1"""Area hardware_emerging, part B: categories 32 and 39 (quantum computing, sustainable computing)."""23CATEGORIES = [4dict(5 id="quantum_computing", number=32, name="Quantum Computing", area="hardware_emerging",6 definition=("Computation and information processing exploiting quantum mechanics: quantum algorithms and complexity, "7 "quantum error correction and fault tolerance, qubit hardware platforms and control, quantum software, "8 "compilers and simulators, variational and NISQ algorithms, quantum machine learning, quantum communication "9 "and key distribution, quantum networking. Quantum physics without a computational or information-processing "10 "framing is out of scope; post-quantum cryptography is applied_cryptography."),11 topics=[("T10020", 1.0, "quantum information and cryptography"), ("T10682", 1.0, "quantum computing algorithms and architecture"),12 ("T10622", 0.3, "quantum mechanics and applications"), ("T11803", 0.3, "superconducting and THz device technology"),13 ("T11804", 0.3, "quantum many-body systems"), ("T11414", 0.3, "quantum optics and atomic interactions"),14 ("T13182", 0.3, "quantum-dot cellular automata"), ("T10382", 0.2, "quantum and electron transport phenomena"),15 ("T10425", 0.2, "cold atom physics"), ("T10657", 0.2, "topological materials"), ("T12611", 0.2, "quantum reservoir computing"),16 ("T11261", 0.2, "quantum chaos and dynamical systems"), ("T10022", 0.2, "semiconductor quantum structures and devices"),17 ("T11130", 0.1, "coding theory (quantum codes)"), ("T12002", 0.1, "computability (quantum complexity)"),18 ("T11262", 0.1, "quantum mechanics and non-Hermitian physics")],19 subfields=[],20 arxiv=[("quant-ph", 1.0), ("cs.ET", 0.3), ("cs.CC", 0.1), ("cs.IT", 0.1), ("math.IT", 0.1), ("physics.comp-ph", 0.1)],21 streams=[("journals/quantum", 1.0), ("journals/qip", 1.0), ("conf/qce", 1.0), ("conf/tqc", 1.0), ("journals/entropy", 0.2),22 ("journals/tit", 0.1), ("conf/isit", 0.1), ("journals/iacr", 0.1), ("journals/tcad", 0.1), ("conf/dac", 0.1),23 ("conf/date", 0.1), ("journals/tc", 0.1), ("conf/isca", 0.1), ("conf/micro", 0.1), ("conf/hpca", 0.1),24 ("conf/asplos", 0.1), ("journals/jcphy", 0.1), ("journals/cphysics", 0.1), ("journals/symmetry", 0.1),25 ("conf/stoc", 0.1), ("conf/focs", 0.1), ("journals/natmi", 0.05), ("journals/ncs", 0.1), ("journals/mlst", 0.1),26 ("conf/sc", 0.1), ("journals/tpds", 0.05), ("conf/ipps", 0.05)],27 keywords=[28 (r"(?i)\bquantum (comput(ing|ers?|ation|ational)|algorithms?|circuits?|gates?|processors?|hardware|supremacy|advantage|error[- ]correct(ion|ing)|error mitigation|codes?|annealing|annealers?|machine learning|neural networks?|kernels?|simulation|simulators?|emulat\w+|information|key distribution|cryptograph\w*|communication|internet|networks?|networking|teleportation|entanglement distribution|repeaters?|memor(y|ies)|sensing|metrology|software|programming|compil(ers?|ation|ing)|control|optimi[sz]ation|chemistry (simulation|algorithms?|on quantum)|walks?|Fourier|phase estimation|approximate optimi[sz]ation|variational|bits?|speed-?ups?|volume|random (circuits?|sampling)|dots? (for|as) qubits?|devices? for computing|technolog(y|ies)|instruction sets?|transpil\w+|benchmark\w*|cloud|service|workflows?|HPC|data (centers?|loading)|RAM|QRAM|generative|reinforcement|transformers?|Boltzmann|support vector|convolutional|federated|language models?|LLMs?|finance|chemistry|many-?body simulation on|advantage experiments?|readout|crosstalk|calibration|characteri[sz]ation|tomography|process tomography|state preparation|amplitude (amplification|estimation|encoding)|linear (systems?|algebra) algorithms?|singular value|eigensolvers?|dynamics simulation|Monte Carlo (acceleration|algorithms)|game theory|secret sharing|money|signatures?|commitment|oblivious|zero-?knowledge|interactive proofs?|complexity|Turing|cellular automata|dot cellular automata|LDPC|surface codes?|resource (estimation|theory for computing)|logic synthesis|layout synthesis|mapping|routing (for|of) qubits?|qubit (mapping|routing|allocation))\b", 1.0, "both"),29 (r"(?i)\b(qubits?|qudits?|QAOA|VQE\b|variational quantum|VQAs?\b|NISQ|surface codes?|colou?r codes?|stabili[sz]er codes?|toric codes?|CSS codes?|qLDPC|quantum LDPC|magic state|T-?gates?|T-?count|Clifford\+T|fault-?tolerant quantum|logical qubits?|physical qubits?|transmons?|superconducting qubits?|flux(onium)? qubits?|trapped[- ]ions?|ion[- ]traps?|neutral atoms?|Rydberg (atoms?|arrays?|blockade)|photonic (qubits?|quantum)|boson sampling|Gaussian boson|spin qubits?|silicon qubits?|quantum dots? qubits?|NV cent(er|re)s? qubits?|Majorana (zero modes|qubits?|fermions for)|topological (qubits?|quantum comput)|anyons? (for|in) (computing|braiding)|braiding|Shor'?s algorithm|Grover'?s? (algorithm|search)|HHL\b|Harrow-?Hassidim|quantum Fourier transform|QFT\b|Hamiltonian simulation|Trotteri[sz]ation|Trotter (steps?|error)|qubitization|block encoding|LCU\b|linear combination of unitaries|QSVT|quantum signal processing|amplitude amplification|QKD\b|BB84|E91|B92|decoy state|measurement-?device-?independent|entanglement (swapping|purification|distillation|witnesses?|entropy)|Bell (states?|inequalit(y|ies)|tests?|pairs?)|GHZ states?|cluster states?|measurement-?based quantum|one-?way quantum|decoherence|dephasing|T1\b|T2\b|coherence times?|gate fidelit(y|ies)|two-?qubit gates?|CNOT|CZ gates?|iSWAP|Toffoli|randomized benchmarking|cross-?entropy benchmarking|XEB\b|gate set tomography|quantum (noise|channels?|Shannon|capacity|discord|coherence resource|error channels?)|depolarizing (noise|channel)|Pauli (noise|twirling|frames?)|post-?quantum|quantum-?safe|Qiskit|Cirq|PennyLane|QuTiP|OpenQASM|QASM|Q#\b|Quipper|Silq|Braket|tket|Quantinuum|IonQ|Rigetti|D-?Wave|IBM Quantum|Google Sycamore|Sycamore|Zuchongzhi|Jiuzhang|Quantum Volume|CLOPS|cross-?resonance|ZZ (coupling|crosstalk)|tunable couplers?|Josephson (junctions?|parametric)|dilution refrigerator (for|and) (qubits?|quantum)|cryo-?CMOS|cryogenic control|quantum-?classical (hybrid|interface|co-?design)|hybrid quantum|tensor networks? (simulation|contraction|methods?) (of|for) quantum (circuits?|computing)|matrix product states? (for|and) quantum (circuits?|computing)|Schrödinger-?Feynman|stabili[sz]er simulation|Clifford (circuits?|gates?|group|simulation)|Ising machines?|coherent Ising|quantum-?inspired|annealing (schedules?|hardware)|adiabatic quantum|QUBO\b|quadratic unconstrained binary)\b", 1.0, "both"),30 (r"(?i)\bquantum\b|\bentangle(d|ment)\b|\bsuperposition\b|\bHamiltonian\b|\bunitar(y|ies)\b", 0.4, "both"),31 ],32 exclusions=[r"(?is)^(?!.*(qubits?|quantum (comput\w*|algorithms?|error|circuits?|gates?|information|annealing|key distribution|cryptograph|machine learning|simulat\w+|advantage|supremacy|communication|internet|networks?|sensing|metrology|software|programming|walks?|processors?|hardware|codes?|teleportation|repeaters?|memory)|QKD|NISQ|QAOA|VQE|post-?quantum)).*\b(quantum (dots?|chemistry|mechanics|mechanical|field theory|gravity|Hall|wells?|cascade lasers?|efficiency|yield|chemical|Monte Carlo|phase transitions?|criticality|spin liquids?|materials?|optics|electrodynamics|fluids?|anomalous|oscillations?|confinement|transport|many-?body (physics|localization)|biology|cosmology)|quantum-?confined|quantum (defects|emitters) in)\b"],33 related=["applied_cryptography", "computational_complexity", "computer_architecture", "scientific_computing", "compilers"],34 parent_of=[], child_of=[],35 provenance=("T10020 and T10682 (both CS 1702) are the OpenAlex hosts; Physics 31 topics on qubit platforms (superconducting, "36 "cold atoms, many-body, quantum optics) mapped at 0.2-0.3 because only a fraction of their works concern computing. "37 "Quantum, QIP, QCE, TQC pure streams; quant-ph alone suffices. Quantum-physics senses without a computing term are vetoed."),38),39dict(40 id="sustainable_computing", number=39, name="Sustainable Computing", area="hardware_emerging",41 definition=("The energy, carbon, water and material footprint of computing and how to reduce it: energy-efficient and "42 "carbon-aware systems, data-centre energy and cooling, Green AI and the cost of training and inference, "43 "life-cycle and embodied carbon of hardware, green software engineering and networking, energy harvesting "44 "and intermittent computing, computing for sustainability when the object studied is the computing system. "45 "Generic low-power circuit design is computer_architecture; energy-efficient communication is computer_networks."),46 topics=[("T14098", 1.0, "energy efficiency in computing: data centre energy, server power"), ("T12238", 1.0, "green IT and sustainability: green computing, green AI"),47 ("T10080", 0.3, "energy-efficient wireless sensor networks"), ("T10363", 0.3, "low-power VLSI design"),48 ("T11392", 0.3, "energy harvesting in wireless networks"), ("T10101", 0.2, "cloud computing (data centres)"),49 ("T11954", 0.2, "energy efficiency and management"), ("T10435", 0.2, "environmental impact and sustainability"),50 ("T10502", 0.1, "energy-efficient neuromorphic computing"), ("T10933", 0.1, "real-time scheduling (energy-aware)"),51 ("T14296", 0.1, "climate change and sustainable development")],52 subfields=[],53 arxiv=[("cs.CY", 0.2), ("cs.DC", 0.2), ("cs.AR", 0.2), ("cs.NI", 0.1), ("cs.PF", 0.1), ("cs.ET", 0.1)],54 streams=[("journals/suscom", 1.0), ("journals/tsusc", 1.0), ("journals/tgcn", 0.8), ("conf/islped", 0.5), ("conf/ithings", 0.3),55 ("journals/tcc", 0.2), ("journals/tetc", 0.2), ("journals/fgcs", 0.1), ("journals/jsa", 0.1), ("journals/tpds", 0.1),56 ("conf/ccgrid", 0.1), ("journals/cluster", 0.1), ("journals/tjs", 0.1), ("journals/ais", 0.1), ("conf/fat", 0.1),57 ("journals/aiethics", 0.1), ("journals/tecs", 0.1), ("journals/computer", 0.1), ("journals/cacm", 0.1),58 ("journals/cm", 0.1), ("journals/network", 0.1), ("conf/sc", 0.1), ("journals/tnsm", 0.1), ("journals/tsg", 0.1),59 ("journals/patterns", 0.1), ("journals/natmi", 0.05), ("journals/ncs", 0.1), ("journals/jocs", 0.1)],60 keywords=[61 (r"(?i)\b(sustainable|green|carbon-?aware|carbon-?efficient|carbon-?neutral|carbon-?free|energy-?aware|energy-?efficient|energy-?proportional|low-?carbon|net-?zero|zero-?carbon|climate-?aware|eco-?friendly|environmentally[- ]friendly|frugal|lean) (computing|AI|artificial intelligence|machine learning|deep learning|software( engineering| development| design)?|data ?cent(er|re)s?|cloud|HPC|supercomput\w+|networking|networks?|ICT|IT\b|information technology|communications?|blockchain|mining|LLMs?|language models?|NLP|systems?|hardware|architectures?|scheduling|inference|training|computation|algorithms?|coding|programming|edge|IoT|5G|6G|wireless|datacent(er|re)s?|clusters?|servers?|GPUs?|chips?|processors?|storage|databases?|web|internet|digital)\b", 1.0, "both"),62 (r"(?i)\b(carbon (footprints?|emissions?|intensity|accounting|offsets?|costs?|impact|budgets?|aware(ness)?|efficiency|tax(es)? on|neutrality of|credits? for|dioxide emissions? (of|from) (computing|AI|data))|CO2(e|-?eq|-?equivalent)? (emissions?|footprint)|greenhouse gas(es)? (emissions?)? (of|from|and) (computing|AI|data ?cent|ICT|software|training|cloud|blockchain|digital)|embodied (carbon|emissions?|energy|footprint)|operational (carbon|emissions?)|life-?cycle (assessment|analysis|emissions?|carbon) (of|for) (computing|hardware|AI|data ?cent|servers?|smartphones?|ICT|devices?|software|electronics)|LCA of (ICT|hardware|data|AI|computing|electronics)|environmental (impact|footprint|costs?|sustainability|burden|implications?) of (computing|AI|artificial intelligence|machine learning|deep learning|LLMs?|language models?|data ?cent(er|re)s?|training|inference|software|blockchain|cryptocurrenc|Bitcoin|ICT|the internet|digital (technolog|infrastructure|services)|cloud|HPC|GPUs?|neural)|e-?waste|electronic waste|WEEE|rebound effects? (of|in) (ICT|digital|computing|AI)|Jevons|sustainability of (AI|computing|ML|machine learning|software|data ?cent(er|re)s?|HPC|blockchain|digital)|Green500|Top500 (energy|power)|energy (consumption|usage|efficiency|footprint|costs?|demand|requirements?|profiling|measurement|modeling|budget|savings?) (of|for|in|during) (AI|training|inference|LLMs?|large language|deep learning|neural networks?|machine learning|data ?cent(er|re)s?|computing|software|blockchain|Bitcoin|mining|cryptocurrenc|HPC|supercomput|GPUs?|servers?|cloud|mobile apps?|smartphones?|web|video streaming|the internet|ICT|digital|edge|IoT devices?|federated|transformers?|generative)|power (consumption|usage|draw|cap(ping)?|budgets?|management|efficiency|demand) (of|for|in|at) (data ?cent(er|re)s?|GPUs?|servers?|training|inference|HPC|AI|supercomput|clusters?|cloud)|PUE\b|power usage effectiveness|WUE\b|water usage effectiveness|CUE\b|data ?cent(er|re)s? (energy|power|cooling|efficiency|sustainability|water|carbon|emissions|heat reuse|waste heat|renewable|siting|demand response|load shifting|electricity)|cooling (of|for|in) data ?cent|liquid cooling (of|for) (servers|GPUs|data)|immersion cooling|free cooling|waste heat (recovery|reuse) (from|of) data|water (footprint|consumption|usage|use) of (AI|data ?cent|computing|LLMs?|training)|renewable(-?powered| energy (for|in|powered) (data ?cent|computing|cloud|HPC|AI|training|blockchain))|solar-?powered (data|computing|servers?|edge|IoT)|demand response (for|in|and) data ?cent|carbon-?aware (scheduling|computing|workload|training|shifting|load)|temporal (load|workload) shifting for carbon|spatial (load|workload) shifting for carbon|carbon-?intensity (signals?|aware|forecast)|grid carbon|marginal emissions? (factor|rate)|energy harvesting (for|in|powered) (IoT|sensors?|computing|devices?|wearables?)|battery-?free (devices?|computing|sensing|IoT)|batteryless|intermittent computing|energy-?harvesting devices?|ambient (RF|energy) harvesting for|green (software|coding|programming|IT|ICT|networking|cloud|AI|ML|NLP|data ?cent(er|re)s?|HPC|computing|blockchain|mining|5G|6G|edge|IoT|DevOps|software engineering|web|design patterns|metrics|certification|procurement) (practices|metrics|patterns|principles|engineering|movement|initiatives?|standards?|foundation)?|Green Software Foundation|software carbon intensity|SCI\b|CodeCarbon|carbontracker|ML CO2 impact|experiment-?impact-?tracker|energy (labels?|efficiency ratings?) for (software|AI|apps?|models?)|FLOPs? (as|vs\.?|versus) (energy|carbon)|energy (per|per-?)(inference|token|query|FLOP|operation|bit|training run)|joules? per (inference|token|query|operation|bit)|energy-?delay product|EDP\b|performance-?per-?watt|perf/W|FLOPS/W|TOPS/W|GFLOPS/W|GOPS/W|energy-?efficient (scheduling|resource management|virtual machine|VM|consolidation|server|routing|protocols?|MAC|caching|offloading|inference|training|accelerators?|architectures?|processors?|memory|storage|algorithms?|software|coding|code|programming|data processing|query processing|databases?|deep learning|neural|AI|machine learning|LLMs?|computing|HPC|supercomput|data ?cent|cloud|edge|IoT|wireless|networks?|communications?|5G|6G|blockchain|consensus|mining|web|mobile|smartphones?|embedded|FPGA|GPU|hardware|chips?|design))\b", 1.0, "both"),63 (r"(?i)\b(energy[- ]efficien(t|cy)|low[- ]power|power[- ]efficient|energy (consumption|saving|savings|optimi[sz]ation|reduction|management|harvesting|usage|cost|budget|constraints?|profile|model|footprint)|DVFS|dynamic voltage and frequency|power (management|capping|gating|budgets?|consumption|efficiency|usage)|thermal (management|efficiency)|cooling|heat dissipation|battery (life|lifetime|drain|consumption)|renewable energy|solar|wind power|smart grid|demand response|electricity (consumption|costs?|prices?|usage))\b", 0.5, "both"),64 (r"(?i)\b(sustainab(le|ility)|green|carbon|climate|environmental|emissions?|footprint|ecolog\w+|circular economy|e-?waste|recycl\w+|obsolescence|right to repair|digital sobriety|frugal)\b", 0.3, "both"),65 ],66 exclusions=[r"(?is)^(?!.*(computing|comput\w+|data ?cent(er|re)|software|AI\b|artificial intelligence|machine learning|deep learning|neural network|LLMs?|language models?|cloud|HPC|GPUs?|servers?|processors?|chips?|hardware|algorithms?|networking|ICT|blockchain|internet|digital|IoT|wireless|smartphones?|electronics|semiconductor|IT\b|information technology|training|inference|code|programming)).*\b(green|sustainable|carbon|energy|climate|environmental)\b"],67 related=["cloud_computing", "computer_architecture", "ai_accelerators", "edge_computing", "distributed_computing", "computer_networks", "ai_safety"],68 parent_of=[], child_of=[],69 provenance=("T14098 (CS 1708, 7k works) and T12238 (Engineering 2208, 27k works) are the only topics centred on the footprint of "70 "computing; energy-efficient WSN/VLSI/harvesting topics shared at 0.3. SUSCOM, T-SUSC and T-GCN are the dedicated "71 "streams; generic 'energy-efficient' terms are 0.5 and 'green/sustainable' 0.3, with a veto when no computing term "72 "appears anywhere in the text."),73),74]75