1H1-M1 within-country: log pop $\sim$ K + log gdppc + polyarchy + year FE & K\_modern\_dm & 0.148$^{**}$ & 0.062 & 14647 & 0.65 \\2H1-M2 pooled: log pop $\sim$ K + log gdppc + polyarchy + year FE + region FE & K\_modern & 0.188 & 0.240 & 14647 & 0.23 \\3H1-M3 50-year differences: $\Delta$log pop $\sim$ $\Delta$K + $\Delta$log gdppc + $\Delta$polyarchy + year FE & dK\_modern & 0.135$^{**}$ & 0.053 & 6836 & 0.17 \\4