1{2 "document_id": "lb_2wikimqa_d65eba4a41497416d108c17f366636efb4cbda4c215c8818",3 "family": "public_2wikimqa",4 "split": "test",5 "text": "Passage 1:\nHugh Evelyn Wortham\nHugh Evelyn Wortham (7 May 1884 – 9 July 1959), best known as H. E. Wortham was an English biographer, journalist, music critic and writer.\nWortham was educated at King's College, Cambridge and received an MA in 1921. He worked as a foreign correspondent, editor and journalist in Egypt, 1909–1919. From 1934 up until his death he wrote articles in the 'London Day by Day' column under the pseudonym 'Peterborough' in The Daily Telegraph.Wortham was the nephew of Oscar Browning. In June 1923 Browning sent a letter to Wortham requesting him to write a biography about his life. In 1927, he authored a biography of Browning. It was reprinted and revised in 1956 under the title Victorian Eton and Cambridge: Being the Life and Times of Oscar Browning.\n\nPublications\nA Musical Odyssey (1924)\nOscar Browning (1927)\nMustapha Kemal of Turkey (1930)\nThree Women: St. Teresa, Madame de Choiseul, Mrs. Eddy (1930)\nEdward VII, Man and King (1931)\nThe Delightful Profession: Edward VII, a Study in Kingship (1931)\nChinese Gordon (1933)\nGordon: An Intimate Portrait (1933)\nVictorian Eton and Cambridge: Being the Life and Times of Oscar Browning (1956)\nPassage 2:\nJohn Metgod\nJohannes Anthonius Bernardus Metgod (born 27 February 1958) is a Dutch former professional footballer who works as assistant manager of United Arab Emirates.\n\nClub career\nPlaying as a centre-back, Metgod started his professional career in the 1970s playing for HFC Haarlem. After one season with Haarlem, he moved to play for AZ Alkmaar, spending six years at the club, including their UEFA Cup final defeat against English side Ipswich Town, during which he scored a goal in the 4–2 second leg win.\nIn 1982, Metgod moved to Spain to play for Real Madrid. He then moved to England in 1984 to sign for Nottingham Forest, where he was a regular player for three seasons before signing for Tottenham Hotspur in 1987. He spent just one season with the North London club before he moved back to the Netherlands, where he signed for Feyenoord. He spent six years at Feyenoord before finally retiring as a player in 1994.\n\nInternational career\nMetgod won 21 caps for the Netherlands national team, scoring four goals.\n\nStyle of play\nMetgod was noted for his free-kicks, particularly during his spell at Nottingham Forest.\n\nCoaching career\nAfter retiring Metgod became a coach, working for Excelsior Rotterdam and Feyenoord.\nOn 11 November 2008, Metgod was appointed first team coach by Portsmouth, but left the club on 8 February 2009 when manager Tony Adams was sacked.On 21 May 2009, Metgod was appointed as a first team coach at Derby County, but left the club in October 2013 along with the rest of the coaching staff, following the dismissal of manager Nigel Clough.In January 2014, Metgod was appointed as an assistant at Colorado Rapids.\nIn July 2014, Metgod was appointed as a scout at Brighton & Hove Albion.\nOn 1 July 2015, Metgod was appointed as a technical manager at ADO Den Haag and left in June 2016.\nOn 10 April 2017, Metgod was added to the staff at Granada CF by trainer Tony Adams, but left the club in May 2017 when manager Adams was sacked.\nOn 8 January 2018, Metgod was added to the staff at Nottingham Forest by trainer Aitor Karanka, but left the club on 10 January 2019 when manager Aitor Karanka resigned as coach. However, he continued at the club as a part of the board.\nOn 21 March 2019, he left Nottingham to become the assistant manager of United Arab Emirates national football team.\n\nPersonal life\nMetgod was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Metgod's son, Dimitri, is also a professional footballer, playing as midfielder, whereas John's younger brother, Edward, is a retired goalkeeper.\n\nHonours\nAZ\n\nEredivisie: 1980–81: runner-up 1979–80\nKNVB Cup: 1977–78, 1981, 1981–82\nUEFA Cup: runner-up 1980–81Real Madrid\n\nLa Liga: runner-up 1982–83, 1983–84\nCopa del Rey: runner-up 1982–83\nSupercopa de España: runner-up 1982\nCopa de la Liga: runner-up 1982–83\nEuropean Cup Winners' Cup: runner-up 1983Feyenoord\n\nEredivisie: 1992–93; runner-up 1993–94\nKNVB Cup: 1990–91, 1992, 1993–94\nJohan Cruijff Shield: 1991\nPassage 3:\nW. Augustus Barratt\nW. Augustus Barratt (3 June 1873 – 12 April 1947) was a Scottish-born, later American, songwriter and musician.\n\nEarly life and songs\nWalter Augustus Barratt was born 3 June 1873 in Kilmarnock, the son of composer John Barratt; the family later lived in Paisley. In 1893 he won a scholarship for composition to the Royal College of Music.\nIn his early twenties he contributed to The Scottish Students' Song Book, with three of his own song compositions and numerous arrangements.\nBy the end of 1897 he had published dozens of songs, such as Sir Patrick Spens, The Death of Cuthullin, an album of his own compositions, and arrangements of ten songs by Samuel Lover.\nHe then, living in London, turned his attention to staged musical comedy, co-creating, with Adrian Ross, The Tree Dumas Skiteers, a skit, based on Sydney Grundy's The Musketeers that starred Herbert Beerbohm Tree. He co-composed with Howard Talbot the successful Kitty Grey (1900).He continued to write songs and to receive recognition for them. The 1901 and 1902 BBC Promenade Concerts, \"The Proms\", included four of his compositions, namely Come back, sweet Love, The Mermaid, My Peggy and Private Donald.\nHis setting of My Ships, a poem by Ella Wheeler Wilcox, was performed by Clara Butt and republished several times. It also appeared four times, with different singers, in the 1913 and 1914 Proms.\n\nAmerica\nIn September 1904 he went to live in New York City, finding employment with shows on Broadway, including the following roles:\n\non-stage actor (Sir Benjamin Backbite) in Lady Teazle (1904-1905), a musical version of The School for Scandal;\nmusical director of The Little Michus (1907), also featuring songs by Barratt;\nco-composer of Miss Pocahontas (1907), a musical comedy;\nmusical director of The Love Cure (1909–1910), a musical romance;\ncomposer of The Girl and the Drummer (1910), a musical romance with book by George Broadhurst. Tried out in Chicago and elsewhere, it did not do well and never reached Broadway;\nmusical director of The Quaker Girl (1911–1912);\nco-composer and musical director of My Best Girl (1912);\nmusical director of The Sunshine Girl (1913);\nmusical director of The Girl who Smiles (1915), a musical comedy;\nmusical director and contributor to music and lyrics of Her Soldier Boy (1916–1917);\ncomposer, lyricist and musical director of Fancy Free (1918), with book by Dorothy Donnelly and Edgar Smith;\ncontributor of a song to The Passing Show of 1918;\ncomposer and musical director of Little Simplicity (1918), with book and lyrics by Rida Johnson Young;\ncontributor of lyrics to The Melting of Molly (1918–1919), a musical comedy;\nmusical director of What's in a Name? (1920), a musical revue\n\n1921 in London\nThough domiciled in the US, he made several visits back to England. During an extended stay in 1921 he played a major part in the creation of two shows, both produced by Charles B. Cochran, namely\n\nLeague of Notions, at the New Oxford Theatre, for which he composed the music and co-wrote, with John Murray Anderson, the lyrics;\nFun of the Fayre, at the London Pavilion, for which similarly he wrote the music and co-wrote the lyrics\n\nBack to Broadway\nBack in the US he returned to Broadway, working as\ncomposer and lyricist of Jack and Jill (1923), a musical comedy;\nmusical director of The Silver Swan (1929), a musical romance\n\nRadio plays\nIn later years he wrote plays and operettas mostly for radio, such as:\n\nSnapshots: a radioperetta (1929)\nSushannah and the Brush Wielders: a play in 1 act (1929)\nThe Magic Voice: a radio series (1933)\nMen of Action: a series of radio sketches (1933)\nSay, Uncle: a radio series (1933)\nSealed Orders: a radio drama (1934)\nSergeant Gabriel (with Hugh Abercrombie) (1945)\n\nPersonal\nIn 1897 in London he married Lizzie May Stoner. They had one son. In 1904 he emigrated to the US and lived in New York City. His first marriage ended in divorce in 1915 and, in 1918, he married Ethel J Moore, who was American. In 1924, he became a naturalized American citizen. He died on 12 April 1947 in New York City.\n\nNote on his first name\nThe book British Musical Biography by Brown & Stratton (1897) in its entry for John Barratt refers to \"his son William Augustus Barratt\" with details that make it clear that Walter Augustus Barratt is the same person and that a \"William\" Augustus Barratt is a mistake. For professional purposes up to about 1900 he appears to have written as \"W. Augustus Barratt\", and thereafter mostly as simply \"Augustus Barratt\".\nPassage 4:\nJohn Littlejohn\nJohn Wesley Funchess (April 16, 1931 – February 1, 1994) known professionally as John (or Johnny) Littlejohn, was an American electric blues slide guitarist. He was active on the Chicago blues circuit from the 1950s to the 1980s.\n\nBiography\nBorn in Lake, Mississippi, Littlejohn first learned to play the blues from Henry Martin, a friend of his father's. In 1946 he left home and traveled widely, spending time in Jackson, Mississippi; Arkansas; Rochester, New York; and Gary, Indiana. He settled in Gary in 1951, playing whenever possible in the nearby Chicago area. Through his connections in Gary, he was acquainted with Joe Jackson, the patriarch of the musical Jackson family, and Littlejohn and his band reputedly served as an occasional rehearsal band for the Jackson 5 in the mid- to late 1960s.\nLittlejohn played regularly in Chicago clubs (he was filmed by drummer Sam Lay playing with Howlin' Wolf's band about 1961) but did not make any studio recordings until 1966, when he cut singles for several record labels. Later that year he recorded an album for Arhoolie Records and four songs for Chess Records. The Chess tracks were not issued at the time.He recorded a few singles for small local labels but did not record another album until 1985, when Rooster Blues issued So-Called Friends. Soon after, he fell into ill health. He died of renal failure in Chicago, on February 1, 1994, at the age of 62.\n\nDiscography\nAlbums\nChicago Blues Stars (Arhoolie Records, 1969)\nFunky From Chicago (BluesWay, 1973)\nDream (MCM, 1977)\nSweet Little Angel (Black & Blue, 1978)\nEasy Blues (Lafayette Leak, 1978)\nBlues Show! Live At The Pit Inn (P-Vine, 1982; co-featuring Carey Bell)\nSo-Called Friends (Rooster Blues, 1985)\nJohn Littlejohn's Blues Party (Wolf Records, 1989)\nWhen Your Best Friend Turns His Back On You (JSP Records, 1989)\nDream (Storyville Records, 1995; recorded live in 1976)\nSweet Little Angel (Black And Blue Records, 2006)\n\nCompilation albums\nSlidin' (Chess Records, 1991, with Elmore James and Hound Dog Taylor)\n\nSingles\n\"Kitty O\" / \"Johnny's Jive\" (Margaret Records, 1966)\n\"What In The World (You Gonna Do)\" / \"Can't Be Still\" (Terrell Records, 1966)\n\"Father Popcorn (just Got To Town)\" (T-S-D Records, 1968, backed by \"I Am Back Home\" by Bo Dud and Johnny Twist)\n\"29 Ways\" / \"I Need Lovin'\" (T-S-D Records, 1968)\n\"Dream/Catfish Blues\" (Joliet Records, 1968)\n\"Shake Your Moneymaker\" (Love Records, 1970)\n\"She's 19 Years Old\" / \"I Wanna Go Home\" (Ace Records, 1975)\n\"Poor Man's Blues\" (Full Scope Records, 1980)\n\"Bloody Tears\" / \"Just Got In Town\" (Weis Records)\nPassage 5:\nJackie Scott\nJohn \"Jackie\" Scott (22 December 1933 – June 1978), also known as Jack Scott or Johnny Scott, was a former Northern Ireland international footballer and football manager who played as an outside forward for Manchester United, Grimsby Town and York City in the 1950s and 1960s.\n\nClub career\nBorn in Belfast, Scott played football for Boyland Youth Club and Ormond Star in Northern Ireland, before moving to England as an apprentice with Manchester United. He signed his first professional contract with United in October 1951, and made his debut a year later, playing on the left wing in a 6–2 defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers on 4 October 1952. However, due to the competition for places in the Manchester United first team, Scott's appearances were few and far between, having made just three appearances when he left for Grimsby Town in June 1956.Scott flourished at Grimsby, his performances catching the attention of the Northern Irish selectors, who called him up for a B international in 1957, before naming him in the squad for the 1958 World Cup. However, that was to be the end of his involvement with the Northern Irish national team as he was not selected again.\nScott played for Grimsby for a total of seven seasons, making 250 appearances in all competitions and scoring 54 goals. In 1963, he was allowed to leave the club on a free transfer to York City. He played for York for one season before dropping out of the Football League to play for Margate in the Southern League. In two seasons at Margate, he played in 95 matches and scored 26 goals, before retiring to Manchester.\n\nInternational career\nScott played in two matches at the 1958 FIFA World Cup; a 2–1 victory over Czechoslovakia and a 4–0 defeat to France in the quarter-finals.\n\nLater life\nScott was killed in a building site accident in 1978, aged 44.\n\nCareer statistics\nSource:\n\nInternational\nHonours\nGrimsby Town\n\nThird Division second-place promotion: 1961–62\nPassage 6:\nHugh Evelyn\nSir Hugh Evelyn, 5th Baronet (31 January 1769 – 28 August 1848) was a British baronet and naval officer.\n\nFamily background\nHugh was the youngest son of Charles Evelyn, by Philippa Wright, the daughter of Fortunatus Wright, the privateer. Charles Evelyn was the only son of another Charles Evelyn, who was the brother of Sir John Evelyn, 2nd Baronet, and the second son of Sir John Evelyn, 1st Baronet of Wotton. The elder Charles, of Yarlington, Somerset, died aged 40 in January 1748, while the younger Charles died before 1781. As the third baronet, Sir Frederick Evelyn, had no children, Sir John Evelyn, 4th Baronet, his first cousin once removed, was his nearest male heir.\n\nSuccession\nHugh Evelyn was born on 31 January 1769 at Totnes, Devon. He was an officer in the Royal Navy, marrying first 1815 Henrietta Harrison (born c.1778; died July 1836) and second (1836) Mary Hathaway, the widow of Southwark merchant James Thomas Hathaway and eldest daughter of John Kennedy of Sutton Coldfield. He libelled the two trustees who were administering his meagre income by putting posters of their faces all over London; they took him to court and had the posters taken down. He unsuccessfully took a case to the KBD court and owed court costs of £30 which he was unable to pay; he spent 18 years of his life in prison. Sir Hugh died without issue at Forest Hill, London, on 28 August 1848, aged 79, and was buried on 9 September 1848, at Wotton, Surrey. On his death, the baronetcy became extinct. His widow, Mary, who was born at Hoxton in 1803, died on 5 May 1883, at Eagle House, in Forest Hill, and was buried in Nunhead Cemetery.\nPassage 7:\nCatherine I of Russia\nCatherine I Alekseevna Mikhailova (Russian: Екатери́на I Алексе́евна Миха́йлова, tr. Ekaterína I Alekséyevna Mikháylova; born Polish: Marta Helena Skowrońska, Russian: Ма́рта Самуи́ловна Скавро́нская, tr. Márta Samuílovna Skavrónskaya; 15 April [O.S. 5 April] 1684 – 17 May [O.S. 6 May] 1727) was the second wife and empress consort of Peter the Great, and empress regnant of Russia from 1725 until her death in 1727.\n\nLife as a servant\nThe life of Catherine I was said by Voltaire to be nearly as extraordinary as that of Peter the Great himself. Only uncertain and contradictory information is available about her early life. Said to have been born on 15 April 1684 (o.s. 5 April), she was originally named Marta Helena Skowrońska. Marta was the daughter of Samuel Skowroński (later spelled Samuil Skavronsky), a Roman Catholic farmer from the eastern parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, born to Minsker parents. In 1680 he married Dorothea Hahn at Jakobstadt. Her mother is named in at least one source as Elizabeth Moritz, the daughter of a Baltic German woman and there is debate as to whether Moritz's father was a Swedish officer. It is likely that two stories were conflated, and Swedish sources suggest that the Elizabeth Moritz story is probably incorrect. Some biographies state that Marta's father was a gravedigger and handyman, while others speculate that he was a runaway landless serf.\nMarta's parents died of the plague around 1689, leaving five children. According to one of the popular versions, at the age of three Marta was taken by an aunt and sent to Marienburg (the present-day Alūksne in Latvia, near the border with Estonia and Russia) where she was raised by Johann Ernst Glück, a Lutheran pastor and educator who was the first to translate the Bible into Latvian. In his household she served as a lowly servant, likely either a scullery maid or washerwoman. No effort was made to teach her to read and write and she remained illiterate throughout her life.\nMarta was considered a very beautiful young girl, and there are accounts that Frau Glück became fearful that she would become involved with her son. At the age of seventeen, she was married off to a Swedish dragoon, Johan Cruse or Johann Rabbe, with whom she remained for eight days in 1702, at which point the Swedish troops were withdrawn from Marienburg. When Russian forces captured the town, Pastor Glück offered to work as a translator, and Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev agreed to his proposal and took him to Moscow.\nThere are unsubstantiated stories that Marta worked briefly in the laundry of the victorious regiment, and also that she was presented in her undergarments to Brigadier General Rudolph Felix Bauer, later the Governor of Estonia, to be his mistress. She may have worked in the household of his superior, Sheremetev. It is not known whether she was his mistress, or household maid. She travelled back to the Russian court with Sheremetev's army.Afterwards she became part of the household of Prince Alexander Menshikov, who was the best friend of Peter the Great of Russia. Anecdotal sources suggest that she was purchased by him. Whether the two of them were lovers is disputed, as Menshikov was already engaged to Darya Arsenyeva, his future wife. It is clear that Menshikov and Marta formed a lifetime alliance.\nIt is possible that Menshikov, who was quite jealous of Peter's attentions and knew his tastes, wanted to procure a mistress on whom he could rely. In any case, in 1703, while visiting Menshikov at his home, Peter met Marta. In 1704, she was well established in the Tsar's household as his mistress, and gave birth to a son, Peter. In 1703, she converted to Orthodoxy and took the new name Catherine Alexeyevna (Yekaterina Alexeyevna). She and Darya Menshikova accompanied Peter and Menshikov on their military excursions.\n\nMarriage and family life\nThough no record exists, Catherine and Peter are described as having married secretly between 23 October and 1 December 1707 in Saint Petersburg. They had twelve children, two of whom survived into adulthood, Anna (born 1708) and Elizabeth (born 1709).\nPeter had moved the capital to St. Petersburg in 1703. While the city was being built he lived in a three-room log cabin with Catherine, where she did the cooking and caring for the children, and he tended a garden as though they were an ordinary couple. The relationship was the most successful of Peter's life and a great number of letters exist demonstrating the strong affection between Catherine and Peter. As a person she was very energetic, compassionate, charming, and always cheerful. She was able to calm Peter in his frequent rages and was often called in to do so.\nCatherine went with Peter on his Pruth Campaign in 1711. There, she was said to have saved Peter and his Empire, as related by Voltaire in his book Peter the Great. Surrounded by overwhelming numbers of Turkish troops, Catherine suggested before surrendering, that her jewels and those of the other women be used in an effort to bribe the Ottoman grand vizier Baltacı Mehmet Pasha into allowing a retreat.\nMehmet allowed the retreat, whether motivated by the bribe or considerations of trade and diplomacy. In any case Peter credited Catherine and proceeded to marry her again (this time officially) at Saint Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg on 9 February 1712. She was Peter's second wife; he had previously married and divorced Eudoxia Lopukhina, who had borne him the Tsarevich Alexis Petrovich. Upon their wedding, Catherine took on the style of her husband and became Tsarina. When Peter elevated the Russian Tsardom to Empire, Catherine became Empress. The Order of Saint Catherine was instituted by her husband on the occasion of their wedding.\n\nIssue\nCatherine and Peter had twelve children, all of whom died in childhood except Anna and Elizabeth:\n\nPeter Petrovich (1704–1707), died in infancy\nPaul Petrovich (October 1705–1707), died in infancy\nCatherine Petrovna (7 February 1707–7 August 1708)\nGrand Duchess Anna Petrovna (27 January 1708–15 May 1728)\nGrand Duchess Elizabeth Petrovna (29 December 1709–5 January 1762)\nGrand Duchess Mary Natalia Petrovna (20 March 1713–17 May 1715)\nGrand Duchess Margaret Petrovna (19 September 1714–7 June 1715)\nGrand Duke Peter Petrovich (9 November 1715–6 May 1719)\n\nGrand Duke Paul Petrovich (13 January 1717–14 January 1717)\nGrand Duchess Natalia Petrovna (31 August 1718–15 March 1725)\nGrand Duke Peter Petrovich (7 October 1723–7 October 1723)\nGrand Duke Paul Petrovich (1724–1724)\n\nSiblings\nUpon Peter's death, Catherine found her four siblings, Krystyna, Anna, Karol, and Fryderyk, gave them the newly created titles of Count and Countess, and brought them to Russia.\n\nKrystyna Skowrońska, renamed Christina (Russian: Христина) Samuilovna Skavronskaya (1687–14 April 1729), had married Simon Heinrich (Russian: Симон Гейнрих) (1672–1728) and their descendants became the Counts Gendrikov.\nAnna Skowrońska, renamed Anna Samuilovna Skavronskaya, had married one Michael-Joachim N and their descendants became the Counts Efimovsky.\nKarol Skowroński, renamed Karel Samuilovich Skavronsky, was created a Count of the Russian Empire on 5 January 1727 and made a Chamberlain of the Imperial Court; he had married Maria Ivanovna, a Russian woman, by whom he had descendants who became extinct in the male line with the death of Count Paul Martinovich Skavronskyi (1757-1793), father of Princess Catherine Bagration.\nFryderyk Skowroński, renamed Feodor Samuilovich Skavronsky, was created a Count of the Russian Empire on 5 January 1727 and was married twice: to N, a Lithuanian woman, and to Ekaterina Rodionovna Saburova, without having children by either of them.\n\nReign as empress regnant\nCatherine was crowned in 1724. The year before his death, Peter and Catherine had an estrangement over her support of Willem Mons, brother of Peter's former mistress Anna, and brother to one of the current ladies in waiting for Catherine, Matryona. He served as Catherine's secretary. Peter had fought his entire life to clear up corruption in Russia. Catherine had a great deal of influence over who could gain access to her husband. Willem Mons and his sister Matryona had begun selling their influence to those who wanted access to Catherine and, through her, to Peter. Apparently this had been overlooked by Catherine, who was fond of both. Peter found out and had Willem Mons executed and his sister Matryona exiled. He and Catherine did not speak for several months. Rumors flew that she and Mons had had an affair, but there is no evidence for this.\nPeter died (28 January 1725 Old Style) without naming a successor. Catherine represented the interests of the \"new men\", commoners who had been brought to positions of great power by Peter based on competence. A change of government was likely to favor the entrenched aristocrats. For that reason during a meeting of a council to decide on a successor, a coup was arranged by Menshikov and others in which the guards regiments with whom Catherine was very popular proclaimed her the ruler of Russia. Supporting evidence was \"produced\" from Peter's secretary Makarov and the Bishop of Pskov, both \"new men\" with motivation to see Catherine take over. The real power, however, lay with Menshikov, Peter Tolstoy, and other members of the Supreme Privy Council.\nCatherine viewed the deposed empress Eudoxia as a threat, so she secretly moved her to Shlisselburg Fortress near St. Petersburg to be put in a secret prison under strict custody as a state prisoner.\n\nDeath\nCatherine I died two years after Peter I, on 17 May 1727 at age 43, in St. Petersburg, where she was buried at St. Peter and St. Paul Fortress. Tuberculosis, diagnosed as an abscess of the lungs, caused her early demise.\nBefore her death she recognized Peter II, the grandson of Peter I and Eudoxia, as her successor.\n\nAssessment and legacy\nCatherine was the first woman to rule Imperial Russia, opening the legal path for a century almost entirely dominated by women, including her daughter Elizabeth and granddaughter-in-law Catherine the Great, all of whom continued Peter the Great's policies in modernizing Russia. At the time of Peter's death the Russian Army, composed of 130,000 men and supplemented by another 100,000 Cossacks, was easily the largest in Europe. However, the expense of the military was proving ruinous to the Russian economy, consuming some 65% of the government's annual revenue. Since the nation was at peace, Catherine was determined to reduce military expenditure. For most of her reign, Catherine I was controlled by her advisers. However, on this single issue, the reduction of military expenses, Catherine was able to have her way. The resulting tax relief on the peasantry led to the reputation of Catherine I as a just and fair ruler.The Supreme Privy Council concentrated power in the hands of one party, and thus was an executive innovation. In foreign affairs, Russia reluctantly joined the Austro-Spanish league to defend the interests of Catherine's son-in-law, the Duke of Holstein, against Great Britain.\nCatherine gave her name to Catherinehof near St. Petersburg, and built the first bridges in the new capital. She was also the first royal owner of the Tsarskoye Selo estate, where the Catherine Palace still bears her name.\nThe city of Yekaterinburg is named after her, Yekaterina being the Russian form of her name.\nShe also gave her name to the Kadriorg Palace (German: Katharinental, meaning \"Catherine's Valley\"), its adjacent Kadriorg Park and the later Kadriorg neighbourhood of Tallinn, Estonia, which today houses the Presidential Palace of Estonia. The name of the neighbourhood is also used as a metonym for the institution of the President.\nIn general, Catherine's policies were reasonable and cautious. The story of her humble origins was considered by later generations of tsars to be a state secret.\n\nSee also\nBibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)\nRulers of Russia family tree\n\nNotes\nPassage 8:\nJock Sim\nJohn Sim (4 December 1922 – 14 January 2000), known as Jock, Jackie, or Johnny Sim, was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a centre forward or left half in the Football League for Brighton & Hove Albion.\n\nLife and career\nSim was born in Glasgow in 1922. During the Second World War, he served abroad for five years. Afterwards, he joined Kirkintilloch Rob Roy from another junior club, St Roch's, early in the 1946–47 season, scored freely, and within weeks was reportedly \"in almost as great a demand as nylon stockings.\" He signed for English club Brighton & Hove Albion on 24 October, and scored on his Third Division South debut three weeks later. He had a run in the side in his first season, but injury disrupted his career: he was restricted to just 14 appearances in the next two seasons and none at all in 1949–50.Ahead of the following campaign, he signed for Chippenham Town, together with three Brighton teammates, Eric Lancelotte, Fred Leamon and Ken Davies. In March 1951, as part of the Western League record transfer that took Rex Tilley to Plymouth Argyle, Sim returned to the Football League, but he never played first-team football for Argyle and was soon back with Chippenham. He stayed for three seasons, but turned down the terms offered for a fourth and was released. He later played for Calne Town.Sim died in Chippenham in 2000 at the age of 77.\nPassage 9:\nJohnny Ekström\nJohnny Douglas Ekström (born 5 March 1965) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a forward and a winger. He played professionally in Italy, Germany, France, and Spain but is best remembered for his time in Sweden with IFK Göteborg with which he was the 1986 Allsvenskan top scorer and won three Swedish Championships. A full international between 1986 and 1995, he won 47 caps for the Sweden national team and represented his country at the 1990 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 1992.\n\nClub career\nIFK Göteborg\nA product of the IFK Göteborg youth academy, Ekström was promoted to the first team in 1983 before making his Allsvenskan debut during the 1984 season. He quickly earned the nicknames \"Kallebäcks-Expressen\" (the express train from Kallebäck) and \"Johnny Bråttom\" (Johnny-in-a-hurry) due to his speed on the football pitch. His most successful season with Göteborg came in 1986, when he was the 1986 Allsvenskan top scorer and helped the club reach the semi-finals of the 1985–86 European Cup before being eliminated by FC Barcelona. He also played in the first half of the 1986–87 UEFA Cup which IFK Göteborg ended up winning after Ekström's departure.\n\nEmpoli\nEkström was the most expensive Swedish transfer of all time when he signed for Empoli during the 1986–87 Serie A season. At Empoli, he became a popular and respected player and acquired the nickname 'Il Ciclone' (the cyclone) due to the exceptional speed he displayed when charging ahead with the ball in his possession, which was his most notable quality.\n\nBayern Munich\nIn 1988 Ekström signed for the German Bundesliga club FC Bayern Munich, and helped them win the 1988–89 Bundesliga title and reach the semi-finals of the 1988–89 UEFA Cup before being eliminated by Napoli.\n\nCannes\nHe signed with AS Cannes in Ligue 1 in 1989 and played alongside a young Zinedine Zidane before leaving the club in 1991.\n\nReturn to IFK Göteborg\nEkström returned to Swedish football and IFK Göteborg in 1991, winning the 1991 and 1993 Swedish Championships, as well as the 1991 Svenska Cupen. He also played in the 1992–93 UEFA Champions League where Göteborg finished joint-third behind Marseille and A.C. Milan.\n\nReggiana\nEkström returned to Serie A and Italian football in 1993, signing for Reggiana. Ekström played in 9 Serie A games for Reggiana during the 1993–94 Serie A season before spending the rest of the season on loan in Spain.\n\nLoan to Real Betis\nEkström spent the spring of 1994 with Real Betis on loan from Reggiana, becoming the second Swedish player to represent the Seville-based club after Torbjörn Jonsson. He played in seven Segunda División games during the 1993–94 season and scored two goals.\n\nDynamo Dresden\nDuring the summer of 1994, Ekström returned to German football and the Bundesliga after signing a two-year-contract with Dynamo Dresden. He ended up playing one season for the club, scoring seven goals in 30 Bundesliga games.\n\nEintracht Frankfurt\nEkström signed for Eintracht Frankfurt in 1995, and scored two goals in 16 games as the club was relegated to 2. Bundesliga in 1996. He stayed with the club in 2. Bundesliga, but could not help the team win promotion back to the top flight of German football.\n\nSecond return to IFK Göteborg and retirement\nHe returned to IFK Göteborg a second time in 1997, and spent the 1997 and 1998 Allsvenskan seasons with the club before retiring from professional football in late 1998. In total, Ekström appeared in more than 200 games for IFK Göteborg during his three stints with the club.\n\nInternational career\nYouth\nEkström played 12 games for the Sweden U21 team and was a part of the Sweden U21 squad that reached the quarterfinals of the 1986 UEFA European Under-21 Championship before being eliminated by Italy.\n\nSenior\nEkström made his full international debut in a friendly game against Greece on 1 May 1986, playing for 71 minutes alongside Dan Corneliusson at forward before being replaced by Lasse Larsson in a 0–0 draw. He scored his first international goal in a 3–1 friendly win against Finland on 6 August 1986.\n\nUEFA Euro 1988 qualifying\nEkström made his competitive international debut for Sweden on 24 September 1986 in a UEFA Euro 1988 qualifying game against Switzerland, which Sweden won 2–0 after two goals by Ekström. He went on to score another four goals in the same qualifying campaign, making him the joint-third best goalscorer in the UEFA Euro 1988 qualifiers at six goals together with Alessandra Altobelli but behind John Bosman and Nico Claesen. Despite Ekström's goals, Sweden did not manage to qualify for Euro 1988.\n\n1990 FIFA World Cup\nEkström scored two goals during the 1990 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign to help Sweden qualify for its first World Cup since 1978. While at the 1990 World Cup, he appeared in the second group stage game against Scotland, replacing Stefan Pettersson in the 63rd minute in a 1–2 loss. He started in the third group stage game against Costa Rica, scoring the first goal in a third consecutive 1–2 loss which had Sweden eliminated from the tournament.\n\nUEFA Euro 1992\nEkström was a part of the Sweden squad at UEFA Euro 1992 on home soil in Sweden and appeared as a substitute in all four games as Sweden reached the semi-finals of the tournament before being eliminated by Germany.\n\nLater years and retirement\nEkström played in four 1994 FIFA World Cup qualifying games before announcing his retirement from international football in October 1993. He made a brief comeback on 8 March 1995 in a friendly 3–3 draw with Cyprus in which Ekström scored one of the goals. He won a total of 47 caps for the Sweden national team, scoring 13 goals.\n\nCareer statistics\nInternational\nScores and results list Sweden's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Ekström goal.\n\nHonours\nIFK Göteborg\n\nAllsvenskan: 1984, 1991, 1993\nSvenska Cupen: 1991\nUEFA cup: 1986–87Bayern München\n\nBundesliga: 1988–89Individual\n\nAllsvenskan top scorer: 1986\nStor Grabb: 1988\nPassage 10:\nJohnny Crossan\nJohn Andrew Crossan (born 29 November 1938) is a Northern Irish author, radio sports analyst, entrepreneur, and former footballer. His brother Eddie was also a player.\n\nClub career\nCrossan began his career playing for Derry City, where he played as an inside forward. His talent was spotted by several leading English clubs, including Arsenal and Sunderland. When the latter made a substantial offer, Derry City offered Crossan a payment deal which he rejected, offering his own. When the Sunderland negotiations broke down, Derry City dropped Crossan, who signed for Coleraine. Derry City, still aggrieved by Crossan's actions, reported themselves to the Football League authorities for technical breaches of regulations, thus ensuring that Crossan would face disciplinary action.\nIn January 1959, a commission of inquiry imposed small fines on Derry and Coleraine, but banned Crossan from all forms of football for life. A partial lifting of the ban was allowed following an appeal, in May 1959 the inside forward signed for Dutch Champions Sparta Rotterdam, where he was first called up to the Northern Ireland squad.\nHe went from there to Standard Liège, where he played in the semi-final of the European Cup against Real Madrid. In 1963, Crossan returned to football in the UK (following the lifting of his 'life-time' ban) when he was signed by Sunderland, with whom he made it to the old First Division. He then signed for Manchester City who were playing in the old Second Division. As team captain, he helped them make their way into the old First Division, before being sold to Middlesbrough after a loss of form following a car crash and other health problems.\n\nInternational career\nInternationally, he was capped 24 times by Northern Ireland and scored 10 goals.\n\nInternational goals\nScores and results list Northern Ireland's goal tally first.\n\nManagement\nAfter his playing days, Crossan had a spell in management and took the top job at League of Ireland club, Sligo Rovers. He resigned soon after.\n\nMedia career\nHe also commentates for BBC Radio Foyle when they cover Derry City games.",6 "char_len": 36501,7 "document_hash": "a192d274d4e1d8fa1e557d185ff76fd9836363470a3fd67537d7a53af23ec4fc",8 "questions": [9 {10 "question_id": "q00",11 "qtype": "2wikimqa",12 "question": "Who was born later, Hugh Evelyn Wortham or Johnny Ekström?"13 }14 ]15}