spb/wp30_uqo

1{2  "document_id": "lb_hotpotqa_8a5d7c131d291d2c7cf2c20ea36a629f969402e0c50a8a8a",3  "family": "public_hotpotqa",4  "split": "test",5  "text": "Passage 1:\nCropper, Kentucky\nCropper is an unincorporated community within Shelby County, Kentucky, United States. It was also known as Croppers Depot. Their post office  is closed. The town of Cropper (Population Cal. at 205 in 2010) is located in northeast Shelby County, Kentucky. The origin of its name comes from the town's founder James Cropper, a blacksmith and store keeper who was the first person to build a house there sometime in the 1790s. He also was the town's first postmaster. The majority of Cropper's original citizens were members of the Low Dutch colony who were in the area as early as 1786. In 1807, a new group of settlers from Virginia increased the town's population. In 1855, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (L and N) along with a depot opened on the east end of town. A hotel soon opened afterwards. This railroad line was closed in the early 1970s. Another occurrence, in 1855, was the founding of Union Grove Church. This church had three different denominations that included Christian, Methodist and Baptist. The only cemetery in Cropper is on the church grounds. In June 1900, the Baptist separated from the Union Church, and by 1903 it had its own building. In 1967, the Union Grove Church was renamed Cropper Christian Church. In 1905, a bank was opened by Ben Allen Thomas, but it was closed in 1921. An 1882 map shows the first school in Cropper which was a large two-story building with grades one through twelve. It burned in 1951 and was replaced with a one-story elementary school. The team mascot was the Yellow Jackets.\nPassage 2:\nStelljes House\nThe Stelljes House is a historic house on New Hampshire Route 31 in Goshen, New Hampshire. Built about 1800, it is one of the oldest of a cluster of plank-frame houses in Goshen. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It has possibly been demolished.\n\nDescription and history\nThe Stelljes House stands in a rural area of southern Goshen, on the east side of NH 31. It is a 1+1⁄2-story wooden structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. A brick chimney rises slightly off-center from the roof ridge. The main facade is asymmetrical, with a slightly off-center entrance, two sash windows to its left, and a three-section modern picture window to the right. A gable dormer projects from the rear roof face. An ell extends from the southern portion of the rear of the main block, with a porch in the corner joining the two blocks.The house was built about 1800, and is one of the oldest of Goshen's cluster of plank-frame houses. The framing is three-inch planking attached vertically to sills, which rests on a rubble and granite stone foundation. Dowels are attached horizontally to give this framing lateral stability. The front facade was probably originally five bays across.\n\nSee also\nNational Register of Historic Places listings in Sullivan County, New Hampshire\nPassage 3:\nHaverstraw, New York\nHaverstraw  is a town in Rockland County, New York, United States, located north of the Town of Clarkstown and the Town of Ramapo; east of Orange County; south of the Town of Stony Point; and west of the Hudson River. The town runs from the west to the east border of the county in its northern section. The population was 39,087 at the 2020 census.The name comes from the Dutch word Haverstroo meaning \"oats straw\", referring to the grasslands along the river. The town contains three villages, one of which is also known as Haverstraw. Haverstraw village is the original seat of government for the town, hosting the area's historic central downtown business district and the densest population in northern Rockland County.\n\nHistory\nIn 1609, the region was explored by Henry Hudson. A land purchase was made in this town in 1666 from local natives and confirmed as a patent in 1671.  The region was known as Haverstroo, meaning \"oat straw\" in Dutch.\nDuring the American Revolution, it served as an important lookout for British activities on the Hudson. A blue-marked trail, the Long Path, may be taken 2 miles (3 km) eastward from Central Highway along the crest of South Mountain to High Tor. Halfway is Little Tor, the second highest peak on South Mountain.\nThe town of Haverstraw was formed in 1788 while still part of Orange County, New York.  Haverstraw was partitioned in 1791 to form the town of Clarkstown and the town of Ramapo and again in 1865 to form the town of Stony Point.\nIn 1826 the town was the site of a short-lived effort to establish an Owenite colony called the Franklin Community. Underfinanced and wracked by internal dissent, the model Owenite community folded after a mere five months of operation.\n\nGeography\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 27.4 square miles (71.0 km2), of which 22.2 square miles (57.4 km2) is land and 5.3 square miles (13.6 km2), or 19.19%, is water.\n\nDemographics\nAs of the census of 2000, there were 33,811 people, 11,255 households, and 8,328 families residing in the town.  The population density was 1,508.3 inhabitants per square mile (582.4/km2).  There were 11,553 housing units at an average density of 515.4 per square mile (199.0/km2).  The racial makeup of the town was 66.24% white, 10.27% black or African American, .41% Native American, 3.21% Asian, .10% Pacific Islander, 15.65% from other races, and 4.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 31.73% of the population.\nHaverstraw has one of largest Dominican communities in the United States with Dominicans making up 32.4% of the populationThere were 11,255 households, out of which 37.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.4% were married couples living together, 15.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.0% were non-families. 21.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.94 and the average family size was 3.43.\nIn the town, the population was spread out, with 26.3% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.7 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.4 males.\nThe median income for a household in the town was $53,850, and the median income for a family was $61,119. Males had a median income of $40,109 versus $31,979 for females. The per capita income for the town was $22,188.  About 8.1% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.8% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those age 65 or over.\nAs of the 2020 census, there were 39,087 people residing in the town.\n\nGovernment\nHaverstraw has a council form of government.  The town supervisor is Howard T. Phillips Jr., and council members are Vincent Gamboli, John J. Gould, Hector L. Soto and Isidro \"Papo\" Cancel.  The town's services include a police department.\n\nTransportation\nMajor highways include the Palisades Interstate Parkway, U.S. Route 9W, U.S. Route 202, and NY Route 45. Haverstraw is also a terminus of the NY Waterway/Metro-North Railroad Haverstraw–Ossining Ferry.\nShort Line, part of Coach USA, provides daily service along U.S. Route 9W heading to and from the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan and West Point Military Academy or Newburgh.\n\nNew York Central's West Shore Railroad began operations along the banks of the Hudson in 1883 and until 1958 operated passenger service between Albany and Weehawken Terminal in Weehawken, New Jersey, where passengers could transfer to ferries to Manhattan. Service between West Haverstraw and Weehawken was discontinued in 1959. The right of way is still used for freight and is known as the River Line. Conrail operated the system until its dissolution. It is now part of the CSX River Subdivision which runs between North Bergen Yard in New Jersey and Selkirk, New York.\n\nCommunities and locations in the town\nBowline Point Town Park – A park east of Haverstraw on a peninsula, called Bowline Point, in the Hudson River.\nGarnerville – A hamlet southwest of West Haverstraw.\nHarriman State Park – Part of the park is in the western part of the town.\nVillage of Haverstraw – The historic downtown business district. The original seat of government in Haverstraw Town.\nJohnsontown – A hamlet west of West Haverstraw named after the Johnson brothers.\nLadentown – A hamlet.\nLake Kanawauke – A lake in Harriman State Park in the southwestern corner of the town.\nLake Sebago – A lake in Harriman State Park in the southwestern corner of the town.\nLake Welch – A lake in Harriman State Park near the western town line.\nMount Ivy – A hamlet by the southern town line.\nPomona – A village partly in the town and partly in the town of Ramapo.\nSamsondale – A hamlet east of West Haverstraw.\nSt. John's in the Wilderness – A hamlet.\nThiells – A hamlet west of West Haverstraw.\nWest Haverstraw – A village.\nWillow Grove – A hamlet on the northern town line.\n\nEducation\nThe Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York operates Catholic schools in Rockland County. St. Peter Parish School was in Haverstraw. In 2012, after the archdiocese announced that it could potentially be closed, the school community did a fundraising drive as the school was told it could remain open if a plan to raise $500,000 annually was produced. That year the school's per-student cost was $5,500 but it relied on archdiocese funds as it deliberately had tuition below cost, at $3,600, so children of working class backgrounds could attend. It had an increasing enrollment at the time of closure, with 328 students in its final year.\n\nNotable people\nWilson P. Foss Jr., art collector and businessman\nWalter S. Gurnee, Fourteenth Mayor of Chicago\nAbram Stevens Hewitt (1822–1903) was a teacher, lawyer, iron manufacturer, U.S. Congressman, and a mayor of New York.\nMolly McGee (1952–1994), gridiron football player\nMarty Springstead, American League Umpire\nScott Stanford (1977) – WWE Superstars play-by-play announcer working for the Raw brand\nBoth the composer Kurt Weill and his wife, the actress and singer Lotte Lenya, are buried in Haverstraw\nRobert Sterling Yard, journalist, environmentalistHaverstraw was home to three Medal of Honor recipients:\n\nNick Erickson, Navy, Spanish–American War\nMichael A. Donaldson, 69th New York, World War I\n\nFootnotes\nFurther reading\nGeorge H. Budke, Rockland County during the American Revolution, 1776–1781. New York: Rockland County Public Librarians Association, 1976.\n\nExternal links\n\nTown of Haverstraw official website\nGreater Haverstraw Chamber of Commerce\nPassage 4:\nKadıköy, Yalova\nKadıköy is a town (belde) in the Yalova District, Yalova Province, Turkey. Its population is 9,543 (2022). It is 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) south west of Yalova and at the midpoint of Armutlu Peninsula. The settlement was founded  by an Ottoman kadı (\"judge\") . Hence it was named as Kadıköy (\"Judge's village\"). During Ottoman Empire most of the population was composed of Greeks. But according to Population exchange between Greece and Turkey agreement the Greek population was replaced by Turkish population from Greece. Refugees from Caucasus after the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) were also settled in the village. The village was declared a seat of township in 1991. Intensive farming such as green house farming and floriculture is the main economic activity of the town.\nPassage 5:\nTimnath, Colorado\nThe Town of Timnath is a Statutory Town located in Larimer County, Colorado, United States. Founded in 1882, Timnath is a small agricultural/farming community located southeast of Fort Collins, Colorado, approximately one-half mile east of the Harmony Road/Interstate 25 interchange, on a small bluff east of the Cache la Poudre River. The surrounding farmlands have been used primarily for potatoes, alfalfa, sugar beets, and cattle. Although the town has remained virtually unchanged in recent decades, the encroaching growth of both Fort Collins to the west and Windsor to the south have placed the town in an area considered favorable to development. The population was 6,487 at the 2020 census.  Timnath has been one of the fastest-growing communities in Colorado since 2020, and in 2021 had an estimated population of 7,839.\n\nDescription\nOther structures lining Main Street (a section of County Road 5) include elementary school (in the Poudre School District), a one-story modern post-office, and several other historic buildings. Most residences are single-family homes. There is another elementary school (Bethke Elementary) 2.8 miles away from the one lining Main Street.\n\nHistory\nThe area was first homesteaded by settlers in 1869. The first schoolhouse was constructed that year, approximately one-half mile west of the current town, and was named \"Fairview\". By 1880, the community had outgrown the schoolhouse, and new \"Fairview\" school was built just north of the current town. The school also served as an early meeting place for the Presbyterian Church. The turning point in the early history of the community was in 1882, with the arrival of the Greeley, Salt Lake and Pacific Railroad (controlled by the Union Pacific) linking Greeley and Fort Collins. The following year, the Presbyterian Church, petitioned by local residents, sent a missionary to found a congregation. The current structure along Main Street dates from that year.\nA post office was established in 1884, headed by Reverend Charles A. Taylor, the local Presbyterian minister. When the post office was formed, Taylor bestowed the current name of the town from the 14th chapter of the Book of Judges, as the place where Samson went to obtain a Philistine wife. In 1900 the second school became outdated and a new one was built, dropping the name \"Fairview\" permanently. This structure currently stands as an out-building to the current elementary school. A larger school was built in 1918 (which burned in 1935 and was rebuilt the following year). The school district was consolidated with that of Fort Collins in 1960.\nDuring World War II, the Empire of Japan launched Fu-Go balloon bombs that floated across the Pacific to the U.S. One of these bombs dropped and exploded in a field in Timnath.\n\nGeography\nTimnath is located at 40°31'47\" North, 104°58'54\" West (40.529718, -104.981654).As of 2013, the incorporated area of Timnath comprises 5.05 square miles of land.The historical downtown lies along County Road Five, which runs north–south parallel to Interstate 25 half a mile to the east. Since the 2000 census, the town of Timnath has annexed several square miles of land to the east and southeast; the town has experienced significant commercial development along the east–west corridor of County Road 38 (Harmony Road), including Wal-Mart and Costco. The majority of the six mile (north-south) by three mile (east-west) block of land that lies within Timnath's growth management area is low-density residential or agricultural, and is designated to remain so, with open space and parkland filling the remainder of the area, particularly near the Poudre River and Timnath Reservoir.\n\nGovernment\nTimnath is a Home Rule Town, governed by a Town Council, which consists of five elected officials - one Mayor and four Council Members, all positions are elected \"at large,\" meaning that candidates come from all areas of the town. Elected officials serve 4 year terms.\nCouncil meetings are open, public meetings where the Council makes town decisions and creates local laws and policies. The Council holds regular meetings on the second and fourth Tuesday of each month at 6 p.m. Unless otherwise noted, all meetings are held at the Town Administration Building at 4800 Goodman Street.\nThe Town Council appoints the Town Manager who is responsible for the administration and daily operations of the Town.\nPolice services are provided by the Timnath Police Department and the Larimer County Sheriff's Department. Fire protection is provided by Poudre Fire Authority.\n\nDemographics\nAs of the census of 2010, there were 625 people, 214 households, and 179 families residing in the town. There were 243 housing units. The racial makeup of the town was 94.4% White, 0.6% African American, 0.0% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 1.4% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. 6.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.\nThere were 214 households, out of which 46.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.0% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 16.4% were non-families. 14.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.92 and the average family size was 3.23.\nIn the town, the population was spread out, with 32.3% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 7.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.4 males.\nIn the 2009-2013 American Community Survey, the median income for a household in the town was $113,144, and the median income for a family was $114,318. The per capita income for the town was $40,889. 1.5% of the population and 1.1% of families were below the poverty line. 1.0% of those under the age of 18 and 0.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.\nTimnath has experienced significant population growth in recent years, and was the fastest growing town in Colorado in 2013 (32%) and the fastest growing town in Colorado since the start of the decade (142%).\n\nNotable people\nJean Bethke Elshtain, political philosopher\nPassage 6:\nClarkstown, New York\nClarkstown is a town in Rockland County, New York, United States. The town is on the eastern border of the county, located north of the town of Orangetown, east of the town of Ramapo, south of the town of Haverstraw, and west of the Hudson River. As of the 2020 census, the town had a total population of 86,855. The hamlet of New City, the county seat of Rockland County, is also the seat of town government and of the Clarkstown Police Department, the county sheriff's office, and the county correctional facility. New City makes up about 41.47% of the town's population.\nIn 2008, Clarkstown became one of 600 municipalities nationwide to sign the United States Mayor's Climate Protection Agreement to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to 7 percent below the 1990 levels by 2012.\n\nHistory\nThe town of Clarkstown was created in 1791 from the town of Haverstraw in Orange County, before Rockland County was formed.\n\nGeography\nThe Hudson River defines the eastern border of the town, which is opposite the town of Mount Pleasant in Westchester County.\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 46.9 square miles (121 km2), of which 38.5 square miles (100 km2) is land and 8.4 square miles (22 km2) (17.87%) is water.\nThe New York State Thruway (Interstate 87/Interstate 287) intersects the Palisades Interstate Parkway in the town.\n\nDemographics\nAs of the 2010 Census, there were 84,187 people, 29,234 households, and 22,186 families residing in the Town of Clarkstown. The population density was 1,800 per square mile. There were 30,314 housing units at an average density of 646.35 per square mile. There were 29,234 households, out of which 27.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.1% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% were non-families. 36.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 31.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age of older. The average household size was 2.84 and the average family size was 3.28. The median age was 42.8 years. \nAs of the census of 2000, there were 82,082 people, 27,697 households, and 21,991 families residing in the town.  The population density was 2,129.7 inhabitants per square mile (822.3/km2).  There were 28,220 housing units at an average density of 732.2 per square mile (282.7/km2).  The racial makeup of the town was 79.97% White, 7.87% African American, 0.13% Native American, 7.90% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 1.99% from other races, and 2.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.92% of the population.\nThere were 27,697 households, out of which 36.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.4% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.6% were non-families. 16.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.27.\nIn the town, the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.3 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.3 males.\nAccording to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the town was $92,121, and the median income for a family was $104,909. Males had a median income of $57,773 versus $40,805 for females. The per capita income for the town was $34,430.  About 2.5% of families and 3.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.5% of those under age 18 and 3.4% of those age 65 or over.\nAs of the 2020 Census, there were 86,855 people residing in the Town of Clarkstown.Clarkstown is the most densely populated town in Rockland County and is home to New City, which is the county seat. Clarkstown has more business districts in it than any other town in Rockland County, including the Palisades Center, which is among the largest malls in the world.\n\nElected representation\nThe Town of Clarkstown has as its chief executive a Town Supervisor.  The current Town Supervisor is George Hoehmann.  Clarkstown is represented in the United States House of Representatives by Congressman Michael Lawler.  It is represented in New York State government by Senator Bill Weber and Assemblyman Kenneth Zebrowski Jr. Clarkstown is divided into four wards as follows:\n\nWard 1 Councilman Frank Borelli (R)\nencompasses the northern portion of New City.\nWard 2 Councilman Michael Graziano (R)\nencompasses the northeast portion of Clarkstown.\nWard 3 Councilman Donald Franchino (R)\nencompasses Central Nyack, West Nyack, Nanuet, and Bardonia.\nWard 4 Councilman Patrick Carroll (D)\nencompasses Bardonia, New City, Nanuet, Spring Valley and West Nyack.\n\nPublic transportation\nClarkstown Mini-Trans is the provider of local mass transportation in Clarkstown. It has five bus routes:\n\nRoute A- Nanuet Mall to Lakewood Drive\nRoute B- Nanuet Mall to Zukor Park\nRoute C- Nanuet Mall to South Mountain Road\nRoute D- Nanuet Mall to Palisades Center Mall\nRoute E- Nanuet Mall to Ridge RoadAdditionally, Transport of Rockland provides local mass transportation. Routes 59, 91, 92, 93, and 97 serve the town.Commuter transportation is provided by New Jersey Transit's Pascack Valley Line at Nanuet, with service to Hoboken and connecting service to New York Penn Station. Tappan ZEExpress, operated by Transport of Rockland provides bus service from the Palisades Center in West Nyack and the Hudson Link bus in Central Nyack to the Tarrytown train station and the White Plains TransCenter. In addition, Rockland Coaches provides express service to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York City from Park-and-Ride and other pickup locations in New City, Bardonia, West Nyack, and Nanuet via Route 49 and 49J, and local service to New York from New City, Valley Cottage, and Upper Nyack on Routes 9A, 9T, and 20.\n\nEducation\nThe town of Clarkstown is served by several school districts. The majority of the town is served by the Clarkstown Central School District, which educates students in New City, Bardonia, Congers, and West Nyack. The village of Upper Nyack as well as the hamlets of Valley Cottage and Central Nyack are served by the Nyack Public Schools, while the Hamlet of Nanuet is served by the Nanuet Union Free School District. A small portion on the western town border is served by the East Ramapo Central School District.High schools located in the town include Clarkstown South High School in West Nyack, Clarkstown North High School in New City, Nyack Senior High School in Upper Nyack, and Nanuet Senior High School in Nanuet.\n\nClarkstown Central School District\nIn 2015 U.S. News & World Report ranked Clarkstown North Senior High School with a Silver award as the 135 Best High School in New York State and 1,329 nationally\nIn 2017 U.S. News & World Report ranked Clarkstown South Senior High School with a Silver award as the 116 Best High School in New York State and 1,219 nationally.\nIn 2017 U.S. News & World Report ranked Clarkstown North Senior High School with a Silver award as the 117 Best High School in New York State and 1,224 nationally.\nIn 2018, ranked 78 Best School Districts in Clarkstown by Niche's.\n\nCommunities and locations in the Town of Clarkstown\nRankings\nCNN Money\nIn 2008, CNNMoney.com named Clarkstown the 71st best small \"city\" to live in America.\nIn 2010, CNNMoney.com named Clarkstown the 41st best small \"city\" to live in America, which was the highest such ranking in New York.\nIn 2012, CNNMoney.com named Clarkstown the 35th best small \"city\" to live in America.\nIn 2014, CNNMoney.com named Clarkstown the 7th best small \"city\" to live in America.\nIn 2016, CNNMoney.com named Clarkstown the 7th best small \"city\" to live in America.\nIn 2019, CNNMoney.com named Clarkstown the 91st best small \"city\" to live in America.\nIn 2021, CNNMoney.com named Clarkstown the 49th best small \"city\" to live in America.\n\nCQ Press Crime ranking\nIn 2005, it was named by Morgan Quitno the second safest city in the United States whose population is greater than 75,000 as well as the second safest overall from over 369 cities. This was the fifth year in a row in which Clarkstown made it within the top five and top ten respectively in these categories.\nIn 2007, Clarkstown was once again named the second safest city in the United States, in the 14th annual \"2007 – 2008 City Crime Rankings\" published by CQ Press – formally known as Morgan Quitno, a unit of Congressional Quarterly Inc. It was based on the FBI's September 24, 2007, crime statistics report which looked at 378 municipal areas with at least 75,000 people based on per-capita rates for homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary and auto theft.\nIn 2008, Clarkstown was named the 6th safest city in the United States in the 15th annual \"2008 – 2009 City Crime Rankings\" published by CQ Press.\nIn 2009, Clarkstown was named the 7th safest city in the United States in the 16th annual \"2009 – 2010 City Crime Rankings\" published by CQ Press.\nIn 2010, Clarkstown was named the 5th safest city in the United States in the 17th annual \"2010 – 2011 City Crime Rankings\" published by CQ Press.In 2011, Clarkstown was named the 7th safest city in the United States in the 18th annual \"2011 – 2012 City Crime Rankings\" published by CQ Press.\nIn 2012, Clarkstown was named the 8th safest city in the United States in the 19th annual \"2012 – 2013 City Crime Rankings\" published by CQ Press.\nIn 2013, Clarkstown was named the 8th safest city in the United States in the 20th annual \"2013 – 2014 City Crime Rankings\" published by CQ Press.\nHowever, these rankings are highly controversial, because of their source. In October 2007 the American Society of Criminology, the United States Conference of Mayors, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation requested that the publisher reconsider the promotion of the book – specifically, \"their inaccurate and inflammatory press release labeling cities as 'safest' and 'most dangerous'\" – because the rankings are \"baseless and damaging.\"\n\nEducational ranking\nIn 2015 U.S. News & World Report ranked Clarkstown South Senior High School with a silver award as the 128 Best High School in New York State and 1,233 nationally.In 2015 U.S. News & World Report ranked Clarkstown North Senior High School with a silver award as the 135 Best High School in New York State and 1,329 nationally.\n\nClarkstown Going Green\nClarkstown has taken steps towards \"going green\" by conducting energy audits, purchasing Energy Star office equipment and using green cleaning products in town facilities. Other steps included:\n\n2005 – Purchasing 10% of the energy used by town government from wind and solar sources.\n2006 – Passing a tree preservation law.\n2007 – Purchasing hybrid vehicles and smaller cars.\n2008 – Installing energy-efficient lighting (LED) at its parks and recreation building with sensors that automatically turn off lights when no motion is detected.\n2012- Solar Field installed on capped Town Landfill (Dedicated in 2014). It is the first Solar Field on a capped landfill in New York State. Proposed by then Councilman, George Hoehmann.\n2013- Town participated in the NYSDEC Climate Smart Communities program in developing resiliency and climate action plans.\n2016- Town purchases street lights from Orange and Rockland Utilities and begins converting to LED (Conversion completed in 2018).Climate Action and Sustainability Planning - Training and Outreach\n\nBeginning in 2014, Town Planners, along with representatives from other Town Departments, attended an initial training workshop held by the consulting firm of Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. (VHB), who is being funded by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation specifically to help communities attain their goals as Climate Smart Communities.  Town Planners participated in a series of workshops with VHB through February 2015 to begin the process of identifying ways to reduce the Town's greenhouse gas emissions.\nIn addition, the Clarkstown Planning Department, along with other Town Departments, participated in the New York Rising Community Reconstruction Program.  This is a separate initiative funded by the New York State Department of State to aid in the development of resilient and sustainable communities. As part of this New York Rising Program the consulting firm AKRF, Inc. worked with the Town to identify areas of the Town which are vulnerable to storm damage and to formulate a plan and provide funding to address these issues.\nParticipation in these initiatives and the products generated will serve as the foundations of the Climate Action and Sustainability Plan, which will be incorporated into the first update of the Town's Comprehensive Plan, Clarkstown 2020.  Additionally, workshops were held throughout the Town's hamlets to begin gathering input and formulate direction for the Clarkstown 2020 update.\n\nUS Supreme Court case\nIn 1994, Clarkstown was involved in litigation that challenged a town ordinance, that required all waste picked up in the town to be sorted for recyclables at a specific privately operated facility.  The case made it to the United States Supreme Court in C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown, in which the ordinance was held unconstitutional.\nPassage 7:\nCarrizozo, New Mexico\nCarrizozo is a town in Lincoln County, New Mexico, United States. It is the county seat, with a population of 996 at the 2010 census. Founded in 1899, the town provided the main railroad access for Lincoln County, and the town experienced significant population growth in the early decades of the 1900s. However, with declining relevance of the railroad, the population of the town has gradually declined. The town is located at the intersection of U.S. Routes 54 and 380.\n\nName\nThe name of the town is derived from the Spanish vernacular for reed grass (Carrizo), which grew significantly in the area and provided excellent feed for ranch cattle. The additional \"zo\" at the end of the town name was added to indicate abundance of Carrizo grass. The town is now often referred to colloquially as \"Zozo\".\n\nHistory\nPrior to 1899, the area was primarily a few ranches and a stagecoach crossing with limited permanent settlement. Lawrence Murphy, a merchant active in the Lincoln County War (1878), owned a major ranch in the area. The location of Carrizozo was selected as the site for a station on the El Paso and Northeastern Railway (EP&NE) main line in 1899. Carrizozo was chosen over the nearby booming mine town of White Oaks, resulting in large-scale migration from White Oaks to Carrizozo.The railroad brought businesses, growing population, and increased importance to the town of Carrizozo. As a result, a county referendum in 1909 moved the seat of Lincoln County from the town of Lincoln to Carrizozo. This decision resulted in a four-year legal battle that was eventually resolved in favor of Carrizozo by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Gray v. Taylor. The result was a boom in which railroad access and political importance combined to lead to significant population growth in Carrizozo. The population reached around 2,000 by 1920.During this time, Albert B. Fall, a U.S. Senator from New Mexico and later Secretary of the Interior, owned the Three Rivers Ranch just south of Carrizozo, but had to sell it to settle legal debts as a result of his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal (1922–1923). During the same time, journalist Quentin Reynolds visited the town and wrote a piece on it for Collier's. Later, he wrote in The Wounded Don't Cry that \"I used to agree with Bugs that once you left New York, you were strictly on the horse and buggy circuit. But of late years I've had to modify that. Since then I've discovered New Orleans, San Francisco and a little place called Carrizozo, New Mexico, where I want to go when I die. I want to go there and gang around the drug store and sneak behind the prescription counter with Art Rolland and have a nip of what he calls Old Granddaddy then type out his prescriptions for him.\"Carrizozo is about 35 miles (56 km) east of the Trinity Site, where the first nuclear bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945. Residents reported tremors like an earthquake and, as the first major downwind settlement, the town received a significant part of the remnants of the mushroom cloud (resulting in some radioactive contamination of the area, which faded quickly and does not persist today).With the rise of the automobile, Carrizozo's proximity to the railroad became less important starting in the 1950s, and the last passenger train passed through in 1968. The result was a decrease in economic opportunity in Carrizozo, and the population fell back to about 1,200 people for much of the end of the 20th century. Recently, the town has seen increasing focus on tourism, and cherry cider produced in the town is known nationally.\n\nGeography\nCarrizozo is located at the northern end of the Tularosa Basin, which extends southward to the New Mexico–Texas border. The town itself is located in a flat area known prior to the founding of the town as the Corrizo flats, with typical Chihuahuan desert scrub and desert grasslands.To the west of the town is the Carrizozo Malpais, a 40-mile-long (64 km) lava flow that is about 1,500 years old and accessible through the Valley of Fires Recreation Area. To the northeast is Carrizo Mountain, a 9,600-foot (2,900 m) peak within the Sacramento Mountains, and to the southeast are the Sierra Blanca mountain range.\n\nClimate\nDemographics\nAs of the 2010 census, there were 996 people living in the town. The racial makeup of the town was 78.71% White, 0.70% African American, 2.61% American Indian, 14.16% Other, and 3.82% identified as two or more. Hispanics of any race were 43.57% of the population. Of the population, 54.72% were men and 45.28% were women. Of these, 15.96% were under the age of 18, 24.50% were over 65, and 59.54% were between 18 and 65.\n\nTransportation\nCarrizozo is located at the intersection of U.S. Routes 54 and 380. For general aviation, the town is served by Carrizozo Municipal Airport.\n\nEducation\nCarrizozo Municipal Schools is the local school district.\n\nPoints of interest\nCarrizozo Women's Club (1920 Pueblo Revival style building listed in the National Register of Historic Places)\nCarrizozo Heritage Museum (1940s built as a frozen food locker—converted into local history museum in 2003)\nLincoln National Forest (southeast of the city via U.S. Route 380 and NM 37)\nValley of Fires Recreation Area (west-northwest of the city via U.S. Route 380)\n\nFilm and television\nA number of movies have been filmed in Carrizozo. Movies which have been filmed at least partially in Carrizozo include:\nWander (2020)\nGambit (2012)\nThis Must be the Place (2011)\nThe Book of Eli (2010)\nDeja Vu, Hera's Odyssey (2004)\nThe Outfitters (1999)\nMad Love (1995)\n\nNotable people\nAlbert B. Fall, first senator from the state of New Mexico (1912–1921) and later U.S. Secretary of the Interior (1921–1923); owned the Three Rivers Ranch on the outskirts of Carrizozo\nWilliam C. McDonald, first governor of the state of New Mexico (1912–1917); owned a ranch on the outskirts of Carrizozo\nCharlie Siringo, famous Pinkerton detective assigned to Carrizozo to catch cattle thieves (1916–1917)\nEarl Reece Stadtman, biochemist born in Carrizozo in 1919\nJosé Maria de Vega, born in Michoacán, Entrepreneur carpenter, assisted McDonald, 1st board of trustees in Carrizozo.\nRick Geary, American cartoonist and illustrator, has lived in Carrizozo since 2007.\nPassage 8:\nAncón, Panama\nAncón is a corregimiento in Panamá District, Panamá Province, Panama with a population of 29,761 as of 2010. Its population as of 1990 was 11,518; its population as of 2000 was 11,169. It is sometimes considered a suburb or small town within Panama City, northeast of the limits of the town of Balboa. Ancon Hill is also the name of a large hill that overlooks Panama City and once served as a form of protection from pirates and sea invasion. The township was originally located around this hill, and was created to house employees of the Panama Canal during its construction. As part of the construction effort, the historic Gorgas Army Hospital was founded and built on the hillside. The first ship to officially transit the canal, SS Ancon, was named after the district. The community continued to serve as housing for employees of the Panama Canal Company until 1980, when parts of it began to be turned over to the Panamanian government under the 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties. Modern-day Ancón is a corregimiento (the Panamanian equivalent of a suburb in the United States) of Panama City, serving mainly as a residential area. The Gorgas Army Hospital building is now the Panamanian Oncology Hospital, primarily used for cancer research. The area also houses Panama's Supreme Court, just a few feet away from the Gorgas Army Hospital building, and several Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute buildings for research into tropical biology. Ancón is also a parish (parroquia) of the District of Panama, located in the Panama Canal adjacent area.\n\nHistory\nThe area where the district of Ancón is located was always conceived as a place of transit. From the Spanish arrival on the Isthmus of Panama in 1501, it was thought to build there a road between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, an idea that was materialized with the construction of the Panama Canal.During the years when the Panama Canal was under the control of the United States, many administrative facilities, military bases, and communities were built in the adjacent areas, forming part of the former Panama Canal Zone. When these areas were reverted to Panama under the Torrijos-Carter Treaties, several alternatives were proposed to integrate the district to the city of Panama. The current district of Ancón was created when a new political-administrative division for the reverted areas was adopted, by Act No. 18 of August 29, 1979, and later amended by Law No. 1 of October 27, 1982. The areas located in the Pacific sector became part of this district, while those located on the Atlantic side were incorporated into the district of Cristobal, in the province of Colon. They remain characterized by a strong US urban architectural style.\n\nEconomy\nDue to its geographical location, the district of Ancón is of great importance for the economy of Panama. In it are located most of the administrative facilities and services related to the Panama Canal. Balboa is home to the port of Panama City. The district also home to the Administrative Unit of Reverted properties of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, established in 2007 as a replacement for the former Inter-Oceanic Region Authority. Many of the buildings belonging to former US military bases are today sites of Panamanian governmental and nongovernmental institutions, such as the City of Knowledge, the main science and technology park in the country, in the area of the former Fort Clayton.\nBesides its importance in the fields of trade and intermodal transportation, the district is becoming increasingly relevant in terms of services and tourism. Ancón is home to the Marcos A. Gelabert International Airport, the Grand National Transportation Terminal, and Albrook Mall, the largest mall in the country.\n\nSites of interest\nThe district of Ancón includes the Parque Natural Metropolitano, a vast jungle located a few minutes from the city, and its highest elevation, Ancon Hill. In its urban areas, you can visit several historical sites of the Panamanian capital, the building that houses the headquarters of the  Panama Canal Authority, popularly known as the Administration Building. The Amador Causeway, a section of which runs over the sea, joining three small Pacific islands, is one of the city's most popular tourist attractions, with marinas, restaurants, bars, and discothèques. There is also the Figali Convention Center, while the Museum of Biodiversity, designed by renowned architect Frank Gehry, is currently in construction.\n\nSee also\nPostage stamps and postal history of the Canal Zone\nPassage 9:\nCarpenter, Colorado\nCarpenter is a ghost town in Mesa County, Colorado, United States, twelve miles northeast of Grand Junction at the end of an extension to 27¼ Road. The settlement was established by William Thomas Carpenter early in 1890 to provide the miners who worked in his two Book Cliff mines with a place to live. He began building shacks to house his single miners and later erected small houses for the employees with families.\nAs a result of the town's rapid growth, a request to the U.S. post office to establish a branch there in June 1890 was quickly obliged and the community was officially dubbed Carpenter. However, the town never attained a population of over 50, and the post office closed after one year. After the closure of its post office, Carpenter built a company store and a combination boarding house/restaurant. Book Cliff company stone cutters and masons constructed several buildings and many foundations at Carpenter, using stone from the company quarry near the cliffs. One of the finest examples of a building made of Book Cliff sandstone is the Fruita, Colorado Catholic church.\nSeveral years of prosperity followed the arrival of the Little Book Cliff Railway at the townsite in 1892. Carpenter began to formulate big plans for his village. He envisioned it as a tourist resort complete with hotel, dance pavilion, picnic areas, and even a lake that was to be fed by a spring located near his Book Cliff mines. Carpenter renamed the camp Poland Spring after a noted resort of that name in Maine. It was variously referred to as Polen, Pollen, and Polan Springs, although Carpenter's intended name was evidenced by his having it emblazoned on the side of one of his railroad excursion cars. The resort plans were never completed because Carpenter went broke shortly after the Panic of 1893.\nIsaac Chauncey Wyman, a wealthy Massachusetts investor, became the next owner of the Book Cliff company. The town continued to enjoy an active existence because he did much to improve the mines and thus created a need for additional employees. The old eating house, referred to as the Hotel de Carpenter on occasion, was converted into a school and church for the camp's inhabitants, and many company structures were rebuilt and improved during Wyman's tenure as owner. The new name Book Cliff was applied to the town but did not adhere any better than did Poland Springs. Usually, people referred to the place as the “Book Cliff Mines.”\nThe town reached its zenith and then began a gradual decline following Wyman's death in 1910. In his will, Wyman left the town, railroad, and mines to Princeton University. Princeton managed everything for 15 years then decided to abandon it all in 1925. By the end of that summer nearly everything had been sold, dismantled, and hauled away.\nPassage 10:\nGoshen, New Hampshire\nGoshen is a town in Sullivan County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 796 at the 2020 census.\n\nHistory\nIncorporated in 1791, Goshen was first settled in 1768 as a part of Saville (now Sunapee). The name \"Goshen\" may have been taken from Goshen, Connecticut, where many residents had relatives.\n\nGeography\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 22.5 square miles (58.4 km2), of which 22.4 square miles (58.1 km2) are land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km2) are water, comprising 0.41% of the town. Goshen is drained by the South Branch Sugar River and its tributaries Blood Brook and Gunnison Brook, and hence lies almost fully within the Connecticut River watershed. Most of the southeast part of town is drained by Cherry Brook, one of the headwaters of the Ashuelot River, a southwest-flowing tributary of the Connecticut, but a small area at the southeast corner of town has the headwaters of the east-flowing West Branch Warner River, part of the Merrimack River watershed.The long ridge of Mount Sunapee occupies the eastern edge of town. The highest point in Goshen is an unnamed knob on the ridge (near Goves Mountain) where the elevation reaches 2,529 feet (771 m) above sea level.\nNew Hampshire Route 10 passes through the western part of the town, including Goshen village, and leads north to Newport and south to Keene. New Hampshire Route 31 has its northern terminus at Route 10 and leads southeast to Hillsborough.\n\nAdjacent municipalities\nSunapee, New Hampshire (north)\nNewbury, New Hampshire (east)\nBradford, New Hampshire (southeast at one point)\nWashington, New Hampshire (south)\nLempster, New Hampshire (southwest)\nUnity, New Hampshire (west)\nNewport, New Hampshire (northwest)\n\nDemographics\nAs of the census of 2000, there were 741 people, 279 households, and 219 families residing in the town.  The population density was 32.9 inhabitants per square mile (12.7/km2).  There were 389 housing units at an average density of 17.3 per square mile (6.7/km2).  The racial makeup of the town was 97.03% White, 1.62% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.13% from other races, and 1.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.40% of the population.\nThere were 279 households, out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.5% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.5% were non-families. 17.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 2.96.\nIn the town, the population was spread out, with 24.2% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 26.7% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.6 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.5 males.\nThe median income for a household in the town was $42,625, and the median income for a family was $45,208. Males had a median income of $33,333 versus $22,727 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,561.  About 6.9% of families and 8.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.8% of those under age 18 and 21.5% of those age 65 or over.\n\nEducation\nGoshen and the neighboring town of Lempster maintained a combined elementary and middle school, called Goshen-Lempster Cooperative School, located in Lempster. The school served kindergarten through 8th grade. The cooperative was dissolved in June 2016.  The majority of Goshen elementary and middle-school aged children now attend Newport, NH schools; the Newport school system now acts as the anchor system for Goshen students.\nAfter 8th grade, students are given the choice to attend several neighboring high schools, including Newport High School, Sunapee Middle-High School, and Kearsarge Regional High School.\n\nNotable people\nJohn Williams Gunnison (1812–1853), US Army officer, explorer of the American West",6  "char_len": 49130,7  "document_hash": "52f9d765f97988573fb1732f343e5f155684d1f6e2ed15668aeb47ba72e68af9",8  "questions": [9    {10      "question_id": "q00",11      "qtype": "hotpotqa",12      "question": "What was the population in 2010 of the town where The Stelljes House is located ?"13    }14  ]15}