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   "estimand": "Effect of issuer-paid rating optimism (S&P rating above investor-paid EJR rating) on secondary-market bond spreads and on the probability of choosing private over public debt",
   "strategy": "Validation of the overrating measure through default and incentive-conflict regressions, hazard models and a DiD on broker mergers/closures. Symmetric one-notch split-rating comparisons of bond spreads. 2SLS using analyst coverage shocks. Becker-Ivashina conditional-issuance approach to debt choice. Spread changes around private debt issuances.",
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    "Conditioning on new debt issuance holds the firm's demand for debt fixed",
    "Rating differences reflect incentive conflicts rather than structural methodological differences"
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    "Structural differences between agencies' rating methods",
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    "Confounding of demand and supply in debt choice"
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   "convention_notes": "Table notes state the model type (linear probability, OLS, Cox hazard, 2SLS second stage), the dependent variable definition, the sample panel and period (1999-2012), and event windows. Some coefficients are rescaled by 100 for exposition. Table I and Table AI tabulate model outcomes.",
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    "claim": "S&P overrating is more frequent for issuers contributing more rating revenue and with stronger rating-shopping incentives",
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    "claim": "Loss of analyst coverage from broker mergers or closures raises the likelihood of S&P overrating",
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    "claim": "Bonds of firms S&P overrates carry higher spreads than symmetric split-rated counterparts",
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    "claim": "Overrated firms are more likely to issue private debt than public bonds",
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   {
    "claim": "The overrating spread premium shrinks after private debt issuance",
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    "evidence_ref": "Section I, Appendix A"
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