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   "estimand": "Effect of financial portfolio size on the share of the portfolio held in risky assets; marginal value of risky versus safe financial assets",
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    "claim": "Permanently reinvested earnings relate positively to total financial assets but insignificantly to risky assets.",
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    "claim": "Poorly governed firms hold more risky assets.",
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    "claim": "Risky financial assets are valued at a 13–22% discount relative to safe assets.",
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    "claim": "There is no uniform tax incentive to invest in risky financial assets.",
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  "structural_summary": "The paper opens with press anecdotes that challenge the assumption that corporate 'cash' is in fact cash. It introduces hand-collected fair value data made available by SFAS 157, then describes portfolio composition. A theory section sketches a precautionary-savings model extended to risky and illiquid assets, with the formal derivation in an internet appendix. Empirical tests follow: univariate sorts, then OLS/2SLS determinants (taxes, agency, CEO traits), then valuation and financing-source tests. The conclusion frames the findings as a largely unregulated shadow asset management industry.",
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