cs.DL weight: 0.2 - id: physics.comp-ph weight: 0.2 - id: q-bio.QM weight: 0.1 - id: cs.CE weight: 0.2 - id: cs.MA weight: 0.1 - id: cs.CY weight: 0.1 dblp_streams: - key: journals/mlst weight: 0.7 - key: journals/ncs weight: 0.6 - key: journals/natmi weight: 0.5 - key: journals/patterns weight: 0.4 - key: journals/jcheminf weight: 0.3 - key: journals/jcisd weight: 0.2 - key: journals/scientometrics weight: 0.2 - key: conf/jcdl weight: 0.2 - key: journals/aisy weight: 0.2 - key: journals/dai weight: 0.2 - key: journals/frai weight: 0.2 - key: journals/jossw weight: 0.2 - key: conf/xsede weight: 0.2 - key: journals/jasis weight: 0.1 - key: journals/softx weight: 0.1 - key: journals/tai weight: 0.1 - key: journals/ais weight: 0.1 - key: journals/cphysics weight: 0.1 - key: journals/sncs weight: 0.1 - key: journals/ijdsa weight: 0.1 - key: journals/bdcc weight: 0.1 - key: conf/aaai weight: 0.05 - key: conf/nips weight: 0.05 - key: conf/iclr weight: 0.05 - key: conf/icml weight: 0.05 - key: journals/synthese weight: 0.1 keywords: - pattern: (?i)\b(autonomous|automated|automating|automation of|AI-?driven|AI-?assisted|AI-?enabled|AI-?powered|AI-?based|AI-?generated|AI-?augmented|LLM-?driven|LLM-?based|LLM-?powered|LLM-?assisted|LLM-?generated|agent-?based|agent-?driven|agentic|closed-?loop|self-?driving|robotic|machine-?learning-?driven|ML-?driven|ML-?guided|machine-?guided|data-?driven|algorithmic|computational|end-?to-?end|fully automated|human-?AI) (scientific (discovery|research|experimentation|experiments?|method|process|inquiry|workflows?|reasoning|hypothes\w+|writing|peer review|literature|ideation|insight|knowledge discovery|laborator\w+)|science|discovery (of|in) (materials|molecules|catalysts|drugs|laws|equations|physical laws|governing equations|new (physics|chemistry|mathematics)|proteins|alloys|polymers|reactions|synthesis routes|theorems|algorithms|conjectures)|materials discovery|molecular discovery|drug discovery pipeline|hypothesis (generation|testing|discovery|formulation|ranking)|literature (review|synthesis|mining|survey|search) (at scale|generation|automation)?|theorem (proving|discovery)|conjecture (generation|discovery)|mathematical discovery|experimental (design|planning|campaigns?|loops?)|experiment (design|planning|selection|execution)|research (assistants?|agents?|pipelines?|workflows?|automation|ideas?|ideation|proposals?|questions?)|peer review(ers?)?|paper (writing|generation|reviewing|review)|manuscript (generation|writing)|idea generation|laborator(y|ies)|labs?|chemist|synthesis planning|retrosynthesis|reaction (optimi[sz]ation|discovery)|materials (acceleration|synthesis|design|exploration)|knowledge discovery|scientific knowledge (graph|extraction|synthesis))\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(self-?driving lab(s|oratory|oratories)?|SDLs?\b|autonomous (laborator\w+|experiment\w*|research|discovery|exploration of (chemical|materials)|materials (platform|synthesis|research)|synthesis|chemistry|science|scientist|agents? for (science|research|discovery)|workflows? for (science|discovery))|AI scientist|AI co-?scientist|AI (for|in|4) ?science|AI4Science|AI-?enabled science|ML for science|machine learning for (scientific discovery|science)|scientific (machine learning agents?|foundation models?|LLMs?|agents?|discovery (with|using|via|through|by) (AI|machine learning|LLMs?|agents?|deep learning|neural|automated|autonomous)|language models?|reasoning (with|in) LLMs?|data (agents?|discovery agents?))|LLMs? (for|in|and|as) (science|chemistry|biology|materials|physics|mathematics|research|scientific|discovery|experiment)|language models? (for|in|as) (science|chemistry|biology|materials|scientific|scientists?|discovery|experiment)|ChemCrow|Coscientist|FunSearch|AlphaEvolve|AlphaTensor|AlphaProof|AlphaGeometry|AlphaDev|AlphaFold (3|database)|GNoME|Eureka\b|AI Feynman|SINDy|PySR|symbolic regression|equation (discovery|learning|identification)|discover(y|ing|ed) (of )?(governing|physical|scientific|conservation|dynamical) (equations|laws|principles)|law discovery|automated (hypothesis|theory|experiment\w*|discovery|literature|materials|reaction|retrosynthesis|synthesis planning|lab(oratory)?|science|scientific|reasoning for (mathematics|discovery)|conjecturing|proof discovery|data analysis|statistician|machine learning|data science|modeling|model discovery|design of experiments|feature discovery)|high-?throughput (experimentation|screening|computation|virtual screening|materials|synthesis|DFT|simulations?|discovery)|Bayesian optimi[sz]ation (for|of|in|guided) (materials|experiments?|chemistry|synthesis|reactions?|discovery|molecules|design|process)|active learning (for|in|guided) (materials|chemistry|experiments?|molecular|drug|science|discovery|synthesis|catalysts?)|inverse design|generative (models?|design|AI) for (molecules|materials|proteins|catalysts|crystals|drugs|chemistry|discovery)|materials (informatics|genome|acceleration platforms?|project)|cloud lab(s|oratory|oratories)?|lab(oratory)? automation|robotic (chemist\w*|chemistry|synthesis|laborator\w+|experiment\w*|platforms? for (science|chemistry|biology|materials))|mobile robotic chemist|Emerald Cloud Lab|Strateos|AutoML for science|scientific (claim|fact) (verification|checking|extraction)|literature-?based discovery|LBD\b|hypothesis (generation|generators?|machines?)|research (ideation|idea generation)|AI-?generated (research|papers?|hypotheses|reviews?|science)|machine (scientists?|discovery)|robot scientists?|Adam and Eve|Eve robot|discovery (engines?|pipelines?|platforms?|systems?|loops?) (for|of|in) (materials|science|chemistry|drugs?|molecules|biology)|automated (theorem proving|reasoning) (for|in) (mathematics|discover)|AI (for|in) (mathematics|theorem|math research)|LLM (agents?|systems?|pipelines?|frameworks?) for (science|research|discovery|chemistry|biology|materials|experiment|data analysis|literature)|agents? for (scientific|science|research|discovery|chemistry|biology|materials|experiment|lab)|science (of science|agents?|automation|LLMs?|benchmarks?)|SciAgents|ChemAgents|BioPlanner|AI (Scientist|Researcher|Co-?Scientist)|Sakana|Virtual Lab|AI Virtual Cell|AI (lab|laboratory)|closed-?loop (optimi[sz]ation|experiment\w*|discovery|synthesis|materials|learning for))\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(benchmarks? for (scientific|AI scientist|research agents?|discovery|science|AI4Science|lab)|ScienceAgentBench|MLAgentBench|MLE-?bench|DiscoveryBench|SciCode|LAB-?Bench|ChemBench|MatSciBench|PaperBench|SciBench|ResearchBench|CORE-?Bench|AAAR|BixBench|SciReplicate|ReplicationBench|SWE-?bench for science|TheoremQA|TPBench|AlgoTune|evaluating (AI|LLM|machine)-?generated (research|papers?|hypotheses|science))\b weight: 1.0 field: both - pattern: (?i)\b(scientific|science|discovery|experiment(s|al|ation)?|laborator(y|ies)|research|hypothes[ie]s|materials|molecules|chemistry|theorems?|conjectures?)\b weight: 0.3 field: both exclusions: - (?is)^(?!.*(AI\b|artificial intelligence|machine learning|deep learning|neural|LLMs?|language models?|agents?|autonomous|automated|automation|robot|Bayesian optimi[sz]ation|active learning|symbolic regression|algorithm|computational|closed-?loop|high-?throughput|self-?driving)).* related: - ai_agents - llm - scientific_computing - computational_biology - formal_verification - algorithms - information_retrieval - ai_safety parent_of: [] child_of: [] provenance: No OpenAlex topic or DBLP stream isolates autonomous discovery; T11948 (materials discovery, high-throughput experimentation) is the closest host and MLST/Nat. Comput. Sci./Nat. Mach. Intell. the closest venues. Keyword patterns on ' ', named systems (Coscientist, FunSearch, AlphaEvolve, AI Scientist...) and research-agent benchmarks carry the category; a veto removes texts with no AI/automation term at all. assignment_rule: score: sum of weights of matched signals, each signal type capped at 1.0, then sum over signal types signal_types: - openalex_topics - openalex_subfields - arxiv_categories - dblp_streams - keywords threshold: 1.0 primary: argmax of score; ties broken by the more specific category (child before parent), then by lower number exclusions: if any exclusion regex matches the concatenated title+abstract, the category is vetoed for that work keyword_field: title patterns are matched on the title only; abstract on the abstract only; both on title+abstract notes: 'OpenAlex topic weights assume the work''s primary topic (or any of its up-to-three topics; the classifier takes the max over matched topics before capping). Weights below 1.0 are deliberate: such signals must be corroborated by another signal type to reach the threshold.'