1{2 "document_id": "lb_hotpotqa_1a71b5a73ffb21cb52d41e09b1f861748b60f1e59273a080",3 "family": "public_hotpotqa",4 "split": "test",5 "text": "Passage 1:\nYIVO\nYIVO (Yiddish: ייִוואָ, [jiˈvɔ]) is an organization that preserves, studies, and teaches the cultural history of Jewish life throughout Eastern Europe, Germany, and Russia as well as orthography, lexicography, and other studies related to Yiddish. (The word yidisher means both \"Yiddish\" and \"Jewish.\") Established in 1925 in Wilno in the Second Polish Republic (now Vilnius, Lithuania) as the Yidisher Visnshaftlekher Institut (Yiddish: ייִדישער װיסנשאַפֿטלעכער אינסטיטוט, pronounced [ˈjidiʃɛr ˈvisn.ʃaftlɛχɛr instiˈtut], Yiddish Scientific Institute, its English name became Institute for Jewish Research after its relocation to New York City, but it is still known mainly by its Yiddish acronym. YIVO is now a partner of the Center for Jewish History. Formerly, they had linguists whose main occupation was deciding on grammar rules and new words, and during this time they were seen in the secular world to serve as the recognized language regulator of the Yiddish language. However, YIVO no longer serves this purpose. Nevertheless, the YIVO system is still commonly taught in universities and known as klal shprakh (spelled in Yiddish:כּלל־שפּראַך, meaning 'standard language') and sometimes \"YIVO Yiddish\" (spelled in Yiddish:ייִוואָ־ייִדיש).\n\nActivities\nYIVO preserves manuscripts, rare books, and diaries, and other Yiddish sources. The YIVO Library in New York contains over 385,000 volumes dating from as early as the 16th century. Approximately 40,000 volumes are in Yiddish, making the YIVO Library the largest collection of Yiddish-language works in the world. The YIVO archives hold over 23,000,000 documents, photographs, recordings, posters, films, and other artifacts. Together, they comprise the world's largest collection of materials related to the history and culture of Central and East European Jewry and the American Jewish immigrant experience. The archives and library collections include works in twelve major languages, including English, French, German, Hebrew, Russian, Polish, and Judaeo-Spanish.YIVO also functions as a publisher of Yiddish-language books and of periodicals including YIVO Bleter (founded 1931), Yedies Fun YIVO (founded 1929), and Yidishe Shprakh (founded 1941). It is also responsible for English-language publications such as the YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Studies (founded 1946).\n\nHistory\nYIVO was initially proposed by Yiddish linguist and writer Nochum Shtif (1879–1933). He characterized his advocacy of Yiddish as \"realistic\" Zionism, contrasted to the \"visionary\" Hebraists and the \"self-hating\" assimilationists who adopted Russian or Polish. Other key founders included philologist Max Weinreich (1894–1969) and historian Elias Tcherikower (1881–1943).YIVO was founded at a Berlin conference in 1925, but headquartered in Vilna, a city with a large Jewish population in the Second Polish Republic. The early YIVO also had branches in Berlin, Warsaw and New York City. Over the next decade, smaller groups arose in many of the other countries with Ashkenazi populations.\nIn YIVO's first decades, Tcherikover headed the historical research section, which also included Simon Dubnow, Saul M. Ginsburg, Abraham Menes, and Jacob Shatzky. Leibush Lehrer (1887–1964) headed a section including psychologists and educators Abraham Golomb, H. S. Kasdan, and Abraham Aaron Roback. Jacob Lestschinsky (1876–1966) headed a section of economists and demographers Ben-Adir, Liebmann Hersch, and Moshe Shalit. Weinreich's language and literature section included Judah Leib Cahan, Alexander Harkavy, Judah A. Joffe, Zelig Kalmanovich, Shmuel Niger, Noach Pryłucki, and Zalman Reisen. YIVO also collected and preserved ethnographic materials under the direction of its Ethnographic Committee. In 1925, YIVO's honorary board of trustees or \"Curatorium\" consisted of Simon Dubnow, Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Moses Gaster, Edward Sapir and Chaim Zhitlowsky.\nFrom 1934 to 1940, YIVO operated a graduate training program known as the Aspirantur. Named after Zemach Shabad, YIVO's chairman, the program held classes and guided students in conducting original research in the field of Jewish studies. Many of the students' projects were sociological in nature (reflecting the involvement of Max Weinreich) and gathered information on contemporary Jewish life in the Vilna region.The Nazi advance into Eastern Europe caused YIVO to move its operations to New York City. A second important center, known as the Fundacion IWO, was established in Buenos Aires, Argentina. All four directors of YIVO's research sections were already in the Americas when the war broke out or were able to make their way there. The organization's new headquarters were established in New York City. A portion of the Vilna archives was ransacked by the Nazis and sent to Frankfurt to become the basis of an anti-Semitic department of the Nazis' planned university. In 1946, the U.S. Army recovered these documents and sent them to YIVO in New York.The YIVO Library was looted by the Germans and the ERR, but an organization that called itself \"The Paper Brigade\" were able to smuggle out many books and preserve them from destruction. These materials were then saved from the Soviets by a Lithuanian librarian, Antanas Ulpis. These materials are now held in the Lithuanian Central State Archives and Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania. In 2014, with the cooperation of the government of the Republic of Lithuania, Brent established the landmark Edward Blank YIVO Vilna Online Collections project at The YIVO Institute to preserve and digitize over 1.5 million documents and approximately 12,200 books representing 500 years of Jewish history in Eastern Europe and Russia.In addition to New York City and Buenos Aires, the Chicago YIVO Society is a third center active today.\n\nPublications\nYIVO has undertaken many major scholarly publication projects, the most recent being The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, published in March 2008 in cooperation with Yale University Press. Under the leadership of editor-in-chief Gershon David Hundert, professor of history and of Jewish Studies at McGill University in Montreal, this unprecedented reference work systematically represents the history and culture of Eastern European Jews from their first settlement in the region to the present day. More than 1,800 alphabetical entries encompass a vast range of topics including religion, folklore, politics, art, music, theater, language and literature, places, organizations, intellectual movements, and important figures. The two-volume set also features more than 1,000 illustrations and 55 maps. With original contributions from an international team of 450 distinguished scholars, the encyclopedia covers the region between Germany and the Ural Mountains, from which more than 2.5 million Jews emigrated to the United States between 1870 and 1920.\n\nSee also\nAcademy of the Hebrew Language, for Hebrew\nAutoridad Nasionala del Ladino, for Ladino\nDina Abramowicz (long-time YIVO librarian)\nYiddish Book Center\nLeague for Yiddish\nPassage 2:\nIsrael Bartal\nIsrael Bartal (Hebrew: ישראל ברטל), is Avraham Harman Professor of Jewish History, member of Israel Academy of Sciences (2016), and the former Dean of the Faculty of Humanities at Hebrew University (2006–2010). Since 2006 he is the chair of the Historical Society of Israel. He served as director of the Center for Research on the History and Culture of Polish Jewry, and the academic chairman of the Project of Jewish Studies in Russian at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Professor Bartal was the co-director of the Center for Jewish Studies and Civilization at Moscow State University. Bartal received his PhD from Hebrew University in 1981. He focuses his research on the history of the Jews in Palestine, the Jews of Eastern Europe, the Haskalah Movement, Jewish Orthodoxy and modern Jewish historiography.Professor Bartal taught at Harvard University, McGill University, University of Pennsylvania Rutgers University and Johns Hopkins, as well as at Moscow State University (MGU), the Central European University in Budapest (CEU), and Paideia in Stockholm. He was for many years a faculty member of the Open University of Israel and has contributed to the development of its teaching programs. Since November 1, 2010 he is a visiting scholar at the Simon-Dubnow-Institut, at Leipzig University. Bartal is one of the founders of Cathedra, the leading scholarly journal on the history of the Land of Israel, and had served as its co-editor for over twenty years. Since 1998 he is the editor of vestnik, a scholarly journal of Jewish studies in Russian. From 1995 to 2003 he chaired the Israeli history high-school curriculum committee.\nBartal has published many books and numerous articles on the history and culture of East European Jewry, Palestine in the pre-Zionist era, and Jewish nationalism.\nAmong his recent publications:\n\nPoles and Jews: a Failed Brotherhood (with Magdalena Opalski, Hanover, University Press of New England, 1992);\nExile in the Land (published in Hebrew, Jerusalem, ha-Sifriya ha-Tsiyonit, 1994);\nFrom Corporation to Nation: The Jews of Eastern Europe, 1772-1881 (Tel Aviv, Misrad ha-Bitahon Publishing House, 2002);\nA Century of Israeli Culture (editor, Jerusalem, The Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2002);\nKehal Yisrael vol. 3 (editor, Jerusalem, Merkaz Shazar, 2004);\nThe Jews of Eastern Europe. 1772-1881 (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005, 2006, published also in Russian and German);\nThe Varieties of Haskalah (editor, with Shmuel Feiner, Jerusalem, the Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2005);\nCossack and Bedouin: Land and People in Jewish Nationalism, (Tel Aviv, Am Oved Publishers, 2007)\nTangled Roots, The Emergence of Israeli Culture, Brown Judaic Studies, (Providence RI, 2020);He is co-editor (with Antony Polonsky) of Polin, vol. 12 (1999), which focuses on the Jews in Galicia, 1772–1914.\n\nEdited books (in Hebrew)\n(1975) יעקב צור, דיוקנה של התפוצה, הוצאת כתר, ירושלים\n(1977) עם יהושע קניאל וזאב צחור), העלייה השנייה, א-ג, הוצאת יד יצחק בן צבי, ירושלים תשנ\"ח)\n(1987) משה בדורו, על משה מונטיפיורי ופעליו, אסופת מאמרים, משגב ירושלים - המכון לחקר מורשת יהדות ספרד והמזרח, תשמ\"ז\n(1993) עם חוה טורניאנסקי ועזרא מנדלסון), כמנהג אשכנז ופולין: ספר יובל לחנא שמרוק, קובץ מחקרים בתרבות יהודית, מרכז זלמן שזר, תשנ\"ג)\n(1994) עם רחל אליאור וחנא שמרוק) צדיקים ואנשי מעשה מחקרים בחסידות פולין, מוסד ביאליק, תשנ\"ד)\n(1994) עם יונתן פרנקל), בין פולין לרוסיה, מחקרים בתולדות יהודי מזרח אירופה, ספר זיכרון לשמואל אטינגר, מרכז שזר, ירושלים תשנ\"ה)\n(1998) עם ישעיהו גפני), ארוס, אירוסין ואיסורים, מיניות ומשפחה בהיסטוריה, הוצאת מרכז שזר, תשנ\"ח)\n(1999) עם יוסי בן ארצי ואלחנן ריינר, נוף מולדתו: מחקרים בגאוגרפיה של ארץ ישראל ובתולדותיה מוגשים ליהושע בן אריה, הוצאת ספרים ע\"ש י\"ל מאגנס, תש\"ס\n(1999) הקריאה לנביא, מחקרי היסטוריה וספרות, מאת חנא שמרוק, ירושלים: מרכז זלמן שזר, תש\"ס\n(2001) עם ישראל גוטמן), קיום ושבר, יהודי פולין לדורותיהם, מרכז זלמן שזר, תשנ\"ז 1997-תשס\"א)\n(2002) עם דוד אסף), מווילנה לירושלים: מחקרים בתולדותיהם ובתרבותם של יהודי מזרח אירופה מוגשים לפרופסור שמואל ורסס, הוצאת ספרים ע\"ש י\"ל מאגנס, תשס\"ב)\n(2002) העגלה המלאה: מאה ועשרים שנות תרבות בישראל, הוצאת ספרים על שם י\"ל מאגנס, תשס\"ב\n(2005) עם שמואל פיינר), ההשכלה לגווניה: עיונים חדשים בתולדות ההשכלה ובספרותה, הוצאת ספרים ע\"ש י\"ל מאגנס, בית הספרים הלאומי והאוניברסיטאי, ירושלים תשס\"ה)\n(2007) עם שמואל פיינר), היסטוריוגרפיה במבחן: עיון מחודש במשנתו של יעקב כ\"ץ, מרכז שזר, תשס\"ח)\n(2010) עם חיים גורן), ספר ירושלים בשלהי התקופה העות'מאנית (1917-1800), הוצאת יד יצחק בן צבי, תש\"ע)\n(2010) עם אברהם גרינבוים ודן חרוב), ספרא וסייפא: שמעון דובנוב - היסטוריון ואיש ציבור, מרכז זלמן שזר, תשע\"א)\nיומן מסע ואגרות ארץ ישראל בשנות השלושים למאה הי\"ט, יד יצחק בן-צבי, תשל\"ד\nעם שמואל אטינגר ומיכאל גרץ), ישן מול חדש: פעולותיהם של ארגונים יהודיים עולמיים בארץ-ישראל, במאה הי\"ט ובימי המנדט, מרכז שזר, תש\"ן)\nPassage 3:\nGershon Galil\nGershon Galil is Professor of Biblical Studies and Ancient History and former chair of the Department of Jewish History at the University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel.\nGershon Galil earned his doctorate from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. His work, The Chronology of the Kings of Israel and Judah, suggests a new chronology for the kings of ancient Israel and ancient Judah. His thesis was published by Brill Academic Publishers in 1996 and his chronology contrasts with those presented by the more traditional William F. Albright or Edwin R. Thiele.\nGalil's studies of ancient Near Eastern culture and history include Israel and Assyria (Hebrew; Zmora-Bitan, 2001); The Lower Stratum Families in the Neo-Assyrian Period (BRILL, 2007) and more. He also co-edited two volumes of the Supplement to Vetus Testamentum:\nStudies in Historical Geography and Biblical Historiography presented to Zecharia Kallai (with M. Weinfeld, Brill, 2000); and Homeland and Exile: Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of Bustenay Oded (with M. Geller and A. Millard, Brill, 2009).\n\nSee also\nKhirbet Qeiyafa\nPassage 4:\nHikmet Tanyu\nHikmet Tanyu (1918 – 1992) was a Turkish scientist and college professor specializing in philosophy and the history of religions, with a particular focus on Jewish religious history. In the 1970s, he pursued studies in Israel. Tanyu authored a book titled Jews and Turks throughout History, which examines the history of Jews and the relations between Jewish and Turkish societies over time. This book is widely regarded as the first comprehensive study of Jewish history in Turkey.\nDuring the 1940s, Tanyu was a dedicated nationalist in the Republic of Turkey. He faced trial in the Racism-Turanism trials. Following six months of imprisonment, he was acquitted and released. Due to the torture he endured during his time in prison, he filed a lawsuit against the Turkish authorities at the Council of State.\nPassage 5:\nCenter for Jewish History\nThe Center for Jewish History is a partnership of five Jewish history, scholarship, and art organizations in New York City: American Jewish Historical Society, American Sephardi Federation, Leo Baeck Institute New York, Yeshiva University Museum, and YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. Together, housed in one location, the partners have separate governing bodies and finances, but collocate resources. The partners' collections make up the biggest repository of Jewish history in the United States. The Center for Jewish History also serves as a centralized place of scholarly research, events, exhibitions, and performances. Located within the center are the Lillian Goldman Reading Room, Ackman & Ziff Family Genealogy Institute and a Collection Management & Conservation Wing. The Center for Jewish History is also an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution.\n\nHistory\nIn 2000, the center was opened after six years of construction and planning with a goal of creating synergy among the five member organizations, each offering a different approach to Jewish history, scholarship and art. This was one of the first attempts at uniting differing views on Jewish culture and resulted in the largest repository documenting the Jewish experience outside of Israel leading some to refer to it as the Jewish Library of Congress.In the late 1980s, Bruce Slovin, who was the chairman of YIVO, originated the concept of a unified center where the partners could share resources. The idea was triggered when he realized that the then home of YIVO, a mansion located at 86th and Fifth Avenue, was not able to meet the needs of its collections or visitors, resulting in an environment that was hazardous to the collection (it was not temperature-controlled) as well as made archival study difficult. The location on Museum Mile was not seen as an advantageous adjacency. Slovin saw YIVO and the partner organizations as being more academic-focused.The Leo Baeck Institute was previously located at 129 East 73rd Street, and the American Jewish Historical Society, which had previously been a New York City-based institution prior to the early 1960s, was then located near Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts. The Yeshiva University Museum was located in the Washington Heights neighborhood uptown.When it opened its doors to the public in October 2000, the center struggled with financial problems. In 2007, there were preliminary talks about a partnership with NYU's Skirball Department for Hebrew and Judaic Studies to the benefit of both organizations. In the end, the center and Skirball decided not to move forward. In 2010, the Center for Jewish History was able to raise $30 million to retire its construction debt. The amount was raised and donated by the chairman and founder of the center, Bruce Slovin; co-chairmen William Ackman and Joseph Steinberg; the Fairholme Foundation; and 19 other donors. These efforts meant that the center was debt-free. In 2012, the center received a top rating of four stars from the Charity Navigator non-profit evaluation service.In 2013, the Lillian Goldman Charitable Trust awarded the center a $1.5 million grant to establish a reference services division.\n\nFacilities\nThe center is located in Manhattan's Union Square neighborhood, and is a four-building 125,000 square feet (11,600 m2) campus built around a courtyard that has a central entrance on 16th Street. The center is made up of four previously existing buildings and two new buildings. The buildings are the former location of the American Foundation for the Blind/Helen Keller Institute. The cost of the complex was $4.4 million.\n\nCollections\nThe partners' collections include more than 100 million documents, 500,000 books, thousands of art objects, textiles, ritual objects, music, films, and photographs. most of which had been poorly housed in the member institutions and were at risk of damage or destruction. The center is heavily involved with the preservation of records that define moments in Jewish immigration to New York City. A $670,000 grant awarded in 2007 helped with the cataloging of these materials.\n\nPartner collection highlights\nOriginal handwritten copy of Emma Lazarus' 1883 \"The New Colossus\" poem that was later inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty\nSandy Koufax's Brooklyn Dodgers jersey\nLetter from Thomas Jefferson to New York's oldest Jewish congregation\nFirst Hebrew prayer books printed in AmericaThe collections range from the early modern era in Europe and pre-colonial times in the Americas to present-day materials from across the globe. The center provides access to a comprehensive collection of historic archival materials, including Franz Kafka, Theodor Herzl, Moses Mendelssohn, Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein. In addition to historical documents like the 1478 record of the trial of Simon of Trent, the center also includes holdings of artwork by Max Lieberman as well as Jewish ephemera like philosopher Moses Mendelssohn's eyeglasses.\n\nDigital initiatives\nIn 2011, the Center for Jewish History began a 2-year project called, \"Illuminating Hidden Collections at the Center for Jewish History,\" with a $229,600 grant from the Council on Library and Information Resources\nIn 2013, the Center for Jewish History donated 600 images to the Google Art Project, which is part of the Google Cultural Institute, an initiative that puts cultural material online. The center was one of four New York City-based institutions to donate at that time, joining eight others. The images are very high resolution and include rich metadata.\nPassage 6:\nJeffrey S. Gurock\nJeffrey S. Gurock is Libby M. Klaperman Professor of Jewish History at Yeshiva University in New York City.\n\nBiography\nGurock earned a bachelor's degree from the City College of New York and a master's degree from Columbia University. He served as associate editor to American Jewish History from 1982 to 2002.\n\nPublished works\nHe has written over a dozen books in the field of American Jewish history. His work focuses on the American Orthodox community and the variations in Orthodox practice and ritual over the course of American Jewish history. His books include Orthodox Jews in America (Indiana University Press, 2009), a comprehensive social and cultural history of this group and its relations to other Jews and mainstream American society, and Jews in Gotham (New York University Press, 2012), which chronicles New York Jewry from 1920 to 2010.\n\nAwards and distinctions\nFor its 135th annual gala in 2015, the City College of New York honored Gurock as one of its distinguished alumni\n\nBooks\nA Modern Heretic and a Traditional Community: Mordecai M. Kaplan, Orthodoxy, and American Judaism. Coauthor with Jacob J. Schacter, Columbia University Press (1997)\n\nFurther reading\nRuttman, Larry (2013). \"Jeffrey Gurock: Professor of Jewish History at Yeshiva University, Orthodox Jew, and Sportsman\". American Jews and America's Game: Voices of a Growing Legacy in Baseball. Lincoln, Nebraska and London, England: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 429–437. ISBN 978-0-8032-6475-5.\n\nNotes\nExternal links\nJeffrey S. Gurock\nPassage 7:\nDavid N. Myers\nDavid N. Myers (born November 2, 1960) is a professor of history at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he holds the Sady and Ludwig Kahn Chair in Jewish History. Myers was the president and CEO of the Center for Jewish History from July 2017 to August 2018. He serves as the President of the New Israel Fund Board.\n\nEarly life\nA native of Scranton, Pennsylvania, Myers received his A.B. cum laude from Yale University in 1982. He commenced graduate studies in Jewish history at Tel Aviv University (1982–84), where he studied with Anita Shapira, Yaakov Shavit, Matitiyahu Mintz, and Moshe Mishkinsky, before moving on to study medieval Jewish thought with Isadore Twersky at Harvard University (1984–85). He then moved to Columbia University, where he worked under the supervision of Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, whose work and thought left a profound impression on him and remain a source of ongoing scholarly interest. Myers received his Ph.D. with distinction in 1991.\n\nAcademic career\nMyers joined the faculty of the UCLA History Department in 1991 as a lecturer and 1992 as an assistant professor. He published his first book, Re-Inventing the Jewish Past: European Jewish Intellectuals and the Zionist Return to History, in 1995. Myers served for ten years as the director of the UCLA Center for Jewish Studies and, from 2010–15, as the Robert N. Burr Department Chair of the UCLA History Department. He also has served since 2003 as the co-editor, along with Elliott Horowitz and Natalie Dohrmann, of the Jewish Quarterly Review. He is an elected fellow of the American Academy for Jewish Research. He received the inaugural Sady and Ludwig Kahn Chair in Jewish History at UCLA in 2015.\nIn 2022, he completed a book with Nomi M. Stolzenberg on the Satmar Hasidic community of Kiryas Joel, New York. This book, American Shtetl, was awarded the National Jewish Book Award for American Jewish Studies in 2022.\nMyers' early work focused on the intersection of the history of Jewish historiography and the history of Zionism in his dissertation and first book on the founding generation of the Institute for Jewish Studies of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. His next book, Resisting History, continued his interest in intellectual history and modes of historical thought, but shifted focus to German Jewish thinkers in the late Wilhelmine and Weimar eras. Myers' next book, Between Jew and Arab, engaged the enigmatic Jewish thinker Simon Rawidowicz—and an intriguing essay on Palestinian refugees that he wrote for inclusion in his monumental book Bavel vi-Yerushalayim, but ultimately decided not to include. Myers then wrote a short synthesis on Jewish history as part of the Oxford University Press VSI series. His next book, The Stakes of History, was a reflection on the historian and historiographical practice that was initially delivered as the Franz Rosenzweig Lectures at Yale in 2014. Already in the early 2000s, Myers began to develop a scholarly interest in the history and politics of Haredi communities, especially Kiryas Joel, New York. For almost two decades, he worked together with his wife on a book on Kiryas Joel that was published in 2022 as American Shtetl. At present, Myers is working on a research project devoted to mid-twentieth-century population displacements through the lens of political and affective history.\n\nCenter For Jewish History\nIn 2017, Myers was appointed CEO of Center for Jewish History.\nFollowing Myers' appointment, some in the Jewish community objected to his activism in organizations supportive of Israeli-Palestinian peace and co-existence, while simultaneously hundreds of Jewish historians responded by expressing their support for Myers. Those who demanded his resignation included Israeli Knesset Member Bezalel Smotrich, as well as the Zionist Organization of America and others. The right-wing Middle East Forum opined \"Myers may present a moderate façade, but his academic & political affiliations expose his radical core.\"\n According to the Forward, \"the campaign against Myers appears to have shaken the CJH,\" though Myers has stated that the protests were only a nuisance early in his tenure and were not the reason for his decision to leave the Center. “After the first two unpleasant months, I had a great time here,” Myers said.\nDespite the attacks by groups associated with the Israeli right, Jewish studies scholars in the United States largely rallied behind Myers. In an op-ed defending Myers, Brandeis professors Jonathan Sarna and Rabbi David Ellenson wrote, \"The writings of David Myers indisputably fall well within the scholarly mainstream of Jewish life and they are unquestionably supportive of Israel’s basic right to exist.\"Myers stepped down from this position in August 2018, returning to UCLA full time. “This is the result of months of deliberation spent on planes going back and forth and really asking myself, Where do I want to be in life?” he said.\n\nNew Israel Fund\nHe became President of the New Israel Fund board in October 2018 after serving as a board member. He also has served as an instructor for the Wexner Heritage Foundation, and writes frequently on matters of contemporary Jewish concern.\n\nPublished books\nAuthored\nRe-Inventing the Jewish Past: European Jewish Intellectuals and the Zionist Return to History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995 ISBN 978-0195098426\nResisting History: Historicism and its Discontents in German-Jewish Thought. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003 ISBN 978-0691146607\nBetween Jew and Arab: The Lost Voice of Simon Rawidowicz. Hanover and London: Brandeis University Press, 2008 ISBN 978-1584657361\nJewish History: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016 ISBN 9780199730988\nThe Stakes of History: On the Use and Abuse of Jewish History for Life. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018. ISBN 9780300228939\nAmerican Shtetl: The Making of Kiryas Joel, a Hasidic Village in Upstate New York. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2022. ISBN 9780691199771\n\nEdited\nDavid N. Myers and William V. Rowe, eds. From Ghetto to Emancipation: Historical and Contemporary Reconsiderations of the Jewish Community, introduction by D. N. Myers. Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press, 1997 ISBN 9780940866720\nDavid N. Myers and David B. Ruderman, eds. The Jewish Past Revisited: Reflections on Modern Jewish Historians, introduction by D. N. Myers. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998 ISBN 9780300191530\nElisheva Carlebach, John M. Efron, and David N. Myers, eds. Jewish History and Jewish Memory: Essays in Honor of Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1998 ISBN 978-0874518719\nRichard Hovannisian and David N. Myers, eds. Enlightenment and Diaspora: The Armenian and Jewish Cases. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1999 ISBN 978-0788506048\nMichael Brenner and David N. Myers, eds. Jüdische Geschichtsschreibung heute: Themen, Positionen, Kontroversen. Munich: Beck Verlag, 2002 ISBN 978-3406488788\nDavid N. Myers et al. eds. Acculturation and its Discontents: The Italian Jewish Experience between Integration and Exclusion. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008 ISBN 9780802098511\nDavid N. Myers and Alexander Kaye, eds. The Faith of Fallen Jews: Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi and the Writing of Jewish History. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2013 ISBN 978-1611684872\nMichael A. Meyer and David N. Myers, eds. Between Jewish Tradition and Modernity: Essays in Honor of David Ellenson. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2014 ISBN 9780814338599\nDavid N. Myers, eds. The Eternal Dissident: Rabbi Leonard I. Beerman and the Radical Imperative to Think and Act. Oakland, CA, 2018. ISBN 978-0520297456\nDavid N. Myers and Benjamin C.I. Ravid, eds. Simon Rawidowicz: Between Babylon and Jerusalem: Select Writings. Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co KG, 2022. ISBN 9783525311257\nPassage 8:\nMoses Rischin\nMoses Rischin (1925-2020) was an American historian, author, lecturer, editor, and emeritus professor of history at San Francisco State University. He coined the phrase new Mormon history in a 1969 article of the same name.Rischin is considered an authority on American ethnic and immigration history and a pioneer in the field of American Jewish history. Historian Selma Berrol, however, has challenged the minimal treatment Rischin has given to the tensions between earlier German Jews and later Russian Jews in America.\n\nBiography\nRischin was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York City. His undergraduate studies were at Brooklyn College. Harvard University awarded him a Ph.D. in 1957.Ruschin became a professor at San Francisco State University in 1964. In addition to his professorship, he sat on the board for the Journal of American Ethnic History and on the council of the American Jewish History Society. During the Monica Lewinsky scandal, Rischin was a signatory of \"Historians in Defense of the Constitution\" wherein 400 historians criticized efforts to impeach President Bill Clinton.He was the longtime director of the Western Jewish History Center, at the Judah L. Magnes Museum, from its founding in 1967; from 2005 until approximately 2010, an annual lecture was given there in his name.A collection of historical essays was published in Rischin's honor in 1996.A character in the 1967 novel Meyer Meyer by Helen Hudson may have been partly modeled after him.\n\nBooks\nThe Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870-1914 (Harvard University Press) ISBN 978-0674715011\nJews of the American West, with John Livingston (Wayne State University Press) ISBN 0-8143-2171-2\n\nArticles and essays\n\"The New Mormon History\", The American West 6, March 1969, 49.\n\"The Jewish Experience in America: A View from the West\"\nForeword to California Jews (2003) Brandeis University Press\n\nAwards\n1963: National Jewish Book Award in The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870-1914\n\nSee also\n\"I'll take Manhattan: reflections on Jewish studies\" by Deborah Dash Moore\nPassage 9:\nCarole B. Balin\nCarole Beth Balin (born 1964) is a Reform rabbi and professor of Jewish history at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in New York City. Her research interests include Eastern European and American Jewish history, the history of Reform Judaism, and gender studies. She received laudatory reviews for her 2003 book To Reveal Our Hearts: Jewish Women Writers in Tsarist Russia, and has co-edited two other books. She is a co-curator of \"Bat Mitzvah Comes of Age\", a traveling exhibition sponsored by the Smithsonian-affiliated National Museum of American Jewish History and the Moving Traditions Jewish non-profit.\n\nEarly life and education\nCarole Beth Balin grew up in Andover, Massachusetts, the daughter of Theodore G. Balin, a defense engineer, and Marcia Balin, a telemarketing sales trainer. She became bat mitzvah in 1977; her mother celebrated her own bat mitzvah in 1979.She earned her bachelor's degree in history at Wellesley College in 1986. Her senior honors thesis was \"Unraveling an American-Jewish Synthesis: Rosa Sonneschein's The American Jewess, 1895–1899\". In 1989 she earned a master's degree in Hebrew letters at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, followed by rabbinic ordination in 1991 at the same institute. In 1994 she earned a Master of Philosophy degree at Columbia University, and in 1998 completed her PhD in history at Columbia. Her doctoral advisors were Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi and Michael Stanislawski.\n\nAcademic career\nBalin was a visiting instructor at the Institute for Advanced Jewish Studies in Moscow in 1995. She joined the faculty of her alma mater, the Hebrew Union College, in 1997 as assistant professor of Jewish history, advancing to associate professor in 2004 and full professor in 2006. She was also a faculty member of the Wexner Heritage Foundation from 1999 to 2003.\n\nWorks\nBalin's 2003 book To Reveal Our Hearts: Jewish Women Writers in Tsarist Russia was noted for its \"pioneering\" research by several reviewers, as she rediscovered the existence of 67 Jewish women writers (44 Russian-language, 17 Hebrew-language, and six Yiddish-language) in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through archival material in Russia, Israel, and North America. The book explores in-depth the lives of five of these writers.Balin has written numerous book chapters and articles, including several biographies for the Jewish Women's Archive. She wrote the pieces \"Betty Friedan’s 'Spiritual Daughters,' the ERA, and the CCAR\" and \"From Periphery to Center: A History of the Women's Rabbinic Network\", which appear in the book The Sacred Calling: Four Decades of Women in the Rabbinate, published in 2016. She also blogs for The Huffington Post.\n\nOther activities\nIn 1991 Balin became the spiritual leader of the Jewish Congregation of Kinnelon, New Jersey, which conducts joint worship services at St. David's, an Episcopal church. Her duties for the 300-member Reform congregation included officiating at religious services, planning seminars on religion, preparing youth for their bar mitzvah or bat mitzvah, and visiting hospitalized and homebound Jewish patients.In 2008 she was one of the interviewees on the PBS documentary The Jewish People: A Story of Survival.Balin is the co-curator, with Josh Perelman and Lori Perlow, of the traveling exhibition \"Bat Mitzvah Comes of Age\", which opened in April 2012 at the Jewish Community Center of Manhattan. The exhibition, a collaboration between the Smithsonian-affiliated National Museum of American Jewish History and the Moving Traditions Jewish non-profit, traces the history of bat mitzvahs in the United States through the stories of 150 American women, depicted in images and oral histories. It has since visited eight other locales.She is a member of the board of Moving Traditions.\n\nPersonal life\nBalin married Michael Eric Gertzman, a Harvard law student, in August 1988. From 1992 to 1996 Gertzman served as Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York. He is currently a partner at Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison in New York City. They have three children.\n\nBibliography\nBooks\n'To Tread on New Ground': Selected Hebrew Writings of Hava Shapiro. Wayne State University Press. 2014. ISBN 978-0814338704. (co-edited with Wendy I. Zierler)\nSisterhood: A Centennial History of Women of Reform Judaism. Hebrew Union College Press. 2013. ISBN 978-0878202546. (co-edited with Dana Herman and Jonathan D. Sarna)\nTo Reveal Our Hearts: Jewish Women Writers in Tsarist Russia. Hebrew Union College Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0878204564.\n\nSelected chapters\nBalin, Carole B. (2012). \"Preface\". In Cosgrove, Elliot J.; Wolpe, David J. (eds.). Jewish Theology in Our Time: A New Generation Explores the Foundations and Future of Jewish Belief. Jewish Lights Publishing. ISBN 978-1580236300.\nBalin, Carole B. (2011). \"Making Every Forkful Count: Reform Jews, Kashrut, and Mindful Eating, 1840–2010\". In Zamore, Mary L. (ed.). The Sacred Table: Creating a Jewish Food Ethic. CCAR Press. pp. 50–59. ISBN 978-0881231861.\nBalin, Carole B. (2008). \"Moving Through the Movements: American denominations and their Haggadot\". In Arnow, David (ed.). My People's Passover Haggadah: Traditional texts, modern commentaries. Vol. 1. Jewish Lights Publishing. pp. 79–84. ISBN 978-1580233545.\nBalin, Carole B. (2008). \"'Good to the Last Drop': The proliferation of the Maxwell House Haggadah\". In Arnow, David (ed.). My People's Passover Haggadah: Traditional texts, modern commentaries. Vol. 1. Jewish Lights Publishing. pp. 85–90. ISBN 978-1580233545.\n\nSelected articles\n\"Leaning In to the Presidency: Hillary, Sheryl and Me\". The Huffington Post. 11 June 2014.\n\"The Uniongram and the Cookie\". Women of Reform Judaism. 10 September 2013. Archived from the original on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2016.\n\"Bat Mitzvah Comes of Age: 90 Years of Transforming Jewish Girls to Women\". The Huffington Post. 12 March 2012.\nPassage 10:\nArnold Richards\nArnold Richards (born August 1934) is a psychoanalyst and former editor of The American Psychoanalyst and Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association (JAPA). Richards also is the Training and Supervising Analyst at the New York Psychoanalytic Institute. He is the founder and Editor-in-Chief of the International Psychoanalysis.net magazine. Richards is a board member and former chair of YIVO.\n\nCareer\nRichards became an editor for The American Psychoanalyst in 1989. He redesigned the format and content of the newsletter during his term as editor. From 1994 to 2003, Richards was an editor for the Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association (JAPA). He is a faculty member of the American Institute of Psychoanalysis and the Metropolitan Institute of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy. Richards presented the 50th annual Leo Baeck Memorial lecture in 2006. In 2014, he participated in the Senior Sino-American Continual Training Project of Psychoanalysis.\n\nWriting and research\nHe presented \"A.A. Brill: The Politics of Exclusion and the Politics of Pluralism\" in November 1995. He presented \"The Organizational Structure of the American Psychoanalytic Association: The Politics of Exclusion\" at the 37th annual conference of the International Psychohistorical Association in June 2014.\n\nAwards and recognition\nRichards received the Mary S. Sigourney Award in 2000. He is a member of the American Psychoanalytic Association and received its Distinguished Contributor Award in 2004. In 2013, Richards received the Hans W. Loewald award.\n\nPersonal life\nRichards' parents were Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe; his father was from Podolia and his mother was from Galicia. Richards grew up in Brooklyn, New York in a Yiddish and English speaking household.Richards is married to Arlene Kramer Richards, a practicing psychoanalyst, and lives in an apartment in Manhattan and a condo in Palm Beach, Florida.\n\nBibliography\nPsychoanalysis: The Science of Mental Conflict - Essays in Honor of Charles Brenner (1986) ISBN 9780881630541\nFantasy, Myth, and Reality: Essays in Honor of Jacob A. Arlow (1988) ISBN 9780823618873\nThe Spectrum of Psychoanalysis: Essays in Honor of Martin S. Bergmann (1994) ISBN 9780823645053\nThe Perverse Transference and Other Matters: Essays in Honor of R. Horacio Etchegoyen (1997) ISBN 9780765700711\nPsychology of Women: Psychoanalytic Perspectives (2000) ISBN 9780823655885\nThe Jewish World of Sigmund Freud: Essays on Cultural Roots and the Problem of Religious Identity (2010) ISBN 9780786444243\n\nSelected publications\n2013 Letter to the Editor re Paper by James Anderson, Clio’s Psyche 19(4) 486-388. http://internationalpsychoanalysis.net/2013/10/15/letter-to-the-editor-response-to-jim-anderson-by-arnold-richards/\n2014 APM Paper in The Bulletin of the Association for Psychoanalytic Medicine. http://internationalpsychoanalysis.net/2013/05/10/apm-paper-by-arnold-richards/\n2013 Book Essay on The Second Century of Psychoanalysis: Evolving Perspectives on Therapeutic Action Arnold D. Richards Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association Volume 61(1): pp. 157–165.\n2013. Freud's Free Clinics: A Tale of Two Continents. The Psychoanalytic Review Vol. 100, No. 6, pp. 819–838.\n2014 A Dangerous Legacy: Judaism and the Psychoanalytic Movement by Hans Reijzer Reviewed Arnold D. Richards in (2014). The Psychoanalytic Review Vol. 101, No. 6, pp. 925–938.\n2015 What is Jewish about Psychoanalysis? A review of Hans Reijzer’s A Dangerous Legacy: Judaism and the Psychoanalytic Movement Clio’s Psyche. In Press\n2014 Freud’s Jewish identity and Psychoanalysis as a Science. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 62:987-1003.\n2014) A Dangerous Legacy: Judaism and the Psychoanalytic Movement. By Hans Reijzer. London: Karnac Books, 2011, 236 pp. £9.99 (paperback).. Psychoanal. Rev., 101(6):931-938.\n2015. Psychoanalysis in Crisis: The Danger of Ideology. Psychoanalytic Review 102(3):389-405.\n2018. A Cultural Citizen of the World: Sigmund Freud's Knowledge and use of British and American Writings: By S. S. Prawer. Abingdon, UK / New York: Modern Humanities Research Association / Routledge, 2009. 156 pp.. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 87(2):383-387.\n2018. Dreams and the Wish for Immortality. Canadian Journal Psychoanalysis 26(1):142-158.\n2018. Some Thoughts on Self-Disclosure. Psychoanalytic Review 105(2):137-156.\n2020 The Organizational Life of Psychoanalysis, by Kenneth Eisold. Routledge, New York, 2018, 262 pp.. Psychodynamic Psychology, 48(2):201-211.\n2020. The Organizational Structure of the American Psychoanalytic Association: The Politics of Exclusion. Psychoanalytic Review 107(3):211-227.",6 "char_len": 41780,7 "document_hash": "e2a9f8d19548051cad30ea181a44a26e36212987e336a2c0b55e18e216a7cb7a",8 "questions": [9 {10 "question_id": "q00",11 "qtype": "hotpotqa",12 "question": "Arnold Richards was the former chair of what organization that is a member of the Center for Jewish History?"13 }14 ]15}