1"""Area hardware_emerging, part A: categories 29-31 (computer architecture, AI accelerators, operating systems)."""23CATEGORIES = [4dict(5 id="computer_architecture", number=29, name="Computer Architecture", area="hardware_emerging",6 definition=("Organisation and design of processors, memory systems and digital hardware: microarchitecture, caches and "7 "memory hierarchies, interconnects and networks-on-chip, FPGAs and reconfigurable computing, embedded and "8 "real-time systems, hardware/software co-design, electronic design automation, VLSI and low-power design, "9 "processing-in-memory. Accelerators specialised for ML are ai_accelerators (a child); kernels are operating_systems."),10 topics=[("T10904", 1.0, "embedded systems design: FPGA, HLS, SoC, co-design"), ("T11522", 1.0, "VLSI and FPGA design techniques"),11 ("T12941", 1.0, "embedded systems and FPGA design"), ("T13292", 1.0, "embedded systems and FPGA applications"),12 ("T10054", 0.8, "parallel computing and optimization (multi-core, GPU, processor architecture)"),13 ("T10363", 0.8, "low-power high-performance VLSI design"), ("T11527", 0.8, "3D IC and TSV technologies"),14 ("T11032", 0.6, "VLSI and analog circuit testing"), ("T10829", 0.6, "interconnection networks and systems"),15 ("T10502", 0.6, "advanced memory and neural computing (RRAM, in-memory computing)"), ("T13182", 0.6, "quantum-dot cellular automata"),16 ("T10933", 0.5, "real-time systems scheduling"), ("T12122", 0.5, "PUFs and hardware security"),17 ("T11181", 0.5, "advanced data storage technologies (SSD, NVM)"), ("T14098", 0.4, "energy efficiency in computing"),18 ("T10558", 0.4, "semiconductor devices and circuit design"), ("T14117", 0.4, "IC and semiconductor failure analysis"),19 ("T12326", 0.3, "network packet processing (NICs, hardware)"), ("T10323", 0.3, "analog and mixed-signal circuit design"),20 ("T12611", 0.3, "reservoir and optical computing hardware"), ("T10187", 0.1, "RF integrated circuit design")],21 subfields=[(1708, 0.6)],22 arxiv=[("cs.AR", 1.0), ("cs.ET", 0.3), ("cs.PF", 0.3), ("cs.DC", 0.1), ("cs.OS", 0.1)],23 streams=[("conf/isca", 1.0), ("conf/micro", 1.0), ("conf/hpca", 1.0), ("conf/asplos", 1.0), ("journals/taco", 1.0),24 ("conf/hotchips", 1.0), ("journals/tc", 0.8), ("journals/tcad", 0.8), ("journals/tvlsi", 0.8), ("conf/dac", 0.8),25 ("conf/date", 0.8), ("conf/iccad", 0.8), ("conf/iccad2", 0.8), ("conf/aspdac", 0.8), ("journals/jsa", 0.8),26 ("journals/mam", 0.8), ("journals/tecs", 0.8), ("conf/fccm", 0.8), ("conf/fpga", 0.8), ("conf/fpl", 0.8),27 ("conf/fpt", 0.8), ("journals/trets", 0.8), ("conf/islped", 0.8), ("conf/glvlsi", 0.8), ("conf/rtss", 0.7),28 ("conf/rtas", 0.7), ("journals/integration", 0.7), ("conf/isocc", 0.6), ("journals/jssc", 0.5), ("conf/isscc", 0.5),29 ("journals/jcsc", 0.5), ("journals/mj", 0.4), ("conf/cicc", 0.4), ("journals/tetc", 0.4), ("conf/mlsys", 0.4),30 ("conf/iscas", 0.3), ("journals/tcasI", 0.3), ("journals/tcasII", 0.3), ("journals/tcas", 0.3), ("conf/mwscas", 0.3),31 ("conf/newcas", 0.3), ("conf/irps", 0.3), ("journals/ieiceee", 0.3), ("conf/apccas", 0.3), ("conf/icecsys", 0.3),32 ("journals/tr", 0.2), ("journals/tbcas", 0.2), ("conf/sc", 0.2), ("conf/ipps", 0.2), ("journals/tpds", 0.2),33 ("conf/ppopp", 0.2), ("journals/ieicetd", 0.2), ("journals/ieiceta", 0.2), ("journals/tsusc", 0.1), ("conf/dsn", 0.2),34 ("journals/tetci", 0.1), ("conf/biocas", 0.2), ("journals/cee", 0.2), ("journals/ijcta", 0.2)],35 keywords=[36 (r"(?i)\b(computer|processor|micro-?|system|memory|cache|chip|hardware|GPU|CPU|accelerator|multi-?core|many-?core|heterogeneous|domain-?specific|RISC-?V|dataflow|von Neumann|non-?von-?Neumann|SIMD|vector|VLIW|superscalar|in-?order|out-?of-?order|chiplet|reconfigurable|FPGA|SoC|NoC|storage|SSD|DRAM|NVM|server|cluster|interconnect|network-?on-?chip|tiled|spatial|CGRA|TPU|NPU|neuromorphic|quantum computer|instruction[- ]set|ISA|microprocessor|embedded|real-?time|automotive|avionics|safety-?critical) architectures?\b|\bmicro-?architectur\w*\b|\barchitectural (support|simulation|exploration|design|vulnerabilit|side)\b", 1.0, "both"),37 (r"(?i)\b(branch predict(ion|ors?)|out-?of-?order (execution|cores?)|speculative execution|instruction[- ]level parallelism|ILP\b|SIMD\b|vector (processors?|extensions?|units?|ISAs?)|AVX-?\d*|SVE\b|pipelin(ing|ed) (processors?|datapaths?)|cache (hierarch(y|ies)|coherence|replacement|partitioning|misses?|side[- ]channels?|compression|prefetch)|prefetch(ing|ers?)|memory (hierarch(y|ies)|controllers?|bandwidth|subsystems?|consistency|wall|disaggregation|expansion|pooling|compression|encryption hardware|scheduling)|DRAM|HBM\d?\b|high-?bandwidth memory|NVM\b|non-?volatile memor(y|ies)|persistent memory|Optane|processing-?in-?memory|PIM\b|near-?(data|memory) (processing|computing)|in-?memory computing|compute-?in-?memory|CIM\b|network-?on-?chip|NoCs?\b|on-?chip (networks?|interconnects?|memory)|interconnects?|chiplets?|3D (ICs?|stacking|integration)|2\.5D|TSVs?\b|FPGAs?\b|field-?programmable gate|reconfigurable (computing|hardware|architectures?|logic)|CGRAs?\b|coarse-?grained reconfigurable|high-?level synthesis|HLS\b|hardware/software co-?design|hardware-?software co-?design|HW/SW|RTL\b|register-?transfer level|Verilog|SystemVerilog|VHDL|SystemC|Chisel|Bluespec|logic synthesis|physical design|placement and routing|place[- ]and[- ]route|floorplan|timing (analysis|closure)|clock (tree|domain|gating)|design space exploration|DSE\b|system-?on-?chip|SoCs?\b|MPSoCs?|ASICs?\b|VLSI|CMOS (design|circuits?|scaling)|low-?power (design|architectures?|processors?)|DVFS|dynamic voltage|power gating|thermal (management|throttling)|dark silicon|RISC-?V|x86|ARM (Cortex|processors?|cores?|architecture)|AArch64|ISA (extensions?|design)|instruction set|custom instructions?|gem5|SimpleScalar|cycle-?accurate|performance (counters?|modeling|evaluation|analysis) of (processors?|architectures?|hardware|GPUs?)|roofline|memory-?bound|compute-?bound|TLB\b|virtual memory hardware|page walks?|hardware (prefetch|transactional|accelerat|support for|implementation|design|description|security|trojans?|verification|emulation|simulation)|GPU (architecture|microarchitecture|warps?|SMs?|streaming multiprocessors?)|warp scheduling|tensor cores?|SRAM|eDRAM|scratchpad|systolic|dataflow (architectures?|accelerators?|execution)|spatial (architectures?|accelerators?)|wafer-?scale|photonic interconnects?|optical interconnects?|silicon photonics for computing|superconducting (logic|electronics|computing)|cryogenic (CMOS|computing)|stochastic computing|approximate (computing|arithmetic|adders?|multipliers?)|arithmetic (units?|circuits?)|floating-?point units?|FPUs?\b|multipliers?|adders?|ALUs?\b|bit-?serial|number (formats?|representations?) for hardware|posit arithmetic|bfloat16|logic (gates?|circuits?) design|fault-?tolerant (hardware|architectures?)|soft errors?|radiation-?hardened|ECC memory|chip (design|multiprocessors?|area|yield)|die (area|size)|tape-?out|foundry|EDA\b|electronic design automation|hardware (fuzzing|verification|testing)|design for test|DFT\b|scan chains?|built-?in self-?test|BIST\b|ATPG|hardware emulation|prototyping on FPGA)\b", 1.0, "both"),38 (r"(?i)\b(embedded systems?|real-?time (systems?|scheduling|operating|embedded|tasks?|guarantees)|worst-?case execution time|WCET|schedulability|cyber-?physical|automotive (software|systems|ECUs?|electronics)|avionics|mixed-?criticality|time-?triggered|AUTOSAR|microcontrollers?|MCUs?\b|SoC (design|integration)|firmware|bare-?metal|energy harvesting (devices|systems|computing)|intermittent computing|wearable (electronics|hardware)|sensor nodes? (hardware|design))\b", 0.8, "both"),39 (r"(?i)\b(hardware|chips?|processors?|CPUs?|GPUs?|silicon|circuits?|transistors?|semiconductors?|cores?|caches?|memory|latency|throughput|energy efficiency|power consumption|area overhead)\b", 0.3, "both"),40 ],41 exclusions=[r"(?is)^(?!.*(processor|chip|hardware|FPGA|VLSI|circuit|memory|cache|silicon|microarchitect|embedded|SoC|ASIC|CMOS|GPU|CPU|RISC|instruction)).*\b(software|enterprise|information|network|service-?oriented|microservices?|cloud|data|security|landscape|naval|urban|building|brand|organi[sz]ational|business|blockchain|neural network|transformer|model|protocol|Internet|web|application|system|solution|reference|deep learning|learning|algorithm|choice|financial|market) architectures?\b"],42 related=["ai_accelerators", "operating_systems", "compilers", "sustainable_computing", "quantum_computing", "distributed_computing", "cybersecurity"],43 parent_of=["ai_accelerators"], child_of=[],44 provenance=("OpenAlex 1708 (Hardware and Architecture) has 8 topics, all reviewed; architecture work also lives in Engineering "45 "2207/2208 (FPGA, VLSI, 3D IC) and T10054. ISCA/MICRO/HPCA/ASPLOS/TACO/Hot Chips pure; EDA venues 0.8; circuits "46 "venues 0.3-0.5. Non-hardware senses of 'architecture' are vetoed when no hardware term co-occurs."),47),48dict(49 id="ai_accelerators", number=30, name="Accelerators and AI Hardware", area="hardware_emerging",50 definition=("Hardware and hardware-aware software for efficient machine-learning computation: GPU/TPU/NPU design and "51 "programming, ASIC and FPGA DNN accelerators, neuromorphic and spiking hardware, in-memory and analog/photonic "52 "computing for AI, quantisation and sparsity exploited by hardware, efficient LLM inference and serving systems, "53 "ML compilers' hardware mapping, benchmarks such as MLPerf. A child of computer_architecture."),54 topics=[("T10502", 1.0, "advanced memory and neural computing: memristors, neuromorphic hardware, in-memory computing"),55 ("T12611", 0.8, "neural networks and reservoir computing: optical/photonic neural networks"),56 ("T10904", 0.5, "embedded systems design: hardware accelerators, HLS"), ("T10054", 0.3, "parallel computing: GPU computing, CUDA"),57 ("T10036", 0.3, "advanced neural network applications: model compression, lightweight networks"),58 ("T11522", 0.3, "VLSI and FPGA design"), ("T12941", 0.3, "embedded systems and FPGA design"),59 ("T13292", 0.3, "embedded systems and FPGA applications"), ("T10363", 0.3, "low-power VLSI design"),60 ("T13182", 0.2, "quantum-dot cellular automata"), ("T10320", 0.2, "neural networks (hardware implementation)")],61 subfields=[],62 arxiv=[("cs.AR", 0.6), ("cs.ET", 0.5), ("cs.NE", 0.2), ("cs.LG", 0.1), ("cs.DC", 0.1)],63 streams=[("conf/mlsys", 1.0), ("conf/hotchips", 0.6), ("conf/isca", 0.5), ("conf/micro", 0.5), ("conf/hpca", 0.5),64 ("conf/fccm", 0.5), ("conf/fpga", 0.5), ("conf/asplos", 0.4), ("conf/dac", 0.4), ("conf/iccad", 0.4), ("conf/iccad2", 0.4),65 ("conf/fpl", 0.4), ("journals/taco", 0.4), ("conf/isscc", 0.4), ("conf/islped", 0.4), ("journals/trets", 0.4),66 ("conf/date", 0.3), ("journals/tcad", 0.3), ("journals/tvlsi", 0.3), ("journals/tc", 0.3), ("journals/tecs", 0.3),67 ("journals/jsa", 0.3), ("journals/jssc", 0.3), ("conf/aspdac", 0.3), ("journals/mam", 0.3), ("journals/tetc", 0.3),68 ("conf/glvlsi", 0.3), ("conf/biocas", 0.3), ("conf/sc", 0.3), ("journals/tetci", 0.2), ("journals/tcasI", 0.2),69 ("journals/tbcas", 0.2), ("conf/iscas", 0.2), ("conf/ipps", 0.2), ("conf/ppopp", 0.2), ("journals/tpds", 0.2),70 ("journals/aisy", 0.1), ("journals/natmi", 0.1), ("journals/tnn", 0.1), ("journals/jpdc", 0.1), ("journals/ieiceee", 0.1),71 ("conf/isocc", 0.3), ("journals/integration", 0.2), ("journals/ncs", 0.1)],72 keywords=[73 (r"(?i)\b(AI|DNN|CNN|GNN|RNN|LSTM|neural[- ]network|deep[- ]learning|machine[- ]learning|ML|DL|inference|training|transformer|LLM|attention|tensor|matrix|GEMM|sparse|SNN|spiking|neuromorphic|photonic|optical|analog|in-?memory|PIM|RRAM|memristor|FPGA|ASIC|hardware|domain-?specific|systolic|dataflow|edge|energy-?efficient|low-?power|reconfigurable|custom|dedicated|specialized|GPU|convolution|graph processing|recommendation|embedding|vision|NLP|diffusion|generative) accelerat(or|ors|ion)\b|\baccelerator (design|architectures?|chips?)\b", 1.0, "both"),74 (r"(?i)\b(TPUs?\b|tensor processing units?|NPUs?\b|neural processing units?|IPUs?\b|systolic arrays?|tensor cores?|GPU (kernels?|programming|utili[sz]ation|clusters? for (training|inference)|scheduling for (DNN|ML|inference)|memory for (training|LLM))|CUDA (kernels?|cores?|programming|implementation|graphs?)|H100|H200|B200|A100|V100|GH200|GB200|NVIDIA (GPUs?|Hopper|Ampere|Blackwell|Volta|Jetson)|AMD (MI\d+|Instinct|ROCm)|Cerebras|Groq|Graphcore|Gaudi|Trainium|Inferentia|Apple Neural Engine|Jetson (Nano|Orin|Xavier)|Coral TPU|Edge TPU|Movidius|Loihi|TrueNorth|SpiNNaker|BrainScaleS|Tianjic|Eyeriss|DianNao|Cambricon|Hailo|Mythic|Lightmatter|Tenstorrent|SambaNova|Ascend 910|Kunlun|Hanguang)\b", 1.0, "both"),75 (r"(?i)\b(neuromorphic (computing|hardware|chips?|processors?|systems?|engineering|devices?|architectures?)|spiking neural networks? (hardware|accelerat|on-?chip|processors?|implementation)|SNN (hardware|accelerat|processors?)|memristive|memristors?|RRAM|ReRAM|PCM-?based (computing|synapses?)|FeFET|MRAM-?based computing|crossbar (arrays?|architectures?)|compute-?in-?memory|in-?memory computing|processing-?in-?memory|analog (computing|in-?memory|neural network hardware|AI chips?)|mixed-?signal (neural|AI)|photonic (computing|neural networks?|accelerat|processors?|tensor)|optical (neural networks?|computing|accelerat)|diffractive (neural|optical)|reservoir computing hardware|stochastic computing for neural|approximate computing for (neural|DNN)|quanti[sz]ation-?aware|mixed-?precision (training|inference|arithmetic)|FP8|FP4|INT8|INT4|W4A16|W8A8|4-?bit (quanti[sz]ation|weights)|bit-?serial|binary neural networks?|BNNs?\b|XNOR-?net|ternary (weights|networks)|sparsity (exploitation|acceleration|support)|structured sparsity|2:4 sparsity|pruning for hardware|hardware-?aware (NAS|neural architecture|pruning|quanti[sz]ation|training|design)|hardware-?efficient|model compression for (deployment|edge|hardware)|efficient (inference|transformers?|attention|LLM (inference|serving|deployment))|LLM (serving|inference) (systems?|engines?|optimi[sz]ation|efficiency|acceleration|on (edge|mobile|CPU|GPU))|inference (serving|engines?|latency|throughput|acceleration|optimi[sz]ation)|serving systems?|KV[- ]cache (compression|quanti[sz]ation|management|eviction)|FlashAttention|PagedAttention|vLLM|TensorRT-?LLM|SGLang|TGI\b|llama\.cpp|speculative decoding|continuous batching|weight-?only quanti[sz]ation|GPTQ|AWQ|SmoothQuant|LLM\.int8|QLoRA|kernel fusion|operator fusion|roofline|MLPerf|DNN (inference|training) (on|for) (FPGA|edge|mobile|GPU|ASIC)|FPGA-?based (CNN|DNN|neural|accelerat|inference)|ASIC (for|design for) (neural|DNN|CNN|AI)|DNN (accelerat|hardware|dataflow|mapping)|accelerator (mapping|scheduling|compilers?)|dataflow (mapping|optimi[sz]ation) for (DNN|CNN)|loop (tiling|unrolling) for (CNN|DNN|accelerat)|weight stationary|output stationary|on-?chip (buffers?|memory) for (DNN|CNN)|AI (chips?|hardware|silicon|processors?)|deep learning (hardware|chips?|processors?|accelerat)|machine learning (hardware|chips?|accelerat)|training (hardware|chips?|accelerat)|wafer-?scale (engine|AI)|AI (super)?computers?|GPU (clusters?|pods?) for (training|LLM)|multi-?GPU (training|inference)|tensor (parallel|slicing) on (GPUs?|accelerators?)|NVLink|NVSwitch|interconnects? for (AI|GPU|accelerators?)|HBM for (AI|accelerators?)|memory wall (in|for) (AI|DNN|LLM)|energy (per|efficiency of) inference|TOPS/W|TOPS\b|GOPS/W|pJ/MAC|MAC (units?|arrays?|utili[sz]ation)|multiply-?accumulate)\b", 1.0, "both"),76 (r"(?i)\b(energy efficiency|throughput|latency|FLOPS|utili[sz]ation|speedup) (of|for|on|over) (the )?(accelerators?|hardware|FPGAs?|GPUs?|chips?|inference|TPUs?|NPUs?|edge devices?)\b", 0.8, "both"),77 (r"(?i)\b(hardware|FPGA|ASIC|GPU|chip|silicon|accelerat\w+|on-?chip|CMOS|energy-?efficient|low-?power|edge devices?)\b", 0.3, "both"),78 ],79 exclusions=[r"(?is)^(?!.*(neural|DNN|CNN|deep learning|machine learning|AI\b|inference|LLM|transformer|training|GPU|FPGA|ASIC|hardware|chip|neuromorphic|memristor|in-?memory|photonic)).*\b(particle accelerators?|linear accelerators?|LINAC|accelerator (physics|beam|cavity|magnets?|pedal)|accelerated (aging|weathering|corrosion|degradation|testing|approval|rehabilitation|healing)|hardware (store|retail))\b"],80 related=["computer_architecture", "deep_learning_architectures", "compilers", "edge_computing", "sustainable_computing", "distributed_computing", "llm"],81 parent_of=[], child_of=["computer_architecture"],82 provenance=("No OpenAlex topic isolates ML accelerators; T10502 (memristors/neuromorphic/in-memory, Engineering 2208) and "83 "T12611 (photonic NNs) are the closest; GPU/FPGA accelerator work sits in T10904/T10054/T11522. MLSys is the only "84 "near-dedicated stream; architecture venues at 0.4-0.5. Keyword patterns on 'X accelerator', chip names and "85 "efficient-inference systems carry the category; particle-accelerator senses are vetoed."),86),87dict(88 id="operating_systems", number=31, name="Operating Systems", area="hardware_emerging",89 definition=("System software that manages hardware and provides execution abstractions: kernels and drivers, "90 "scheduling, memory management, file and storage systems, virtualisation and containers, OS security and "91 "isolation, I/O and networking stacks, real-time and embedded OS, systems support for new hardware "92 "(persistent memory, CXL, SmartNICs). Distributed coordination is distributed_computing; hardware design is "93 "computer_architecture."),94 topics=[("T11181", 0.8, "advanced data storage technologies: file systems, SSDs, I/O"), ("T10933", 0.8, "real-time systems scheduling"),95 ("T11424", 0.6, "security and verification in computing: OS security, hypervisors, TEEs"),96 ("T12326", 0.5, "network packet processing (kernel bypass)"), ("T14067", 0.4, "virtual desktops, remote desktop"),97 ("T10101", 0.3, "cloud computing: virtualization, VMs"), ("T12127", 0.3, "system performance and reliability, logs"),98 ("T11675", 0.3, "open source software (Linux)"), ("T10904", 0.2, "embedded systems design"),99 ("T10772", 0.2, "distributed systems and fault tolerance"), ("T12799", 0.2, "mobile applications (Android)"),100 ("T10054", 0.2, "parallel computing (multi-core runtimes)")],101 subfields=[],102 arxiv=[("cs.OS", 1.0), ("cs.DC", 0.2), ("cs.PF", 0.2), ("cs.AR", 0.1), ("cs.CR", 0.05)],103 streams=[("conf/osdi", 1.0), ("conf/sosp", 1.0), ("conf/eurosys", 1.0), ("conf/usenix", 1.0), ("conf/fast", 1.0),104 ("journals/tos", 1.0), ("conf/asplos", 0.6), ("conf/rtss", 0.6), ("conf/rtas", 0.6), ("conf/mobisys", 0.4),105 ("conf/middleware", 0.3), ("journals/tecs", 0.3), ("journals/jsa", 0.3), ("conf/nsdi", 0.3), ("conf/dsn", 0.3),106 ("journals/spe", 0.3), ("journals/mam", 0.3), ("conf/socc", 0.3), ("conf/cloud", 0.3), ("conf/hpdc", 0.2),107 ("journals/tc", 0.2), ("journals/tpds", 0.2), ("conf/mlsys", 0.2), ("journals/computing", 0.2), ("conf/icdcs", 0.1),108 ("journals/tcc", 0.1), ("conf/ipps", 0.1), ("conf/isca", 0.1), ("conf/micro", 0.1), ("conf/hpca", 0.1),109 ("journals/taco", 0.1), ("conf/sec", 0.1), ("conf/percom", 0.1), ("journals/jss", 0.1), ("conf/uss", 0.1),110 ("conf/sp", 0.05), ("conf/ccs", 0.05), ("journals/tdsc", 0.1), ("conf/sigcomm", 0.1)],111 keywords=[112 (r"(?i)\boperating systems?\b|\bOS (kernels?|design|support|level|services|scheduler|virtuali[sz]ation|security|abstractions?|research|noise|jitter|interfaces?)\b|\bOSes\b|\bsystems software\b", 1.0, "both"),113 (r"(?i)\b(Linux (kernel|scheduler|drivers?|namespaces|cgroups|systems?)|kernel (modules?|bypass|extensions?|development|schedulers?|space|drivers?|bugs?|fuzzing|vulnerabilit|hardening|isolation|concurrency|verification|crashes|panics|patches|APIs?|data structures)|eBPF|BPF programs?|device drivers?|system calls?|syscalls?|user ?space|microkernels?|unikernels?|monolithic kernels?|exokernel|library OS|seL4|Fuchsia|Zephyr|FreeRTOS|RTOS\b|real-?time operating|Android (framework|runtime|kernel|OS|binder)|Windows (kernel|drivers?)|macOS kernel|XNU|file systems?|filesystems?|FS\b|ext4|Btrfs|ZFS|F2FS|XFS|journaling|log-?structured|copy-?on-?write|page cache|buffer cache|virtual memory|page (tables?|faults?|replacement|migration)|TLB\b|memory (management|allocation|allocators?|mapping|paging|swapping|deduplication|tiering|disaggregation|compaction|reclamation|safety in kernels?|bandwidth management)|huge pages|transparent huge|NUMA (awareness|placement|balancing)|process (scheduling|isolation|management|migration)|thread scheduling|CPU scheduling|schedulers? (for|in) (Linux|kernels?|multicore|data ?cent|heterogeneous)|CFS\b|EEVDF|interrupt (handling|latency|coalescing)|I/O (stacks?|scheduling|virtuali[sz]ation|paths?|performance|schedulers?)|io_uring|NVMe (SSDs?|drivers?|over fabrics)|SSDs?\b|flash (storage|translation layer|memory management)|FTL\b|zoned (namespaces|storage)|ZNS|persistent memory (programming|file systems?|allocators?)|PMEM|CXL\b|compute express link|memory expanders?|far memory|virtual machine monitors?|VMMs?\b|hypervisors?|Xen|KVM|QEMU|VMware|Hyper-?V|Firecracker|gVisor|microVMs?|containers? (isolation|runtimes?|security|images?|startup)|namespaces and cgroups|cgroups|Docker (runtime|engine|containers?)|OCI (runtime|images?)|containerd|runc|sandbox(ing|es)|WebAssembly (runtime|system interface|WASI)|boot(ing|loaders?|strap)|firmware (updates?|interfaces?)|BIOS|UEFI|trusted (boot|computing base)|TCB\b|crash (consistency|recovery|dumps?)|fault (isolation|containment) in (OS|kernel)|Rust (for Linux|in the kernel|OS)|seccomp|capabilit(y|ies)-?based (OS|security|systems)|CHERI|address space (isolation|layout)|ASLR|kernel (integrity|protection|exploits?)|privilege (levels?|rings?)|ring 0|supervisor mode|system (daemons?|services) management|init systems?|systemd|power management (in|for) (OS|Linux|mobile)|energy-?aware scheduling|DVFS governors?|thermal throttling in|mobile OS|smartphone (OS|kernel|power)|wearable OS|IoT (OS|operating)|TinyOS|Contiki|RIOT OS|embedded (Linux|OS|runtimes?)|hardware (abstraction|virtuali[sz]ation)|paravirtuali[sz]|nested virtuali[sz]ation|live (migration|patching|update)|hot-?patching|checkpoint/restore|CRIU|fork\(\)|exec\(\)|POSIX|system (configuration|administration)|package managers?|Nix(OS)?|reproducible builds)\b", 1.0, "both"),114 (r"(?i)\b(storage systems?|distributed file systems?|key-?value stores?|object storage|block storage|storage (stacks?|engines?|disaggregation|tiering|class memory)|RDMA|DPDK|SR-?IOV|SmartNICs?|DPUs?\b|data processing units?|IPUs?\b|kernel-?bypass|user-?space networking|TCP (stack|offload)|network stacks?|serverless (runtimes?|platforms?|cold starts?)|cold starts?|function (isolation|sandboxes?)|lightweight (virtuali[sz]ation|isolation|VMs?)|confidential VMs?|enclaves? (OS|runtime)|TEE (OS|runtime)|GPU (drivers?|virtuali[sz]ation|scheduling in OS|memory management)|accelerator (OS|virtuali[sz]ation|management)|resource (isolation|contention|management in (OS|kernels?))|tail latency|performance isolation|noisy neighbou?rs?|QoS in (OS|kernels?)|workload (consolidation|co-?location|interference))\b", 0.6, "both"),115 (r"(?i)\b(kernels?|runtimes?|schedulers?|scheduling|virtuali[sz]ation|concurrency|threads?|locks?|synchroni[sz]ation|I/O|storage|drivers?|isolation|hypervisor|containers?|processes|memory)\b", 0.3, "both"),116 ],117 exclusions=[r"(?is)^(?!.*(operating system|kernel|Linux|file system|virtual|hypervisor|scheduler|driver|memory management|syscall|I/O|storage|container|runtime|boot|firmware)).*\b(kernel (methods?|machines?|ridge|density|trick|functions?|SVM|PCA|regression|smoothing|estimation|mean embedding|Hilbert|convolution kernels?|size|regularization|alignment)|convolution(al)? kernels?|GPU kernels? for (matrix|stencil)|wheat kernels?|corn kernels?|palm kernels?|heat kernel|Gaussian kernel)\b"],118 related=["computer_architecture", "distributed_computing", "cloud_computing", "cybersecurity", "programming_languages", "edge_computing"],119 parent_of=[], child_of=[],120 provenance=("No OpenAlex topic is OS-centred: storage (T11181), real-time scheduling (T10933), OS security/hypervisors (T11424) "121 "and virtualization (T10101) are the hosts, so each is partial. OSDI/SOSP/EuroSys/USENIX ATC/FAST/TOS are pure "122 "streams (cs.OS alone suffices on arXiv). Kernel-method senses of 'kernel' are vetoed when no OS term co-occurs."),123),124]125