1"""Area data_distributed, part B: categories 23-25 (cloud computing, edge computing, computer networks)."""23CATEGORIES = [4dict(5 id="cloud_computing", number=23, name="Cloud Computing", area="data_distributed",6 definition=("Computing delivered as elastic, multi-tenant, on-demand services: IaaS/PaaS/SaaS and serverless, "7 "virtualisation and containers, resource provisioning and auto-scaling, SLAs and pricing, cloud-native "8 "architectures, data-centre resource management, cloud security and migration. A child of distributed_computing; "9 "placement at the network edge is edge_computing."),10 topics=[("T10101", 1.0, "cloud computing and resource management (VMs, serverless, data centres)"),11 ("T14067", 1.0, "cloud computing and remote desktop technologies"), ("T11614", 0.6, "cloud data security solutions"),12 ("T12127", 0.6, "software system performance (microservices, cloud-native, AIOps)"),13 ("T10679", 0.6, "service-oriented architecture and web services"), ("T10273", 0.4, "IoT and edge/fog (cloud-edge)"),14 ("T14098", 0.4, "energy efficiency in computing (data centres)"), ("T10715", 0.3, "distributed and parallel computing (grid)"),15 ("T11181", 0.2, "data storage technologies"), ("T12799", 0.2, "mobile and web applications"),16 ("T12238", 0.2, "green IT (green data centres)")],17 subfields=[],18 arxiv=[("cs.DC", 0.6), ("cs.NI", 0.1), ("cs.SE", 0.1), ("cs.PF", 0.2)],19 streams=[("journals/tcc", 1.0), ("conf/cloud", 1.0), ("conf/socc", 1.0), ("conf/ucc", 1.0), ("conf/ic2e", 1.0),20 ("journals/tsc", 0.8), ("conf/icws", 0.8), ("conf/ccgrid", 0.6), ("journals/fgcs", 0.5), ("journals/cluster", 0.5),21 ("journals/tnsm", 0.4), ("conf/eurosys", 0.4), ("conf/nsdi", 0.4), ("conf/usenix", 0.4), ("conf/middleware", 0.4),22 ("journals/jnca", 0.4), ("conf/osdi", 0.3), ("conf/hpcc", 0.3), ("journals/tjs", 0.3), ("journals/concurrency", 0.3),23 ("journals/scpe", 0.3), ("journals/tsusc", 0.3), ("journals/suscom", 0.3), ("journals/tpds", 0.2), ("journals/jsa", 0.2),24 ("conf/icdcs", 0.2), ("conf/sc", 0.1), ("journals/computing", 0.2), ("conf/aina", 0.3)],25 keywords=[26 (r"(?i)\bcloud(-?based|-?native| computing| services?| providers?| infrastructures?| platforms?| data ?cent(er|re)s?| storage| resources?| workloads?| environments?| applications?| deployments?| migration| security| gaming| robotics| servers?| tenants?| customers?| costs?| pricing| offloading| continuum| vendors?| APIs?| regions?| instances?| orchestration| bursting| federation| brokers?)\b", 1.0, "both"),27 (r"(?i)\b(serverless|function-?as-?a-?service|FaaS\b|infrastructure-?as-?a-?service|IaaS\b|platform-?as-?a-?service|PaaS\b|software-?as-?a-?service|SaaS\b|multi-?cloud|hybrid cloud|cloud-?edge|edge-?cloud|virtual machines?|VMs?\b|virtuali[sz]ation|hypervisors?|containers?|containeri[sz]ed|Docker|Kubernetes|K8s|container orchestration|auto-?scaling|autoscal\w+|elastic(ity)? (provisioning|scaling|resources?)|service[- ]level (agreements?|objectives?)|SLAs?\b|SLOs?\b|multi-?tenan(t|cy)|resource provisioning|VM (placement|consolidation|migration|scheduling|allocation)|live migration|workload (prediction|consolidation|characteri[sz]ation|placement)|spot instances?|cloud (cost|FinOps)|pay-?as-?you-?go|data ?cent(er|re) (scheduling|networks?|resource|management|operators?|utili[sz]ation))\b", 1.0, "both"),28 (r"(?i)\b(AWS|Amazon (EC2|S3|Lambda|Web Services)|Microsoft Azure|Google Cloud|GCP\b|OpenStack|CloudSim|web services?|service-?oriented (architecture|computing)|service (composition|selection|discovery|mesh)|SOA\b|microservices?|cloud-?computing|Infrastructure as Code|Terraform|DevOps for cloud|cloud-?native (applications?|systems?))\b", 0.7, "both"),29 (r"(?i)\b(data ?cent(er|re)s?|hyperscal(e|ers?)|warehouse-?scale)\b", 0.6, "both"),30 (r"(?i)\b(virtuali[sz]ed|hosted|on-?demand|elastic|scalable services?|tenants?)\b", 0.2, "both"),31 ],32 exclusions=[r"(?is)^(?!.*(computing|comput|server|data ?cent|virtual|service|storage|infrastructure|platform|deployment|workload|software)).*\b(point clouds?|cloud (cover|droplets?|condensation|physics|microphysics|radiative|albedo|forcing|seeding|chamber|water|base|top|height|fraction|layers?|types?|formation)|molecular cloud|electron cloud|Oort cloud|dust cloud|cloud(s)? (and|in) (climate|atmosphere|precipitation))\b"],33 related=["distributed_computing", "edge_computing", "operating_systems", "computer_networks", "sustainable_computing", "cybersecurity"],34 parent_of=[], child_of=["distributed_computing"],35 provenance=("T10101 keywords list cloud computing, virtualization, serverless, SLAs, data centers. TCC/SoCC/UCC/IC2E pure; "36 "systems venues partial. Meteorological and point-cloud senses of 'cloud' are vetoed when no computing term co-occurs."),37),38dict(39 id="edge_computing", number=24, name="Edge Computing", area="data_distributed",40 definition=("Computation placed near data sources and users: edge/fog/MEC architectures, computation offloading, "41 "on-device and TinyML inference, edge-cloud collaboration and split computing, IoT platforms as computing "42 "substrates, latency-critical edge services, edge caching and orchestration. Radio access and protocols are "43 "computer_networks; model compression as such is deep_learning_architectures or ai_accelerators."),44 topics=[("T10273", 1.0, "IoT and edge/fog computing (offloading, MEC, edge AI)"), ("T13038", 0.6, "Internet of Things and AI"),45 ("T12079", 0.4, "IoT networks and protocols"), ("T13420", 0.3, "Arduino and IoT applications"),46 ("T13535", 0.3, "wireless sensor networks and IoT"), ("T13541", 0.3, "IoT-based control systems"),47 ("T13924", 0.3, "IoT and social network interactions"), ("T10080", 0.3, "energy-efficient wireless sensor networks"),48 ("T10101", 0.2, "cloud computing (cloud-edge)"), ("T12406", 0.2, "IoT and GPS vehicle safety"),49 ("T10904", 0.1, "embedded systems design"), ("T13918", 0.3, "advanced data and IoT technologies"),50 ("T11704", 0.2, "mobile crowdsensing")],51 subfields=[],52 arxiv=[("cs.DC", 0.4), ("cs.NI", 0.4), ("eess.SP", 0.1), ("cs.AR", 0.1)],53 streams=[("conf/sec", 1.0), ("conf/iotdi", 0.8), ("journals/iotj", 0.6), ("journals/iot", 0.6), ("conf/percom", 0.6),54 ("conf/wf-iot", 0.6), ("conf/ithings", 0.5), ("conf/uic", 0.4), ("conf/mobisys", 0.4), ("conf/sensys", 0.4),55 ("conf/ipsn", 0.4), ("conf/ewsn", 0.4), ("journals/ijdsn", 0.4), ("conf/dasc", 0.3), ("journals/tmc", 0.3),56 ("journals/tcc", 0.3), ("journals/fgcs", 0.3), ("journals/ett", 0.3), ("journals/jnca", 0.3), ("journals/tecs", 0.3),57 ("conf/aina", 0.3), ("conf/infocom", 0.2), ("journals/tnsm", 0.2), ("journals/tii", 0.2), ("conf/icdcs", 0.2),58 ("conf/hpcc", 0.2), ("conf/ispa", 0.2), ("journals/tvt", 0.1), ("journals/jsac", 0.1), ("journals/ton", 0.1),59 ("conf/ieeesensors", 0.1), ("journals/sensors", 0.1), ("journals/tgcn", 0.2), ("journals/tccn", 0.1),60 ("journals/wc", 0.2), ("journals/network", 0.2), ("conf/metroi", 0.3), ("journals/tnse", 0.1)],61 keywords=[62 (r"(?i)\b(edge|fog|mist|mobile[- ]edge|multi-?access edge|edge-?cloud|cloud-?edge|device-?edge-?cloud|edge-?to-?cloud|far[- ]edge|cloudlet|vehicular edge|satellite edge|serverless edge) (computing|intelligence|AI|inference|servers?|nodes?|devices?|deployment|caching|offloading|learning|networks?|resources?|orchestration|analytics|clusters?|platforms?|services?|applications?|continuum|infrastructures?|data ?cent(er|re)s?|scheduling|placement|training|LLMs?)\b|\bMEC\b|\bcloudlets?\b", 1.0, "both"),63 (r"(?i)\b(computation(al)?|task|workload|service|DNN|inference|model|function) offloading\b|\boffloading (decisions?|strategies|policies|schemes?)\b", 1.0, "both"),64 (r"(?i)\b(on-?device (AI|inference|learning|training|machine learning|deep learning|LLMs?|language models?|processing)|TinyML|microcontrollers?|MCUs?\b|resource-?constrained (devices?|IoT|hardware|environments?)|embedded (AI|inference|deep learning|machine learning|neural)|IoT (devices?|edge|gateways?|platforms?|architectures?|applications?|systems?|analytics|middleware)|Internet of (Things|Vehicles|Medical Things|Everything)|IIoT|cyber-?physical systems?|CPS\b|digital twins?|smart (cities|homes?|factor(y|ies)|grids?|manufacturing|agriculture|buildings?|campus)|Industry 4\.0|AIoT)\b", 0.7, "both"),65 (r"(?i)\b(latency-?sensitive|latency-?critical|ultra-?low latency|edge-?native|edge (AI|ML)|split (computing|inference|learning)|early[- ]exit|model partitioning|DNN partitioning|collaborative (inference|edge)|device-?cloud (collaboration|synergy)|edge-?assisted|edge-?enabled|near-?user|in-?network computing|in-?situ processing|data locality at the edge|mobile cloud computing|MCC\b|cloudlets?|micro ?data ?cent(er|re)s?|service placement|application placement|container orchestration at the edge|KubeEdge|OpenFaaS|edge orchestrat)\b", 0.8, "both"),66 (r"(?i)\b(fog|edge|IoT|offload\w*|devices?|sensors?|gateways?)\b", 0.3, "both"),67 ],68 exclusions=[r"(?is)^(?!.*(comput|offload|inference|IoT|device|server|latency|cloud|network|processing|deployment)).*\b(edge (detection|states?|modes?|effects?|dislocations?|plasma|localized|of (the|a) (wafer|chaos|cliff|forest|field|table|sample|crack|blade|flange))|band edge|leading edge|trailing edge|cutting-?edge|knife-?edge|edge (finishing|trimming|cracks?))\b"],69 related=["cloud_computing", "computer_networks", "federated_learning", "ai_accelerators", "sustainable_computing", "robotics", "distributed_computing"],70 parent_of=[], child_of=["distributed_computing"],71 provenance=("T10273 keywords list edge computing, fog computing, MEC, task offloading, edge AI; IoT topics (1705, 1710, 2208) "72 "included at 0.3-0.6 because IoT papers often treat edge placement. SEC and IoTDI are the dedicated streams; IoT-J "73 "and PerCom partial. Geometric/physics senses of 'edge' vetoed when no computing term co-occurs."),74),75dict(76 id="computer_networks", number=25, name="Computer Networks", area="data_distributed",77 definition=("Design, protocols, measurement and performance of communication networks: Internet architecture and "78 "transport, routing, wireless and mobile networks, 5G/6G and software-defined networking, network management, "79 "sensor and vehicular networks, content delivery and caching, network coding and information theory applied "80 "to networking. Physical-layer signal processing is included only when framed as networking."),81 topics=[("T10138", 1.0, "network traffic and congestion control"), ("T10246", 1.0, "mobile ad hoc networks"),82 ("T10575", 1.0, "wireless communication networks research"), ("T10714", 1.0, "software-defined networks and 5G"),83 ("T11158", 1.0, "wireless networks and protocols"), ("T11478", 1.0, "caching and content delivery"),84 ("T11896", 1.0, "opportunistic and delay-tolerant networks"), ("T13553", 1.0, "age of information optimization"),85 ("T10761", 1.0, "vehicular ad hoc networks"), ("T12326", 0.9, "network packet processing"),86 ("T10651", 0.9, "IPv6, mobility, handover, networks, security"), ("T10080", 0.8, "energy-efficient wireless sensor networks"),87 ("T10579", 0.8, "cognitive radio networks and spectrum sensing"), ("T10796", 0.8, "cooperative communication and network coding"),88 ("T12801", 0.8, "Bluetooth and wireless technologies"), ("T11409", 0.8, "advanced wireless network optimization"),89 ("T12079", 0.8, "IoT networks and protocols"), ("T10232", 0.7, "optical network technologies"),90 ("T10847", 0.7, "advanced optical network technologies"), ("T12203", 0.6, "mobile agent-based network management"),91 ("T11498", 0.6, "security in wireless sensor networks"), ("T10125", 0.6, "advanced wireless communication techniques"),92 ("T11932", 0.6, "wireless body area networks"), ("T13535", 0.6, "wireless sensor networks and IoT"),93 ("T10400", 0.5, "network security and intrusion detection"), ("T10829", 0.5, "interconnection networks"),94 ("T10742", 0.5, "peer-to-peer networks"), ("T12879", 0.5, "distributed sensor networks and detection"),95 ("T14353", 0.5, "wireless sensor networks for data analysis"), ("T12216", 0.5, "network time synchronization"),96 ("T11598", 0.5, "Internet traffic analysis"), ("T12042", 0.5, "satellite communication systems"),97 ("T11321", 0.5, "error-correcting code techniques"), ("T11458", 0.5, "advanced wireless communication technologies"),98 ("T11392", 0.5, "energy harvesting in wireless networks"), ("T12791", 0.5, "full-duplex wireless"),99 ("T10964", 0.5, "wireless communication security"), ("T10148", 0.4, "advanced MIMO systems"),100 ("T10851", 0.4, "optical wireless communication"), ("T12131", 0.4, "wireless signal modulation classification"),101 ("T11130", 0.3, "coding theory and cryptography"), ("T10711", 0.3, "target tracking and data fusion in sensor networks"),102 ("T10273", 0.3, "IoT and edge/fog computing"), ("T11797", 0.3, "graph theory and CDMA systems"),103 ("T10767", 0.3, "advanced photonic communication systems")],104 subfields=[(1705, 0.3)],105 arxiv=[("cs.NI", 1.0), ("cs.IT", 0.5), ("math.IT", 0.5), ("eess.SP", 0.3)],106 streams=[("journals/ton", 1.0), ("journals/cn", 1.0), ("journals/tmc", 1.0), ("conf/infocom", 1.0), ("conf/sigcomm", 1.0),107 ("conf/conext", 1.0), ("conf/imc", 1.0), ("conf/mobihoc", 1.0), ("conf/wowmom", 1.0), ("conf/lcn", 1.0),108 ("conf/icnp", 1.0), ("conf/mobicom", 1.0), ("conf/ewsn", 1.0), ("conf/mass", 1.0), ("conf/icc", 1.0),109 ("conf/globecom", 1.0), ("conf/wcnc", 1.0), ("conf/pimrc", 1.0), ("journals/tnsm", 1.0), ("journals/comcom", 1.0),110 ("journals/winet", 1.0), ("journals/adhoc", 1.0), ("journals/wpc", 1.0), ("journals/network", 1.0), ("journals/cm", 1.0),111 ("journals/comsur", 1.0), ("journals/wc", 1.0), ("journals/ijcomsys", 1.0), ("journals/tccn", 1.0), ("journals/monet", 1.0),112 ("journals/ejwcn", 1.0), ("journals/telsys", 1.0), ("journals/wicomm", 1.0), ("conf/noms", 1.0), ("conf/iwcmc", 1.0),113 ("conf/ccnc", 1.0), ("conf/comsnets", 1.0), ("conf/icoin", 1.0), ("conf/icccn", 1.0), ("conf/iscc", 1.0),114 ("conf/eucnc", 1.0), ("journals/rfc", 1.0), ("conf/nsdi", 0.8), ("conf/ipsn", 0.8), ("conf/vtc", 0.8),115 ("journals/jsac", 0.8), ("journals/tcom", 0.8), ("journals/twc", 0.8), ("journals/jnca", 0.8), ("journals/icl", 0.8),116 ("journals/wcl", 0.8), ("journals/iet-com", 0.8), ("journals/ieicet", 0.8), ("journals/ett", 0.8), ("journals/phycomm", 0.8),117 ("journals/ojcs", 0.8), ("conf/wcsp", 0.8), ("journals/ieicetb", 0.8), ("journals/jocn", 0.8), ("conf/IEEEants", 0.8),118 ("conf/isncc", 0.8), ("conf/iccchina", 0.8), ("conf/mobisys", 0.7), ("conf/sensys", 0.7), ("journals/fi", 0.7),119 ("journals/ijdsn", 0.7), ("conf/milcom", 0.7), ("journals/tvt", 0.6), ("journals/iotj", 0.6), ("journals/tnse", 0.6),120 ("journals/tgcn", 0.6), ("conf/icton", 0.6), ("journals/ppna", 0.6), ("journals/iot", 0.6), ("conf/icct", 0.6),121 ("conf/bmsb", 0.6), ("conf/spawc", 0.6), ("journals/tit", 0.5), ("conf/isit", 0.5), ("conf/ofc", 0.5), ("conf/ecoc", 0.5),122 ("journals/mis", 0.5), ("conf/icccnt", 0.5), ("conf/ictc", 0.5), ("journals/itiis", 0.5), ("journals/sensors", 0.3),123 ("conf/acssc", 0.3), ("journals/tsp", 0.2), ("conf/itw", 0.5), ("journals/entropy", 0.1), ("conf/icact", 0.5),124 ("journals/tetc", 0.1), ("conf/percom", 0.3), ("conf/wf-iot", 0.4), ("journals/js", 0.3), ("conf/ieeesensors", 0.2)],125 keywords=[126 (r"(?i)\b(computer|wireless|mobile|cellular|vehicular|sensor|ad[- ]hoc|mesh|satellite|optical|software-?defined|data ?cent(er|re)|core|access|backbone|overlay|delay-?tolerant|body area|underwater|LoRa(WAN)?|5G|6G|NB-?IoT|LTE|Wi-?Fi|IP|content-?centric|named data|information-?centric|non-?terrestrial|integrated|heterogeneous|programmable|intent-?based|self-?driving|zero-?touch|open radio access|radio access|time-?sensitive|deterministic|in-?vehicle|home|campus|enterprise|wide area|local area|personal area|low-?power wide|multi-?hop|peer-?to-?peer) networks?\b|\bnetworking\b", 1.0, "both"),127 (r"(?i)\b(TCP|UDP|QUIC|BGP|OSPF|IPv[46]|MPTCP|routing (protocols?|algorithms?|tables?)|congestion control|packet (loss|scheduling|processing|classification|forwarding|switching|headers?)|MAC (protocols?|layer)|medium access control|network (protocols?|topolog(y|ies)|slicing|function virtuali[sz]ation|measurement|traffic|management|coding|calculus|simulation|emulation|performance|planning|operators?|infrastructure|stack|layers?|devices?|interfaces?|cards?|services?|automation|digital twins?|telemetry|monitoring|tomography|utility|economics)|NFV\b|SDN\b|OpenFlow|P4\b|programmable (switches|data planes?)|data plane|control plane|traffic (engineering|classification|prediction|shaping|analysis)|quality of service|QoS\b|QoE\b|throughput|end-?to-?end (delay|latency)|bandwidth allocation|spectrum (sharing|allocation|sensing|management)|channel (allocation|assignment|access)|beamforming|MIMO|massive MIMO|OFDM(A)?|NOMA|RIS-?(aided|assisted)|reconfigurable intelligent surfaces?|mmWave|millimeter[- ]wave|THz communications?|channel estimation|resource allocation (in|for) (wireless|cellular|5G|6G|networks?)|handover|handoff|base stations?|small cells|user equipment|O-?RAN|Open RAN|RAN\b|Wi-?Fi|802\.11|802\.15|Bluetooth|BLE\b|Zigbee|LTE|5G NR|NR\b|age of information|AoI\b|URLLC|eMBB|mMTC|network (densification|coverage)|cell-?free|D2D\b|device-?to-?device|V2X|V2V|vehicular communications?|CDN\b|content delivery|edge caching|multicast|anycast|DNS\b|CDNs?|middleboxes?|NAT\b|firewalls? (rules|placement)|DDoS mitigation at|interdomain|AS-?level|Internet (measurement|topology|routing|architecture|protocols?|traffic|outages?|censorship|of Things)|RTT\b|jitter|bufferbloat|active queue management|flow (scheduling|completion time|tables?)|load balancing in (data ?cent|networks?)|RDMA networks?|InfiniBand|optical (networks?|switching|transport|access)|PON\b|passive optical|wavelength (division|assignment)|WDM|free-?space optical|visible light communication|VLC\b|LiFi|underwater (acoustic|communication)|satellite (networks?|communications?|constellations?)|LEO (satellite|constellation)|UAV (networks?|communications?|relays?)|network (security|intrusion) in|wireless (security|jamming|eavesdropping)|physical layer security|cross-?layer|protocol (design|stack|verification))\b", 0.9, "both"),128 (r"(?i)\b(information theory|channel capacity|coding theorem|error[- ]correcting codes?|channel codes?|LDPC|polar codes?|turbo codes?|rate-?distortion|source coding|network coding|index coding|coded caching|compressed sensing for|Shannon|mutual information bounds|outage probability|ergodic capacity|secrecy capacity|wiretap)\b", 0.6, "both"),129 (r"(?i)\b(intrusion detection|DDoS|network security|anomaly detection in network|botnets?|traffic anomaly)\b", 0.4, "both"),130 (r"(?i)(?<!neural )(?<!Neural )(?<!social )(?<!Social )(?<!citation )(?<!graph neural )(?<!Bayesian )(?<!bayesian )(?<!regulatory )(?<!gene )(?<!road )(?<!power )(?<!supply )(?<!transport )(?<!transportation )(?<!water )(?<!brain )\b(networks?|Internet|wireless|protocols?|routing|packets?|latency|bandwidth|antennas?|transceivers?|links?|channels?|relays?)\b", 0.2, "both"),131 ],132 exclusions=[],133 related=["distributed_computing", "edge_computing", "cybersecurity", "cloud_computing", "applied_cryptography"],134 parent_of=[], child_of=[],135 provenance=("43 topics of OpenAlex subfield 1705 reviewed (networking ones at 0.5-1.0, non-networking ones such as T13745 "136 "media studies or T11187 nonlinear dynamics left unmapped) plus Engineering 2208 wireless/optical topics at "137 "0.3-0.8. ToN/CN/TMC/INFOCOM/SIGCOMM/CoNEXT/IMC/MobiHoc pure; ICC/GLOBECOM/WCNC/PIMRC counted as networking "138 "venues although they also carry physical-layer work."),139),140]141