1{2 "document_id": "lb_hotpotqa_83df22880fee9f761464404ca2ff6ab21954e6b0827b4142",3 "family": "public_hotpotqa",4 "split": "test",5 "text": "Passage 1:\nBrian Stokes Mitchell\nBrian Stokes Mitchell (born October 31, 1957) is an American actor and singer. A powerful baritone, he has been one of the central leading men of the Broadway theater since the 1990s. He won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical in 2000 for his performance in Kiss Me, Kate.\n\nEarly life\nMitchell was born in Seattle, Washington, the youngest of four children of George Mitchell, an electronics engineer, and his wife Lillian (née Stokes), a school administrator. Mitchell grew up at various U.S. military bases overseas, where his father was a civilian engineer for the U.S. Navy. As a young boy, he lived in San Diego, California, where he began acting in school musicals. He did not attend college, having begun performing professionally while a student at Patrick Henry High School, although he did have private teachers in both acting and voice in his teen years. He has said that he studied film scoring, orchestration, and conducting through UCLA. Prior to Ragtime, he was known professionally as Brian Mitchell.\n\nCareer\nStage\nMitchell first performed on Broadway in the musical Mail in 1988, with music by Michael Rupert and lyrics by Jerry Cocker, winning the Theatre World award. His Broadway credits include an all-black revival of George and Ira Gershwin's Oh, Kay! (1990), Jelly's Last Jam (1992) based on the works of jazz artist Jelly Roll Morton, and Kander and Ebb's Kiss of the Spider Woman (1993).He originated the role of Coalhouse Walker Jr, in the musical Ragtime, which opened on Broadway in January 1998. He received a 1998 Tony Award nomination for Best Actor in a Musical. He appeared in the 1999 revival of Cole Porter's Kiss Me, Kate as Fred Graham / Petruchio, winning the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical. He appeared on Broadway in King Hedley II in 2001 (Tony Award nomination) and Man of La Mancha in 2002 (Tony Award nomination).He appeared in the New York City Center Encores! staged concert productions of Jule Styne's Do Re Mi (1999), Bob Merrill's Carnival! (2002), Kismet (2006), and The Band Wagon in 2014.He played the title role in the 2002 Kennedy Center production of Sweeney Todd, part of the Stephen Sondheim celebration.On June 9, 2005, Mitchell appeared in a concert version of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific at Carnegie Hall. He starred as Emile, alongside Reba McEntire as Nellie Forbush and Alec Baldwin as Luther Billis. The production was taped and telecast by PBS in 2006. Of his performance, Ben Brantley wrote in The New York Times, \"As for Mr. Mitchell, his place in the pantheon of romantic musical leads is now guaranteed.\"\nPlaybill Records released his debut solo CD, Brian Stokes Mitchell on June 6, 2006. Mitchell has also performed in a Christmas concert with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir later released as a CD and DVD entitled Ring Christmas Bells. His second solo CD, Simply Broadway, was released October 30, 2012, by CD Baby.Mitchell returned to Broadway to star with Patti LuPone in the musical version of the Pedro Almodóvar film Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown, which opened at the Belasco Theatre in November 2010.A new musical titled Shuffle Along, or, the Making of the Musical Sensation of 1921 and All That Followed, based on the making of Shuffle Along opened on Broadway on March 14, 2016 in previews, officially on April 21 at the Music Box Theatre. Mitchell played \"F.E. Miller\", with Audra McDonald as \"Lottie Gee\", Billy Porter, Joshua Henry and Brandon Victor Dixon.\n\nTelevision and film\nMitchell has a number of television and film credits, including the role of John Dolan in Roots: The Next Generations (1979), and a seven-year stint as Dr. Justin 'Jackpot' Jackson on Trapper John, M.D. from 1979 to 1986. Mitchell made several appearances as a celebrity panelist on episodes of $25,000 Pyramid and $100,000 Pyramid in the 1980s, and was considered one of the game's better celebrity players, helping a contestant win the $100,000 grand prize on the latter show in February 1986. Mitchell also participated as a celebrity panelist in four weeks' worth of episodes of The Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour, a short-lived NBC game show that ran from 1983-1984. He played recurring roles as Hilary Banks' news anchor fiancé Trevor Newsworthy/Collins on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air and on Frasier as Dr. Frasier Crane's upstairs neighbor and nemesis Cam Winston. He supplied the singing voice of Jethro in the animated feature The Prince of Egypt (1998). He guest starred in March 2010 in Ugly Betty as Wilhelmina Slater's ex-boyfriend, Don.He appeared on the 57th episode of Glee, titled \"Heart\" in 2012, and the 58th, titled \"On My Way,\" as one of Rachel's dads (LeRoy) along with Jeff Goldblum.\nHe also played a recurring role on the USA Network series Mr. Robot as Scott Knowles, CTO of E Corp. The series began in June 2015 and ended in December 2019.He has also done voice-overs for animation including Animaniacs, Capitol Critters, Tiny Toon Adventures, A Pup Named Scooby-Doo, The Further Adventures of SuperTed, Kid 'n Play, New Kids on the Block, Scooby-Doo! and the Reluctant Werewolf, Gravedale High, Potsworth & Co., Captain Planet and the Planeteers, The Tom and Jerry Kids Show, Yo Yogi!, Fantastic Max, Pound Puppies, The Addams Family, California Raisins, The Angry Beavers, James Bond Jr., Batman: The Animated Series, Paddington Bear, Pinky and the Brain, Defenders of Dynatron City, The Hot Rod Dogs and Cool Car Cats, Droopy, Master Detective, Denver, the Last Dinosaur, Mighty Max, Don Coyote & Sancho Panda, Vampirina, and the two Flintstones animated movies Hollyrock-a-Bye Baby and I Yabba-Dabba Do!.\nMitchell plays Nicholas Prophet in Wolverine: The Long Night, a scripted podcast serial.\n\nPersonal life\nHe has been married to actress Allyson Tucker since 1994 and has a son, Ellington.\n\nFilmography\nFilm\nTelevision\nVideo games\nTheatre\nDiscography\nBrian Stokes Mitchell (June 6, 2006)Track listing\"Something's Coming\" (West Side Story)\n\"The Best Is Yet to Come\" (Cy Coleman)\n\"Pretty Women\" (Sweeney Todd)\n\"Just In Time\" (Bells are Ringing)\n\"Lazy Afternoon\" (The Golden Apple)\n\"Another Hundred People\" (Company)/\"Take the 'A' Train\"\n\"How Long Has This Been Going On?\" (Funny Face)\n\"Life is Sweet\" (Wonderful Town)\n\"Losing My Mind\" (Follies)\n\"Being Alive\" (Company)\n\"How Glory Goes\" (Floyd Collins)\n\"Grateful\"Simply Broadway (2012)\nPlays With Music (2019)\n\nAwards and nominations\nSources: Playbill BroadwayWorld\n\nHonors\n2004 - Mitchell was elected the Chairman of the Board of the Actors Fund of America\n2016 - Mitchell received the Isabelle Stevenson Award \"for his commitment to supporting members of the entertainment community in crisis or transition through his work with The Actors Fund.\"\nPassage 2:\nNigel Hawthorne\nSir Nigel Barnard Hawthorne (5 April 1929 – 26 December 2001) was an English actor. He is known for his stage acting and his portrayal of Sir Humphrey Appleby, the permanent secretary in the 1980s sitcom Yes Minister and the Cabinet Secretary in its sequel, Yes, Prime Minister. For this role, he won four BAFTA TV Awards for Best Light Entertainment Performance.\nHe won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for portraying King George III in The Madness of King George (1994). He later won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor, for the 1996 series The Fragile Heart. He was also an Olivier Award and Tony Award winner for his work in theatre.\n\nEarly life\nHawthorne was born in Coventry, Warwickshire, England, the second of four children of Agnes Rosemary (née Rice) and Charles Barnard Hawthorne, a physician.When Nigel was three years old, the family moved to Cape Town, South Africa, where his father had bought a practice. Initially they lived in the Gardens and then moved to a newly built house near Camps Bay.He attended St George's Grammar School, Cape Town, and, although the family was not Catholic, at a now-defunct Christian Brothers College, where he played on the rugby team. He described his time at the latter as not being a particularly happy experience.He enrolled at the University of Cape Town, where he met and sometimes acted in plays with Theo Aronson (later a well-known biographer), but withdrew and returned to the United Kingdom in the 1950s to pursue a career in acting.\n\nCareer\nHawthorne made his professional stage debut in 1950, playing Archie Fellows in a Cape Town production of The Shop at Sly Corner. Unhappy in South Africa, he decided to move to London, where he performed in various small parts before becoming recognized as a great character actor.\nFinding success in London, Hawthorne decided to try his luck in New York City and eventually got a part in a 1974 production of As You Like It on Broadway. Around this time, he was persuaded by Ian McKellen and Judi Dench to join the Royal Shakespeare Company. He also supplemented his income by appearing in television advertisements, including one for Mackeson Stout.\nHe returned to the New York stage in 1990 in Shadowlands and won the 1991 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play.Although Hawthorne had appeared in small roles in various British television series since the late 1950s, his most famous role was as Sir Humphrey Appleby, the Permanent Secretary of the fictional Department of Administrative Affairs in the television series Yes Minister (and Cabinet Secretary in its sequel, Yes, Prime Minister), for which he won four BAFTA awards during the 1980s. He became a household name throughout the United Kingdom, which finally opened the doors to film roles. In 1982, Hawthorne appeared in Richard Attenborough's Gandhi, alongside a distinguished international cast including Martin Sheen, John Mills, Candice Bergen, John Gielgud, Ian Charleson and Ben Kingsley. That same year, he starred opposite Clint Eastwood in the cold war thriller Firefox, where he played a dissident Russian scientist.\nOther film roles during this time included Demolition Man, which he detested for being \"brainless\" and a \"cheap picture\". However, it led to his most famous role: that of King George III in Alan Bennett's stage play The Madness of George III (for which he won a Best Actor Olivier Award) and then the film adaptation entitled The Madness of King George, for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor and won the BAFTA Film Award for Best Actor.\nAfter this success, his friend Ian McKellen asked him to play his doomed brother Clarence in Richard III, and Steven Spielberg asked him to play lame duck president Martin Van Buren in Amistad. He won a sixth BAFTA for the 1996 TV mini-series The Fragile Heart. He also drew praise for his role of Georgie Pillson in the London Weekend Television series \"Mapp and Lucia.\"\nHawthorne was also a voice actor, and lent his voice to two Disney films: Fflewddur Fflam in The Black Cauldron (1985) and Professor Porter in Tarzan (1999). He also voiced Captain Campion in the animated film adaptation of Watership Down (1978).\n\nPersonal life\nAn intensely private person, he was annoyed at having been outed as gay in 1995 in the publicity surrounding the Academy Awards, but he did attend the ceremony with his long-time partner Trevor Bentham, and afterward, he spoke openly about being gay in interviews and in his autobiography, Straight Face, which was published posthumously.They met in 1968 when Bentham was stage-managing the Royal Court Theatre. From 1979 until Hawthorne's death in 2001, they lived together in Radwell and then at Thundridge, both in Hertfordshire. The two of them became fund raisers for the North Hertfordshire hospice and other local charities.\n\nDeath\nHawthorne died from a heart attack at his home on 26 December 2001, aged 72. He had recently undergone several operations for pancreatic cancer, which he was diagnosed with in mid-2000, but had been discharged from hospital for the Christmas holidays. He was survived by Bentham, and his funeral service was held at St Mary's, the Parish Church of Thundridge near Ware, Hertfordshire, following which he was cremated at Stevenage Crematorium. His funeral was attended by Derek Fowlds, Maureen Lipman, Charles Dance, Loretta Swit and Frederick Forsyth along with friends and local people. The service was led by the Right Reverend Christopher Herbert, the Bishop of St Albans. The coffin had a wreath of white lilies and orchids and Bentham was one of the pallbearers.On hearing of Hawthorne's death, Alan Bennett described him in his diary: \"Courteous, grand, a man of the world and superb at what he did, with his technique never so obvious as to become familiar as, say, Olivier's did or Alec Guinness's.\"\n\nHonours\nHe was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1987 New Years Honours List, and was knighted in the 1999 New Years Honours List \"for services to the Theatre, Film and Television.\"\n\nFilmography\nFilm\nTelevision\nVideo games\nStage\nTheatre\nAwards and nominations\nPassage 3:\nGordon Dahlquist\nGordon Dahlquist is an American playwright and novelist. A native of the Pacific Northwest, Dahlquist has lived and worked in New York City since 1988. His plays, which include Messalina and Delirium Palace (both Garland Playwriting Award winners), have been performed in New York and Los Angeles. Graduate of Reed College and Columbia University’s School of the Arts. He is an alumnus of New Dramatists.Dahlquist's debut novel The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters, a hybrid of fantasy and science fiction set in a period similar to the Victorian era, was published on August 1, 2006, to notable critical acclaim. Dahlquist was reportedly paid an advance of $2,000,000 for The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters, the first of a two-book deal. Its sales were disappointing and it is estimated to have lost its publisher, Bantam, approximately $851,500. The sequel to The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters, The Dark Volume, was published in the UK by Penguin on May 1, 2008, and March 24, 2009 in the United States. A third volume, The Chemickal Marriage was published in July 2012. A young adult novel, The Different Girl was published in 2013. In 2015 he received the James Tait Black Prize for his play Tomorrow Come Today.\n\nPlays\nBabylon 55 (with Mark Worthington), premiere Sumus Theatre, Portland, OR, 1984\nReticence, premiere Horace Mann Theatre NYC\nSeverity's Mistress, premiere Walker Space NYC, 1995\nMission Byzantium, premiere The American Globe Theater NYC, 1995\nIsland of Dogs, premiere 4th Street Theater NYC, 1998\nVortex du Plaisir, premiere Ohio Theater NYC, 1999\nThe Secret Machine, premiere Walker Space NYC, 1999\nDelirium Palace, premiere Evidence Room LA CA, 2001\nMessalina, premiere Evidence Room LA CA, 2003\nBabylon is Everywhere: A Court Masque, premiere NYC 2004\nVenice Saved: A Seminar (with David Levine), premiere PS122 NYC, 2009\nTea Party, workshop premiere Bay Area Playwrights Foundation, 2012\nTomorrow Comes Today, premiere Undermain Theatre, Dallas, 2014\nRed Chariot, premiere Undermain Theatre, Dallas, 2019\n\nNovels\nThe Glass Books of the Dream Eaters (2006)\nThe Dark Volume (2008)\nThe Chemickal Marriage (2012)\nThe Different Girl (2013)\n\nBibliography, Plays\nVortex du Plaisir, Playscripts Inc.\nDelirium Palace, Breaking Ground, Stage & Screen, 2002\nBabylon is Everywhere, Theater Magazine, Vol 34 #2, 2004\n\nBibliography, Novels\nThe Glass Books of the Dream Eaters, Bantam 2006\nThe Dark Volume, Bantam 2009\nThe Chemickal Marriage, Penguin 2012\nThe Different Girl, Dutton Juvenile, 2013\nPassage 4:\nSpecial Tony Award\nThe Special Tony Award category includes the Lifetime Achievement Tony Award and the Special Tony Award. These are non-competitive honorary awards, and the titles have changed over the years. The Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre is to \"honor an individual for the body of his or her work.\" (The Tony Award for Best Special Theatrical Event was a competitive award, given from 2001 to 2009.) Another non-competitive Tony award is the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, to \"recognize the achievements of individuals and organizations that do not fit into any of the competitive categories.\"\n\nAward winners\n1940s\n1950s\n1960s\n1970s\n1980s\n1990s\n2000s\n2010s\n2020s\nSee also\nRegional Theatre Tony Award\nTony Honors for Excellence in Theatre\nPassage 5:\nEddie Vedder\nEddie Jerome Vedder (born Edward Louis Severson III; December 23, 1964) is an American singer, musician, songwriter, and the lead vocalist and one of three guitarists for the rock band Pearl Jam. He previously was a guest vocalist for supergroup Temple of the Dog, a tribute band dedicated to the late singer Andrew Wood.\nVedder, who is known for his powerful baritone vocals, was ranked seventh on a list of \"Best Lead Singers of All Time,\" based on a readers' poll compiled by Rolling Stone.In 2007, Vedder released his first solo album as a soundtrack for the film Into the Wild (2007). His second album, Ukulele Songs, and a live DVD titled Water on the Road were released in 2011. His third solo album Earthling was released in 2022.\nIn 2017, Vedder was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Pearl Jam.\n\nEarly life and education\nVedder was born Edward Louis Severson III on December 23, 1964 in Evanston, Illinois, to Karen Lee Vedder and Edward Louis Severson Jr. His parents divorced in 1965 when Vedder was an infant. His mother soon remarried to a man named Peter Mueller. Vedder was raised believing that Mueller was his biological father, and he went by the name Edward Mueller for a time. Vedder's ancestry includes Dutch, German, and Danish on his mother' side (Vedder) and Norwegian on his father's side (Severson).While living in Evanston, Vedder's family fostered seven younger children in a group home. In the mid-1970s, the family, including Vedder's three younger half-brothers, moved to San Diego County, California. Vedder received a guitar from his mother on his 12th birthday, and began turning to music and surfing as a source of comfort. He especially found solace in The Who's 1973 album, Quadrophenia. He said, \"When I was around 15 or 16...I was all alone—except for music.\" His mother and Mueller divorced when Vedder was in his late teens. His mother and brothers moved back to the Chicago area, but Vedder remained with his stepfather in California so he did not have to change schools.\nAfter the divorce, Vedder learned the truth about his parentage and that Mueller was really his stepfather, not his father. Vedder met his biological father briefly as a child, but was led to believe that Severson was merely an old friend of his parents. By the time Vedder learned the truth, Severson had died of multiple sclerosis. During his senior year at San Dieguito High School, Vedder moved out to live in an apartment, supported himself with a nightly job at a drug store in Encinitas. Because of the pressure of work and school, Vedder dropped out of high school. He joined the rest of his family in the Chicago area, and changed his last name to Vedder, his mother's maiden name.\nIn the early 1980s, while working as a waiter, Vedder earned his high school GED from Oakton Community College.\n\nCareer\nIn 1984, Vedder returned to San Diego with his girlfriend Beth Liebling and his friend Frank. While living in the San Diego area, Vedder recorded demo tapes at his home and worked various jobs, including as a contracted security guard at the La Valencia Hotel in La Jolla. Vedder had several stints in San Diego area bands, including Surf and Destroy and the Butts. One of those bands, called Indian Style, included future Rage Against the Machine and Audioslave drummer Brad Wilk.In 1988, Vedder became the vocalist for Bad Radio, a San Diego-based progressive funk rock band. The band's original incarnation was influenced by Duran Duran; however, after Vedder joined, the band moved to a more alternative rock sound influenced in part by the Red Hot Chili Peppers.\n\nTemple of the Dog\nIn the 1980s, Vedder worked part time as a night attendant at a local gas station. Through the Southern California music scene, Vedder met former Red Hot Chili Peppers drummer Jack Irons, who became a friend and would play basketball with him. Later in 1990, Irons gave him the demo tape of a Seattle band looking for a singer. Vedder listened to the tape shortly before going surfing, where lyrics came to him. He wrote lyrics for three of the songs in what he later described as a \"mini-opera\" entitled Momma-Son. The songs tell the story of a young man who, like Vedder, learns that he had been lied to about his paternity and that his real father is dead, grows up to become a serial killer, and is eventually imprisoned and sentenced to death. Vedder recorded vocals for the three songs, and mailed the demo tape back to Seattle. The three songs would later become Pearl Jam's \"Alive\", \"Once\", and \"Footsteps\".\nAfter hearing Vedder's tape, former Mother Love Bone members Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament invited Vedder to come to Seattle to audition for their new band. They were instantly impressed with his unique sound. At the time, Gossard and Ament were working on the Temple of the Dog project founded by Soundgarden's Chris Cornell as a musical tribute to Mother Love Bone's frontman Andrew Wood, who died of a heroin overdose at age 24. Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron and newcomer Mike McCready were also a part of the project. The song \"Hunger Strike\" became a duet between Cornell and Vedder. Cornell later said that Vedder \"sang half of that song not even knowing that I'd wanted the part to be there and he sang it exactly the way I was thinking about doing it, just instinctively.\"Vedder also provided background vocals on several other Temple of the Dog songs. In April 1991, Temple of the Dog was released by A&M Records. \"Hunger Strike\" became Temple of the Dog's breakout single; it was also Vedder's first featured vocal on a record. \"I really like hearing that song. I feel like I could be real proud of it – because one, I didn't write it, and two, it was such a nice way to be ushered onto vinyl for the first time. I'm indebted to Chris (Cornell) time eternal for being invited onto that track\", Vedder said in 2009. In the 2011 documentary Pearl Jam Twenty, Vedder said, \"That was the first time I heard myself on a real record. It could be one of my favorite songs that I've ever been on – or the most meaningful.\" Vedder and Cornell performed the song together for the last time on October 26, 2014, at a benefit for Bridge School.\n\nPearl Jam\nPearl Jam, initially called Mookie Blaylock after the former National Basketball Association player of the same name, was formed in 1990 by Jeff Ament, Stone Gossard, and Mike McCready, who then recruited Vedder as lead singer but hired and fired three different drummers. The band was forced to change its name when they signed to Epic Records in 1991, becoming Pearl Jam, and instead naming their debut album Ten after Blaylock's jersey number.\nTen became one of the best-selling alternative albums of the 1990s, being certified 13× Platinum. The single \"Jeremy\" received Grammy Award nominations for Best Rock Song and Best Hard Rock Performance in 1993. Pearl Jam received four awards at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards for its music video for \"Jeremy\", including Video of the Year and Best Group Video. Ten ranks number 209 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, and \"Jeremy\" was ranked number 11 on VH1's list of the 100 greatest songs of the '90s.Following an intense touring schedule, the band recorded its second studio album, Vs., which was released in 1993. Upon its release, Vs. set the record at the time for most copies of an album sold in a week, and spent five weeks at number one on the Billboard 200. Vs. was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Album in 1995. From Vs., the song \"Daughter\" received a Grammy nomination for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and the song \"Go\" received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance.Feeling the pressures of success, with much of the burden of Pearl Jam's popularity falling on Vedder, the band decided to decrease the level of promotion for its albums, including refusing to release music videos. Vedder's issue with fame came from what he stated as \"what happens when a lot of these people start thinking you can change their lives or save their lives or whatever and create these impossible fuckin' expectations that in the end just start tearing you apart.\" In 1994, the band began a much-publicized boycott of Ticketmaster, which lasted for three years and limited the band's ability to tour in the United States. Vedder faced what he called a \"pretty intense stalker problem\" during the mid-1990s. Vedder would refer to the issue in the song \"Lukin\" from No Code.Later that same year the band released its third studio album, Vitalogy, which became the band's third straight album to reach multi-platinum status. On the album, Vedder was featured more extensively on rhythm guitar, and also provided back up vocals and some drumming. The pressure of fame is a common theme of Vedder's songs on the album. The album received Grammy nominations for Album of the Year and Best Rock Album in 1996. Vitalogy was ranked 485th on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The lead single \"Spin the Black Circle\" won a Grammy Award in 1996 for Best Hard Rock Performance. Although Dave Abbruzzese performed on the album Vitalogy, he was fired in August 1994, four months before the album was released. The band cited political differences between Abbruzzese and the other members; for example, he disagreed with the Ticketmaster boycott. He was replaced by Jack Irons, a close friend of Vedder and the former and original drummer of the Red Hot Chili Peppers.The band subsequently released No Code in 1996 and Yield in 1998. In 1998, prior to Pearl Jam's U.S. Yield Tour, Irons left the band due to dissatisfaction with touring. Pearl Jam enlisted former Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron as Irons' replacement on an initially temporary basis, but he soon became the permanent replacement for Irons. \"Do the Evolution\" (from Yield) received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance. Vedder described Pearl Jam's approach in 1998, saying \"We've had the luxury of writing our own job description...and that description has basically been cut down to just one line: make music.\"In 1998, Pearl Jam recorded \"Last Kiss\", a cover of a 1960s ballad made famous by J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers. It was released on the band's 1998 fan club Christmas single; however, by popular demand, the cover was released to the public as a single in 1999. \"Last Kiss\" peaked at number two on the Billboard charts and became the band's highest-charting single.\nIn 2000, the band released its sixth studio album, Binaural, and initiated a successful and ongoing series of official bootlegs. The band released seventy-two such live albums in 2000 and 2001, and set a record for most albums to debut in the Billboard 200 at the same time. \"Grievance\" (from Binaural) received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance. The band released its seventh studio album, Riot Act, in 2002. Pearl Jam's contribution to the 2003 film Big Fish, titled \"Man of the Hour,\" was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 2004. The band's eighth studio album, the eponymous Pearl Jam, was released in 2006. The band released its ninth studio album, Backspacer, in 2009, its tenth studio album, Lightning Bolt, in 2013, and its eleventh studio album, Gigaton, in 2020.\nVedder uses the pseudonym \"Jerome Turner\" on Pearl Jam records for his non-musical contributions such as design and artwork. He has also used the pseudonym \"Wes C. Addle\" (\"West Seattle\").\n\nOther musical projects\nSoundtrack contributions\nVedder has contributed solo material to several soundtracks and compilations, including the soundtracks for the films Dead Man Walking (1995), I Am Sam (2001), A Brokedown Melody (2004), Body of War (2007), and Reign Over Me (2007). Vedder collaborated with Pakistani musician Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan for his contributions to the Dead Man Walking soundtrack. He covered the Beatles' \"You've Got to Hide Your Love Away\" for the I Am Sam soundtrack. Vedder wrote \"Man of the Hour\" that Pearl Jam recorded for Tim Burton's Big Fish Soundtrack (2003). Vedder wrote two songs for the 2007 feature documentary, Body of War, produced by Ellen Spiro and Phil Donahue: \"No More\" (a song referring to the Iraq War) and \"Long Nights\". Vedder and the supergroup the Million Dollar Bashers, which includes members from Sonic Youth, Wilco, and Bob Dylan's band, covered Dylan's \"All Along the Watchtower\" for the biopic film, I'm Not There (2007). Pearl Jam recorded a cover version of The Who's song \"Love, Reign o'er Me\" for the film Reign Over Me, which takes its title from the song. In 2010, Vedder recorded a new song, \"Better Days\", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2010 film Eat Pray Love. Vedder contributed original music for the soundtrack to the 2021 film Flag Day, which also featured the musical debut of Vedder's daughter Olivia on lead vocals in the first single, \"My Father’s Daughter\", written by Vedder and Glen Hansard.\n\nInto the Wild\nVedder contributed an album's worth of songs to the soundtrack for the 2007 film, Into the Wild. The soundtrack was released on September 18, 2007, through J Records. It includes covers of the Indio song \"Hard Sun\" and the Jerry Hannan song \"Society\". Vedder said that having to write songs based on a narrative \"simplified things\". He said, \"There were fewer choices. The story was there and the scenes were there.\" Vedder's songs written for the film feature a folk sound. Thom Jurek of AllMusic called the soundtrack a \"collection of folksy, rootsy tunes where rock & roll makes fleeting appearances.\" Vedder won a 2008 Golden Globe Award for the song \"Guaranteed\" from Into the Wild. He was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his contributions to the film's original score. At the 2008 Grammy Awards, \"Guaranteed\" received a nomination for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. \"Guaranteed\" was also nominated a 2008 World Soundtrack Award in the category of Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film. At the 2009 Grammy Awards, \"Rise\" received a nomination for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Solo.Vedder promoted the Into the Wild soundtrack with his first solo tour, which began in April 2008. The April leg of the tour, dubbed the \"April Fools Tour\", began in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada at The Centre on April 2, 2008, and was composed of ten dates focusing on the West Coast of the United States. Vedder continued the tour with a second leg in August 2008 composed of fourteen dates focusing on the East Coast and Canada. The second leg of the tour began in Boston, Massachusetts at the Boston Opera House and ended in Chicago, Illinois at the Auditorium Theatre. In June 2009, Vedder followed his 2008 solo tour with another solo tour composed of fourteen dates focusing on the Eastern United States and Hawaii, which began in Albany, New York at the Palace Theatre and continued through to Honolulu at the Hawaii Theatre.\n\nUkulele Songs\nVedder released his second solo album titled Ukulele Songs, a collection of original songs and covers performed on the ukulele, on May 31, 2011. The first single from the album, \"Longing to Belong\", was released through digital retailers on March 21. A live DVD titled Water on the Road, featuring live performances from two shows in Washington, D.C. during Vedder's 2008 solo tour, was released the same day as Ukulele Songs.\n\nEarthling\nIn September 2021, Vedder released the single \"Long Way\", taken from his third studio album Earthling. This was followed by \"The Haves\" on November 18, 2021, and \"Brother the Cloud\" on January 14, 2022. \"Long Way\" and \"The Haves\" have been released as a limited edition 7\" vinyl. To tour the album, Vedder assembled a backing band dubbed \"The Earthlings\", which includes Glen Hansard on rhythm guitar and backing vocals, Josh Klinghoffer on guitar, keyboard and vocals, Chad Smith on drums, Chris Chaney on bass, and guitarist Andrew Watt. Watt also produced the album.\n\nCollaborations\nIn addition to playing with Pearl Jam and Temple of the Dog, Vedder has performed or recorded with numerous well-known artists. He has appeared on albums by the Who, Ramones, Neil Young, R.E.M., Neil Finn, Bad Religion, Mark Seymour, Cat Power, Mike Watt, Fastbacks, Wellwater Conspiracy, Jack Irons, and John Doe, and has also recorded with the Strokes, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Supersuckers, Susan Sarandon, and Zeke. In the months of June and July 2006, Vedder made live performances jamming with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, singing on many tracks, including lead vocals on \"The Waiting\" and backing vocals on \"American Girl\". Vedder performed the songs \"Break on Through (To the Other Side)\", \"Light My Fire\" and \"Roadhouse Blues\" with the remaining members of the Doors at the 1993 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony. He also performed with R.E.M. at the 2007 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony and with the Stooges at the 2010 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony. Vedder made a guest appearance at the Ramones' last show on August 6, 1996, at the Palace in Hollywood.\n\nFilm\nVedder had a brief acting cameo in the 1992 movie, Singles, along with Jeff Ament and Stone Gossard of Pearl Jam. He appeared as himself, playing drums in lead actor Matt Dillon's backing band, Citizen Dick. He was also interviewed for the 1996 grunge documentary, Hype! He appears in the 2003 Ramones documentary, End of the Century: The Story of the Ramones. In 2007, he made a cameo as himself in the comedy film, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story. He appears in the 2007 Tom Petty documentary, Runnin' Down a Dream, the 2008 political documentary, Slacker Uprising, and the 2009 Howard Zinn documentary, The People Speak, based upon A People's History of the United States. He was featured in the 2008 Greg Kohs documentary, Song Sung Blue, performing with Lightning and Thunder. He had a one-scene cameo in the second episode of the second season of the IFC television show Portlandia. He also appears in the 2012 documentary West of Memphis, protesting against the case. Vedder made an appearance in the season 3 episode 16 of David Lynch's Twin Peaks Aug 2017. He was referred to by his birth name, Edward Louis Severson.\nThe character of Jackson Maine in the movie 'A Star is Born was partly influenced by Vedder. Bradley Cooper, who wrote the screenplay, produced, directed, and starred in the film as Jackson Maine, hung out with Vedder for four or five days to get some tips from him about the character.\n\nActivism\nVedder has used his role as a musician to speak on several politically-oriented themes. In 2009, he said, \"People on death row, the treatment of animals, women's right to choose. So much in America is based on religious fundamentalist Christianity. Grow up! This is the modern world!\" In 1992, Spin printed an article by Vedder, titled \"Reclamation\", which detailed his views on abortion. Vedder and Pearl Jam performed at Rock for Choice in 1994. During the band's appearance on MTV Unplugged in 1992, Vedder stood up on his stool during the instrumental break of the song \"Porch\" and wrote \"PRO-CHOICE\" on his left arm with a magic marker.Vedder was supportive of Green Party presidential candidate Ralph Nader in 2000 and played at Green Party super rallies in Chicago and New York City. Pearl Jam played a series of concerts on the 2004 Vote for Change tour, supporting the candidacy of John Kerry for U.S. president. \"I supported Ralph Nader in 2000, but it's a time of crisis. We have to get a new administration in\", Vedder told Rolling Stone magazine in 2004. In 2005, during Pearl Jam's first South American tour, Vedder said, \"next time we come to Brazil, the world will be a better place to live, as George Bush will no longer be the President of the United States.\" Vedder supported Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election, and 2012, Bernie Sanders in the 2016 and 2020 primaries, Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election, and Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election against Donald Trump.In his spare time, Vedder is a surfer and active in surf-related conservation efforts, including supporting The Surfrider Foundation. In 1993, Vedder supported fellow Surfrider Foundation member/environmentalist, Aaron Ahearn who had gone AWOL from the United States Navy in protest of the Navy's at sea dumping policies. Vedder and Pearl Jam performed a concert in San Francisco, donating over $3,000 to Ahearn's legal fees.\nVedder supports Earth First! with a tattoo on his right calf. The logo is of a pipe wrench crossed with a stone hammer.Vedder was a longtime and outspoken supporter for the Free the West Memphis Three movement, a cause that advocated the release of three young men who were convicted in 1994 of the gruesome murders of three boys in West Memphis, Arkansas. In an interview with Larry King on December 19, 2007, Damien Echols, who was then on death row for the murders, said that Vedder had been the \"greatest friend a person could have\" and that he had collaborated with him while in prison. The song \"Army Reserve\" on Pearl Jam's 2006 self-titled album features a lyrical collaboration between Vedder and Echols. On August 19, 2011, Vedder and Natalie Maines attended the release hearing of the West Memphis Three.Vedder is a gun control activist and has performed at benefit anti-gun violence concerts and participated on the 2019 Gun Sense Forum.\n\nMusical style and influences\nMusic critic Jim DeRogatis has described Vedder's vocals as a \"Jim Morrison-like vocal growl\". Greg Prato of AllMusic said, \"With his hard-hitting and often confessional lyrical style and Jim Morrison-esque baritone, Vedder also became one of the most copied lead singers in all of rock.\" Vedder has inducted the Doors, Neil Young, the Ramones, and R.E.M. into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and in his induction speeches he has cited them all as influences. Other influences that Vedder has cited include Pete Townshend and The Who, which the singer considers to be his favorite band of all time, The Beatles, Bruce Springsteen, Pink Floyd, Talking Heads, Fugazi, and The Clash.Vedder's lyrical topics range from personal (\"Alive\", from Ten; \"Better Man\", from Vitalogy) to social and political concerns (\"Even Flow\", from Ten; \"World Wide Suicide\", from Pearl Jam). His lyrics have often invoked the use of storytelling and have included themes of freedom, individualism, and sympathy for troubled individuals. Other recurring themes include the use of water metaphors, and the concept of leaving everything behind to start again, which is featured in \"Rearviewmirror\", from Vs.; \"MFC\", from Yield; \"Evacuation\", from Binaural; and \"Gone\", from Pearl Jam).\nAlthough primarily a vocalist, Vedder began playing guitar on some Pearl Jam songs with the Vs. songs \"Rearviewmirror\" and \"Elderly Woman Behind the Counter in a Small Town\". When the band started, Gossard and McCready were clearly designated as rhythm and lead guitarists, respectively. The dynamic began to change when Vedder started to play more rhythm guitar during the Vitalogy era. McCready said in 2006, \"Even though there are three guitars, I think there's maybe more room now. Stone will pull back and play a two-note line and Ed will do a power chord thing, and I fit into all that.\" Vedder's guitar playing helped the band's sound progress toward a more stripped-down style; the songs \"Rearviewmirror\" and \"Corduroy\" (from Vitalogy) feature Vedder's raw, punk-influenced guitar playing. As he had more influence on the band's sound, Vedder sought to make the band's musical output less catchy. He said, \"I felt that with more popularity, we were going to be crushed, our heads were going to pop like grapes.\" He has also contributed performances on the ukulele, harmonica, accordion, and electric sitar to various Pearl Jam recordings.\n\nLive performances\nThroughout Pearl Jam's career, Vedder has interacted with the crowd during the band's concerts. Early in Pearl Jam's existence, Vedder and the band became known for their intense live performances. Vedder participated in stage diving as well as crowd surfing. During the early part of Pearl Jam's career, Vedder was known to climb the stage lighting rig and hang from the stage roof. Looking back at this time, Vedder said, \"It's hard for us to watch early performances, even though that's when people think we were on fire and young. Playing music for as long as I had been playing music and then getting a shot at making a record and at having an audience and stuff, it's just like an untamed force...a different kind of energy. And I find it kind of hard to watch those early performances because it's so just fucking, semi-testosterone-fueled or whatever. But it didn't come from jock mentality. It came from just being let out of the gates.\"Vedder began incorporating social commentary and political criticism into his lyrics and performances early in his career with Pearl Jam. He usually comments on politics between songs, often to criticize U.S. foreign policy. During Pearl Jam's 2007 Lollapalooza headlining show, Vedder and the band played a song telling the crowd in Chicago to boycott the oil company BP because they had been polluting Lake Michigan.Vedder is known to use a Mike Lull-modified, vintage Fender Telecaster that features a single coil pickup in the bridge position and a P-90 pickup in the neck position, and includes various stickers that The Who. He uses three vintage Fender Tweed amplifiers, including a 1959 Deluxe and a 1957 Custom Twin. His two main acoustic guitars are a 1930s-era Martin 00-17 and a vintage Gibson Pete Townshend Signature SJ-200.\n\nLegacy\nLamenting the constant waning of rock 'n roll from the music scene, Bono, in 2017, expounded that \"Rage\" is the fundamental component of rock 'n roll and said, \"Some great rock’n’roll tends to have that, which is why the Who were such a great band. Or Pearl Jam. Eddie has that rage.\"Vedder was ranked seventh on a list of \"Best Lead Singers of All Time\" compiled by Rolling Stone. Loudwire put him at number 35 on their Top 66 Hard Rock + Heavy Metal Frontmen of all time. He has been ranked at number 5 on a list of \"Singer with the Most Unique Voice\", compiled by Rolling Stone. Other singers like Roger Daltrey of the Who, Bruce Dickinson of Iron Maiden and John Densmore of the Doors have praised him for his singing ability. Hit Parader magazine placed him at number 23 on their list of the \"Top 100 Metal Vocalists of All Time\". His solo album Into the Wild was ranked at no. 20 on the list of Top 20 Rock 'n' Roll Solo Albums by Consequence of Sound. In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Vender at number 105 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.\n\nPersonal life\nVedder attended San Dieguito High School, now called San Dieguito Academy, and donated proceeds from a 2006 Pearl Jam concert in San Diego toward the construction of a theater for the school in the name of his former drama teacher, Clayton E. Liggett. Liggett was Vedder's mentor in high school. Vedder wrote the song \"Long Road\" (from Merkin Ball) upon hearing of Liggett's death in 1995.While living in the basement of Pearl Jam manager Kelly Curtis' house in Seattle in the early 1990s, Vedder was roommates with Alice in Chains guitarist and vocalist Jerry Cantrell. Vedder was also friends with Alice in Chains' lead singer Layne Staley, and wrote the song \"4/20/02\" (from Lost Dogs) on the night that he found out about Staley's death, on April 20, 2002 (though Staley had actually died over two weeks earlier on April 5, his body was found on April 19). Vedder also paid tribute to Staley during a Pearl Jam show in Chicago on August 22, 2016, which would have been Staley's 49th birthday; \"It's the birthday of a guy called Layne Staley tonight, and we're thinking of him tonight too. 49 years old\", Vedder told the crowd before dedicating the song \"Man of the Hour\" to his late friend.In 1994, Vedder married Hovercraft bass player Beth Liebling, whom he was dating since he was a teenager, circa 1984. Vedder was Hovercraft's drummer during their opening slot for Mike Watt's U.S. tour in 1995. The couple divorced in September 2000. In an interview published in the June 29, 2006 edition of Rolling Stone magazine, Vedder said that his divorce from Liebling had devastated him. The divorce happened around the same time as the biggest tragedy of Pearl Jam's career, when nine fans were crushed to death during the band's set at the Roskilde Festival in Denmark on June 30, 2000. In an interview with Chris Cornell's daughter Lily in 2020, Vedder explained that their show started on a high because they had just been told about her birth, until about 40 minutes into their performance when the tragedy happened. Vedder revealed that Pete Townshend helped him through the early stages of dealing with the tragedy.On September 18, 2010, Vedder married his longtime girlfriend, model Jill McCormick, whom he had been dating since 2000. They have two daughters, Olivia, born in 2004, and Harper, born in 2008. In 2011, McCormick appeared in the music video for Vedder's solo single, \"Longing to Belong\". In 2014, Vedder and McCormick co-founded the EB Research Partnership, a non-profit organization dedicated to finding a cure for the genetic skin disorder epidermolysis bullosa. They have raised over $25 million to fund research to find a cure.Vedder was a close friend of the late Chris Cornell, the Soundgarden and Audioslave frontman. Aside from Vedder's Pearl Jam bandmates, Cornell was one of the first people Vedder met after moving to Seattle in 1990. The two were neighbors for a while and shared vocal duties in Temple of the Dog. In the 2009 book Grunge Is Dead: The Oral History of Seattle Rock Music, Soundgarden manager Susan Silver recalled that Cornell carried Vedder onstage on his shoulders at Pearl Jam's second show in Seattle (the band was known as Mookie Blaylock at the time): \"Everyone was still reeling from [Andrew Wood]'s death... The band came on and Chris carried Eddie onto the stage – he was on his shoulders. It was one of those super powerful moments, where it was all a big healing for everybody. He came out as this guy who had all the credibility in the world – in terms of people in Seattle – and Malfunkshun and Mother Love Bone were loved bands. Andy was such an endearing personality. It was a hard thing to do – to show up after people die. And Chris bringing Eddie out, and pointing at him, as much Pearl Jam lead guitarist Mike McCready recalled that Cornell had helped welcome the \"'super, super shy'\" Vedder to Seattle: \"He was like, 'Hey, welcome to Seattle. I love Jeff [Ament] and Stone [Gossard]. I give you my blessing\". From then on [Vedder] was more relaxed. It was one of the coolest things I saw Chris do'\". In a 2009 interview with Uncut magazine, Vedder stated that Cornell is \"the best singer that we've got on the planet\". About the impact that Cornell had in his life, Vedder told a crowd in Alpine Valley before performing \"Hunger Strike\" with him in September 2011; \"I had no idea how he would affect my life and my views on music and my views on friendship and what a big impact he would have. These guys [the other members of Pearl Jam] know him much longer than me and his impact is profound\". The friendship between Vedder and Cornell is featured in the 2011 documentary Pearl Jam Twenty. During his solo concert in London on June 6, 2017, Vedder talked for the first time about Cornell since his death on May 18, 2017, saying that \"he wasn't just a friend, he was someone I looked up to like my older brother\" and \"I will live with those memories in my heart and I will love him forever\".Vedder is a friend of The Who guitarist Pete Townshend, who discouraged Vedder from retiring in 1993. In late 2007, Vedder wrote the foreword to a new Pete Townshend biography, Who Are You: The Life of Pete Townshend. The book was published in the UK in March 2008 and in the U.S. in October 2008. Vedder was a close friend of the late Ramones guitarist Johnny Ramone, with Vedder being at his side when he died. Since Ramone's death, Vedder and Pearl Jam have played the Ramones' \"I Believe in Miracles\" regularly at live shows. While driving home from Ramone's funeral, Vedder wrote the lyrics for the Pearl Jam song \"Life Wasted\" (from Pearl Jam).While surfing with Tim Finn in New Zealand on March 25, 1995, Vedder was carried 250 feet (76 m) off the coast and had to be rescued by lifeguards. He also has paddled outrigger canoes on occasion and in 2005 was nearly lost at sea trying to paddle from Moloka'i to Oahu.Vedder has written songs and lyrics that question religious authority. Vedder is a Chicago Bulls and Chicago Bears fan and a long-time, die-hard fan of the Chicago Cubs. In November 1993, Vedder and White Sox pitcher Jack McDowell were involved in a barroom brawl in New Orleans, Louisiana that resulted in Vedder being arrested for public drunkenness and disturbing the peace. Vedder sang the national anthem before the third game of the 1998 NBA Finals in Chicago, and has sung \"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\" at six Cubs games, including Game 5 of the 2016 World Series. In 2007, a few days before performing with Pearl Jam in Chicago for Lollapalooza, he threw out the first pitch at Wrigley Field, the home of the Cubs. Vedder wrote a song at the request of former Cubs shortstop and first baseman Ernie Banks paying tribute to the Cubs called \"All the Way\". The day after the Cubs won the 2016 World Series, the Cubs' official Twitter account posted a montage video backed by Vedder's song in a tribute to Cubs fans.The annual series between the Seattle Mariners and San Diego Padres is often nicknamed the Vedder Cup due to both cities being hometowns of the singer.The singer is also a great admirer of the late American science fiction author Kurt Vonnegut. During an interview with Uncut Magazine, he stated that the novel Cat's Cradle is his favorite book of all time.\n\nDiscography\nSolo discography\nExtended plays\nSingles\nMusic videos\n\"Hard Sun\" (2007)\n\"Guaranteed\" (2008)\n\"No More\" (2008)\n\"Better Days\" (2010)\n\"You're True\" (2011)\n\"Longing to Belong\" (2011)\n\"Can't Keep\" (2011)\n\"Sleeping by Myself\" (2012)\n\"Matter of Time\" (2020)\n\"Say Hi\" (2020)\n\"Long Way\" (2021)\n\"The Haves\" (2021)\n\"Brother the Cloud\" (2022)\n\nStudio contributions and collaborations\nLive contributions and collaborations\nGuest appearances\nTemple of the Dog discography\nPearl Jam discography\nFilmography\nTelevision\nPerformer and actor\n\nFilm\nPerformer and actor*denotes performance with Pearl Jam\n**note: \"Animal\" performed with Pearl Jam and \"Rockin' in the Free World\" performed with Neil Young & Pearl Jam\n^note: In the acceptance speech, Eddie notoriously states, \"I don't know what this means, I don't think it means anything.\"\n^^note: Vedder also performed the songs: \"Mary Anne with the Shaky Hand\" and \"Getting in Tune\" with the Who, but they were not released on the DVD.2017 Documentary, \"Let's Play Two\" featuring Eddie Vedder and Pearl Jam. Can be found on Amazon Prime and was directed by Danny Clinch. Concert documentary centering around Pearl Jams August 2016 shows at Wrigley Field.\n\nAwards and nominations\nPassage 6:\nPaulo Szot\nPaulo Szot is a Brazilian operatic baritone singer and actor. He made his opera debut in 1997 and his international career has included performances with the Metropolitan Opera, La Scala di Milano, Opera de Paris, Bayerische Staatsoper, Opera Australia, Liceo de Barcelona, among many others. In 2008, he made his Broadway debut as Emile De Becque in a revival of South Pacific, for which he won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical, the Drama Desk Award, the Outer Critics Circle Award and the Theatre World Award. In 2012 he was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for best actor in a musical, and in 2014 was nominated for the MAC Award for best Celebrity Artist becoming the first Brazilian to receive such honors. In 2022, he originated the role of \"Lance\" in the hit Broadway musical & Juliet.\n\nBiography\nSzot was born in São Paulo to Polish parents who emigrated to Brazil after World War II. He began his musical training in piano at the age of five and later added violin and classical ballet. However, at age 21, a knee injury cut short any aspirations for a career in dance, causing him, with encouragement from his instructor, to pursue singing instead.Szot studied at Jagiellonian University in Poland. He began singing professionally in 1990 with the National Song & Dance Ensemble \"Śląsk\". Later, he made his professional opera debut in a production of Il barbiere di Siviglia at the Municipal Theatre of São Paulo in 1997. Since then, he has performed with the New York City Opera, the Palm Beach Opera, the Canadian Opera Company, Opéra de Marseille, and Vlaamse Opera, among others, in such operas as L'elisir d'amore, La bohème, Don Giovanni, Cavalleria rusticana, Pagliacci, Carmen, Così fan tutte, Le nozze di Figaro and Maria Golovin. In March 2010 he made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera as Kovalyov in Dmitri Shostakovich's The Nose. Szot returned to the Metropolitan Opera as Escamillo sharing the stage with the French tenor Roberto Alagna and as Lescaut in Manon along with Anna Netrebko. Szot returned to the Met in 2014 as the Captain of the Achille Lauro in The Death of Klinghoffer. He sang the role of Guglielmo in Mozart's Così fan tutte at the Palais Garnier, and at the Aix-en-Provence Festival in Le nozze di Figaro. In 2013 he sang in The Nose at Teatro dell'Opera di Roma and at La Scala in the role of Filip Filippovich, the protagonist of Alexander Raskatov's 2009 opera A Dog's Heart. In 2018 and 2019, Szot sang the role of the Celebrant in the Chicago Symphony Orchestra's performance of Leonard Bernstein's Mass under the direction of Marin Alsop with the Chicago Children's Choir and the Highland Park High School Marching Band.\nOf his performance in South Pacific, Ben Brantley of The New York Times wrote: \"When he delivers 'Some Enchanted Evening' or 'This Nearly Was Mine,' it's not as a swoon-making blockbuster (though of course it is), but as a measured and honest consideration of love.\"\n\nStage productions\nIl Barbiere di Siviglia – 1996 – Teatro Paulo Eiró, São Paulo\nGianni Scchicchi – 1997 – Sesc Ipiranga, São Paulo\nLa Bohème – 1998 – Teatro Alfa Real, São Paulo\nLe Barbier de Séville – 1997 – Teatro Municipal de Santo André\nCarmen – 1998 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo\nLa Bohème – 1998 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo\nL'elisir d'amore – 1998 – Festival Ópera de Manaus\nDon Giovanni – 1999 – Teatro Alfa Real, São Paulo\nLe Barbier de Séville – 1999 – Teatro São Pedro, São Paulo\nDon Giovanni – 1999 – Municipal de São Paulo\nLe Barbier de Séville – 1999 – Teatro São Pedro de Porto Alegre\nO Guarani – 1999 – Teatro Amazonas\nCarmen – 2000 – Teatro Municipal do Rio de Janeiro\nCavaleria Rusticana – 2000 – Teatro Alfa Real, São Paulo\nI Pagliacci – 2000 – Teatro Alfa Real, São Paulo\nDie Fledermaus – 2000 – Teatro Rio de Janeiro\nCavaleria Rusticana – 2000 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo\nPagliacci – 2000 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo\nTanhäuser – 2001 – Teatro Municipal do Rio de Janeiro\nCarmen – 2001 – Teatro Alfa, São Paulo\nCarmen – 2001 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo\nDon Giovanni – 2001 – Teatro Amazonas\nLa Bohème – 2001 – Teatro Amazonas\nHansel et Gretel – 2001 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo\nManon – 2002 – Teatro Amazonas\nManon – 2002 – Teatro Alfa – São Paulo\nPagliacci – 2002 – Teatro Amazonas\nIl Barbiere di Siviglia - 2003 - Palacio das Artes\nHansel et Gretel – 2003 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo\nCavaleria Rusticana – 2003 – Teatro Amazonas\nDon Pasquale – 2003 – Teatro São Pedro, São Paulo\nDon Pasquale – 2003 – Teatro Municipal de Santo André\nLustige Witwe – 2003 – Porto Alegre\nCarmen – 2003 – New York City Opera\nDon Giovanni – 2003 – Michigan Opera\nLe Nozze di Figaro – 2004 – New York City Opera\nCarmen – 2004 – Palm Beach Opera\nEugène Onegin – 2004 – Ópera de Marseille\nOrfeo – 2004 – Teatro Sérgio Cardoso\nL'elisir d'amore – 2005 – New York City Opera\nRita – 2005 – Festival de Campos do Jordão\nDido et Aeneas – 2005 – Opera de Marseille\nDon Giovanni – 2005 – Opera de Toulon\nDon Giovanni – 2005 – Opera de Bordeaux\nCosì fan tutte – 2006 – Opera de Marseille\nMaria Golovin – 2006 – Opera de Marseille\nDon Giovanni – 2006 – Opera de Bogota - Colombia\nCosì fan tutte – 2007 – Opera de Nice\nLe nozze di Figaro – 2007 – Boston\nMaria Golovin – Spoleto Opera Festival, 2007 - Italy\nLe Portrait de Manon – 2007 – Liceo de Barcelona\nLe Nozze di Figaro – 2007 – Vlaamse Opera, Anvers\nLe Nozze di Figaro – 2008 – Vlaamse Opera, Gand\nSouth Pacific – 2008 – Lincoln Center Theater, New York\nLa Veuve Joyeuse – 2008 – Opera de Marseille\nSouth Pacific – 2009 – Lincoln Center Theater, New York\nThe Nose – 2010 – Metropolitan Opera New York\nSouth Pacific – 2010 – Lincoln Center Theater, New York\nCarmen – 2011 – Metropolitan Opera New York\nCosì fan tutte – 2011 – Opera Garnier, Paris\nSouth Pacific – 2011 – Barbican, London\nCarmen – 2011 – San Francisco Opera\nSouth Pacific – 2011 – Oxford\nManon – 2012 – Metropolitan Opera House New York\nLe Nozze di Figaro – 2012 – Festival d'Aix-en-Provence\nDon Giovanni – 2012 – Washington Opera\nThe Nose - Il Naso – 2013 – Opera di Roma\nA Dog's Heart - Cuore di Cane – 2013 – La Scala\nThe Nose – 2013 – Metropolitan Opera\nDie Fledermaus - 2013/2014 – Metropolitan Opera\nEugène Onegin - 2014 - Melbourne Opera House\nCandide — 2014 — Sala São Paulo - OSESP\nThe Death of Klinghoffer – 2014 – Metropolitan Opera\nLe Nozze di Figaro – 2014 - Théâtre National de Bahreïn / Aix-en-Provence\nManon Lescaut - Teatro Municipal de Sao Paulo - Lescaut - 2015\nDie Fledermaus - The Metropolitan Opera - 2015/2016 - Falke\nMadama Butterfly - Opera de Marseille - 2016 - Sharpless\nRomeo et Juliette - Palacio das Artes - 2016 - Mercutio\nMy Fair Lady - Teatro Santander - 2016 - Henry Higgins\nCosì fan tutte - \"Don Alfonso\" - 2017 - Palais Garnier Opéra National de Paris\nThe New Prince - 2017 - Dutch Opera - Hamilton/Clinton/Nixon - Amsterdam - Nederlands\nCarmen - Bayerische Staatsoper - Munich - Escamillo - 2017 - Germany\nEvita - Shakespeare Festival - Pennsylvania - Juan Peron - 2017 - USA\nStreet Scene - Teatro Real - Madri - 2018 - Frank Maurant\nLa Traviata - Palacio das Artes - BH - 2018 - Giorgio Germont\nLa Traviata - Teatro Municipal de Sao Paulo - 2018 - G. Germont\nMass - Leonard Bernstein - South Bank Centre - 2018 - Celebrant - London\nMass - Leonard Bernstein - Ravinia Festival - 2018 - Celebrant - USA\nEvita - A. L. Webber - Opera Australia - Sydney and Melbourne - 2018/2019 - Juan Peron\nMerry Widow - Franz Lehar - Opera di Roma - 2019 - Danilo\nMass - Leonard Bernstein - Ravinia Festival - 2019 - Celebrant - USA\nMadama Butterfly - Puccini - Metropolitan Opera - New York - 2019 - Sharpless\nChicago on Broadway - Ambassador Theater - New York - 2020 and 2021 - Billy Flynn\nStreet Scene - Opera de Monte Carlo - 2020 - Frank\nChicago - Teatro Santander - São Paulo - 2022 - Billy Flynn\nLa boheme - Puerto Rico - 2022 - Marcello\n& Juliet - Princess of Wales Theatre - Toronto - 2022 - Lance\n& Juliet - Sondheim Theater - Broadway - 2023 - Lance\nCosi fan tutte - Opera de Paris - 2024 - Don Alfonso\n\nAwards\nPassage 7:\nNew Dramatists\nNew Dramatists is an organization of playwrights founded in 1949 and located at 424 West 44th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues in the Hell's Kitchen (Clinton) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City.\nThe members of New Dramatists participate in seven-year residencies to build up their playwriting skills and develop their careers. In addition to housing resident playwrights, New Dramatists also holds workshops for young authors. The organization hosts an annual luncheon at which actors and producers who have made contributions to American theatre are honored. Brian Stokes Mitchell, Glenn Close, and Meryl Streep are among past honorees.The New Dramatists have a library that is open to the public on weekdays.\n\nBuilding\nNew Dramatists is located in a former church built in the 1880s in the Gothic Revival style. It was the location in turn of St. Matthew's German Lutheran Church, the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer, the Lutheran Metropolitan Inner Mission Society, and, by the mid-1960s, the All People's Church.\n\nAlumni\nNew Dramatists' alumni include:\n\nGlen Berger\nKia Corthron\nJorge Ignacio Cortiñas\nErin Courtney\nCarson Kreitzer\nPeter Maloney (actor)\nTarell Alvin McCraney\nSuzan-Lori Parks\nHarrison David Rivers\nCharles Smith, playwright\nCharise Castro Smith, television writer and actor\nOctavio Solis\nMark St. Germain, playwright, author, and film and television writer.\nGaye Taylor Upchurch, who has directed plays at the Studio Theatre (Washington, D.C.), the Summer Play Festival, and the Pacific Playwrights Festival\n\nAwards\nNathan Lane was awarded the New Dramatists' 2019 Distinguished Achievement Award. Audra McDonald, Brian Stokes Mitchell, Daryl Roth, Paula Vogel, and Denzel Washington have received this award in prior years.\n\nHistory\nNew Dramatists was established in 1949 as the New Dramatists Committee. Its formation was instigated by Michaela O'Harra, who became the first executive secretary of the Committee. Howard Lindsay was the first chair; other founders included Benjamin Schankman, Russel Crouse, Richard Rodgers, and Oscar Hammerstein II. The Committee was initially funded by contributions from the Playwrights Company, the Cornell-McClintic Foundation and a donation from John Golden.\nPassage 8:\nSteve Cosson\nSteven Cosson (born August 1968) is a writer and director specializing in the creation of new theater work inspired by real life. He is the founding Artistic Director of the New York-based investigative theater company The Civilians.\n\nEarly life and education\nCosson was born in the Washington, D.C. area. He received his BA from Dartmouth College and holds an MFA in directing from the University of California San Diego, where he studied under director and Joint Stock member Les Waters.\n\nCareer\nCosson led The Civilians as the first theater company in residence at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. He wrote the first major American play about climate change, The Great Immensity, which generated significant controversy from Republicans in Congress and right-wing media, and was featured as a TED Talk at the main TED conference in 2012.Cosson collaborated repeatedly with composer Michael Friedman on works with The Civilians and other companies, until Friedman's death in 2017. Other notable accomplishments include developing and directing Anne Washburn's Mr. Burns, a Post-Electric Play, named the 4th Best American Play of the past 25 Years by The New York Times.Credits include:\n\nbook-writer and director of The Abominables at Children's Theatre Company (2018)\nwriter and director of The Undertaking at BAM Next Wave Festival (2016), US tour, Theatre de la Ville, Paris\ndirector of José Rivera's Another Word for Beauty, world premiere at the Goodman Theatre (2016)\nwriter/director, Rimbaud in New York at the Brooklyn Academy of Music (2016)\ndirector of Michael Friedman and Bess Wohl's musical Pretty Filthy (2015)\nthe Off-Broadway revival of The Belle of Amherst, starring Joely Richardson (2014)With The Civilians: \n\nwriter/director of The Great Immensity (2014), music by Michael Friedman, created in residence with the Princeton Environmental Institute and the Princeton Atelier\nco-writer and director of This Beautiful City, which premiered in 2009 to excellent reviews at the Humana Festival of New American Plays and then completed a critically acclaimed run at the Vineyard Theatre (Drama Desk, Drama League, Lortel nominations)\nco-writer and director of Brooklyn at Eye Level, produced at Brooklyn's Lyceum Theatre in 2008\nco-writer/director of Paris Commune produced in 2004 in The Public Theater's PublicLAB series\nwriter/director of the long-running hit Gone Missing which toured for several years throughout the U.S. and the U.K., culminating in 2007 in a seven-month Off-Broadway run at Barrow Street Theater (New York Times’ Top 10 of 2007 list)\nwriter/director (I Am) Nobody's Lunch (2006) (Fringe First award)\ndirector of the company's first show Canard, Canard, Goose? (2002)Cosson has also directed The Civilians’ work at A.R.T., Actors Theatre of Louisville, La Jolla Playhouse, HBO's Aspen Comedy Festival, The Museum of Modern Art; London's Gate Theatre, and the Soho Theatre, among many others.\nAs a freelance director of new plays, musicals, and classics, Cosson's other directing credits include Ethel's Documerica (BAM Next Wave Festival); Dael Orlandersmith's Stoop Stories; Spring Awakening (Olney Theatre Center); Bus Stop (Kansas City Repertory Theatre); Anne Washburn’s A Devil at Noon (Humana Festival of New American Plays); Michael Friedman's Adventures in Reality (Lincoln Center Theater), and the U.S. premiere of Attempts on Her Life; and new plays at theaters including Hartford Stage, Soho Rep, O’Neill Conference, New Harmony Project, and others.His plays have been published by Oberon Books in the UK, Dramatists Play Service, and an anthology of his plays with The Civilians was published by Playscripts, Inc.\n\nPlays\n2018 The Abombinables, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman\n2016 The Undertaking\n2016 Rimbaud in New York, various composers\n2015 The End and the Beginning\n2014 The Great Immensity, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman\n2012 Paris Commune with Michael Friedman\n2010 In The Footprint, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman\n2009 This Beautiful City, with Jim Lewis, interviews by the company, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman\n2006 (I Am) Nobody's Lunch, interviews by company, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman\n2003 Gone Missing, interviews by the company, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman\n2001 Canard, Canard, Goose? head writer, company-devised, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman\n1998 Fingered",6 "char_len": 66344,7 "document_hash": "78ccf45780f745abd06c556b2c6b8177b81cfa3a3edfdda15bc4bbdf6cac19ab",8 "questions": [9 {10 "question_id": "q00",11 "qtype": "hotpotqa",12 "question": "What past honoree from the New Dramatists Organization is a powerful baritone who won the Tony Award for Best Actor in 2000?"13 }14 ]15}