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WP44: verified bibliography (581 entries, Agent B-lit), semantic edges script, register

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Simon-Pierre Boucher committed (Nov 3, 2026) parent bdf50a3 Browse files

8 changed files +8,458 −2

8 changed files
Unified Split
modified agents/REGISTER.md +3 −1
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5 5 | 2026-11-02 | A (director, this session) | CLAUDE.md | RESEARCH_PLAN.md, protocol/PROTOCOL.md, reports/PHASE0_FEASIBILITY.md | PI checkpoint H-0 pending | delivered |
6 6 | 2026-11-02/03 | B+C (acquisition & data engineering, this session) | RESEARCH_PLAN §2–3 | ingestion/*.py, ledgers on M3U96b, data/metadata/linkage_report.json | N (audit, Phase 8) pending | delivered |
7 7 | 2026-11-03 | D (taxonomy architect, subagent, 2nd attempt) | agents/briefs/AGENT_D_TAXONOMY.md | taxonomy/ontology.yaml (v1.0, 40 leaves, 8 areas, 646 topic weights, 771 DBLP streams, 273 regexes, 62 unmapped CS topics listed), topic_map.csv, ONTOLOGY.md, src/ | A (build re-run, classify smoke test 2026-11-03) + validation sample (Phase 2) | delivered 2026-11-03 |
8 −| 2026-11-03 | B-lit (reference acquisition, subagent) | agents/briefs/AGENT_LIT_REFERENCES.md | manuscript/references.bib, references_verification.csv, literature_synthesis/REFERENCE_MAP.md | M (compile) + N (re-verify sample) | running |
8 +| 2026-11-03 | B-lit (reference acquisition, subagent) | agents/briefs/AGENT_LIT_REFERENCES.md | manuscript/references.bib (581 verified entries: Crossref 404, arXiv 165, OpenAlex 1, URL 11; 7 FAILED kept in CSV), references_verification.csv, literature_synthesis/REFERENCE_MAP.md | M (compile) + N (re-verify sample, Phase 8) | delivered 2026-11-03 |
9 +| 2026-11-03 | L×3 (writers Parts II, III, IV, subagents) | agents/briefs/WRITER_PART0{2,3,4}.md + WRITER_COMMON.md | manuscript/sections/part0{2,3,4}_*.tex, references_part0N.bib, references_verification_part0N.csv | K (critic) + M (compile) | running |
10 +| 2026-11-03 | N (code auditor, subagent) | prompt in session | reports/audit/CODE_AUDIT_2026-11-03.md, code_issues.csv | A (fixes applied + logged) | running |
added knowledge_graph/04_semantic_edges.py +46 −0
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
1 +#!/usr/bin/env python3
2 +"""WP44 — semantic k-NN edges between works (Phase 3, semantic layer) with FAISS HNSW on the SPECTER2 embeddings.
3 +Edges: (work_id, neighbour_id, cosine_similarity, rank) for k = --k neighbours, similarity >= --min-sim; provenance = model tag +
4 +index parameters; verification_status = 'machine-verified' (deterministic from embeddings). Also computes, per work, the share
5 +of its k neighbours that belong to a different primary category (semantic boundary-crossing, used in RQ5) and writes
6 +results/graph/semantic_crossing_yearly.csv. Output: data/processed/graph/semantic_edges_<tag>.parquet."""
7 +import argparse, glob, json, os, time, numpy as np, pandas as pd
8 +
9 +
10 +def main():
11 + ap = argparse.ArgumentParser(); ap.add_argument("--root", required=True); ap.add_argument("--model", default="allenai/specter2_base"); ap.add_argument("--k", type=int, default=10)
12 + ap.add_argument("--min-sim", type=float, default=0.80); ap.add_argument("--sample", type=int, default=0, help="query only a random sample of works (0 = all)")
13 + a = ap.parse_args(); R = a.root; tag = a.model.replace("/", "__"); out = f"{R}/data/processed/graph"; os.makedirs(out, exist_ok=True); os.makedirs(f"{R}/results/graph", exist_ok=True)
14 + import faiss, duckdb
15 + E, I = [], []
16 + for f in sorted(glob.glob(f"{R}/data/processed/embeddings/{tag}/shard_*.npy")):
17 + if f.endswith(".ids.npy"): continue
18 + E.append(np.load(f)); I.append(np.load(f.replace(".npy", ".ids.npy")))
19 + X = np.concatenate(E).astype(np.float32); ids = np.concatenate(I); faiss.normalize_L2(X); n, d = X.shape; print("vectors", n, d, flush=True)
20 + t0 = time.time(); index = faiss.IndexHNSWFlat(d, 32, faiss.METRIC_INNER_PRODUCT); index.hnsw.efConstruction = 80; index.add(X); print(f"index built in {time.time()-t0:.0f}s", flush=True)
21 + index.hnsw.efSearch = 64
22 + q_idx = np.arange(n) if not a.sample else np.random.default_rng(44).choice(n, size=min(a.sample, n), replace=False)
23 + rows = []; B = 50000
24 + for s in range(0, len(q_idx), B):
25 + qi = q_idx[s:s + B]; D, N = index.search(X[qi], a.k + 1)
26 + for r, (qq, dd, nn) in enumerate(zip(qi, D, N)):
27 + rk = 0
28 + for sim, j in zip(dd, nn):
29 + if j == qq or j < 0: continue
30 + rk += 1
31 + if sim >= a.min_sim:
32 + rows.append((int(ids[qq]), int(ids[j]), float(sim), rk))
33 + print(f"{s+len(qi)}/{len(q_idx)} queried, {len(rows)} edges, {time.time()-t0:.0f}s", flush=True)
34 + df = pd.DataFrame(rows, columns=["work_id", "neighbour_id", "cosine", "rank"]); df.to_parquet(f"{out}/semantic_edges_{tag}.parquet")
35 + json.dump({"model": a.model, "k": a.k, "min_sim": a.min_sim, "n_vectors": int(n), "n_edges": int(len(df)), "index": "HNSW32 efC80 efS64 inner-product", "seconds": round(time.time() - t0)}, open(f"{out}/semantic_edges_{tag}.json", "w"), indent=1)
36 + con = duckdb.connect(f"{R}/data/processed/wp44.duckdb", read_only=True)
37 + con.execute(f"CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW work_primary AS SELECT * FROM read_parquet('{R}/data/processed/classification/primary/*.parquet')")
38 + con.execute(f"CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW sem AS SELECT * FROM read_parquet('{out}/semantic_edges_{tag}.parquet')")
39 + con.execute(f"""COPY (SELECT c.publication_year AS year, pa.primary_category, count(*) n_edges, round(avg((pa.primary_category <> pb.primary_category)::int),4) share_cross_category
40 + FROM sem s JOIN work_primary pa ON pa.work_id = s.work_id JOIN work_primary pb ON pb.work_id = s.neighbour_id JOIN corpus_works c ON c.id = s.work_id
41 + GROUP BY 1,2 ORDER BY 1,2) TO '{R}/results/graph/semantic_crossing_yearly.csv' (HEADER)""")
42 + print("done", len(df), "edges")
43 +
44 +
45 +if __name__ == "__main__":
46 + main()
added literature_synthesis/REFERENCE_MAP.md +251 −0
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1 +# REFERENCE_MAP — which verified references each manuscript part should cite (WP44, Agent B-lit, 2026-11-03)
2 +
3 +Source of keys: `manuscript/references.bib` (every entry resolved against Crossref / OpenAlex / DataCite / arXiv or a
4 +live URL; see `manuscript/references_verification.csv`). Keys are `surnameYYYYkeyword`. Entries marked **core** are the
5 +minimum set the part needs; the others are supplementary and may be cited selectively. Group letters (A–J) refer to the
6 +scope groups of `agents/briefs/AGENT_LIT_REFERENCES.md`. Nothing in this map asserts a finding of WP44; each line only
7 +says what the reference *supports*. arXiv-only entries are preprints and must be described as such in the text.
8 +
9 +Conventions: `key — why`. Parts follow CLAUDE.md §9 (I–XI + appendices).
10 +
11 +## Part I — Introduction and Scientific Motivation
12 +
13 +**core**
14 +- openai2022chatgpt — the dated event (30 Nov 2022) that defines the research period; cite the archived announcement, not a secondary account.
15 +- ouyang2022instructgpt — the instruction-tuned/RLHF recipe behind ChatGPT; establishes what was technically new.
16 +- brown2020gpt3 — in-context learning at scale; the immediate pre-ChatGPT state of the art (baseline period).
17 +- openai2023gpt4 — first major post-ChatGPT frontier release inside the window.
18 +- bommasani2021foundation — "foundation model" vocabulary and the cross-field research agenda the manuscript tests empirically.
19 +- fortunato2018scienceofscience ; wang2021scienceofscience — science-of-science framing: large-scale bibliographic data as the object of study.
20 +- vannoorden2023survey ; messeri2024illusions ; birhane2023science — motivation: documented concern about AI changing how research is done.
21 +- liang2024mapping ; kobak2025delving — evidence that LLM use in scientific writing rose sharply after 2022 (justifies studying the field's own output).
22 +- krenn2023forecasting — AI literature growth modelled as an exponentially growing knowledge network; motivates forecasting/emergence questions.
23 +- bornmann2021growth ; bornmann2015growth — long-run growth rates of science; needed to separate secular growth from a post-2022 break.
24 +- park2023disruption ; chu2021slowed — the "science is slowing" debate the mapping must engage.
25 +**supplementary**
26 +- maslej2024aiindex ; maslej2025aiindex — descriptive statistics on AI publication/industry trends (secondary, cite as reports).
27 +- ahmed2023industry — growing role of industry in AI research (motivates institution-type analyses).
28 +- bianchini2022aiscience ; cockburn2018aiinnovation — AI as a general method of invention (economics framing).
29 +- hicks2015leiden — responsible use of metrics; signals the manuscript's evaluative stance.
30 +- dwivedi2023sowhat — multidisciplinary perspectives on ChatGPT for research and practice.
31 +
32 +## Part II — The Evolution of Computer Science (conceptual and historical background)
33 +
34 +**core (pre-2018 lineage of the deep-learning paradigm)**
35 +- turing1950computing — origin of the machine-intelligence question.
36 +- rumelhart1986backprop ; hochreiter1997lstm ; lecun2015deeplearning — backpropagation, recurrent memory, deep learning synthesis.
37 +- krizhevsky2017alexnet ; he2016resnet — the 2012–2016 vision breakthroughs (CACM reprint of AlexNet is the verified DOI).
38 +- goodfellow2014gan ; kingma2013vae — generative modelling before diffusion.
39 +- mnih2015dqn ; silver2016alphago ; silver2017alphagozero ; silver2018alphazero ; schulman2017ppo ; christiano2017rlhf — deep RL lineage that leads to RLHF.
40 +- sutskever2014seq2seq ; bahdanau2014attention ; vaswani2017attention — sequence modelling to the Transformer.
41 +- devlin2019bert ; raffel2020t5 ; radford2019gpt2 ; brown2020gpt3 — pretrained language models 2018–2020 (baseline period).
42 +- kaplan2020scaling ; hoffmann2022chinchilla ; sevilla2022compute ; thompson2020computationallimits — scaling laws and compute growth.
43 +- shazeer2017moe ; fedus2022switch — sparse mixture-of-experts lineage.
44 +- sutton2019bitterlesson — the "compute over priors" thesis often invoked to explain the paradigm shift (blog essay, cite as such).
45 +**core (other CS areas' trajectories 2018–2022)**
46 +- hennessy2019goldenage ; leiserson2020roomattop ; dennard1974scaling — end of Dennard scaling / domain-specific architecture narrative.
47 +- jouppi2017tpu ; dally2021gpu ; sze2017efficientdnn — accelerator lineage.
48 +- preskill2018nisq ; arute2019supremacy — quantum computing's NISQ era.
49 +- shi2016edge ; satyanarayanan2017edge — edge computing.
50 +- mckeown2008openflow ; bosshart2014p4 ; kreutz2015sdn — programmable networks.
51 +- dean2008mapreduce ; zaharia2016spark ; corbett2013spanner ; verma2015borg ; burns2016kubernetes ; jonas2019serverless — cloud/distributed systems lineage.
52 +- lamport1998paxos ; castro2002pbft ; gilbert2002cap — distributed consensus foundations; nakamoto2008bitcoin ; zheng2018blockchain — blockchain.
53 +- gentry2009fhe ; dwork2006dp ; dwork2014dp ; shor1997factoring ; regev2009lwe ; bernstein2017pqc — cryptography/privacy lineage up to the PQC transition.
54 +- leroy2009compcert ; klein2009sel4 ; jung2017rustbelt ; jung2021saferust ; matsakis2014rust — formal verification and memory-safe systems languages.
55 +- cook1971complexity ; karp1972reducibility ; babai2016graphisomorphism ; raz2019bqpph ; ji2021mipre ; chen2022maxflow ; kelley2023threeap — landmark theory results framing "theory" as a continuing frontier.
56 +- lattner2004llvm ; lattner2021mlir ; chen2018tvm ; paszke2019pytorch ; abadi2016tensorflow — compiler/framework infrastructure.
57 +- mildenhall2020nerf ; karras2019stylegan ; ho2020ddpm ; rombach2022ldm ; radford2021clip ; dosovitskiy2021vit — vision/graphics turn to neural fields and diffusion.
58 +- jumper2021alphafold ; baek2021rosettafold — AI-for-science landmark before the window.
59 +- mcmahan2017fl ; kairouz2021fl — federated learning.
60 +- amodei2016concrete ; hendrycks2021unsolved ; bender2021parrots — safety/ethics agenda before ChatGPT.
61 +**supplementary**
62 +- wu2015citeseerx ; giles1998citeseer ; ley2002dblp ; ginsparg2011arxiv — history of CS's own bibliographic infrastructure (arXiv, DBLP, CiteSeer).
63 +- lariviere2014arxiv ; sutton2017arxivcs ; lin2020arxivcs — the rise of preprint culture in CS before 2022.
64 +- frank2019citationgraphs ; klinger2020narrowing ; ahmed2020dedemocratization ; martinezplumed2021benchmarks — bibliometric portraits of AI research pre-2022.
65 +
66 +## Part III — Data and Systematic Review Protocol
67 +
68 +**core (sources — group A)**
69 +- priem2022openalex ; openalex2024topics ; alperin2024openalex ; culbert2025openalexcoverage ; scheidsteger2023magopenalex — OpenAlex: description, topic classification, suitability and coverage evidence, MAG→OpenAlex continuity.
70 +- ley2002dblp ; ley2009dblp — DBLP design, scope and curation lessons.
71 +- ginsparg2011arxiv ; clement2019arxivdataset ; arxiv2026stats — arXiv as a source and its submission statistics.
72 +- kinney2023s2ag ; lo2020s2orc ; ammar2018literaturegraph ; fricke2018semanticscholar — Semantic Scholar Academic Graph / S2ORC.
73 +- hendricks2020crossref — Crossref metadata as the DOI backbone used for deduplication.
74 +- radev2013aclanthology ; acl2024anthology — ACL Anthology.
75 +- wang2020mag ; sinha2015mas — Microsoft Academic Graph (discontinued 2021; lineage of OpenAlex).
76 +- giles1998citeseer ; wu2015citeseerx ; tang2008arnetminer ; herzog2020dimensions ; peroni2020opencitations — other sources considered.
77 +- visser2021comparison ; martinmartin2021coverage — coverage comparisons between bibliographic databases (justify multi-source design).
78 +**core (protocol — group B)**
79 +- page2021prisma ; page2021prismaexplanation ; rethlefsen2021prismas ; haddaway2022prismaflow ; moher2009prisma — PRISMA 2020 reporting, search reporting (PRISMA-S), flow diagram.
80 +- kitchenham2009slr ; kitchenham2013slrprocess ; kitchenham2015ebse — SE systematic-review guidelines (Kitchenham lineage; the 2007 EBSE technical report has no resolvable record, cite the 2015 book).
81 +- petersen2008mapping ; petersen2015mapping — systematic mapping study method (the manuscript's design).
82 +- tricco2018prismascr ; arksey2005scoping ; grant2009typology — scoping-review methodology and review typology.
83 +- wohlin2014snowballing ; garousi2019multivocal — snowballing and grey-literature inclusion rules.
84 +- elliott2014living ; elliott2017living — living-review design (daily increment pipeline).
85 +- vandeschoot2021asreview ; omaraeide2015textmining ; marshall2019automation — screening automation (active learning).
86 +- khraisha2024gpt4screening ; guo2024llmscreening ; syriani2023chatgptscreening ; dennstadt2024llmscreening ; alshami2023chatgptsr ; wang2024zeroshotscreening — evaluations of LLM-assisted screening 2023–2024 (justify and bound the use of LLM classifiers; report their error rates).
87 +- zupic2015bibliometric ; donthu2021bibliometric — bibliometric-study design guidelines.
88 +**core (integrity)**
89 +- nosek2015top ; munafo2017manifesto ; wilkinson2016fair — open-science/TOP/FAIR standards the protocol follows.
90 +- piwowar2018oa — OA prevalence/citation advantage (relevant to full-text access limits).
91 +
92 +## Part IV — Computational Methodology
93 +
94 +**core (indicators — group C)**
95 +- waltman2016review — survey of citation-impact indicators (anchor for the indicator section).
96 +- waltman2019fieldnormalization ; waltman2011crown ; purkayastha2019fwci — field normalisation (MNCS, FWCI).
97 +- wang2013citationwindow — citation-window choice (crucial for 2023–2026 papers with short windows).
98 +- hirsch2005hindex ; waltman2012hindex ; egghe2006gindex — h/g indices and their inconsistencies.
99 +- nielsen2021inequality ; radicchi2008universality ; bornmann2008citations — citation inequality (Gini), universality, what citations measure.
100 +- stirling2007diversity ; leinster2012diversity ; porter2009interdisciplinarity ; rafols2010diversity ; leydesdorff2019interdisciplinarity — Rao–Stirling diversity and interdisciplinarity measures.
101 +- newman2001collaboration ; newman2004coauthorship ; katz1997collaboration ; wagner2017collaboration ; wagner2015cooperation ; lariviere2015teamsize ; wuchty2007teams — co-authorship network and team-size measures.
102 +- price1965networks ; garfield1955citation — citation-network foundations.
103 +- fire2019goodhart ; hicks2015leiden ; ioannidis2020citation ; sinatra2016impact ; fanelli2016publicationrate — caveats and author-level indicators.
104 +**core (science mapping and embeddings — group D)**
105 +- small1973cocitation ; kessler1963coupling ; boyack2010accuracy ; klavans2017taxonomy — co-citation, bibliographic coupling, which relation maps best.
106 +- vaneck2010vosviewer ; vaneck2014visualizing ; waltman2010unified ; waltman2012classification ; subelj2016clustering ; sjogarde2018granularity ; chen2006citespace ; borner2003domains ; leydesdorff2009globalmap — mapping/clustering of publication networks and granularity choices.
107 +- blondel2008louvain ; traag2019leiden ; newman2006modularity ; fortunato2010community — community detection (Leiden is the default).
108 +- beltagy2019scibert ; cohan2020specter ; ostendorff2022scincl ; singh2023scirepeval ; reimers2019sbert ; gao2021simcse ; muennighoff2023mteb ; devlin2019bert — scientific-document embeddings and their benchmarks.
109 +- mcinnes2018umap ; mcinnes2018umapjoss ; vandermaaten2008tsne — dimensionality reduction for semantic maps.
110 +- campello2013hdbscan ; mcinnes2017hdbscan ; schubert2017dbscan — density clustering.
111 +- blei2003lda ; blei2006dtm ; dieng2020etm ; grootendorst2022bertopic ; angelov2020top2vec ; greene2014stability ; roder2015coherence ; sievert2014ldavis — topic models, dynamic topics, stability and coherence diagnostics.
112 +**core (structural change — group E)**
113 +- bai1998breaks ; bai2003breaks ; andrews1993breaks ; andrews1994optimal ; chow1960test ; perron1989crash ; hansen2001structuralchange ; zeileis2002strucchange — multiple-break tests and dating (the 30 Nov 2022 break hypothesis).
114 +- killick2012pelt ; fryzlewicz2014wbs ; frick2014smuce ; adams2007bocpd ; truong2020ruptures ; aminikhanghahi2017survey — change-point detection algorithms and reviews.
115 +- newey1987hac — HAC standard errors for monthly series.
116 +- hamilton1989regime — regime-switching alternative.
117 +- bernal2017its ; bernal2018itscontrol ; kontopantelis2015its ; box1975intervention ; brodersen2015causalimpact — interrupted time series / intervention analysis with controls (other fields as controls).
118 +- abadie2010synthetic ; abadie2021synthetic — synthetic control.
119 +- sun2021eventstudy ; callaway2021did ; goodmanbacon2021did ; roth2022pretest ; roth2023trending — event-study/DiD pitfalls (staggered adoption, pre-trends).
120 +- taylor2018prophet ; hyndman2018fpp — forecasting baselines and seasonality handling.
121 +**core (emergence detection — group F)**
122 +- rotolo2015emerging ; cozzens2010emerging ; small2014emergence ; wang2018emerging ; klavans2017prominence ; boyack2022forecasting ; guo2011mixedindicators ; shibata2008fronts ; porter2019emergence ; salatino2017topicsborn ; salatino2018augur ; small2006growth — definitions and operationalisations of emerging topics (the original-contribution section builds on these).
123 +- kleinberg2003burst ; kleinberg2002burstkdd ; mane2004bursts — burst detection.
124 +- ke2015sleepingbeauties — delayed recognition.
125 +- funk2017disruption ; wu2019disruption ; park2023disruption ; bornmann2020disruptionvalidity ; leibel2024disruptionreview ; holst2024disruptionartefacts — disruption index, its validity and dataset-artefact critique.
126 +- uzzi2013novelty ; wang2017novelty ; lee2015novelty ; foster2015tradition — novelty measures and bias against novelty.
127 +- milojevic2015cognitiveextent ; bettencourt2009discovery ; chu2021slowed ; lin2023remote — cognitive extent, topological transitions, large-field slowdown.
128 +**core (reproducibility of the pipeline — group I)**
129 +- gundersen2018reproducibility ; pineau2021reproducibility ; kapoor2023leakage ; kapoor2024reforms ; semmelrock2025reproducibility ; gundersen2022sources ; dodge2019showyourwork ; gebru2021datasheets ; mitchell2019modelcards ; bender2018datastatements — standards applied to WP44's own classifiers and datasets.
130 +
131 +## Part V — The Artificial Intelligence Transformation
132 +
133 +**core (foundation models and training)**
134 +- vaswani2017attention ; devlin2019bert ; brown2020gpt3 ; raffel2020t5 ; chowdhery2022palm ; openai2023gpt4 ; gemini2023 ; touvron2023llama ; touvron2023llama2 ; dubey2024llama3 ; deepseek2025r1 ; deepseek2025r1nature ; openai2024o1 — model lineage inside the window (open vs closed; reasoning models).
135 +- kaplan2020scaling ; hoffmann2022chinchilla ; wei2022emergent ; schaeffer2023mirage — scaling and the emergent-abilities controversy (conflicting findings to be evaluated critically).
136 +- ouyang2022instructgpt ; christiano2017rlhf ; bai2022hh ; bai2022constitutional ; rafailov2023dpo ; casper2023rlhfproblems — alignment training methods.
137 +- fedus2022switch ; shazeer2017moe ; gu2023mamba ; dao2022flashattention ; hu2021lora ; dettmers2023qlora ; frantar2023gptq ; dettmers2022int8 ; leviathan2023speculative — efficiency: sparsity, state-space models, attention kernels, PEFT, quantisation, decoding.
138 +- zhao2023llmsurvey ; naveed2023llmoverview ; minaee2024llmsurvey ; min2023plmsurvey ; wan2023efficientllm ; zhou2024inferencesurvey — LLM surveys (map the sub-literature).
139 +**core (reasoning, retrieval, tools, agents)**
140 +- wei2022cot ; kojima2022zeroshotcot ; yao2023tot ; shinn2023reflexion — reasoning prompting.
141 +- lewis2020rag ; gao2023ragsurvey ; karpukhin2020dpr — retrieval augmentation.
142 +- yao2023react ; schick2023toolformer ; qin2023toolllm ; mialon2023augmented — tool use.
143 +- wang2024agentsurvey ; xi2023rise ; guo2024multiagent ; park2023generativeagents ; wu2023autogen ; jimenez2024swebench ; zhou2023webarena ; liu2023agentbench ; packer2023memgpt ; mei2024aios ; ge2023llmos — agents: surveys, systems, benchmarks, "LLM as OS".
144 +**core (multimodal, vision, speech, generation)**
145 +- radford2021clip ; dosovitskiy2021vit ; kirillov2023sam ; alayrac2022flamingo ; li2023blip2 ; liu2023llava ; yin2024mllmsurvey ; zhang2024mmllms ; baltrusaitis2019multimodal — multimodal models and surveys.
146 +- ho2020ddpm ; rombach2022ldm ; saharia2022imagen ; ramesh2022dalle2 ; peebles2023dit ; esser2024sd3 — diffusion generation.
147 +- radford2023whisper ; baevski2020wav2vec2 ; hsu2021hubert ; mehrish2023speechreview — speech.
148 +**core (evaluation)**
149 +- hendrycks2021mmlu ; wang2018glue ; srivastava2022bigbench ; liang2022helm ; chiang2024arena ; zheng2023judge ; chang2024evalsurvey — benchmarks and LLM-as-judge; sainz2023contamination ; ott2022benchmarks ; dehghani2021lottery ; raji2021everything ; kiela2021dynabench ; recht2019imagenet — contamination, saturation, benchmark lottery.
150 +- ji2023hallucination ; huang2025hallucination — hallucination.
151 +**core (safety and alignment)**
152 +- hendrycks2021unsolved ; ji2023alignment ; amodei2016concrete ; weidinger2022risks ; bengio2024extremerisks ; bengio2025safetyreport ; anwar2024foundational ; hendrycks2023catastrophic ; shevlane2023extremerisks ; zou2023universal ; wei2023jailbroken ; bender2021parrots ; bubeck2023sparks — safety surveys, risk taxonomies, adversarial robustness; "Sparks" as a contested claim.
153 +**core (code)**
154 +- chen2021codex ; li2022alphacode ; nijkamp2023codegen ; austin2021mbpp ; roziere2023codellama ; li2023starcoder ; jiang2024codegensurvey ; fan2023llm4se ; hou2024llm4se ; xu2022codelms ; pearce2022asleep ; ziegler2022copilot ; peng2023copilot ; barke2023groundedcopilot ; liang2024usability ; vaithilingam2022expectation — code generation models, SE surveys, productivity and usability evidence.
155 +**supplementary**
156 +- maslej2024aiindex ; maslej2025aiindex — descriptive context.
157 +
158 +## Part VI — Systems and Computing Infrastructure
159 +
160 +**core**
161 +- hennessy2019goldenage ; leiserson2020roomattop ; dennard1974scaling ; jouppi2017tpu ; jouppi2023tpuv4 ; reuther2022accelerators ; sze2017efficientdnn ; dally2021gpu ; gholami2024memorywall — architecture and accelerators.
162 +- narayanan2021megatron ; shoeybi2019megatronlm ; rajbhandari2020zero ; zhao2023fsdp ; barham2022pathways ; abadi2016tensorflow ; paszke2019pytorch ; ansel2024pytorch2 ; kwon2023vllm ; pope2023inference ; sheng2023flexgen — training/inference systems for large models.
163 +- lattner2021mlir ; lattner2004llvm ; chen2018tvm ; tillet2019triton ; cummins2023llmcompiler — compilers for ML and LLMs for compilers.
164 +- patterson2021carbon ; patterson2022plateau ; strubell2019energy ; luccioni2023bloom ; luccioni2024powerhungry ; schwartz2020greenai ; henderson2020carbon ; masanet2020datacenters ; devries2023energy ; wu2022sustainableai — sustainable computing / energy and carbon.
165 +- shi2016edge ; satyanarayanan2017edge ; zhou2019edgeintelligence ; deng2020edgeintelligence ; letaief2022edgeai6g ; dang2020sixg — edge computing and 6G.
166 +- bosshart2014p4 ; mckeown2008openflow ; kreutz2015sdn ; hauser2023p4survey ; sapio2021switchml ; hoiland2018xdp ; vieira2020ebpf — programmable networks, in-network computing, XDP/eBPF.
167 +- madhavapeddy2013unikernels ; kuenzer2021unikraft ; packer2023memgpt ; mei2024aios ; ge2023llmos — operating systems: unikernels and LLM-OS proposals.
168 +- dean2008mapreduce ; zaharia2016spark ; corbett2013spanner ; verma2015borg ; burns2016kubernetes ; jonas2019serverless ; lamport1998paxos ; castro2002pbft ; gilbert2002cap — distributed systems canon.
169 +- pan2024vectordb ; han2023vectordb ; taipalus2024vectordb ; johnson2021faiss ; malkov2020hnsw ; fernandez2023llmdata ; stonebraker2024goesaround ; li2021ai4db — databases: vector DBMS, ANN search, LLMs and data management.
170 +- khattab2020colbert ; zhao2024denseretrieval ; robertson2009bm25 ; zhu2023llmir — information retrieval.
171 +- mcmahan2017fl ; kairouz2021fl ; li2020flchallenges — federated learning as a systems topic.
172 +- preskill2018nisq ; arute2019supremacy ; kim2023utility ; googlequantum2025belowthreshold ; cerezo2021vqa ; bharti2022nisq — quantum computing status 2018–2025.
173 +- brohan2023rt2 ; openx2023embodiment ; firoozi2024fmrobotics ; hu2023generalrobots ; kim2024openvla ; black2024pi0 — robotics foundation models (cyber-physical systems).
174 +- kerbl2023gaussian ; muller2022instantngp ; barron2021mipnerf ; mildenhall2020nerf ; poole2022dreamfusion ; chen2024gssurvey ; fei2024gssurvey ; tewari2022neuralrendering — graphics/neural rendering (placed here or in Part V as the taxonomy decides).
175 +
176 +## Part VII — Theory, Algorithms, and Security
177 +
178 +**core**
179 +- cook1971complexity ; karp1972reducibility ; babai2016graphisomorphism ; raz2019bqpph ; ji2021mipre ; chen2022maxflow ; kelley2023threeap ; shor1997factoring ; regev2009lwe — theory landmarks and the quantum/lattice connection.
180 +- demoura2021lean4 ; mathlib2020 ; yang2024formalmath ; first2023baldur ; leroy2009compcert ; klein2009sel4 ; jung2017rustbelt ; jung2021saferust ; matsakis2014rust — formal methods, Lean/mathlib, LLM-assisted proving, verified systems, Rust.
181 +- nist2024fips203 ; nist2024fips204 ; nist2024fips205 ; bernstein2017pqc — post-quantum standards (2024) and rationale.
182 +- gentry2009fhe ; brakerski2014bgv ; cheon2017ckks ; chillotti2020tfhe ; acar2018hesurvey ; marcolla2022fhesurvey ; groth2016snark ; thaler2022proofs ; evans2018mpc — FHE, ZK proofs, MPC.
183 +- dwork2006dp ; dwork2014dp ; abadi2016dpsgd ; shokri2017membership ; carlini2021extracting ; carlini2024poisoning — privacy and ML privacy attacks.
184 +- greshake2023injection ; perez2022ignore ; liu2023promptinjection ; shayegani2023adversarial ; wei2023jailbroken ; zou2023universal ; yao2024llmsecurity ; das2025llmsecurity ; fang2024oneday ; deng2023pentestgpt — LLM security: prompt injection, jailbreaks, surveys, offensive use.
185 +- szegedy2014intriguing ; goodfellow2015fgsm ; kocher2019spectre ; lipp2018meltdown — adversarial examples and microarchitectural attacks (pre-window security landmarks).
186 +- nakamoto2008bitcoin ; zheng2018blockchain ; monrat2019blockchain ; werner2022defi — blockchain/DeFi.
187 +
188 +## Part VIII — Scientific Knowledge Networks
189 +
190 +**core**
191 +- newman2001collaboration ; newman2004coauthorship ; katz1997collaboration ; wuchty2007teams ; lariviere2015teamsize ; wagner2015cooperation ; wagner2017collaboration ; lin2023remote — co-authorship, teams, international collaboration.
192 +- small1973cocitation ; kessler1963coupling ; boyack2010accuracy ; klavans2017taxonomy ; price1965networks ; garfield1955citation — citation-network constructs.
193 +- blondel2008louvain ; traag2019leiden ; newman2006modularity ; fortunato2010community — community structure.
194 +- stirling2007diversity ; leinster2012diversity ; porter2009interdisciplinarity ; rafols2010diversity ; leydesdorff2019interdisciplinarity — interdisciplinarity/diffusion measures.
195 +- nielsen2021inequality ; radicchi2008universality ; sinatra2016impact ; ioannidis2020citation — inequality and author-level impact.
196 +- ahmed2023industry ; ahmed2020dedemocratization ; klinger2020narrowing ; frank2019citationgraphs ; martinezplumed2021benchmarks — industry/academia, concentration and narrowing in AI.
197 +- piwowar2018oa ; lin2020arxivcs ; lariviere2014arxiv ; fraser2020biorxiv ; fraser2021preprints ; sutton2017arxivcs — preprints and OA effects on diffusion.
198 +- funk2017disruption ; wu2019disruption ; park2023disruption ; uzzi2013novelty ; ke2015sleepingbeauties — disruption/novelty/delayed recognition on the citation graph.
199 +- osborne2024huggingface ; castano2023hfcarbon ; wolf2020transformers ; lhoest2021datasets ; longpre2024dataprovenance — software/dataset ecosystems as knowledge networks (Hugging Face).
200 +
201 +## Part IX — Empirical Results
202 +
203 +Cite methods references from Part IV when reporting each result; in addition:
204 +- wang2013citationwindow ; waltman2019fieldnormalization — when presenting short-window and normalised citation results.
205 +- bai2003breaks ; killick2012pelt ; truong2020ruptures ; bernal2017its ; abadie2021synthetic ; roth2023trending — when presenting break dates, ITS and control-field comparisons.
206 +- liang2024mapping ; liang2024monitoring ; kobak2025delving ; geng2024writingstyle ; gray2024contamination ; latona2024reviewlottery — external estimates of LLM-modified text/reviews to compare against the corpus's own vocabulary shifts.
207 +- ott2022benchmarks ; martinezplumed2021benchmarks — benchmark dynamics to compare with observed benchmark-paper growth.
208 +- bornmann2021growth ; bornmann2015growth ; fanelli2016publicationrate — reference growth rates.
209 +- maslej2024aiindex ; maslej2025aiindex ; arxiv2026stats — external descriptive series for triangulation (reports/statistics pages, not peer-reviewed).
210 +- greene2014stability ; roder2015coherence ; subelj2016clustering — when reporting topic/cluster validation.
211 +
212 +## Part X — The Next Research Frontiers
213 +
214 +- wang2023aiscience ; abramson2024alphafold3 ; lin2023esm2 ; hayes2025esm3 ; watson2023rfdiffusion ; dauparas2022proteinmpnn ; nguyen2024evo ; cui2024scgpt ; kochkov2024neuralgcm ; bi2023pangu ; lam2023graphcast ; davies2021mathematics ; fawzi2022alphatensor ; degrave2022tokamak ; romeraparedes2024funsearch ; trinh2024alphageometry ; merchant2023gnome — AI for science frontier.
215 +- lu2024aiscientist ; gottweis2025coscientist ; boiko2023coscientist ; si2024novelideas — autonomous research agents (hypotheses to test, not established findings).
216 +- bengio2025safetyreport ; anwar2024foundational ; ji2023alignment — open safety problems.
217 +- googlequantum2025belowthreshold ; kim2023utility ; nist2024fips203 — quantum/post-quantum frontier.
218 +- yang2024formalmath ; first2023baldur — formal reasoning frontier.
219 +- gu2023mamba ; deepseek2025r1 ; openai2024o1 — architectures and reasoning models.
220 +- brohan2023rt2 ; black2024pi0 ; kim2024openvla — embodied AI.
221 +- luccioni2024powerhungry ; devries2023energy — sustainability constraints.
222 +- rotolo2015emerging ; boyack2022forecasting ; salatino2018augur ; krenn2023forecasting — how emergence/forecast claims should be stated.
223 +- shneiderman2020hcai ; amershi2019guidelines ; weisz2024genaidesign ; zamfirescu2023johnny ; subramonyam2024gulf ; lee2022coauthor ; bansal2021wholeexceeds ; vaccaro2024humanai ; morris2023scientists — human–AI interaction frontier.
224 +
225 +## Part XI — Discussion and Conclusion
226 +
227 +- hicks2015leiden ; fire2019goodhart ; bornmann2008citations ; wang2017novelty — limits of citation-based evidence.
228 +- messeri2024illusions ; birhane2023science ; dwivedi2023sowhat ; lund2023chatgpt ; stokelwalker2023author ; thorp2023notauthor ; nature2023groundrules ; else2023abstracts ; gao2023abstracts ; conroy2023paperfromscratch ; checco2021aipeerreview ; liang2024feedback — implications for scientific practice, authorship and peer review (liang2024feedback: large-scale evaluation of LLM-generated paper feedback).
229 +- noy2023productivity ; brynjolfsson2023genaiwork ; dellacqua2023jagged ; eloundou2024gpts ; gao2024aibenefits ; hao2024aiexpands — productivity/impact evidence (external, mostly non-CS).
230 +- park2023disruption ; holst2024disruptionartefacts ; leibel2024disruptionreview — why disruption-based conclusions must be hedged.
231 +- visser2021comparison ; alperin2024openalex ; culbert2025openalexcoverage — source-coverage limitations.
232 +- roth2022pretest ; sun2021eventstudy — why temporal association is not causation.
233 +
234 +## Appendices
235 +
236 +- Appendix (taxonomy): openalex2024topics ; waltman2012classification ; sjogarde2018granularity ; klavans2017taxonomy ; leydesdorff2009globalmap.
237 +- Appendix (search strategies): rethlefsen2021prismas ; wohlin2014snowballing ; garousi2019multivocal ; haddaway2022prismaflow.
238 +- Appendix (mathematical derivations): bai1998breaks ; andrews1993breaks ; newey1987hac ; killick2012pelt ; adams2007bocpd ; stirling2007diversity ; leinster2012diversity ; traag2019leiden ; mcinnes2018umap ; campello2013hdbscan ; funk2017disruption ; kleinberg2003burst.
239 +- Appendix (robustness): wang2013citationwindow ; bornmann2020disruptionvalidity ; greene2014stability ; subelj2016clustering ; roth2023trending ; abadie2021synthetic.
240 +- Appendix (data dictionaries): priem2022openalex ; kinney2023s2ag ; ley2009dblp ; hendricks2020crossref ; wilkinson2016fair ; gebru2021datasheets.
241 +- Appendix (reproducibility): acm2020badging ; pineau2021reproducibility ; kapoor2024reforms ; nosek2015top ; munafo2017manifesto ; collberg2016repeatability ; stodden2018journalpolicy ; hutson2018crisis ; baker2016reproducibility ; henderson2018drlmatters ; lipton2019troubling ; sambasivan2021datawork ; paullada2021discontents ; koch2021datasetlife ; bommasani2023fmti ; magnusson2023olmo.
242 +
243 +## Not available (verification failed — do not cite until a verifiable record is found)
244 +
245 +- Kitchenham & Charters 2007 EBSE technical report (no DOI/stable URL) → use kitchenham2015ebse.
246 +- McCarthy et al. 1955/2006 Dartmouth proposal (AI Magazine DOI not resolvable via Crossref/OpenAlex).
247 +- Sculley et al. 2018 "Winner's Curse?" (OpenReview blocks automated access; HTTP 403).
248 +- Papers with Code (site retired; redirects to Hugging Face).
249 +- dblp statistics page (bot challenge); use ley2009dblp and the DBLP XML dump documentation instead.
250 +- OpenAI "Sora" technical report page (403 / empty archived page).
251 +- Haunschild 2024 OpenAlex affiliation-quality paper and a generic "LLMs for systematic review screening" item (titles could not be matched; placeholders dropped).
added manuscript/references.bib +6641 −0
@@ -0,0 +1,6641 @@
1 +% references.bib -- UQO Working Paper 44 (Agent B-lit, 2026-11-03)
2 +% Every entry below was resolved against a bibliographic service on 2026-11-03 (see note field and
3 +% manuscript/references_verification.csv). Metadata (title, authors, year, venue, pages) are copied from the
4 +% service record (Crossref / OpenAlex / DataCite / arXiv API); URL-type entries were checked live (HTTP 2xx + page title).
5 +% arXiv-only entries are preprints: the manuscript must not describe them as peer-reviewed.
6 +% Groups: A data sources, B review methodology, C indicators, D science mapping, E structural change,
7 +% F emergence detection, G AI landmarks, H LLM effects on science, I reproducibility, J other CS areas.
8 +% ===== Group A =====
9 +
10 +@misc{priem2022openalex,
11 + title = {OpenAlex: A fully-open index of scholarly works, authors, venues, institutions, and concepts},
12 + author = {Priem, Jason and Piwowar, Heather and Orr, Richard},
13 + year = {2022},
14 + eprint = {2205.01833},
15 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
16 + primaryclass = {cs.DL},
17 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.01833},
18 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group A}
19 +}
20 +
21 +@incollection{ley2002dblp,
22 + title = {The DBLP Computer Science Bibliography: Evolution, Research Issues, Perspectives},
23 + author = {Ley, Michael},
24 + year = {2002},
25 + booktitle = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
26 + pages = {1-10},
27 + publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
28 + doi = {10.1007/3-540-45735-6_1},
29 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group A}
30 +}
31 +
32 +@article{ley2009dblp,
33 + title = {DBLP: some lessons learned},
34 + author = {Ley, Michael},
35 + year = {2009},
36 + journal = {Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment},
37 + volume = {2},
38 + number = {2},
39 + pages = {1493-1500},
40 + doi = {10.14778/1687553.1687577},
41 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group A}
42 +}
43 +
44 +@article{ginsparg2011arxiv,
45 + title = {ArXiv at 20},
46 + author = {Ginsparg, Paul},
47 + year = {2011},
48 + journal = {Nature},
49 + volume = {476},
50 + number = {7359},
51 + pages = {145-147},
52 + doi = {10.1038/476145a},
53 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group A}
54 +}
55 +
56 +@misc{kinney2023s2ag,
57 + title = {The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform},
58 + author = {Kinney, Rodney and Anastasiades, Chloe and Authur, Russell and Beltagy, Iz and Bragg, Jonathan and Buraczynski, Alexandra and Cachola, Isabel and Candra, Stefan and Chandrasekhar, Yoganand and Cohan, Arman and Crawford, Miles and Downey, Doug and Dunkelberger, Jason and Etzioni, Oren and Evans, Rob and Feldman, Sergey and Gorney, Joseph and Graham, David and Hu, Fangzhou and Huff, Regan and King, Daniel and Kohlmeier, Sebastian and Kuehl, Bailey and Langan, Michael and Lin, Daniel and Liu, Haokun and Lo, Kyle and Lochner, Jaron and MacMillan, Kelsey and Murray, Tyler and Newell, Chris and Rao, Smita and Rohatgi, Shaurya and Sayre, Paul and Shen, Zejiang and Singh, Amanpreet and Soldaini, Luca and Subramanian, Shivashankar and Tanaka, Amber and Wade, Alex D. and Wagner, Linda and Wang, Lucy Lu and Wilhelm, Chris and Wu, Caroline and Yang, Jiangjiang and Zamarron, Angele and Zuylen, Madeleine Van and Weld, Daniel S.},
59 + year = {2023},
60 + eprint = {2301.10140},
61 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
62 + primaryclass = {cs.DL},
63 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.10140},
64 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group A}
65 +}
66 +
67 +@inproceedings{lo2020s2orc,
68 + title = {S2ORC: The Semantic Scholar Open Research Corpus},
69 + author = {Lo, Kyle and Wang, Lucy Lu and Neumann, Mark and Kinney, Rodney and Weld, Daniel},
70 + year = {2020},
71 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
72 + pages = {4969-4983},
73 + publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
74 + doi = {10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.447},
75 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group A}
76 +}
77 +
78 +@inproceedings{ammar2018literaturegraph,
79 + title = {Construction of the Literature Graph in Semantic Scholar},
80 + author = {Ammar, Waleed and Groeneveld, Dirk and Bhagavatula, Chandra and Beltagy, Iz and Crawford, Miles and Downey, Doug and Dunkelberger, Jason and Elgohary, Ahmed and Feldman, Sergey and Ha, Vu and Kinney, Rodney and Kohlmeier, Sebastian and Lo, Kyle and Murray, Tyler and Ooi, Hsu-Han and Peters, Matthew and Power, Joanna and Skjonsberg, Sam and Wang, Lucy and Willhelm, Chris and Yuan, Zheng and Zuylen, Madeleine and oren},
81 + year = {2018},
82 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 3 (Industry Papers)},
83 + pages = {84-91},
84 + publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
85 + doi = {10.18653/v1/n18-3011},
86 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group A}
87 +}
88 +
89 +@article{hendricks2020crossref,
90 + title = {Crossref: The sustainable source of community-owned scholarly metadata},
91 + author = {Hendricks, Ginny and Tkaczyk, Dominika and Lin, Jennifer and Feeney, Patricia},
92 + year = {2020},
93 + journal = {Quantitative Science Studies},
94 + volume = {1},
95 + number = {1},
96 + pages = {414-427},
97 + doi = {10.1162/qss_a_00022},
98 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group A}
99 +}
100 +
101 +@article{radev2013aclanthology,
102 + title = {The ACL anthology network corpus},
103 + author = {Radev, Dragomir R. and Muthukrishnan, Pradeep and Qazvinian, Vahed and Abu-Jbara, Amjad},
104 + year = {2013},
105 + journal = {Language Resources and Evaluation},
106 + volume = {47},
107 + number = {4},
108 + pages = {919-944},
109 + doi = {10.1007/s10579-012-9211-2},
110 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group A}
111 +}
112 +
113 +@article{wang2020mag,
114 + title = {Microsoft Academic Graph: When experts are not enough},
115 + author = {Wang, Kuansan and Shen, Zhihong and Huang, Chiyuan and Wu, Chieh-Han and Dong, Yuxiao and Kanakia, Anshul},
116 + year = {2020},
117 + journal = {Quantitative Science Studies},
118 + volume = {1},
119 + number = {1},
120 + pages = {396-413},
121 + doi = {10.1162/qss_a_00021},
122 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group A}
123 +}
124 +
125 +@inproceedings{sinha2015mas,
126 + title = {An Overview of Microsoft Academic Service (MAS) and Applications},
127 + author = {Sinha, Arnab and Shen, Zhihong and Song, Yang and Ma, Hao and Eide, Darrin and Hsu, Bo-June (Paul) and Wang, Kuansan},
128 + year = {2015},
129 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World Wide Web},
130 + pages = {243-246},
131 + publisher = {ACM},
132 + doi = {10.1145/2740908.2742839},
133 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group A}
134 +}
135 +
136 +@inproceedings{giles1998citeseer,
137 + title = {CiteSeer: an automatic citation indexing system},
138 + author = {Giles, C. Lee and Bollacker, Kurt D. and Lawrence, Steve},
139 + year = {1998},
140 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the third ACM conference on Digital libraries - DL '98},
141 + pages = {89-98},
142 + publisher = {ACM Press},
143 + doi = {10.1145/276675.276685},
144 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group A}
145 +}
146 +
147 +@article{wu2015citeseerx,
148 + title = {CiteSeerX: AI in a Digital Library Search Engine},
149 + author = {Wu, Jian and William, Kyle and Chen, Hung-Hsuan and Khabsa, Madian and Caragea, Cornelia and Tuarob, Suppawong and Ororbia, Alexander and Jordan, Douglas and Mitra, Prasenjit and Giles, C. Lee},
150 + year = {2015},
151 + journal = {AI Magazine},
152 + volume = {36},
153 + number = {3},
154 + pages = {35-48},
155 + doi = {10.1609/aimag.v36i3.2601},
156 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group A}
157 +}
158 +
159 +@inproceedings{tang2008arnetminer,
160 + title = {ArnetMiner: extraction and mining of academic social networks},
161 + author = {Tang, Jie and Zhang, Jing and Yao, Limin and Li, Juanzi and Zhang, Li and Su, Zhong},
162 + year = {2008},
163 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining},
164 + pages = {990-998},
165 + publisher = {ACM},
166 + doi = {10.1145/1401890.1402008},
167 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group A}
168 +}
169 +
170 +@article{fricke2018semanticscholar,
171 + title = {Semantic Scholar},
172 + author = {Fricke, Suzanne},
173 + year = {2018},
174 + journal = {Journal of the Medical Library Association},
175 + volume = {106},
176 + number = {1},
177 + doi = {10.5195/jmla.2018.280},
178 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group A}
179 +}
180 +
181 +@article{herzog2020dimensions,
182 + title = {Dimensions: Bringing down barriers between scientometricians and data},
183 + author = {Herzog, Christian and Hook, Daniel and Konkiel, Stacy},
184 + year = {2020},
185 + journal = {Quantitative Science Studies},
186 + volume = {1},
187 + number = {1},
188 + pages = {387-395},
189 + doi = {10.1162/qss_a_00020},
190 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group A}
191 +}
192 +
193 +@article{peroni2020opencitations,
194 + title = {OpenCitations, an infrastructure organization for open scholarship},
195 + author = {Peroni, Silvio and Shotton, David},
196 + year = {2020},
197 + journal = {Quantitative Science Studies},
198 + volume = {1},
199 + number = {1},
200 + pages = {428-444},
201 + doi = {10.1162/qss_a_00023},
202 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group A}
203 +}
204 +
205 +@article{visser2021comparison,
206 + title = {Large-scale comparison of bibliographic data sources: Scopus, Web of Science, Dimensions, Crossref, and Microsoft Academic},
207 + author = {Visser, Martijn and van Eck, Nees Jan and Waltman, Ludo},
208 + year = {2021},
209 + journal = {Quantitative Science Studies},
210 + volume = {2},
211 + number = {1},
212 + pages = {20-41},
213 + doi = {10.1162/qss_a_00112},
214 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group A}
215 +}
216 +
217 +@article{martinmartin2021coverage,
218 + title = {Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic, Scopus, Dimensions, Web of Science, and OpenCitations' COCI: a multidisciplinary comparison of coverage via citations},
219 + author = {Martín-Martín, Alberto and Thelwall, Mike and Orduna-Malea, Enrique and Delgado López-Cózar, Emilio},
220 + year = {2021},
221 + journal = {Scientometrics},
222 + volume = {126},
223 + number = {1},
224 + pages = {871-906},
225 + doi = {10.1007/s11192-020-03690-4},
226 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group A}
227 +}
228 +
229 +@misc{clement2019arxivdataset,
230 + title = {On the Use of ArXiv as a Dataset},
231 + author = {Clement, Colin B. and Bierbaum, Matthew and O'Keeffe, Kevin P. and Alemi, Alexander A.},
232 + year = {2019},
233 + eprint = {1905.00075},
234 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
235 + primaryclass = {cs.IR},
236 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.00075},
237 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group A}
238 +}
239 +
240 +@misc{alperin2024openalex,
241 + title = {An analysis of the suitability of OpenAlex for bibliometric analyses},
242 + author = {Alperin, Juan Pablo and Portenoy, Jason and Demes, Kyle and Larivière, Vincent and Haustein, Stefanie},
243 + year = {2024},
244 + eprint = {2404.17663},
245 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
246 + primaryclass = {cs.DL},
247 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.17663},
248 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group A}
249 +}
250 +
251 +@article{culbert2025openalexcoverage,
252 + title = {Reference coverage analysis of OpenAlex compared to Web of Science and Scopus},
253 + author = {Culbert, Jack H. and Hobert, Anne and Jahn, Najko and Haupka, Nick and Schmidt, Marion and Donner, Paul and Mayr, Philipp},
254 + year = {2025},
255 + journal = {Scientometrics},
256 + volume = {130},
257 + number = {4},
258 + pages = {2475-2492},
259 + doi = {10.1007/s11192-025-05293-3},
260 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group A}
261 +}
262 +
263 +@article{scheidsteger2023magopenalex,
264 + title = {Which of the metadata with relevance for bibliometrics are the same and which are different when switching from Microsoft Academic Graph to OpenAlex?},
265 + author = {Scheidsteger, Thomas and Haunschild, Robin},
266 + year = {2023},
267 + journal = {El Profesional de la información},
268 + doi = {10.3145/epi.2023.mar.09},
269 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group A}
270 +}
271 +
272 +@misc{openalex2024topics,
273 + title = {Topics -- Aboutness},
274 + author = {{OpenAlex}},
275 + year = {2024},
276 + howpublished = {OpenAlex documentation},
277 + url = {https://docs.openalex.org/api-entities/topics},
278 + urldate = {2026-11-03},
279 + note = {verified: url 2026-11-03 (HTTP 200, page title: Topics -- Aboutness | OpenAlex Help Center); group A}
280 +}
281 +
282 +@misc{arxiv2026stats,
283 + title = {arXiv monthly submission statistics},
284 + author = {{arXiv}},
285 + year = {2026},
286 + howpublished = {Cornell University},
287 + url = {https://arxiv.org/stats/monthly_submissions},
288 + urldate = {2026-11-03},
289 + note = {verified: url 2026-11-03 (HTTP 200, page title: Monthly Submissions); group A}
290 +}
291 +
292 +@misc{acl2024anthology,
293 + title = {ACL Anthology},
294 + author = {{Association for Computational Linguistics}},
295 + year = {2026},
296 + howpublished = {ACL},
297 + url = {https://aclanthology.org/},
298 + urldate = {2026-11-03},
299 + note = {verified: url 2026-11-03 (HTTP 200, page title: ACL Anthology); group A}
300 +}
301 +
302 +% ===== Group B =====
303 +
304 +@article{page2021prisma,
305 + title = {The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews},
306 + author = {Page, Matthew J and McKenzie, Joanne E and Bossuyt, Patrick M and Boutron, Isabelle and Hoffmann, Tammy C and Mulrow, Cynthia D and Shamseer, Larissa and Tetzlaff, Jennifer M and Akl, Elie A and Brennan, Sue E and Chou, Roger and Glanville, Julie and Grimshaw, Jeremy M and Hróbjartsson, Asbjørn and Lalu, Manoj M and Li, Tianjing and Loder, Elizabeth W and Mayo-Wilson, Evan and McDonald, Steve and McGuinness, Luke A and Stewart, Lesley A and Thomas, James and Tricco, Andrea C and Welch, Vivian A and Whiting, Penny and Moher, David},
307 + year = {2021},
308 + journal = {BMJ},
309 + pages = {n71},
310 + doi = {10.1136/bmj.n71},
311 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
312 +}
313 +
314 +@article{page2021prismaexplanation,
315 + title = {PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews},
316 + author = {Page, Matthew J and Moher, David and Bossuyt, Patrick M and Boutron, Isabelle and Hoffmann, Tammy C and Mulrow, Cynthia D and Shamseer, Larissa and Tetzlaff, Jennifer M and Akl, Elie A and Brennan, Sue E and Chou, Roger and Glanville, Julie and Grimshaw, Jeremy M and Hróbjartsson, Asbjørn and Lalu, Manoj M and Li, Tianjing and Loder, Elizabeth W and Mayo-Wilson, Evan and McDonald, Steve and McGuinness, Luke A and Stewart, Lesley A and Thomas, James and Tricco, Andrea C and Welch, Vivian A and Whiting, Penny and McKenzie, Joanne E},
317 + year = {2021},
318 + journal = {BMJ},
319 + pages = {n160},
320 + doi = {10.1136/bmj.n160},
321 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
322 +}
323 +
324 +@article{rethlefsen2021prismas,
325 + title = {PRISMA-S: an extension to the PRISMA Statement for Reporting Literature Searches in Systematic Reviews},
326 + author = {Rethlefsen, Melissa L. and Kirtley, Shona and Waffenschmidt, Siw and Ayala, Ana Patricia and Moher, David and Page, Matthew J. and Koffel, Jonathan B. and {PRISMA-S Group} and Blunt, Heather and Brigham, Tara and Chang, Steven and Clark, Justin and Conway, Aislinn and Couban, Rachel and de Kock, Shelley and Farrah, Kelly and Fehrmann, Paul and Foster, Margaret and Fowler, Susan A. and Glanville, Julie and Harris, Elizabeth and Hoffecker, Lilian and Isojarvi, Jaana and Kaunelis, David and Ket, Hans and Levay, Paul and Lyon, Jennifer and McGowan, Jessie and Murad, M. Hassan and Nicholson, Joey and Pannabecker, Virginia and Paynter, Robin and Pinotti, Rachel and Ross-White, Amanda and Sampson, Margaret and Shields, Tracy and Stevens, Adrienne and Sutton, Anthea and Weinfurter, Elizabeth and Wright, Kath and Young, Sarah},
327 + year = {2021},
328 + journal = {Systematic Reviews},
329 + volume = {10},
330 + number = {1},
331 + doi = {10.1186/s13643-020-01542-z},
332 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
333 +}
334 +
335 +@article{moher2009prisma,
336 + title = {Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement},
337 + author = {Moher, David and Liberati, Alessandro and Tetzlaff, Jennifer and Altman, Douglas G. and {The PRISMA Group}},
338 + year = {2009},
339 + journal = {PLoS Medicine},
340 + volume = {6},
341 + number = {7},
342 + pages = {e1000097},
343 + doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097},
344 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
345 +}
346 +
347 +@article{haddaway2022prismaflow,
348 + title = {PRISMA2020 : An R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis},
349 + author = {Haddaway, Neal R. and Page, Matthew J. and Pritchard, Chris C. and McGuinness, Luke A.},
350 + year = {2022},
351 + journal = {Campbell Systematic Reviews},
352 + volume = {18},
353 + number = {2},
354 + doi = {10.1002/cl2.1230},
355 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
356 +}
357 +
358 +@article{kitchenham2009slr,
359 + title = {Systematic literature reviews in software engineering -- A systematic literature review},
360 + author = {Kitchenham, Barbara and Pearl Brereton, O. and Budgen, David and Turner, Mark and Bailey, John and Linkman, Stephen},
361 + year = {2009},
362 + journal = {Information and Software Technology},
363 + volume = {51},
364 + number = {1},
365 + pages = {7-15},
366 + doi = {10.1016/j.infsof.2008.09.009},
367 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
368 +}
369 +
370 +@article{kitchenham2013slrprocess,
371 + title = {A systematic review of systematic review process research in software engineering},
372 + author = {Kitchenham, Barbara and Brereton, Pearl},
373 + year = {2013},
374 + journal = {Information and Software Technology},
375 + volume = {55},
376 + number = {12},
377 + pages = {2049-2075},
378 + doi = {10.1016/j.infsof.2013.07.010},
379 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
380 +}
381 +
382 +@book{kitchenham2015ebse,
383 + title = {Evidence-Based Software Engineering and Systematic Reviews},
384 + author = {Kitchenham, Barbara Ann and Budgen, David and Brereton, Pearl},
385 + year = {2015},
386 + publisher = {Chapman and Hall/CRC},
387 + doi = {10.1201/b19467},
388 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
389 +}
390 +
391 +@inproceedings{petersen2008mapping,
392 + title = {Systematic Mapping Studies in Software Engineering},
393 + author = {Petersen, Kai and Feldt, Robert and Mujtaba, Shahid and Mattsson, Michael},
394 + year = {2008},
395 + booktitle = {Electronic Workshops in Computing},
396 + publisher = {BCS Learning \& Development},
397 + doi = {10.14236/ewic/ease2008.8},
398 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
399 +}
400 +
401 +@article{petersen2015mapping,
402 + title = {Guidelines for conducting systematic mapping studies in software engineering: An update},
403 + author = {Petersen, Kai and Vakkalanka, Sairam and Kuzniarz, Ludwik},
404 + year = {2015},
405 + journal = {Information and Software Technology},
406 + volume = {64},
407 + pages = {1-18},
408 + doi = {10.1016/j.infsof.2015.03.007},
409 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
410 +}
411 +
412 +@inproceedings{wohlin2014snowballing,
413 + title = {Guidelines for snowballing in systematic literature studies and a replication in software engineering},
414 + author = {Wohlin, Claes},
415 + year = {2014},
416 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering},
417 + pages = {1-10},
418 + publisher = {ACM},
419 + doi = {10.1145/2601248.2601268},
420 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
421 +}
422 +
423 +@article{garousi2019multivocal,
424 + title = {Guidelines for including grey literature and conducting multivocal literature reviews in software engineering},
425 + author = {Garousi, Vahid and Felderer, Michael and Mäntylä, Mika V.},
426 + year = {2019},
427 + journal = {Information and Software Technology},
428 + volume = {106},
429 + pages = {101-121},
430 + doi = {10.1016/j.infsof.2018.09.006},
431 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
432 +}
433 +
434 +@article{tricco2018prismascr,
435 + title = {PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation},
436 + author = {Tricco, Andrea C. and Lillie, Erin and Zarin, Wasifa and O'Brien, Kelly K. and Colquhoun, Heather and Levac, Danielle and Moher, David and Peters, Micah D.J. and Horsley, Tanya and Weeks, Laura and Hempel, Susanne and Akl, Elie A. and Chang, Christine and McGowan, Jessie and Stewart, Lesley and Hartling, Lisa and Aldcroft, Adrian and Wilson, Michael G. and Garritty, Chantelle and Lewin, Simon and Godfrey, Christina M. and Macdonald, Marilyn T. and Langlois, Etienne V. and Soares-Weiser, Karla and Moriarty, Jo and Clifford, Tammy and Tunçalp, Özge and Straus, Sharon E.},
437 + year = {2018},
438 + journal = {Annals of Internal Medicine},
439 + volume = {169},
440 + number = {7},
441 + pages = {467-473},
442 + doi = {10.7326/m18-0850},
443 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
444 +}
445 +
446 +@article{arksey2005scoping,
447 + title = {Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework},
448 + author = {Arksey, Hilary and O'Malley, Lisa},
449 + year = {2005},
450 + journal = {International Journal of Social Research Methodology},
451 + volume = {8},
452 + number = {1},
453 + pages = {19-32},
454 + doi = {10.1080/1364557032000119616},
455 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
456 +}
457 +
458 +@article{grant2009typology,
459 + title = {A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies},
460 + author = {Grant, Maria J. and Booth, Andrew},
461 + year = {2009},
462 + journal = {Health Information \& Libraries Journal},
463 + volume = {26},
464 + number = {2},
465 + pages = {91-108},
466 + doi = {10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x},
467 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
468 +}
469 +
470 +@article{elliott2014living,
471 + title = {Living Systematic Reviews: An Emerging Opportunity to Narrow the Evidence-Practice Gap},
472 + author = {Elliott, Julian H. and Turner, Tari and Clavisi, Ornella and Thomas, James and Higgins, Julian P. T. and Mavergames, Chris and Gruen, Russell L.},
473 + year = {2014},
474 + journal = {PLoS Medicine},
475 + volume = {11},
476 + number = {2},
477 + pages = {e1001603},
478 + doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1001603},
479 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
480 +}
481 +
482 +@article{elliott2017living,
483 + title = {Living systematic review: 1. Introduction---the why, what, when, and how},
484 + author = {Elliott, Julian H. and Synnot, Anneliese and Turner, Tari and Simmonds, Mark and Akl, Elie A. and McDonald, Steve and Salanti, Georgia and Meerpohl, Joerg and MacLehose, Harriet and Hilton, John and Tovey, David and Shemilt, Ian and Thomas, James and Agoritsas, Thomas and Hilton, John and Perron, Caroline and Akl, Elie and Hodder, Rebecca and Pestridge, Charlotte and Albrecht, Lauren and Horsley, Tanya and Platt, Joanne and Armstrong, Rebecca and Nguyen, Phi Hung and Plovnick, Robert and Arno, Anneliese and Ivers, Noah and Quinn, Gail and Au, Agnes and Johnston, Renea and Rada, Gabriel and Bagg, Matthew and Jones, Arwel and Ravaud, Philippe and Boden, Catherine and Kahale, Lara and Richter, Bernt and Boisvert, Isabelle and Keshavarz, Homa and Ryan, Rebecca and Brandt, Linn and Kolakowsky-Hayner, Stephanie A. and Salama, Dina and Brazinova, Alexandra and Nagraj, Sumanth Kumbargere and Salanti, Georgia and Buchbinder, Rachelle and Lasserson, Toby and Santaguida, Lina and Champion, Chris and Lawrence, Rebecca and Santesso, Nancy and Chandler, Jackie and Les, Zbigniew and Schünemann, Holger J. and Charidimou, Andreas and Leucht, Stefan and Shemilt, Ian and Chou, Roger and Low, Nicola and Sherifali, Diana and Churchill, Rachel and Maas, Andrew and Siemieniuk, Reed and Cnossen, Maryse C. and MacLehose, Harriet and Simmonds, Mark and Cossi, Marie-Joelle and Macleod, Malcolm and Skoetz, Nicole and Counotte, Michel and Marshall, Iain and Soares-Weiser, Karla and Craigie, Samantha and Marshall, Rachel and Srikanth, Velandai and Dahm, Philipp and Martin, Nicole and Sullivan, Katrina and Danilkewich, Alanna and Martínez García, Laura and Synnot, Anneliese and Danko, Kristen and Mavergames, Chris and Taylor, Mark and Donoghue, Emma and Maxwell, Lara J. and Thayer, Kris and Dressler, Corinna and McAuley, James and Thomas, James and Egan, Cathy and McDonald, Steve and Tritton, Roger and Elliott, Julian and McKenzie, Joanne and Tsafnat, Guy and Elliott, Sarah A. and Meerpohl, Joerg and Tugwell, Peter and Etxeandia, Itziar and Merner, Bronwen and Turgeon, Alexis and Featherstone, Robin and Mondello, Stefania and Turner, Tari and Foxlee, Ruth and Morley, Richard and van Valkenhoef, Gert and Garner, Paul and Munafo, Marcus and Vandvik, Per and Gerrity, Martha and Munn, Zachary and Wallace, Byron and Glasziou, Paul and Murano, Melissa and Wallace, Sheila A. and Green, Sally and Newman, Kristine and Watts, Chris and Grimshaw, Jeremy and Nieuwlaat, Robby and Weeks, Laura and Gurusamy, Kurinchi and Nikolakopoulou, Adriani and Weigl, Aaron and Haddaway, Neal and Noel-Storr, Anna and Wells, George and Hartling, Lisa and O'Connor, Annette and Wiercioch, Wojtek and Hayden, Jill and Page, Matthew and Wolfenden, Luke and Helfand, Mark and Pahwa, Manisha and Yepes Nuñez, Juan José and Higgins, Julian and Pardo, Jordi Pardo and Yost, Jennifer and Hill, Sophie and Pearson, Leslea},
485 + year = {2017},
486 + journal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology},
487 + volume = {91},
488 + pages = {23-30},
489 + doi = {10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.010},
490 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
491 +}
492 +
493 +@article{vandeschoot2021asreview,
494 + title = {An open source machine learning framework for efficient and transparent systematic reviews},
495 + author = {van de Schoot, Rens and de Bruin, Jonathan and Schram, Raoul and Zahedi, Parisa and de Boer, Jan and Weijdema, Felix and Kramer, Bianca and Huijts, Martijn and Hoogerwerf, Maarten and Ferdinands, Gerbrich and Harkema, Albert and Willemsen, Joukje and Ma, Yongchao and Fang, Qixiang and Hindriks, Sybren and Tummers, Lars and Oberski, Daniel L.},
496 + year = {2021},
497 + journal = {Nature Machine Intelligence},
498 + volume = {3},
499 + number = {2},
500 + pages = {125-133},
501 + doi = {10.1038/s42256-020-00287-7},
502 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
503 +}
504 +
505 +@article{omaraeide2015textmining,
506 + title = {Using text mining for study identification in systematic reviews: a systematic review of current approaches},
507 + author = {O'Mara-Eves, Alison and Thomas, James and McNaught, John and Miwa, Makoto and Ananiadou, Sophia},
508 + year = {2015},
509 + journal = {Systematic Reviews},
510 + volume = {4},
511 + number = {1},
512 + doi = {10.1186/2046-4053-4-5},
513 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
514 +}
515 +
516 +@article{marshall2019automation,
517 + title = {Toward systematic review automation: a practical guide to using machine learning tools in research synthesis},
518 + author = {Marshall, Iain J. and Wallace, Byron C.},
519 + year = {2019},
520 + journal = {Systematic Reviews},
521 + volume = {8},
522 + number = {1},
523 + doi = {10.1186/s13643-019-1074-9},
524 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
525 +}
526 +
527 +@article{khraisha2024gpt4screening,
528 + title = {Can large language models replace humans in systematic reviews? Evaluating GPT -4's efficacy in screening and extracting data from peer-reviewed and grey literature in multiple languages},
529 + author = {Khraisha, Qusai and Put, Sophie and Kappenberg, Johanna and Warraitch, Azza and Hadfield, Kristin},
530 + year = {2024},
531 + journal = {Research Synthesis Methods},
532 + volume = {15},
533 + number = {4},
534 + pages = {616-626},
535 + doi = {10.1002/jrsm.1715},
536 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
537 +}
538 +
539 +@article{guo2024llmscreening,
540 + title = {Automated Paper Screening for Clinical Reviews Using Large Language Models: Data Analysis Study},
541 + author = {Guo, Eddie and Gupta, Mehul and Deng, Jiawen and Park, Ye-Jean and Paget, Michael and Naugler, Christopher},
542 + year = {2024},
543 + journal = {Journal of Medical Internet Research},
544 + volume = {26},
545 + pages = {e48996},
546 + doi = {10.2196/48996},
547 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
548 +}
549 +
550 +@misc{syriani2023chatgptscreening,
551 + title = {Assessing the Ability of ChatGPT to Screen Articles for Systematic Reviews},
552 + author = {Syriani, Eugene and David, Istvan and Kumar, Gauransh},
553 + year = {2023},
554 + eprint = {2307.06464},
555 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
556 + primaryclass = {cs.SE},
557 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.06464},
558 + doi = {10.1016/j.cola.2024.101287},
559 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group B}
560 +}
561 +
562 +@article{dennstadt2024llmscreening,
563 + title = {Title and abstract screening for literature reviews using large language models: an exploratory study in the biomedical domain},
564 + author = {Dennstädt, Fabio and Zink, Johannes and Putora, Paul Martin and Hastings, Janna and Cihoric, Nikola},
565 + year = {2024},
566 + journal = {Systematic Reviews},
567 + volume = {13},
568 + number = {1},
569 + doi = {10.1186/s13643-024-02575-4},
570 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
571 +}
572 +
573 +@article{alshami2023chatgptsr,
574 + title = {Harnessing the Power of ChatGPT for Automating Systematic Review Process: Methodology, Case Study, Limitations, and Future Directions},
575 + author = {Alshami, Ahmad and Elsayed, Moustafa and Ali, Eslam and Eltoukhy, Abdelrahman E. E. and Zayed, Tarek},
576 + year = {2023},
577 + journal = {Systems},
578 + volume = {11},
579 + number = {7},
580 + pages = {351},
581 + doi = {10.3390/systems11070351},
582 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
583 +}
584 +
585 +@article{zupic2015bibliometric,
586 + title = {Bibliometric Methods in Management and Organization},
587 + author = {Zupic, Ivan and Čater, Tomaž},
588 + year = {2015},
589 + journal = {Organizational Research Methods},
590 + volume = {18},
591 + number = {3},
592 + pages = {429-472},
593 + doi = {10.1177/1094428114562629},
594 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
595 +}
596 +
597 +@article{donthu2021bibliometric,
598 + title = {How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines},
599 + author = {Donthu, Naveen and Kumar, Satish and Mukherjee, Debmalya and Pandey, Nitesh and Lim, Weng Marc},
600 + year = {2021},
601 + journal = {Journal of Business Research},
602 + volume = {133},
603 + pages = {285-296},
604 + doi = {10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070},
605 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
606 +}
607 +
608 +@incollection{wang2024zeroshotscreening,
609 + title = {Zero-Shot Generative Large Language Models for Systematic Review Screening Automation},
610 + author = {Wang, Shuai and Scells, Harrisen and Zhuang, Shengyao and Potthast, Martin and Koopman, Bevan and Zuccon, Guido},
611 + year = {2024},
612 + booktitle = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
613 + pages = {403-420},
614 + publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland},
615 + doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-56027-9_25},
616 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group B}
617 +}
618 +
619 +% ===== Group C =====
620 +
621 +@article{waltman2016review,
622 + title = {A review of the literature on citation impact indicators},
623 + author = {Waltman, Ludo},
624 + year = {2016},
625 + journal = {Journal of Informetrics},
626 + volume = {10},
627 + number = {2},
628 + pages = {365-391},
629 + doi = {10.1016/j.joi.2016.02.007},
630 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
631 +}
632 +
633 +@incollection{waltman2019fieldnormalization,
634 + title = {Field Normalization of Scientometric Indicators},
635 + author = {Waltman, Ludo and van Eck, Nees Jan},
636 + year = {2019},
637 + booktitle = {Springer Handbooks},
638 + pages = {281-300},
639 + publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
640 + doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-02511-3_11},
641 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
642 +}
643 +
644 +@article{waltman2011crown,
645 + title = {Towards a new crown indicator: Some theoretical considerations},
646 + author = {Waltman, Ludo and van Eck, Nees Jan and van Leeuwen, Thed N. and Visser, Martijn S. and van Raan, Anthony F.J.},
647 + year = {2011},
648 + journal = {Journal of Informetrics},
649 + volume = {5},
650 + number = {1},
651 + pages = {37-47},
652 + doi = {10.1016/j.joi.2010.08.001},
653 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
654 +}
655 +
656 +@article{purkayastha2019fwci,
657 + title = {Comparison of two article-level, field-independent citation metrics: Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) and Relative Citation Ratio (RCR)},
658 + author = {Purkayastha, Amrita and Palmaro, Eleonora and Falk-Krzesinski, Holly J. and Baas, Jeroen},
659 + year = {2019},
660 + journal = {Journal of Informetrics},
661 + volume = {13},
662 + number = {2},
663 + pages = {635-642},
664 + doi = {10.1016/j.joi.2019.03.012},
665 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
666 +}
667 +
668 +@article{wang2013citationwindow,
669 + title = {Citation time window choice for research impact evaluation},
670 + author = {Wang, Jian},
671 + year = {2013},
672 + journal = {Scientometrics},
673 + volume = {94},
674 + number = {3},
675 + pages = {851-872},
676 + doi = {10.1007/s11192-012-0775-9},
677 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
678 +}
679 +
680 +@article{hirsch2005hindex,
681 + title = {An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output},
682 + author = {Hirsch, J. E.},
683 + year = {2005},
684 + journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
685 + volume = {102},
686 + number = {46},
687 + pages = {16569-16572},
688 + doi = {10.1073/pnas.0507655102},
689 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
690 +}
691 +
692 +@article{waltman2012hindex,
693 + title = {The inconsistency of the h-index},
694 + author = {Waltman, Ludo and van Eck, Nees Jan},
695 + year = {2012},
696 + journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology},
697 + volume = {63},
698 + number = {2},
699 + pages = {406-415},
700 + doi = {10.1002/asi.21678},
701 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
702 +}
703 +
704 +@article{egghe2006gindex,
705 + title = {Theory and practise of the g-index},
706 + author = {Egghe, Leo},
707 + year = {2006},
708 + journal = {Scientometrics},
709 + volume = {69},
710 + number = {1},
711 + pages = {131-152},
712 + doi = {10.1007/s11192-006-0144-7},
713 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
714 +}
715 +
716 +@article{nielsen2021inequality,
717 + title = {Global citation inequality is on the rise},
718 + author = {Nielsen, Mathias Wullum and Andersen, Jens Peter},
719 + year = {2021},
720 + journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
721 + volume = {118},
722 + number = {7},
723 + doi = {10.1073/pnas.2012208118},
724 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
725 +}
726 +
727 +@article{stirling2007diversity,
728 + title = {A general framework for analysing diversity in science, technology and society},
729 + author = {Stirling, Andy},
730 + year = {2007},
731 + journal = {Journal of The Royal Society Interface},
732 + volume = {4},
733 + number = {15},
734 + pages = {707-719},
735 + doi = {10.1098/rsif.2007.0213},
736 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
737 +}
738 +
739 +@article{leinster2012diversity,
740 + title = {Measuring diversity: the importance of species similarity},
741 + author = {Leinster, Tom and Cobbold, Christina A.},
742 + year = {2012},
743 + journal = {Ecology},
744 + volume = {93},
745 + number = {3},
746 + pages = {477-489},
747 + doi = {10.1890/10-2402.1},
748 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
749 +}
750 +
751 +@article{porter2009interdisciplinarity,
752 + title = {Is science becoming more interdisciplinary? Measuring and mapping six research fields over time},
753 + author = {Porter, Alan L. and Rafols, Ismael},
754 + year = {2009},
755 + journal = {Scientometrics},
756 + volume = {81},
757 + number = {3},
758 + pages = {719-745},
759 + doi = {10.1007/s11192-008-2197-2},
760 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
761 +}
762 +
763 +@article{rafols2010diversity,
764 + title = {Diversity and network coherence as indicators of interdisciplinarity: case studies in bionanoscience},
765 + author = {Rafols, Ismael and Meyer, Martin},
766 + year = {2010},
767 + journal = {Scientometrics},
768 + volume = {82},
769 + number = {2},
770 + pages = {263-287},
771 + doi = {10.1007/s11192-009-0041-y},
772 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
773 +}
774 +
775 +@article{leydesdorff2019interdisciplinarity,
776 + title = {Interdisciplinarity as diversity in citation patterns among journals: Rao-Stirling diversity, relative variety, and the Gini coefficient},
777 + author = {Leydesdorff, Loet and Wagner, Caroline S. and Bornmann, Lutz},
778 + year = {2019},
779 + journal = {Journal of Informetrics},
780 + volume = {13},
781 + number = {1},
782 + pages = {255-269},
783 + doi = {10.1016/j.joi.2018.12.006},
784 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
785 +}
786 +
787 +@article{newman2001collaboration,
788 + title = {The structure of scientific collaboration networks},
789 + author = {Newman, M. E. J.},
790 + year = {2001},
791 + journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
792 + volume = {98},
793 + number = {2},
794 + pages = {404-409},
795 + doi = {10.1073/pnas.98.2.404},
796 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
797 +}
798 +
799 +@article{newman2004coauthorship,
800 + title = {Coauthorship networks and patterns of scientific collaboration},
801 + author = {Newman, M. E. J.},
802 + year = {2004},
803 + journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
804 + volume = {101},
805 + number = {suppl\_1},
806 + pages = {5200-5205},
807 + doi = {10.1073/pnas.0307545100},
808 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
809 +}
810 +
811 +@article{wagner2017collaboration,
812 + title = {Growth of international collaboration in science: revisiting six specialties},
813 + author = {Wagner, Caroline S. and Whetsell, Travis A. and Leydesdorff, Loet},
814 + year = {2017},
815 + journal = {Scientometrics},
816 + volume = {110},
817 + number = {3},
818 + pages = {1633-1652},
819 + doi = {10.1007/s11192-016-2230-9},
820 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
821 +}
822 +
823 +@article{wagner2015cooperation,
824 + title = {The Continuing Growth of Global Cooperation Networks in Research: A Conundrum for National Governments},
825 + author = {Wagner, Caroline S. and Park, Han Woo and Leydesdorff, Loet},
826 + year = {2015},
827 + journal = {PLOS ONE},
828 + volume = {10},
829 + number = {7},
830 + pages = {e0131816},
831 + doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0131816},
832 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
833 +}
834 +
835 +@article{katz1997collaboration,
836 + title = {What is research collaboration?},
837 + author = {Katz, J.Sylvan and Martin, Ben R.},
838 + year = {1997},
839 + journal = {Research Policy},
840 + volume = {26},
841 + number = {1},
842 + pages = {1-18},
843 + doi = {10.1016/s0048-7333(96)00917-1},
844 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
845 +}
846 +
847 +@article{lariviere2015teamsize,
848 + title = {Team size matters: Collaboration and scientific impact since 1900},
849 + author = {Larivière, Vincent and Gingras, Yves and Sugimoto, Cassidy R. and Tsou, Andrew},
850 + year = {2015},
851 + journal = {Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology},
852 + volume = {66},
853 + number = {7},
854 + pages = {1323-1332},
855 + doi = {10.1002/asi.23266},
856 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
857 +}
858 +
859 +@article{wuchty2007teams,
860 + title = {The Increasing Dominance of Teams in Production of Knowledge},
861 + author = {Wuchty, Stefan and Jones, Benjamin F. and Uzzi, Brian},
862 + year = {2007},
863 + journal = {Science},
864 + volume = {316},
865 + number = {5827},
866 + pages = {1036-1039},
867 + doi = {10.1126/science.1136099},
868 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
869 +}
870 +
871 +@article{lin2020arxivcs,
872 + title = {How many preprints have actually been printed and why: a case study of computer science preprints on arXiv},
873 + author = {Lin, Jialiang and Yu, Yao and Zhou, Yu and Zhou, Zhiyang and Shi, Xiaodong},
874 + year = {2020},
875 + journal = {Scientometrics},
876 + volume = {124},
877 + number = {1},
878 + pages = {555-574},
879 + doi = {10.1007/s11192-020-03430-8},
880 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
881 +}
882 +
883 +@article{fraser2021preprints,
884 + title = {The evolving role of preprints in the dissemination of COVID-19 research and their impact on the science communication landscape},
885 + author = {Fraser, Nicholas and Brierley, Liam and Dey, Gautam and Polka, Jessica K. and Pálfy, Máté and Nanni, Federico and Coates, Jonathon Alexis},
886 + year = {2021},
887 + journal = {PLOS Biology},
888 + volume = {19},
889 + number = {4},
890 + pages = {e3000959},
891 + doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.3000959},
892 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
893 +}
894 +
895 +@article{fraser2020biorxiv,
896 + title = {The relationship between bioRxiv preprints, citations and altmetrics},
897 + author = {Fraser, Nicholas and Momeni, Fakhri and Mayr, Philipp and Peters, Isabella},
898 + year = {2020},
899 + journal = {Quantitative Science Studies},
900 + volume = {1},
901 + number = {2},
902 + pages = {618-638},
903 + doi = {10.1162/qss_a_00043},
904 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
905 +}
906 +
907 +@article{lariviere2014arxiv,
908 + title = {arXiv E-prints and the journal of record: An analysis of roles and relationships},
909 + author = {Larivière, Vincent and Sugimoto, Cassidy R. and Macaluso, Benoit and Milojević, Staša and Cronin, Blaise and Thelwall, Mike},
910 + year = {2014},
911 + journal = {Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology},
912 + volume = {65},
913 + number = {6},
914 + pages = {1157-1169},
915 + doi = {10.1002/asi.23044},
916 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
917 +}
918 +
919 +@misc{sutton2017arxivcs,
920 + title = {Popularity of arXiv.org within Computer Science},
921 + author = {Sutton, Charles and Gong, Linan},
922 + year = {2017},
923 + eprint = {1710.05225},
924 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
925 + primaryclass = {cs.DL},
926 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1710.05225},
927 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group C}
928 +}
929 +
930 +@article{piwowar2018oa,
931 + title = {The state of OA: a large-scale analysis of the prevalence and impact of Open Access articles},
932 + author = {Piwowar, Heather and Priem, Jason and Larivière, Vincent and Alperin, Juan Pablo and Matthias, Lisa and Norlander, Bree and Farley, Ashley and West, Jevin and Haustein, Stefanie},
933 + year = {2018},
934 + journal = {PeerJ},
935 + volume = {6},
936 + pages = {e4375},
937 + doi = {10.7717/peerj.4375},
938 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
939 +}
940 +
941 +@article{bornmann2008citations,
942 + title = {What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior},
943 + author = {Bornmann, Lutz and Daniel, Hans-Dieter},
944 + year = {2008},
945 + journal = {Journal of Documentation},
946 + volume = {64},
947 + number = {1},
948 + pages = {45-80},
949 + doi = {10.1108/00220410810844150},
950 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
951 +}
952 +
953 +@article{radicchi2008universality,
954 + title = {Universality of citation distributions: Toward an objective measure of scientific impact},
955 + author = {Radicchi, Filippo and Fortunato, Santo and Castellano, Claudio},
956 + year = {2008},
957 + journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
958 + volume = {105},
959 + number = {45},
960 + pages = {17268-17272},
961 + doi = {10.1073/pnas.0806977105},
962 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
963 +}
964 +
965 +@article{hicks2015leiden,
966 + title = {Bibliometrics: The Leiden Manifesto for research metrics},
967 + author = {Hicks, Diana and Wouters, Paul and Waltman, Ludo and de Rijcke, Sarah and Rafols, Ismael},
968 + year = {2015},
969 + journal = {Nature},
970 + volume = {520},
971 + number = {7548},
972 + pages = {429-431},
973 + doi = {10.1038/520429a},
974 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
975 +}
976 +
977 +@article{price1965networks,
978 + title = {Networks of Scientific Papers: The pattern of bibliographic references indicates the nature of the scientific research front.},
979 + author = {Price, Derek J. de Solla},
980 + year = {1965},
981 + journal = {Science},
982 + volume = {149},
983 + number = {3683},
984 + pages = {510-515},
985 + doi = {10.1126/science.149.3683.510},
986 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
987 +}
988 +
989 +@article{bornmann2015growth,
990 + title = {Growth rates of modern science: A bibliometric analysis based on the number of publications and cited references},
991 + author = {Bornmann, Lutz and Mutz, Rüdiger},
992 + year = {2015},
993 + journal = {Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology},
994 + volume = {66},
995 + number = {11},
996 + pages = {2215-2222},
997 + doi = {10.1002/asi.23329},
998 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
999 +}
1000 +
1001 +@article{bornmann2021growth,
1002 + title = {Growth rates of modern science: a latent piecewise growth curve approach to model publication numbers from established and new literature databases},
1003 + author = {Bornmann, Lutz and Haunschild, Robin and Mutz, Rüdiger},
1004 + year = {2021},
1005 + journal = {Humanities and Social Sciences Communications},
1006 + volume = {8},
1007 + number = {1},
1008 + doi = {10.1057/s41599-021-00903-w},
1009 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
1010 +}
1011 +
1012 +@article{fire2019goodhart,
1013 + title = {Over-optimization of academic publishing metrics: observing Goodhart's Law in action},
1014 + author = {Fire, Michael and Guestrin, Carlos},
1015 + year = {2019},
1016 + journal = {GigaScience},
1017 + volume = {8},
1018 + number = {6},
1019 + doi = {10.1093/gigascience/giz053},
1020 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
1021 +}
1022 +
1023 +@article{ioannidis2020citation,
1024 + title = {Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators},
1025 + author = {Ioannidis, John P. A. and Boyack, Kevin W. and Baas, Jeroen},
1026 + year = {2020},
1027 + journal = {PLOS Biology},
1028 + volume = {18},
1029 + number = {10},
1030 + pages = {e3000918},
1031 + doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.3000918},
1032 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
1033 +}
1034 +
1035 +@article{sinatra2016impact,
1036 + title = {Quantifying the evolution of individual scientific impact},
1037 + author = {Sinatra, Roberta and Wang, Dashun and Deville, Pierre and Song, Chaoming and Barabási, Albert-László},
1038 + year = {2016},
1039 + journal = {Science},
1040 + volume = {354},
1041 + number = {6312},
1042 + doi = {10.1126/science.aaf5239},
1043 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
1044 +}
1045 +
1046 +@article{fanelli2016publicationrate,
1047 + title = {Researchers' Individual Publication Rate Has Not Increased in a Century},
1048 + author = {Fanelli, Daniele and Larivière, Vincent},
1049 + year = {2016},
1050 + journal = {PLOS ONE},
1051 + volume = {11},
1052 + number = {3},
1053 + pages = {e0149504},
1054 + doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0149504},
1055 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
1056 +}
1057 +
1058 +@article{garfield1955citation,
1059 + title = {Citation Indexes for Science: A New Dimension in Documentation through Association of Ideas},
1060 + author = {Garfield, Eugene},
1061 + year = {1955},
1062 + journal = {Science},
1063 + volume = {122},
1064 + number = {3159},
1065 + pages = {108-111},
1066 + doi = {10.1126/science.122.3159.108},
1067 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group C}
1068 +}
1069 +
1070 +% ===== Group D =====
1071 +
1072 +@article{vaneck2010vosviewer,
1073 + title = {Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping},
1074 + author = {van Eck, Nees Jan and Waltman, Ludo},
1075 + year = {2010},
1076 + journal = {Scientometrics},
1077 + volume = {84},
1078 + number = {2},
1079 + pages = {523-538},
1080 + doi = {10.1007/s11192-009-0146-3},
1081 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1082 +}
1083 +
1084 +@incollection{vaneck2014visualizing,
1085 + title = {Visualizing Bibliometric Networks},
1086 + author = {van Eck, Nees Jan and Waltman, Ludo},
1087 + year = {2014},
1088 + booktitle = {Measuring Scholarly Impact},
1089 + pages = {285-320},
1090 + publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
1091 + doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-10377-8_13},
1092 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1093 +}
1094 +
1095 +@article{small1973cocitation,
1096 + title = {Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents},
1097 + author = {Small, Henry},
1098 + year = {1973},
1099 + journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science},
1100 + volume = {24},
1101 + number = {4},
1102 + pages = {265-269},
1103 + doi = {10.1002/asi.4630240406},
1104 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1105 +}
1106 +
1107 +@article{kessler1963coupling,
1108 + title = {Bibliographic coupling between scientific papers},
1109 + author = {Kessler, M. M.},
1110 + year = {1963},
1111 + journal = {American Documentation},
1112 + volume = {14},
1113 + number = {1},
1114 + pages = {10-25},
1115 + doi = {10.1002/asi.5090140103},
1116 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1117 +}
1118 +
1119 +@article{boyack2010accuracy,
1120 + title = {Co-citation analysis, bibliographic coupling, and direct citation: Which citation approach represents the research front most accurately?},
1121 + author = {Boyack, Kevin W. and Klavans, Richard},
1122 + year = {2010},
1123 + journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology},
1124 + volume = {61},
1125 + number = {12},
1126 + pages = {2389-2404},
1127 + doi = {10.1002/asi.21419},
1128 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1129 +}
1130 +
1131 +@article{klavans2017taxonomy,
1132 + title = {Which Type of Citation Analysis Generates the Most Accurate Taxonomy of Scientific and Technical Knowledge?},
1133 + author = {Klavans, Richard and Boyack, Kevin W.},
1134 + year = {2017},
1135 + journal = {Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology},
1136 + volume = {68},
1137 + number = {4},
1138 + pages = {984-998},
1139 + doi = {10.1002/asi.23734},
1140 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1141 +}
1142 +
1143 +@article{traag2019leiden,
1144 + title = {From Louvain to Leiden: guaranteeing well-connected communities},
1145 + author = {Traag, V. A. and Waltman, L. and van Eck, N. J.},
1146 + year = {2019},
1147 + journal = {Scientific Reports},
1148 + volume = {9},
1149 + number = {1},
1150 + doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-41695-z},
1151 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1152 +}
1153 +
1154 +@article{blondel2008louvain,
1155 + title = {Fast unfolding of communities in large networks},
1156 + author = {Blondel, Vincent D and Guillaume, Jean-Loup and Lambiotte, Renaud and Lefebvre, Etienne},
1157 + year = {2008},
1158 + journal = {Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment},
1159 + volume = {2008},
1160 + number = {10},
1161 + pages = {P10008},
1162 + doi = {10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/p10008},
1163 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1164 +}
1165 +
1166 +@article{newman2006modularity,
1167 + title = {Modularity and community structure in networks},
1168 + author = {Newman, M. E. J.},
1169 + year = {2006},
1170 + journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
1171 + volume = {103},
1172 + number = {23},
1173 + pages = {8577-8582},
1174 + doi = {10.1073/pnas.0601602103},
1175 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1176 +}
1177 +
1178 +@article{fortunato2010community,
1179 + title = {Community detection in graphs},
1180 + author = {Fortunato, Santo},
1181 + year = {2010},
1182 + journal = {Physics Reports},
1183 + volume = {486},
1184 + number = {3-5},
1185 + pages = {75-174},
1186 + doi = {10.1016/j.physrep.2009.11.002},
1187 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1188 +}
1189 +
1190 +@article{waltman2010unified,
1191 + title = {A unified approach to mapping and clustering of bibliometric networks},
1192 + author = {Waltman, Ludo and van Eck, Nees Jan and Noyons, Ed C.M.},
1193 + year = {2010},
1194 + journal = {Journal of Informetrics},
1195 + volume = {4},
1196 + number = {4},
1197 + pages = {629-635},
1198 + doi = {10.1016/j.joi.2010.07.002},
1199 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1200 +}
1201 +
1202 +@article{waltman2012classification,
1203 + title = {A new methodology for constructing a publication-level classification system of science},
1204 + author = {Waltman, Ludo and van Eck, Nees Jan},
1205 + year = {2012},
1206 + journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology},
1207 + volume = {63},
1208 + number = {12},
1209 + pages = {2378-2392},
1210 + doi = {10.1002/asi.22748},
1211 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1212 +}
1213 +
1214 +@article{subelj2016clustering,
1215 + title = {Clustering Scientific Publications Based on Citation Relations: A Systematic Comparison of Different Methods},
1216 + author = {Šubelj, Lovro and van Eck, Nees Jan and Waltman, Ludo},
1217 + year = {2016},
1218 + journal = {PLOS ONE},
1219 + volume = {11},
1220 + number = {4},
1221 + pages = {e0154404},
1222 + doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0154404},
1223 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1224 +}
1225 +
1226 +@article{sjogarde2018granularity,
1227 + title = {Granularity of algorithmically constructed publication-level classifications of research publications: Identification of topics},
1228 + author = {Sjögårde, Peter and Ahlgren, Per},
1229 + year = {2018},
1230 + journal = {Journal of Informetrics},
1231 + volume = {12},
1232 + number = {1},
1233 + pages = {133-152},
1234 + doi = {10.1016/j.joi.2017.12.006},
1235 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1236 +}
1237 +
1238 +@article{chen2006citespace,
1239 + title = {CiteSpace II: Detecting and visualizing emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature},
1240 + author = {Chen, Chaomei},
1241 + year = {2006},
1242 + journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology},
1243 + volume = {57},
1244 + number = {3},
1245 + pages = {359-377},
1246 + doi = {10.1002/asi.20317},
1247 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1248 +}
1249 +
1250 +@article{borner2003domains,
1251 + title = {Visualizing knowledge domains},
1252 + author = {Börner, Katy and Chen, Chaomei and Boyack, Kevin W.},
1253 + year = {2003},
1254 + journal = {Annual Review of Information Science and Technology},
1255 + volume = {37},
1256 + number = {1},
1257 + pages = {179-255},
1258 + doi = {10.1002/aris.1440370106},
1259 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1260 +}
1261 +
1262 +@article{leydesdorff2009globalmap,
1263 + title = {A global map of science based on the ISI subject categories},
1264 + author = {Leydesdorff, Loet and Rafols, Ismael},
1265 + year = {2009},
1266 + journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology},
1267 + volume = {60},
1268 + number = {2},
1269 + pages = {348-362},
1270 + doi = {10.1002/asi.20967},
1271 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1272 +}
1273 +
1274 +@inproceedings{cohan2020specter,
1275 + title = {SPECTER: Document-level Representation Learning using Citation-informed Transformers},
1276 + author = {Cohan, Arman and Feldman, Sergey and Beltagy, Iz and Downey, Doug and Weld, Daniel},
1277 + year = {2020},
1278 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
1279 + pages = {2270-2282},
1280 + publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
1281 + doi = {10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.207},
1282 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1283 +}
1284 +
1285 +@inproceedings{singh2023scirepeval,
1286 + title = {SciRepEval: A Multi-Format Benchmark for Scientific Document Representations},
1287 + author = {Singh, Amanpreet and D'Arcy, Mike and Cohan, Arman and Downey, Doug and Feldman, Sergey},
1288 + year = {2023},
1289 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
1290 + pages = {5548-5566},
1291 + publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
1292 + doi = {10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.338},
1293 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1294 +}
1295 +
1296 +@inproceedings{ostendorff2022scincl,
1297 + title = {Neighborhood Contrastive Learning for Scientific Document Representations with Citation Embeddings},
1298 + author = {Ostendorff, Malte and Rethmeier, Nils and Augenstein, Isabelle and Gipp, Bela and Rehm, Georg},
1299 + year = {2022},
1300 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
1301 + pages = {11670-11688},
1302 + publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
1303 + doi = {10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.802},
1304 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1305 +}
1306 +
1307 +@inproceedings{beltagy2019scibert,
1308 + title = {SciBERT: A Pretrained Language Model for Scientific Text},
1309 + author = {Beltagy, Iz and Lo, Kyle and Cohan, Arman},
1310 + year = {2019},
1311 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)},
1312 + pages = {3613-3618},
1313 + publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
1314 + doi = {10.18653/v1/d19-1371},
1315 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1316 +}
1317 +
1318 +@inproceedings{reimers2019sbert,
1319 + title = {Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks},
1320 + author = {Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna},
1321 + year = {2019},
1322 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)},
1323 + pages = {3980-3990},
1324 + publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
1325 + doi = {10.18653/v1/d19-1410},
1326 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1327 +}
1328 +
1329 +@inproceedings{gao2021simcse,
1330 + title = {SimCSE: Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings},
1331 + author = {Gao, Tianyu and Yao, Xingcheng and Chen, Danqi},
1332 + year = {2021},
1333 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
1334 + pages = {6894-6910},
1335 + publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
1336 + doi = {10.18653/v1/2021.emnlp-main.552},
1337 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1338 +}
1339 +
1340 +@inproceedings{muennighoff2023mteb,
1341 + title = {MTEB: Massive Text Embedding Benchmark},
1342 + author = {Muennighoff, Niklas and Tazi, Nouamane and Magne, Loic and Reimers, Nils},
1343 + year = {2023},
1344 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
1345 + pages = {2014-2037},
1346 + publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
1347 + doi = {10.18653/v1/2023.eacl-main.148},
1348 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1349 +}
1350 +
1351 +@misc{mcinnes2018umap,
1352 + title = {UMAP: Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for Dimension Reduction},
1353 + author = {McInnes, Leland and Healy, John and Melville, James},
1354 + year = {2018},
1355 + eprint = {1802.03426},
1356 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
1357 + primaryclass = {stat.ML},
1358 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.03426},
1359 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group D}
1360 +}
1361 +
1362 +@article{mcinnes2018umapjoss,
1363 + title = {UMAP: Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection},
1364 + author = {McInnes, Leland and Healy, John and Saul, Nathaniel and Großberger, Lukas},
1365 + year = {2018},
1366 + journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
1367 + volume = {3},
1368 + number = {29},
1369 + pages = {861},
1370 + doi = {10.21105/joss.00861},
1371 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1372 +}
1373 +
1374 +@incollection{campello2013hdbscan,
1375 + title = {Density-Based Clustering Based on Hierarchical Density Estimates},
1376 + author = {Campello, Ricardo J. G. B. and Moulavi, Davoud and Sander, Joerg},
1377 + year = {2013},
1378 + booktitle = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
1379 + pages = {160-172},
1380 + publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
1381 + doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-37456-2_14},
1382 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1383 +}
1384 +
1385 +@article{mcinnes2017hdbscan,
1386 + title = {hdbscan: Hierarchical density based clustering},
1387 + author = {McInnes, Leland and Healy, John and Astels, Steve},
1388 + year = {2017},
1389 + journal = {The Journal of Open Source Software},
1390 + volume = {2},
1391 + number = {11},
1392 + pages = {205},
1393 + doi = {10.21105/joss.00205},
1394 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1395 +}
1396 +
1397 +@article{schubert2017dbscan,
1398 + title = {DBSCAN Revisited, Revisited: Why and How You Should (Still) Use DBSCAN},
1399 + author = {Schubert, Erich and Sander, Jörg and Ester, Martin and Kriegel, Hans Peter and Xu, Xiaowei},
1400 + year = {2017},
1401 + journal = {ACM Transactions on Database Systems},
1402 + volume = {42},
1403 + number = {3},
1404 + pages = {1-21},
1405 + doi = {10.1145/3068335},
1406 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1407 +}
1408 +
1409 +@misc{grootendorst2022bertopic,
1410 + title = {BERTopic: Neural topic modeling with a class-based TF-IDF procedure},
1411 + author = {Grootendorst, Maarten},
1412 + year = {2022},
1413 + eprint = {2203.05794},
1414 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
1415 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
1416 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.05794},
1417 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group D}
1418 +}
1419 +
1420 +@misc{angelov2020top2vec,
1421 + title = {Top2Vec: Distributed Representations of Topics},
1422 + author = {Angelov, Dimo},
1423 + year = {2020},
1424 + eprint = {2008.09470},
1425 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
1426 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
1427 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2008.09470},
1428 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group D}
1429 +}
1430 +
1431 +@misc{blei2003lda,
1432 + title = {Latent Dirichlet Allocation},
1433 + author = {Blei, David M. and Ng, Andrew Y. and Jordan, Michael I.},
1434 + year = {2003},
1435 + howpublished = {Journal of Machine Learning Research 3:993--1022},
1436 + url = {https://jmlr.org/papers/v3/blei03a.html},
1437 + urldate = {2026-11-03},
1438 + note = {verified: url 2026-11-03 (HTTP 200, page title: Latent Dirichlet Allocation); group D}
1439 +}
1440 +
1441 +@inproceedings{blei2006dtm,
1442 + title = {Dynamic topic models},
1443 + author = {Blei, David M. and Lafferty, John D.},
1444 + year = {2006},
1445 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on Machine learning - ICML '06},
1446 + pages = {113-120},
1447 + publisher = {ACM Press},
1448 + doi = {10.1145/1143844.1143859},
1449 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1450 +}
1451 +
1452 +@article{dieng2020etm,
1453 + title = {Topic Modeling in Embedding Spaces},
1454 + author = {Dieng, Adji B. and Ruiz, Francisco J. R. and Blei, David M.},
1455 + year = {2020},
1456 + journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
1457 + volume = {8},
1458 + pages = {439-453},
1459 + doi = {10.1162/tacl_a_00325},
1460 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1461 +}
1462 +
1463 +@incollection{greene2014stability,
1464 + title = {How Many Topics? Stability Analysis for Topic Models},
1465 + author = {Greene, Derek and O'Callaghan, Derek and Cunningham, Pádraig},
1466 + year = {2014},
1467 + booktitle = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
1468 + pages = {498-513},
1469 + publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
1470 + doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-44848-9_32},
1471 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1472 +}
1473 +
1474 +@inproceedings{roder2015coherence,
1475 + title = {Exploring the Space of Topic Coherence Measures},
1476 + author = {Röder, Michael and Both, Andreas and Hinneburg, Alexander},
1477 + year = {2015},
1478 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eighth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining},
1479 + pages = {399-408},
1480 + publisher = {ACM},
1481 + doi = {10.1145/2684822.2685324},
1482 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1483 +}
1484 +
1485 +@inproceedings{sievert2014ldavis,
1486 + title = {LDAvis: A method for visualizing and interpreting topics},
1487 + author = {Sievert, Carson and Shirley, Kenneth},
1488 + year = {2014},
1489 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Interactive Language Learning, Visualization, and Interfaces},
1490 + pages = {63-70},
1491 + publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
1492 + doi = {10.3115/v1/w14-3110},
1493 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1494 +}
1495 +
1496 +@misc{vandermaaten2008tsne,
1497 + title = {Visualizing Data using t-SNE},
1498 + author = {van der Maaten, Laurens and Hinton, Geoffrey},
1499 + year = {2008},
1500 + howpublished = {Journal of Machine Learning Research 9:2579--2605},
1501 + url = {https://jmlr.org/papers/v9/vandermaaten08a.html},
1502 + urldate = {2026-11-03},
1503 + note = {verified: url 2026-11-03 (HTTP 200, page title: Visualizing Data using t-SNE); group D}
1504 +}
1505 +
1506 +@inproceedings{devlin2019bert,
1507 + title = {BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding},
1508 + author = {Devlin, Jacob and Chang, Ming-Wei and Lee, Kenton and Toutanova, Kristina},
1509 + year = {2019},
1510 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)},
1511 + pages = {4171-4186},
1512 + publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
1513 + doi = {10.18653/v1/n19-1423},
1514 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group D}
1515 +}
1516 +
1517 +% ===== Group E =====
1518 +
1519 +@article{bai1998breaks,
1520 + title = {Estimating and Testing Linear Models with Multiple Structural Changes},
1521 + author = {Bai, Jushan and Perron, Pierre},
1522 + year = {1998},
1523 + journal = {Econometrica},
1524 + volume = {66},
1525 + number = {1},
1526 + pages = {47},
1527 + doi = {10.2307/2998540},
1528 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1529 +}
1530 +
1531 +@article{bai2003breaks,
1532 + title = {Computation and analysis of multiple structural change models},
1533 + author = {Bai, Jushan and Perron, Pierre},
1534 + year = {2003},
1535 + journal = {Journal of Applied Econometrics},
1536 + volume = {18},
1537 + number = {1},
1538 + pages = {1-22},
1539 + doi = {10.1002/jae.659},
1540 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1541 +}
1542 +
1543 +@article{andrews1993breaks,
1544 + title = {Tests for Parameter Instability and Structural Change With Unknown Change Point},
1545 + author = {Andrews, Donald W. K.},
1546 + year = {1993},
1547 + journal = {Econometrica},
1548 + volume = {61},
1549 + number = {4},
1550 + pages = {821},
1551 + doi = {10.2307/2951764},
1552 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1553 +}
1554 +
1555 +@article{andrews1994optimal,
1556 + title = {Optimal Tests when a Nuisance Parameter is Present Only Under the Alternative},
1557 + author = {Andrews, Donald W. K. and Ploberger, Werner},
1558 + year = {1994},
1559 + journal = {Econometrica},
1560 + volume = {62},
1561 + number = {6},
1562 + pages = {1383},
1563 + doi = {10.2307/2951753},
1564 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1565 +}
1566 +
1567 +@article{chow1960test,
1568 + title = {Tests of Equality Between Sets of Coefficients in Two Linear Regressions},
1569 + author = {Chow, Gregory C.},
1570 + year = {1960},
1571 + journal = {Econometrica},
1572 + volume = {28},
1573 + number = {3},
1574 + pages = {591},
1575 + doi = {10.2307/1910133},
1576 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1577 +}
1578 +
1579 +@article{perron1989crash,
1580 + title = {The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis},
1581 + author = {Perron, Pierre},
1582 + year = {1989},
1583 + journal = {Econometrica},
1584 + volume = {57},
1585 + number = {6},
1586 + pages = {1361},
1587 + doi = {10.2307/1913712},
1588 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1589 +}
1590 +
1591 +@article{hansen2001structuralchange,
1592 + title = {The New Econometrics of Structural Change: Dating Breaks in U.S. Labor Productivity},
1593 + author = {Hansen, Bruce E},
1594 + year = {2001},
1595 + journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
1596 + volume = {15},
1597 + number = {4},
1598 + pages = {117-128},
1599 + doi = {10.1257/jep.15.4.117},
1600 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1601 +}
1602 +
1603 +@article{zeileis2002strucchange,
1604 + title = {strucchange : An R Package for Testing for Structural Change in Linear Regression Models},
1605 + author = {Zeileis, Achim and Leisch, Friedrich and Hornik, Kurt and Kleiber, Christian},
1606 + year = {2002},
1607 + journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
1608 + volume = {7},
1609 + number = {2},
1610 + doi = {10.18637/jss.v007.i02},
1611 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1612 +}
1613 +
1614 +@article{killick2012pelt,
1615 + title = {Optimal Detection of Changepoints With a Linear Computational Cost},
1616 + author = {Killick, R. and Fearnhead, P. and Eckley, I. A.},
1617 + year = {2012},
1618 + journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
1619 + volume = {107},
1620 + number = {500},
1621 + pages = {1590-1598},
1622 + doi = {10.1080/01621459.2012.737745},
1623 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1624 +}
1625 +
1626 +@article{fryzlewicz2014wbs,
1627 + title = {Wild binary segmentation for multiple change-point detection},
1628 + author = {Fryzlewicz, Piotr},
1629 + year = {2014},
1630 + journal = {The Annals of Statistics},
1631 + volume = {42},
1632 + number = {6},
1633 + pages = {2243-2281},
1634 + doi = {10.1214/14-aos1245},
1635 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1636 +}
1637 +
1638 +@article{frick2014smuce,
1639 + title = {Multiscale Change Point Inference},
1640 + author = {Frick, Klaus and Munk, Axel and Sieling, Hannes},
1641 + year = {2014},
1642 + journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology},
1643 + volume = {76},
1644 + number = {3},
1645 + pages = {495-580},
1646 + doi = {10.1111/rssb.12047},
1647 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1648 +}
1649 +
1650 +@misc{adams2007bocpd,
1651 + title = {Bayesian Online Changepoint Detection},
1652 + author = {Adams, Ryan Prescott and MacKay, David J. C.},
1653 + year = {2007},
1654 + eprint = {0710.3742},
1655 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
1656 + primaryclass = {stat.ML},
1657 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:0710.3742},
1658 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group E}
1659 +}
1660 +
1661 +@article{truong2020ruptures,
1662 + title = {Selective review of offline change point detection methods},
1663 + author = {Truong, Charles and Oudre, Laurent and Vayatis, Nicolas},
1664 + year = {2020},
1665 + journal = {Signal Processing},
1666 + volume = {167},
1667 + pages = {107299},
1668 + doi = {10.1016/j.sigpro.2019.107299},
1669 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1670 +}
1671 +
1672 +@article{aminikhanghahi2017survey,
1673 + title = {A survey of methods for time series change point detection},
1674 + author = {Aminikhanghahi, Samaneh and Cook, Diane J.},
1675 + year = {2017},
1676 + journal = {Knowledge and Information Systems},
1677 + volume = {51},
1678 + number = {2},
1679 + pages = {339-367},
1680 + doi = {10.1007/s10115-016-0987-z},
1681 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1682 +}
1683 +
1684 +@article{newey1987hac,
1685 + title = {A Simple, Positive Semi-Definite, Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Matrix},
1686 + author = {Newey, Whitney K. and West, Kenneth D.},
1687 + year = {1987},
1688 + journal = {Econometrica},
1689 + volume = {55},
1690 + number = {3},
1691 + pages = {703},
1692 + doi = {10.2307/1913610},
1693 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1694 +}
1695 +
1696 +@article{hamilton1989regime,
1697 + title = {A New Approach to the Economic Analysis of Nonstationary Time Series and the Business Cycle},
1698 + author = {Hamilton, James D.},
1699 + year = {1989},
1700 + journal = {Econometrica},
1701 + volume = {57},
1702 + number = {2},
1703 + pages = {357},
1704 + doi = {10.2307/1912559},
1705 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1706 +}
1707 +
1708 +@article{bernal2017its,
1709 + title = {Interrupted time series regression for the evaluation of public health interventions: a tutorial},
1710 + author = {Lopez Bernal, James and Cummins, Steven and Gasparrini, Antonio},
1711 + year = {2016},
1712 + journal = {International Journal of Epidemiology},
1713 + pages = {dyw098},
1714 + doi = {10.1093/ije/dyw098},
1715 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1716 +}
1717 +
1718 +@article{bernal2018itscontrol,
1719 + title = {The use of controls in interrupted time series studies of public health interventions},
1720 + author = {Lopez Bernal, James and Cummins, Steven and Gasparrini, Antonio},
1721 + year = {2018},
1722 + journal = {International Journal of Epidemiology},
1723 + volume = {47},
1724 + number = {6},
1725 + pages = {2082-2093},
1726 + doi = {10.1093/ije/dyy135},
1727 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1728 +}
1729 +
1730 +@article{kontopantelis2015its,
1731 + title = {Regression based quasi-experimental approach when randomisation is not an option: interrupted time series analysis},
1732 + author = {Kontopantelis, E. and Doran, T. and Springate, D. A. and Buchan, I. and Reeves, D.},
1733 + year = {2015},
1734 + journal = {BMJ},
1735 + volume = {350},
1736 + number = {jun09 5},
1737 + pages = {h2750-h2750},
1738 + doi = {10.1136/bmj.h2750},
1739 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1740 +}
1741 +
1742 +@article{box1975intervention,
1743 + title = {Intervention Analysis with Applications to Economic and Environmental Problems},
1744 + author = {Box, G. E. P. and Tiao, G. C.},
1745 + year = {1975},
1746 + journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
1747 + volume = {70},
1748 + number = {349},
1749 + pages = {70-79},
1750 + doi = {10.1080/01621459.1975.10480264},
1751 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1752 +}
1753 +
1754 +@article{brodersen2015causalimpact,
1755 + title = {Inferring causal impact using Bayesian structural time-series models},
1756 + author = {Brodersen, Kay H. and Gallusser, Fabian and Koehler, Jim and Remy, Nicolas and Scott, Steven L.},
1757 + year = {2015},
1758 + journal = {The Annals of Applied Statistics},
1759 + volume = {9},
1760 + number = {1},
1761 + pages = {247-274},
1762 + doi = {10.1214/14-aoas788},
1763 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1764 +}
1765 +
1766 +@article{abadie2010synthetic,
1767 + title = {Synthetic Control Methods for Comparative Case Studies: Estimating the Effect of California's Tobacco Control Program},
1768 + author = {Abadie, Alberto and Diamond, Alexis and Hainmueller, Jens},
1769 + year = {2010},
1770 + journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
1771 + volume = {105},
1772 + number = {490},
1773 + pages = {493-505},
1774 + doi = {10.1198/jasa.2009.ap08746},
1775 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1776 +}
1777 +
1778 +@article{abadie2021synthetic,
1779 + title = {Using Synthetic Controls: Feasibility, Data Requirements, and Methodological Aspects},
1780 + author = {Abadie, Alberto},
1781 + year = {2021},
1782 + journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
1783 + volume = {59},
1784 + number = {2},
1785 + pages = {391-425},
1786 + doi = {10.1257/jel.20191450},
1787 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1788 +}
1789 +
1790 +@article{sun2021eventstudy,
1791 + title = {Estimating dynamic treatment effects in event studies with heterogeneous treatment effects},
1792 + author = {Sun, Liyang and Abraham, Sarah},
1793 + year = {2021},
1794 + journal = {Journal of Econometrics},
1795 + volume = {225},
1796 + number = {2},
1797 + pages = {175-199},
1798 + doi = {10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.09.006},
1799 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1800 +}
1801 +
1802 +@article{callaway2021did,
1803 + title = {Difference-in-Differences with multiple time periods},
1804 + author = {Callaway, Brantly and Sant'Anna, Pedro H.C.},
1805 + year = {2021},
1806 + journal = {Journal of Econometrics},
1807 + volume = {225},
1808 + number = {2},
1809 + pages = {200-230},
1810 + doi = {10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.12.001},
1811 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1812 +}
1813 +
1814 +@article{goodmanbacon2021did,
1815 + title = {Difference-in-differences with variation in treatment timing},
1816 + author = {Goodman-Bacon, Andrew},
1817 + year = {2021},
1818 + journal = {Journal of Econometrics},
1819 + volume = {225},
1820 + number = {2},
1821 + pages = {254-277},
1822 + doi = {10.1016/j.jeconom.2021.03.014},
1823 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1824 +}
1825 +
1826 +@article{roth2022pretest,
1827 + title = {Pretest with Caution: Event-Study Estimates after Testing for Parallel Trends},
1828 + author = {Roth, Jonathan},
1829 + year = {2022},
1830 + journal = {American Economic Review: Insights},
1831 + volume = {4},
1832 + number = {3},
1833 + pages = {305-322},
1834 + doi = {10.1257/aeri.20210236},
1835 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1836 +}
1837 +
1838 +@article{roth2023trending,
1839 + title = {What's trending in difference-in-differences? A synthesis of the recent econometrics literature},
1840 + author = {Roth, Jonathan and Sant'Anna, Pedro H.C. and Bilinski, Alyssa and Poe, John},
1841 + year = {2023},
1842 + journal = {Journal of Econometrics},
1843 + volume = {235},
1844 + number = {2},
1845 + pages = {2218-2244},
1846 + doi = {10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.03.008},
1847 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1848 +}
1849 +
1850 +@article{taylor2018prophet,
1851 + title = {Forecasting at Scale},
1852 + author = {Taylor, Sean J. and Letham, Benjamin},
1853 + year = {2018},
1854 + journal = {The American Statistician},
1855 + volume = {72},
1856 + number = {1},
1857 + pages = {37-45},
1858 + doi = {10.1080/00031305.2017.1380080},
1859 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group E}
1860 +}
1861 +
1862 +@misc{hyndman2018fpp,
1863 + title = {Forecasting: Principles and Practice (3rd ed.)},
1864 + author = {Hyndman, Rob J. and Athanasopoulos, George},
1865 + year = {2021},
1866 + howpublished = {OTexts},
1867 + url = {https://otexts.com/fpp3/},
1868 + urldate = {2026-11-03},
1869 + note = {verified: url 2026-11-03 (HTTP 200, page title: Forecasting: Principles and Practice); group E}
1870 +}
1871 +
1872 +% ===== Group F =====
1873 +
1874 +@article{rotolo2015emerging,
1875 + title = {What is an emerging technology?},
1876 + author = {Rotolo, Daniele and Hicks, Diana and Martin, Ben R.},
1877 + year = {2015},
1878 + journal = {Research Policy},
1879 + volume = {44},
1880 + number = {10},
1881 + pages = {1827-1843},
1882 + doi = {10.1016/j.respol.2015.06.006},
1883 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
1884 +}
1885 +
1886 +@article{small2014emergence,
1887 + title = {Identifying emerging topics in science and technology},
1888 + author = {Small, Henry and Boyack, Kevin W. and Klavans, Richard},
1889 + year = {2014},
1890 + journal = {Research Policy},
1891 + volume = {43},
1892 + number = {8},
1893 + pages = {1450-1467},
1894 + doi = {10.1016/j.respol.2014.02.005},
1895 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
1896 +}
1897 +
1898 +@article{cozzens2010emerging,
1899 + title = {Emerging technologies: quantitative identification and measurement},
1900 + author = {Cozzens, Susan and Gatchair, Sonia and Kang, Jongseok and Kim, Kyung-Sup and Lee, Hyuck Jai and Ordóñez, Gonzalo and Porter, Alan},
1901 + year = {2010},
1902 + journal = {Technology Analysis \& Strategic Management},
1903 + volume = {22},
1904 + number = {3},
1905 + pages = {361-376},
1906 + doi = {10.1080/09537321003647396},
1907 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
1908 +}
1909 +
1910 +@article{wang2018emerging,
1911 + title = {A bibliometric model for identifying emerging research topics},
1912 + author = {Wang, Qi},
1913 + year = {2018},
1914 + journal = {Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology},
1915 + volume = {69},
1916 + number = {2},
1917 + pages = {290-304},
1918 + doi = {10.1002/asi.23930},
1919 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
1920 +}
1921 +
1922 +@article{klavans2017prominence,
1923 + title = {Research portfolio analysis and topic prominence},
1924 + author = {Klavans, Richard and Boyack, Kevin W.},
1925 + year = {2017},
1926 + journal = {Journal of Informetrics},
1927 + volume = {11},
1928 + number = {4},
1929 + pages = {1158-1174},
1930 + doi = {10.1016/j.joi.2017.10.002},
1931 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
1932 +}
1933 +
1934 +@article{boyack2022forecasting,
1935 + title = {An improved practical approach to forecasting exceptional growth in research},
1936 + author = {Boyack, Kevin W. and Klavans, Richard},
1937 + year = {2022},
1938 + journal = {Quantitative Science Studies},
1939 + volume = {3},
1940 + number = {3},
1941 + pages = {672-693},
1942 + doi = {10.1162/qss_a_00202},
1943 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
1944 +}
1945 +
1946 +@article{ke2015sleepingbeauties,
1947 + title = {Defining and identifying Sleeping Beauties in science},
1948 + author = {Ke, Qing and Ferrara, Emilio and Radicchi, Filippo and Flammini, Alessandro},
1949 + year = {2015},
1950 + journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
1951 + volume = {112},
1952 + number = {24},
1953 + pages = {7426-7431},
1954 + doi = {10.1073/pnas.1424329112},
1955 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
1956 +}
1957 +
1958 +@article{funk2017disruption,
1959 + title = {A Dynamic Network Measure of Technological Change},
1960 + author = {Funk, Russell J. and Owen-Smith, Jason},
1961 + year = {2017},
1962 + journal = {Management Science},
1963 + volume = {63},
1964 + number = {3},
1965 + pages = {791-817},
1966 + doi = {10.1287/mnsc.2015.2366},
1967 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
1968 +}
1969 +
1970 +@article{wu2019disruption,
1971 + title = {Large teams develop and small teams disrupt science and technology},
1972 + author = {Wu, Lingfei and Wang, Dashun and Evans, James A.},
1973 + year = {2019},
1974 + journal = {Nature},
1975 + volume = {566},
1976 + number = {7744},
1977 + pages = {378-382},
1978 + doi = {10.1038/s41586-019-0941-9},
1979 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
1980 +}
1981 +
1982 +@article{park2023disruption,
1983 + title = {Papers and patents are becoming less disruptive over time},
1984 + author = {Park, Michael and Leahey, Erin and Funk, Russell J.},
1985 + year = {2023},
1986 + journal = {Nature},
1987 + volume = {613},
1988 + number = {7942},
1989 + pages = {138-144},
1990 + doi = {10.1038/s41586-022-05543-x},
1991 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
1992 +}
1993 +
1994 +@article{bornmann2020disruptionvalidity,
1995 + title = {Are disruption index indicators convergently valid? The comparison of several indicator variants with assessments by peers},
1996 + author = {Bornmann, Lutz and Devarakonda, Sitaram and Tekles, Alexander and Chacko, George},
1997 + year = {2020},
1998 + journal = {Quantitative Science Studies},
1999 + volume = {1},
2000 + number = {3},
2001 + pages = {1242-1259},
2002 + doi = {10.1162/qss_a_00068},
2003 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
2004 +}
2005 +
2006 +@article{leibel2024disruptionreview,
2007 + title = {What do we know about the disruption index in scientometrics? An overview of the literature},
2008 + author = {Leibel, Christian and Bornmann, Lutz},
2009 + year = {2024},
2010 + journal = {Scientometrics},
2011 + volume = {129},
2012 + number = {1},
2013 + pages = {601-639},
2014 + doi = {10.1007/s11192-023-04873-5},
2015 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
2016 +}
2017 +
2018 +@misc{holst2024disruptionartefacts,
2019 + title = {Dataset Artefacts are the Hidden Drivers of the Declining Disruptiveness in Science},
2020 + author = {Holst, Vincent and Algaba, Andres and Tori, Floriano and Wenmackers, Sylvia and Ginis, Vincent},
2021 + year = {2024},
2022 + eprint = {2402.14583},
2023 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2024 + primaryclass = {cs.DL},
2025 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.14583},
2026 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group F}
2027 +}
2028 +
2029 +@article{uzzi2013novelty,
2030 + title = {Atypical Combinations and Scientific Impact},
2031 + author = {Uzzi, Brian and Mukherjee, Satyam and Stringer, Michael and Jones, Ben},
2032 + year = {2013},
2033 + journal = {Science},
2034 + volume = {342},
2035 + number = {6157},
2036 + pages = {468-472},
2037 + doi = {10.1126/science.1240474},
2038 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
2039 +}
2040 +
2041 +@article{wang2017novelty,
2042 + title = {Bias against novelty in science: A cautionary tale for users of bibliometric indicators},
2043 + author = {Wang, Jian and Veugelers, Reinhilde and Stephan, Paula},
2044 + year = {2017},
2045 + journal = {Research Policy},
2046 + volume = {46},
2047 + number = {8},
2048 + pages = {1416-1436},
2049 + doi = {10.1016/j.respol.2017.06.006},
2050 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
2051 +}
2052 +
2053 +@article{lee2015novelty,
2054 + title = {Creativity in scientific teams: Unpacking novelty and impact},
2055 + author = {Lee, You-Na and Walsh, John P. and Wang, Jian},
2056 + year = {2015},
2057 + journal = {Research Policy},
2058 + volume = {44},
2059 + number = {3},
2060 + pages = {684-697},
2061 + doi = {10.1016/j.respol.2014.10.007},
2062 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
2063 +}
2064 +
2065 +@article{foster2015tradition,
2066 + title = {Tradition and Innovation in Scientists' Research Strategies},
2067 + author = {Foster, Jacob G. and Rzhetsky, Andrey and Evans, James A.},
2068 + year = {2015},
2069 + journal = {American Sociological Review},
2070 + volume = {80},
2071 + number = {5},
2072 + pages = {875-908},
2073 + doi = {10.1177/0003122415601618},
2074 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
2075 +}
2076 +
2077 +@article{kleinberg2003burst,
2078 + title = {Bursty and Hierarchical Structure in Streams},
2079 + author = {Kleinberg, Jon},
2080 + year = {2003},
2081 + journal = {Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery},
2082 + volume = {7},
2083 + number = {4},
2084 + pages = {373-397},
2085 + doi = {10.1023/a:1024940629314},
2086 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
2087 +}
2088 +
2089 +@article{mane2004bursts,
2090 + title = {Mapping topics and topic bursts in PNAS},
2091 + author = {Mane, Ketan K. and Börner, Katy},
2092 + year = {2004},
2093 + journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
2094 + volume = {101},
2095 + number = {suppl\_1},
2096 + pages = {5287-5290},
2097 + doi = {10.1073/pnas.0307626100},
2098 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
2099 +}
2100 +
2101 +@article{small2006growth,
2102 + title = {Tracking and predicting growth areas in science},
2103 + author = {Small, Henry},
2104 + year = {2006},
2105 + journal = {Scientometrics},
2106 + volume = {68},
2107 + number = {3},
2108 + pages = {595-610},
2109 + doi = {10.1007/s11192-006-0132-y},
2110 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
2111 +}
2112 +
2113 +@article{guo2011mixedindicators,
2114 + title = {Mixed-indicators model for identifying emerging research areas},
2115 + author = {Guo, Hanning and Weingart, Scott and Börner, Katy},
2116 + year = {2011},
2117 + journal = {Scientometrics},
2118 + volume = {89},
2119 + number = {1},
2120 + pages = {421-435},
2121 + doi = {10.1007/s11192-011-0433-7},
2122 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
2123 +}
2124 +
2125 +@article{shibata2008fronts,
2126 + title = {Detecting emerging research fronts based on topological measures in citation networks of scientific publications},
2127 + author = {Shibata, Naoki and Kajikawa, Yuya and Takeda, Yoshiyuki and Matsushima, Katsumori},
2128 + year = {2008},
2129 + journal = {Technovation},
2130 + volume = {28},
2131 + number = {11},
2132 + pages = {758-775},
2133 + doi = {10.1016/j.technovation.2008.03.009},
2134 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
2135 +}
2136 +
2137 +@article{porter2019emergence,
2138 + title = {Emergence scoring to identify frontier R\&D topics and key players},
2139 + author = {Porter, Alan L. and Garner, Jon and Carley, Stephen F. and Newman, Nils C.},
2140 + year = {2019},
2141 + journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change},
2142 + volume = {146},
2143 + pages = {628-643},
2144 + doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2018.04.016},
2145 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
2146 +}
2147 +
2148 +@article{salatino2017topicsborn,
2149 + title = {How are topics born? Understanding the research dynamics preceding the emergence of new areas},
2150 + author = {Salatino, Angelo A. and Osborne, Francesco and Motta, Enrico},
2151 + year = {2017},
2152 + journal = {PeerJ Computer Science},
2153 + volume = {3},
2154 + pages = {e119},
2155 + doi = {10.7717/peerj-cs.119},
2156 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
2157 +}
2158 +
2159 +@inproceedings{salatino2018augur,
2160 + title = {AUGUR: Forecasting the Emergence of New Research Topics},
2161 + author = {Salatino, Angelo A. and Osborne, Francesco and Motta, Enrico},
2162 + year = {2018},
2163 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th ACM/IEEE on Joint Conference on Digital Libraries},
2164 + pages = {303-312},
2165 + publisher = {ACM},
2166 + doi = {10.1145/3197026.3197052},
2167 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
2168 +}
2169 +
2170 +@article{chu2021slowed,
2171 + title = {Slowed canonical progress in large fields of science},
2172 + author = {Chu, Johan S. G. and Evans, James A.},
2173 + year = {2021},
2174 + journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
2175 + volume = {118},
2176 + number = {41},
2177 + doi = {10.1073/pnas.2021636118},
2178 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
2179 +}
2180 +
2181 +@article{lin2023remote,
2182 + title = {Remote collaboration fuses fewer breakthrough ideas},
2183 + author = {Lin, Yiling and Frey, Carl Benedikt and Wu, Lingfei},
2184 + year = {2023},
2185 + journal = {Nature},
2186 + volume = {623},
2187 + number = {7989},
2188 + pages = {987-991},
2189 + doi = {10.1038/s41586-023-06767-1},
2190 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
2191 +}
2192 +
2193 +@article{bettencourt2009discovery,
2194 + title = {Scientific discovery and topological transitions in collaboration networks},
2195 + author = {Bettencourt, Luís M.A. and Kaiser, David I. and Kaur, Jasleen},
2196 + year = {2009},
2197 + journal = {Journal of Informetrics},
2198 + volume = {3},
2199 + number = {3},
2200 + pages = {210-221},
2201 + doi = {10.1016/j.joi.2009.03.001},
2202 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
2203 +}
2204 +
2205 +@article{milojevic2015cognitiveextent,
2206 + title = {Quantifying the cognitive extent of science},
2207 + author = {Milojević, Staša},
2208 + year = {2015},
2209 + journal = {Journal of Informetrics},
2210 + volume = {9},
2211 + number = {4},
2212 + pages = {962-973},
2213 + doi = {10.1016/j.joi.2015.10.005},
2214 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
2215 +}
2216 +
2217 +@inproceedings{kleinberg2002burstkdd,
2218 + title = {Bursty and hierarchical structure in streams},
2219 + author = {Kleinberg, Jon},
2220 + year = {2002},
2221 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the eighth ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining},
2222 + pages = {91-101},
2223 + publisher = {ACM},
2224 + doi = {10.1145/775047.775061},
2225 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group F}
2226 +}
2227 +
2228 +% ===== Group G =====
2229 +
2230 +@misc{vaswani2017attention,
2231 + title = {Attention Is All You Need},
2232 + author = {Vaswani, Ashish and Shazeer, Noam and Parmar, Niki and Uszkoreit, Jakob and Jones, Llion and Gomez, Aidan N. and Kaiser, Lukasz and Polosukhin, Illia},
2233 + year = {2017},
2234 + eprint = {1706.03762},
2235 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2236 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2237 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.03762},
2238 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2239 +}
2240 +
2241 +@misc{brown2020gpt3,
2242 + title = {Language Models are Few-Shot Learners},
2243 + author = {Brown, Tom B. and Mann, Benjamin and Ryder, Nick and Subbiah, Melanie and Kaplan, Jared and Dhariwal, Prafulla and Neelakantan, Arvind and Shyam, Pranav and Sastry, Girish and Askell, Amanda and Agarwal, Sandhini and Herbert-Voss, Ariel and Krueger, Gretchen and Henighan, Tom and Child, Rewon and Ramesh, Aditya and Ziegler, Daniel M. and Wu, Jeffrey and Winter, Clemens and Hesse, Christopher and Chen, Mark and Sigler, Eric and Litwin, Mateusz and Gray, Scott and Chess, Benjamin and Clark, Jack and Berner, Christopher and McCandlish, Sam and Radford, Alec and Sutskever, Ilya and Amodei, Dario},
2244 + year = {2020},
2245 + eprint = {2005.14165},
2246 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2247 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2248 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.14165},
2249 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2250 +}
2251 +
2252 +@misc{kaplan2020scaling,
2253 + title = {Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models},
2254 + author = {Kaplan, Jared and McCandlish, Sam and Henighan, Tom and Brown, Tom B. and Chess, Benjamin and Child, Rewon and Gray, Scott and Radford, Alec and Wu, Jeffrey and Amodei, Dario},
2255 + year = {2020},
2256 + eprint = {2001.08361},
2257 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2258 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
2259 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.08361},
2260 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2261 +}
2262 +
2263 +@misc{hoffmann2022chinchilla,
2264 + title = {Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models},
2265 + author = {Hoffmann, Jordan and Borgeaud, Sebastian and Mensch, Arthur and Buchatskaya, Elena and Cai, Trevor and Rutherford, Eliza and Casas, Diego de Las and Hendricks, Lisa Anne and Welbl, Johannes and Clark, Aidan and Hennigan, Tom and Noland, Eric and Millican, Katie and Driessche, George van den and Damoc, Bogdan and Guy, Aurelia and Osindero, Simon and Simonyan, Karen and Elsen, Erich and Rae, Jack W. and Vinyals, Oriol and Sifre, Laurent},
2266 + year = {2022},
2267 + eprint = {2203.15556},
2268 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2269 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2270 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.15556},
2271 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2272 +}
2273 +
2274 +@misc{ouyang2022instructgpt,
2275 + title = {Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback},
2276 + author = {Ouyang, Long and Wu, Jeff and Jiang, Xu and Almeida, Diogo and Wainwright, Carroll L. and Mishkin, Pamela and Zhang, Chong and Agarwal, Sandhini and Slama, Katarina and Ray, Alex and Schulman, John and Hilton, Jacob and Kelton, Fraser and Miller, Luke and Simens, Maddie and Askell, Amanda and Welinder, Peter and Christiano, Paul and Leike, Jan and Lowe, Ryan},
2277 + year = {2022},
2278 + eprint = {2203.02155},
2279 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2280 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2281 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.02155},
2282 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2283 +}
2284 +
2285 +@misc{openai2022chatgpt,
2286 + title = {ChatGPT: Optimizing Language Models for Dialogue},
2287 + author = {{OpenAI}},
2288 + year = {2022},
2289 + howpublished = {OpenAI blog, 30 November 2022 (Internet Archive snapshot of 30 November 2022; live URL https://openai.com/index/chatgpt/)},
2290 + url = {https://web.archive.org/web/20221130180912/https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt/},
2291 + urldate = {2026-11-03},
2292 + note = {verified: url 2026-11-03 (HTTP 200, page title: ChatGPT: Optimizing Language Models for Dialogue); group G}
2293 +}
2294 +
2295 +@misc{openai2023gpt4,
2296 + title = {GPT-4 Technical Report},
2297 + author = {OpenAI and Achiam, Josh and Adler, Steven and Agarwal, Sandhini and Ahmad, Lama and Akkaya, Ilge and Aleman, Florencia Leoni and Almeida, Diogo and Altenschmidt, Janko and Altman, Sam and Anadkat, Shyamal and Avila, Red and Babuschkin, Igor and Balaji, Suchir and Balcom, Valerie and Baltescu, Paul and Bao, Haiming and Bavarian, Mohammad and Belgum, Jeff and Bello, Irwan and Berdine, Jake and Bernadett-Shapiro, Gabriel and Berner, Christopher and Bogdonoff, Lenny and Boiko, Oleg and Boyd, Madelaine and Brakman, Anna-Luisa and Brockman, Greg and Brooks, Tim and Brundage, Miles and Button, Kevin and Cai, Trevor and Campbell, Rosie and Cann, Andrew and Carey, Brittany and Carlson, Chelsea and Carmichael, Rory and Chan, Brooke and Chang, Che and Chantzis, Fotis and Chen, Derek and Chen, Sully and Chen, Ruby and Chen, Jason and Chen, Mark and Chess, Ben and Cho, Chester and Chu, Casey and Chung, Hyung Won and Cummings, Dave and Currier, Jeremiah and Dai, Yunxing and Decareaux, Cory and Degry, Thomas and Deutsch, Noah and Deville, Damien and Dhar, Arka and Dohan, David and Dowling, Steve and Dunning, Sheila and Ecoffet, Adrien and Eleti, Atty and Eloundou, Tyna and Farhi, David and Fedus, Liam and Felix, Niko and Fishman, Simón Posada and Forte, Juston and Fulford, Isabella and Gao, Leo and Georges, Elie and Gibson, Christian and Goel, Vik and Gogineni, Tarun and Goh, Gabriel and Gontijo-Lopes, Rapha and Gordon, Jonathan and Grafstein, Morgan and Gray, Scott and Greene, Ryan and Gross, Joshua and Gu, Shixiang Shane and Guo, Yufei and Hallacy, Chris and Han, Jesse and Harris, Jeff and He, Yuchen and Heaton, Mike and Heidecke, Johannes and Hesse, Chris and Hickey, Alan and Hickey, Wade and Hoeschele, Peter and Houghton, Brandon and Hsu, Kenny and Hu, Shengli and Hu, Xin and Huizinga, Joost and Jain, Shantanu and Jain, Shawn and Jang, Joanne and Jiang, Angela and Jiang, Roger and Jin, Haozhun and Jin, Denny and Jomoto, Shino and Jonn, Billie and Jun, Heewoo and Kaftan, Tomer and Kaiser, Łukasz and Kamali, Ali and Kanitscheider, Ingmar and Keskar, Nitish Shirish and Khan, Tabarak and Kilpatrick, Logan and Kim, Jong Wook and Kim, Christina and Kim, Yongjik and Kirchner, Jan Hendrik and Kiros, Jamie and Knight, Matt and Kokotajlo, Daniel and Kondraciuk, Łukasz and Kondrich, Andrew and Konstantinidis, Aris and Kosic, Kyle and Krueger, Gretchen and Kuo, Vishal and Lampe, Michael and Lan, Ikai and Lee, Teddy and Leike, Jan and Leung, Jade and Levy, Daniel and Li, Chak Ming and Lim, Rachel and Lin, Molly and Lin, Stephanie and Litwin, Mateusz and Lopez, Theresa and Lowe, Ryan and Lue, Patricia and Makanju, Anna and Malfacini, Kim and Manning, Sam and Markov, Todor and Markovski, Yaniv and Martin, Bianca and Mayer, Katie and Mayne, Andrew and McGrew, Bob and McKinney, Scott Mayer and McLeavey, Christine and McMillan, Paul and McNeil, Jake and Medina, David and Mehta, Aalok and Menick, Jacob and Metz, Luke and Mishchenko, Andrey and Mishkin, Pamela and Monaco, Vinnie and Morikawa, Evan and Mossing, Daniel and Mu, Tong and Murati, Mira and Murk, Oleg and Mély, David and Nair, Ashvin and Nakano, Reiichiro and Nayak, Rajeev and Neelakantan, Arvind and Ngo, Richard and Noh, Hyeonwoo and Ouyang, Long and O'Keefe, Cullen and Pachocki, Jakub and Paino, Alex and Palermo, Joe and Pantuliano, Ashley and Parascandolo, Giambattista and Parish, Joel and Parparita, Emy and Passos, Alex and Pavlov, Mikhail and Peng, Andrew and Perelman, Adam and Peres, Filipe de Avila Belbute and Petrov, Michael and Pinto, Henrique Ponde de Oliveira and Michael and Pokorny and Pokrass, Michelle and Pong, Vitchyr H. and Powell, Tolly and Power, Alethea and Power, Boris and Proehl, Elizabeth and Puri, Raul and Radford, Alec and Rae, Jack and Ramesh, Aditya and Raymond, Cameron and Real, Francis and Rimbach, Kendra and Ross, Carl and Rotsted, Bob and Roussez, Henri and Ryder, Nick and Saltarelli, Mario and Sanders, Ted and Santurkar, Shibani and Sastry, Girish and Schmidt, Heather and Schnurr, David and Schulman, John and Selsam, Daniel and Sheppard, Kyla and Sherbakov, Toki and Shieh, Jessica and Shoker, Sarah and Shyam, Pranav and Sidor, Szymon and Sigler, Eric and Simens, Maddie and Sitkin, Jordan and Slama, Katarina and Sohl, Ian and Sokolowsky, Benjamin and Song, Yang and Staudacher, Natalie and Such, Felipe Petroski and Summers, Natalie and Sutskever, Ilya and Tang, Jie and Tezak, Nikolas and Thompson, Madeleine B. and Tillet, Phil and Tootoonchian, Amin and Tseng, Elizabeth and Tuggle, Preston and Turley, Nick and Tworek, Jerry and Uribe, Juan Felipe Cerón and Vallone, Andrea and Vijayvergiya, Arun and Voss, Chelsea and Wainwright, Carroll and Wang, Justin Jay and Wang, Alvin and Wang, Ben and Ward, Jonathan and Wei, Jason and Weinmann, CJ and Welihinda, Akila and Welinder, Peter and Weng, Jiayi and Weng, Lilian and Wiethoff, Matt and Willner, Dave and Winter, Clemens and Wolrich, Samuel and Wong, Hannah and Workman, Lauren and Wu, Sherwin and Wu, Jeff and Wu, Michael and Xiao, Kai and Xu, Tao and Yoo, Sarah and Yu, Kevin and Yuan, Qiming and Zaremba, Wojciech and Zellers, Rowan and Zhang, Chong and Zhang, Marvin and Zhao, Shengjia and Zheng, Tianhao and Zhuang, Juntang and Zhuk, William and Zoph, Barret},
2298 + year = {2023},
2299 + eprint = {2303.08774},
2300 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2301 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2302 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.08774},
2303 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2304 +}
2305 +
2306 +@misc{touvron2023llama,
2307 + title = {LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models},
2308 + author = {Touvron, Hugo and Lavril, Thibaut and Izacard, Gautier and Martinet, Xavier and Lachaux, Marie-Anne and Lacroix, Timothée and Rozière, Baptiste and Goyal, Naman and Hambro, Eric and Azhar, Faisal and Rodriguez, Aurelien and Joulin, Armand and Grave, Edouard and Lample, Guillaume},
2309 + year = {2023},
2310 + eprint = {2302.13971},
2311 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2312 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2313 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.13971},
2314 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2315 +}
2316 +
2317 +@misc{touvron2023llama2,
2318 + title = {Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models},
2319 + author = {Touvron, Hugo and Martin, Louis and Stone, Kevin and Albert, Peter and Almahairi, Amjad and Babaei, Yasmine and Bashlykov, Nikolay and Batra, Soumya and Bhargava, Prajjwal and Bhosale, Shruti and Bikel, Dan and Blecher, Lukas and Ferrer, Cristian Canton and Chen, Moya and Cucurull, Guillem and Esiobu, David and Fernandes, Jude and Fu, Jeremy and Fu, Wenyin and Fuller, Brian and Gao, Cynthia and Goswami, Vedanuj and Goyal, Naman and Hartshorn, Anthony and Hosseini, Saghar and Hou, Rui and Inan, Hakan and Kardas, Marcin and Kerkez, Viktor and Khabsa, Madian and Kloumann, Isabel and Korenev, Artem and Koura, Punit Singh and Lachaux, Marie-Anne and Lavril, Thibaut and Lee, Jenya and Liskovich, Diana and Lu, Yinghai and Mao, Yuning and Martinet, Xavier and Mihaylov, Todor and Mishra, Pushkar and Molybog, Igor and Nie, Yixin and Poulton, Andrew and Reizenstein, Jeremy and Rungta, Rashi and Saladi, Kalyan and Schelten, Alan and Silva, Ruan and Smith, Eric Michael and Subramanian, Ranjan and Tan, Xiaoqing Ellen and Tang, Binh and Taylor, Ross and Williams, Adina and Kuan, Jian Xiang and Xu, Puxin and Yan, Zheng and Zarov, Iliyan and Zhang, Yuchen and Fan, Angela and Kambadur, Melanie and Narang, Sharan and Rodriguez, Aurelien and Stojnic, Robert and Edunov, Sergey and Scialom, Thomas},
2320 + year = {2023},
2321 + eprint = {2307.09288},
2322 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2323 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2324 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.09288},
2325 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2326 +}
2327 +
2328 +@misc{dubey2024llama3,
2329 + title = {The Llama 3 Herd of Models},
2330 + author = {Grattafiori, Aaron and Dubey, Abhimanyu and Jauhri, Abhinav and Pandey, Abhinav and Kadian, Abhishek and Al-Dahle, Ahmad and Letman, Aiesha and Mathur, Akhil and Schelten, Alan and Vaughan, Alex and Yang, Amy and Fan, Angela and Goyal, Anirudh and Hartshorn, Anthony and Yang, Aobo and Mitra, Archi and Sravankumar, Archie and Korenev, Artem and Hinsvark, Arthur and Rao, Arun and Zhang, Aston and Rodriguez, Aurelien and Gregerson, Austen and Spataru, Ava and Roziere, Baptiste and Biron, Bethany and Tang, Binh and Chern, Bobbie and Caucheteux, Charlotte and Nayak, Chaya and Bi, Chloe and Marra, Chris and McConnell, Chris and Keller, Christian and Touret, Christophe and Wu, Chunyang and Wong, Corinne and Ferrer, Cristian Canton and Nikolaidis, Cyrus and Allonsius, Damien and Song, Daniel and Pintz, Danielle and Livshits, Danny and Wyatt, Danny and Esiobu, David and Choudhary, Dhruv and Mahajan, Dhruv and Garcia-Olano, Diego and Perino, Diego and Hupkes, Dieuwke and Lakomkin, Egor and AlBadawy, Ehab and Lobanova, Elina and Dinan, Emily and Smith, Eric Michael and Radenovic, Filip and Guzmán, Francisco and Zhang, Frank and Synnaeve, Gabriel and Lee, Gabrielle and Anderson, Georgia Lewis and Thattai, Govind and Nail, Graeme and Mialon, Gregoire and Pang, Guan and Cucurell, Guillem and Nguyen, Hailey and Korevaar, Hannah and Xu, Hu and Touvron, Hugo and Zarov, Iliyan and Ibarra, Imanol Arrieta and Kloumann, Isabel and Misra, Ishan and Evtimov, Ivan and Zhang, Jack and Copet, Jade and Lee, Jaewon and Geffert, Jan and Vranes, Jana and Park, Jason and Mahadeokar, Jay and Shah, Jeet and Linde, Jelmer van der and Billock, Jennifer and Hong, Jenny and Lee, Jenya and Fu, Jeremy and Chi, Jianfeng and Huang, Jianyu and Liu, Jiawen and Wang, Jie and Yu, Jiecao and Bitton, Joanna and Spisak, Joe and Park, Jongsoo and Rocca, Joseph and Johnstun, Joshua and Saxe, Joshua and Jia, Junteng and Alwala, Kalyan Vasuden and Prasad, Karthik and Upasani, Kartikeya and Plawiak, Kate and Li, Ke and Heafield, Kenneth and Stone, Kevin and El-Arini, Khalid and Iyer, Krithika and Malik, Kshitiz and Chiu, Kuenley and Bhalla, Kunal and Lakhotia, Kushal and Rantala-Yeary, Lauren and Maaten, Laurens van der and Chen, Lawrence and Tan, Liang and Jenkins, Liz and Martin, Louis and Madaan, Lovish and Malo, Lubo and Blecher, Lukas and Landzaat, Lukas and Oliveira, Luke de and Muzzi, Madeline and Pasupuleti, Mahesh and Singh, Mannat and Paluri, Manohar and Kardas, Marcin and Tsimpoukelli, Maria and Oldham, Mathew and Rita, Mathieu and Pavlova, Maya and Kambadur, Melanie and Lewis, Mike and Si, Min and Singh, Mitesh Kumar and Hassan, Mona and Goyal, Naman and Torabi, Narjes and Bashlykov, Nikolay and Bogoychev, Nikolay and Chatterji, Niladri and Zhang, Ning and Duchenne, Olivier and Çelebi, Onur and Alrassy, Patrick and Zhang, Pengchuan and Li, Pengwei and Vasic, Petar and Weng, Peter and Bhargava, Prajjwal and Dubal, Pratik and Krishnan, Praveen and Koura, Punit Singh and Xu, Puxin and He, Qing and Dong, Qingxiao and Srinivasan, Ragavan and Ganapathy, Raj and Calderer, Ramon and Cabral, Ricardo Silveira and Stojnic, Robert and Raileanu, Roberta and Maheswari, Rohan and Girdhar, Rohit and Patel, Rohit and Sauvestre, Romain and Polidoro, Ronnie and Sumbaly, Roshan and Taylor, Ross and Silva, Ruan and Hou, Rui and Wang, Rui and Hosseini, Saghar and Chennabasappa, Sahana and Singh, Sanjay and Bell, Sean and Kim, Seohyun Sonia and Edunov, Sergey and Nie, Shaoliang and Narang, Sharan and Raparthy, Sharath and Shen, Sheng and Wan, Shengye and Bhosale, Shruti and Zhang, Shun and Vandenhende, Simon and Batra, Soumya and Whitman, Spencer and Sootla, Sten and Collot, Stephane and Gururangan, Suchin and Borodinsky, Sydney and Herman, Tamar and Fowler, Tara and Sheasha, Tarek and Georgiou, Thomas and Scialom, Thomas and Speckbacher, Tobias and Mihaylov, Todor and Xiao, Tong and Karn, Ujjwal and Goswami, Vedanuj and Gupta, Vibhor and Ramanathan, Vignesh and Kerkez, Viktor and Gonguet, Vincent and Do, Virginie and Vogeti, Vish and Albiero, Vítor and Petrovic, Vladan and Chu, Weiwei and Xiong, Wenhan and Fu, Wenyin and Meers, Whitney and Martinet, Xavier and Wang, Xiaodong and Wang, Xiaofang and Tan, Xiaoqing Ellen and Xia, Xide and Xie, Xinfeng and Jia, Xuchao and Wang, Xuewei and Goldschlag, Yaelle and Gaur, Yashesh and Babaei, Yasmine and Wen, Yi and Song, Yiwen and Zhang, Yuchen and Li, Yue and Mao, Yuning and Coudert, Zacharie Delpierre and Yan, Zheng and Chen, Zhengxing and Papakipos, Zoe and Singh, Aaditya and Srivastava, Aayushi and Jain, Abha and Kelsey, Adam and Shajnfeld, Adam and Gangidi, Adithya and Victoria, Adolfo and Goldstand, Ahuva and Menon, Ajay and Sharma, Ajay and Boesenberg, Alex and Baevski, Alexei and Feinstein, Allie and Kallet, Amanda and Sangani, Amit and Teo, Amos and Yunus, Anam and Lupu, Andrei and Alvarado, Andres and Caples, Andrew and Gu, Andrew and Ho, Andrew and Poulton, Andrew and Ryan, Andrew and Ramchandani, Ankit and Dong, Annie and Franco, Annie and Goyal, Anuj and Saraf, Aparajita and Chowdhury, Arkabandhu and Gabriel, Ashley and Bharambe, Ashwin and Eisenman, Assaf and Yazdan, Azadeh and James, Beau and Maurer, Ben and Leonhardi, Benjamin and Huang, Bernie and Loyd, Beth and Paola, Beto De and Paranjape, Bhargavi and Liu, Bing and Wu, Bo and Ni, Boyu and Hancock, Braden and Wasti, Bram and Spence, Brandon and Stojkovic, Brani and Gamido, Brian and Montalvo, Britt and Parker, Carl and Burton, Carly and Mejia, Catalina and Liu, Ce and Wang, Changhan and Kim, Changkyu and Zhou, Chao and Hu, Chester and Chu, Ching-Hsiang and Cai, Chris and Tindal, Chris and Feichtenhofer, Christoph and Gao, Cynthia and Civin, Damon and Beaty, Dana and Kreymer, Daniel and Li, Daniel and Adkins, David and Xu, David and Testuggine, Davide and David, Delia and Parikh, Devi and Liskovich, Diana and Foss, Didem and Wang, Dingkang and Le, Duc and Holland, Dustin and Dowling, Edward and Jamil, Eissa and Montgomery, Elaine and Presani, Eleonora and Hahn, Emily and Wood, Emily and Le, Eric-Tuan and Brinkman, Erik and Arcaute, Esteban and Dunbar, Evan and Smothers, Evan and Sun, Fei and Kreuk, Felix and Tian, Feng and Kokkinos, Filippos and Ozgenel, Firat and Caggioni, Francesco and Kanayet, Frank and Seide, Frank and Florez, Gabriela Medina and Schwarz, Gabriella and Badeer, Gada and Swee, Georgia and Halpern, Gil and Herman, Grant and Sizov, Grigory and Guangyi and Zhang and Lakshminarayanan, Guna and Inan, Hakan and Shojanazeri, Hamid and Zou, Han and Wang, Hannah and Zha, Hanwen and Habeeb, Haroun and Rudolph, Harrison and Suk, Helen and Aspegren, Henry and Goldman, Hunter and Zhan, Hongyuan and Damlaj, Ibrahim and Molybog, Igor and Tufanov, Igor and Leontiadis, Ilias and Veliche, Irina-Elena and Gat, Itai and Weissman, Jake and Geboski, James and Kohli, James and Lam, Janice and Asher, Japhet and Gaya, Jean-Baptiste and Marcus, Jeff and Tang, Jeff and Chan, Jennifer and Zhen, Jenny and Reizenstein, Jeremy and Teboul, Jeremy and Zhong, Jessica and Jin, Jian and Yang, Jingyi and Cummings, Joe and Carvill, Jon and Shepard, Jon and McPhie, Jonathan and Torres, Jonathan and Ginsburg, Josh and Wang, Junjie and Wu, Kai and U, Kam Hou and Saxena, Karan and Khandelwal, Kartikay and Zand, Katayoun and Matosich, Kathy and Veeraraghavan, Kaushik and Michelena, Kelly and Li, Keqian and Jagadeesh, Kiran and Huang, Kun and Chawla, Kunal and Huang, Kyle and Chen, Lailin and Garg, Lakshya and A, Lavender and Silva, Leandro and Bell, Lee and Zhang, Lei and Guo, Liangpeng and Yu, Licheng and Moshkovich, Liron and Wehrstedt, Luca and Khabsa, Madian and Avalani, Manav and Bhatt, Manish and Mankus, Martynas and Hasson, Matan and Lennie, Matthew and Reso, Matthias and Groshev, Maxim and Naumov, Maxim and Lathi, Maya and Keneally, Meghan and Liu, Miao and Seltzer, Michael L. and Valko, Michal and Restrepo, Michelle and Patel, Mihir and Vyatskov, Mik and Samvelyan, Mikayel and Clark, Mike and Macey, Mike and Wang, Mike and Hermoso, Miquel Jubert and Metanat, Mo and Rastegari, Mohammad and Bansal, Munish and Santhanam, Nandhini and Parks, Natascha and White, Natasha and Bawa, Navyata and Singhal, Nayan and Egebo, Nick and Usunier, Nicolas and Mehta, Nikhil and Laptev, Nikolay Pavlovich and Dong, Ning and Cheng, Norman and Chernoguz, Oleg and Hart, Olivia and Salpekar, Omkar and Kalinli, Ozlem and Kent, Parkin and Parekh, Parth and Saab, Paul and Balaji, Pavan and Rittner, Pedro and Bontrager, Philip and Roux, Pierre and Dollar, Piotr and Zvyagina, Polina and Ratanchandani, Prashant and Yuvraj, Pritish and Liang, Qian and Alao, Rachad and Rodriguez, Rachel and Ayub, Rafi and Murthy, Raghotham and Nayani, Raghu and Mitra, Rahul and Parthasarathy, Rangaprabhu and Li, Raymond and Hogan, Rebekkah and Battey, Robin and Wang, Rocky and Howes, Russ and Rinott, Ruty and Mehta, Sachin and Siby, Sachin and Bondu, Sai Jayesh and Datta, Samyak and Chugh, Sara and Hunt, Sara and Dhillon, Sargun and Sidorov, Sasha and Pan, Satadru and Mahajan, Saurabh and Verma, Saurabh and Yamamoto, Seiji and Ramaswamy, Sharadh and Lindsay, Shaun and Lindsay, Shaun and Feng, Sheng and Lin, Shenghao and Zha, Shengxin Cindy and Patil, Shishir and Shankar, Shiva and Zhang, Shuqiang and Zhang, Shuqiang and Wang, Sinong and Agarwal, Sneha and Sajuyigbe, Soji and Chintala, Soumith and Max, Stephanie and Chen, Stephen and Kehoe, Steve and Satterfield, Steve and Govindaprasad, Sudarshan and Gupta, Sumit and Deng, Summer and Cho, Sungmin and Virk, Sunny and Subramanian, Suraj and Choudhury, Sy and Goldman, Sydney and Remez, Tal and Glaser, Tamar and Best, Tamara and Koehler, Thilo and Robinson, Thomas and Li, Tianhe and Zhang, Tianjun and Matthews, Tim and Chou, Timothy and Shaked, Tzook and Vontimitta, Varun and Ajayi, Victoria and Montanez, Victoria and Mohan, Vijai and Kumar, Vinay Satish and Mangla, Vishal and Ionescu, Vlad and Poenaru, Vlad and Mihailescu, Vlad Tiberiu and Ivanov, Vladimir and Li, Wei and Wang, Wenchen and Jiang, Wenwen and Bouaziz, Wes and Constable, Will and Tang, Xiaocheng and Wu, Xiaojian and Wang, Xiaolan and Wu, Xilun and Gao, Xinbo and Kleinman, Yaniv and Chen, Yanjun and Hu, Ye and Jia, Ye and Qi, Ye and Li, Yenda and Zhang, Yilin and Zhang, Ying and Adi, Yossi and Nam, Youngjin and Yu and Wang and Zhao, Yu and Hao, Yuchen and Qian, Yundi and Li, Yunlu and He, Yuzi and Rait, Zach and DeVito, Zachary and Rosnbrick, Zef and Wen, Zhaoduo and Yang, Zhenyu and Zhao, Zhiwei and Ma, Zhiyu},
2331 + year = {2024},
2332 + eprint = {2407.21783},
2333 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2334 + primaryclass = {cs.AI},
2335 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.21783},
2336 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2337 +}
2338 +
2339 +@misc{ho2020ddpm,
2340 + title = {Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models},
2341 + author = {Ho, Jonathan and Jain, Ajay and Abbeel, Pieter},
2342 + year = {2020},
2343 + eprint = {2006.11239},
2344 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2345 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
2346 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.11239},
2347 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2348 +}
2349 +
2350 +@inproceedings{rombach2022ldm,
2351 + title = {High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models},
2352 + author = {Rombach, Robin and Blattmann, Andreas and Lorenz, Dominik and Esser, Patrick and Ommer, Bjorn},
2353 + year = {2022},
2354 + booktitle = {2022 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
2355 + pages = {10674-10685},
2356 + publisher = {IEEE},
2357 + doi = {10.1109/cvpr52688.2022.01042},
2358 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group G}
2359 +}
2360 +
2361 +@misc{radford2021clip,
2362 + title = {Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision},
2363 + author = {Radford, Alec and Kim, Jong Wook and Hallacy, Chris and Ramesh, Aditya and Goh, Gabriel and Agarwal, Sandhini and Sastry, Girish and Askell, Amanda and Mishkin, Pamela and Clark, Jack and Krueger, Gretchen and Sutskever, Ilya},
2364 + year = {2021},
2365 + eprint = {2103.00020},
2366 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2367 + primaryclass = {cs.CV},
2368 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.00020},
2369 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2370 +}
2371 +
2372 +@misc{dosovitskiy2021vit,
2373 + title = {An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scale},
2374 + author = {Dosovitskiy, Alexey and Beyer, Lucas and Kolesnikov, Alexander and Weissenborn, Dirk and Zhai, Xiaohua and Unterthiner, Thomas and Dehghani, Mostafa and Minderer, Matthias and Heigold, Georg and Gelly, Sylvain and Uszkoreit, Jakob and Houlsby, Neil},
2375 + year = {2020},
2376 + eprint = {2010.11929},
2377 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2378 + primaryclass = {cs.CV},
2379 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.11929},
2380 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2381 +}
2382 +
2383 +@incollection{mildenhall2020nerf,
2384 + title = {NeRF: Representing Scenes as Neural Radiance Fields for View Synthesis},
2385 + author = {Mildenhall, Ben and Srinivasan, Pratul P. and Tancik, Matthew and Barron, Jonathan T. and Ramamoorthi, Ravi and Ng, Ren},
2386 + year = {2020},
2387 + booktitle = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
2388 + pages = {405-421},
2389 + publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
2390 + doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-58452-8_24},
2391 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group G}
2392 +}
2393 +
2394 +@misc{christiano2017rlhf,
2395 + title = {Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences},
2396 + author = {Christiano, Paul and Leike, Jan and Brown, Tom B. and Martic, Miljan and Legg, Shane and Amodei, Dario},
2397 + year = {2017},
2398 + eprint = {1706.03741},
2399 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2400 + primaryclass = {stat.ML},
2401 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.03741},
2402 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2403 +}
2404 +
2405 +@misc{wei2022cot,
2406 + title = {Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models},
2407 + author = {Wei, Jason and Wang, Xuezhi and Schuurmans, Dale and Bosma, Maarten and Ichter, Brian and Xia, Fei and Chi, Ed and Le, Quoc and Zhou, Denny},
2408 + year = {2022},
2409 + eprint = {2201.11903},
2410 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2411 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2412 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.11903},
2413 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2414 +}
2415 +
2416 +@misc{lewis2020rag,
2417 + title = {Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks},
2418 + author = {Lewis, Patrick and Perez, Ethan and Piktus, Aleksandra and Petroni, Fabio and Karpukhin, Vladimir and Goyal, Naman and Küttler, Heinrich and Lewis, Mike and Yih, Wen-tau and Rocktäschel, Tim and Riedel, Sebastian and Kiela, Douwe},
2419 + year = {2020},
2420 + eprint = {2005.11401},
2421 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2422 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2423 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.11401},
2424 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2425 +}
2426 +
2427 +@misc{yao2023react,
2428 + title = {ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models},
2429 + author = {Yao, Shunyu and Zhao, Jeffrey and Yu, Dian and Du, Nan and Shafran, Izhak and Narasimhan, Karthik and Cao, Yuan},
2430 + year = {2022},
2431 + eprint = {2210.03629},
2432 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2433 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2434 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.03629},
2435 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2436 +}
2437 +
2438 +@misc{schick2023toolformer,
2439 + title = {Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools},
2440 + author = {Schick, Timo and Dwivedi-Yu, Jane and Dessì, Roberto and Raileanu, Roberta and Lomeli, Maria and Zettlemoyer, Luke and Cancedda, Nicola and Scialom, Thomas},
2441 + year = {2023},
2442 + eprint = {2302.04761},
2443 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2444 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2445 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.04761},
2446 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2447 +}
2448 +
2449 +@misc{gu2023mamba,
2450 + title = {Mamba: Linear-Time Sequence Modeling with Selective State Spaces},
2451 + author = {Gu, Albert and Dao, Tri},
2452 + year = {2023},
2453 + eprint = {2312.00752},
2454 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2455 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
2456 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.00752},
2457 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2458 +}
2459 +
2460 +@misc{fedus2022switch,
2461 + title = {Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity},
2462 + author = {Fedus, William and Zoph, Barret and Shazeer, Noam},
2463 + year = {2021},
2464 + eprint = {2101.03961},
2465 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2466 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
2467 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.03961},
2468 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2469 +}
2470 +
2471 +@misc{shazeer2017moe,
2472 + title = {Outrageously Large Neural Networks: The Sparsely-Gated Mixture-of-Experts Layer},
2473 + author = {Shazeer, Noam and Mirhoseini, Azalia and Maziarz, Krzysztof and Davis, Andy and Le, Quoc and Hinton, Geoffrey and Dean, Jeff},
2474 + year = {2017},
2475 + eprint = {1701.06538},
2476 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2477 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
2478 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1701.06538},
2479 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2480 +}
2481 +
2482 +@misc{deepseek2025r1,
2483 + title = {DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning},
2484 + author = {DeepSeek-AI and Guo, Daya and Yang, Dejian and Zhang, Haowei and Song, Junxiao and Wang, Peiyi and Zhu, Qihao and Xu, Runxin and Zhang, Ruoyu and Ma, Shirong and Bi, Xiao and Zhang, Xiaokang and Yu, Xingkai and Wu, Yu and Wu, Z. F. and Gou, Zhibin and Shao, Zhihong and Li, Zhuoshu and Gao, Ziyi and Liu, Aixin and Xue, Bing and Wang, Bingxuan and Wu, Bochao and Feng, Bei and Lu, Chengda and Zhao, Chenggang and Deng, Chengqi and Zhang, Chenyu and Ruan, Chong and Dai, Damai and Chen, Deli and Ji, Dongjie and Li, Erhang and Lin, Fangyun and Dai, Fucong and Luo, Fuli and Hao, Guangbo and Chen, Guanting and Li, Guowei and Zhang, H. and Bao, Han and Xu, Hanwei and Wang, Haocheng and Ding, Honghui and Xin, Huajian and Gao, Huazuo and Qu, Hui and Li, Hui and Guo, Jianzhong and Li, Jiashi and Wang, Jiawei and Chen, Jingchang and Yuan, Jingyang and Qiu, Junjie and Li, Junlong and Cai, J. L. and Ni, Jiaqi and Liang, Jian and Chen, Jin and Dong, Kai and Hu, Kai and Gao, Kaige and Guan, Kang and Huang, Kexin and Yu, Kuai and Wang, Lean and Zhang, Lecong and Zhao, Liang and Wang, Litong and Zhang, Liyue and Xu, Lei and Xia, Leyi and Zhang, Mingchuan and Zhang, Minghua and Tang, Minghui and Li, Meng and Wang, Miaojun and Li, Mingming and Tian, Ning and Huang, Panpan and Zhang, Peng and Wang, Qiancheng and Chen, Qinyu and Du, Qiushi and Ge, Ruiqi and Zhang, Ruisong and Pan, Ruizhe and Wang, Runji and Chen, R. J. and Jin, R. L. and Chen, Ruyi and Lu, Shanghao and Zhou, Shangyan and Chen, Shanhuang and Ye, Shengfeng and Wang, Shiyu and Yu, Shuiping and Zhou, Shunfeng and Pan, Shuting and Li, S. S. and Zhou, Shuang and Wu, Shaoqing and Ye, Shengfeng and Yun, Tao and Pei, Tian and Sun, Tianyu and Wang, T. and Zeng, Wangding and Zhao, Wanjia and Liu, Wen and Liang, Wenfeng and Gao, Wenjun and Yu, Wenqin and Zhang, Wentao and Xiao, W. L. and An, Wei and Liu, Xiaodong and Wang, Xiaohan and Chen, Xiaokang and Nie, Xiaotao and Cheng, Xin and Liu, Xin and Xie, Xin and Liu, Xingchao and Yang, Xinyu and Li, Xinyuan and Su, Xuecheng and Lin, Xuheng and Li, X. Q. and Jin, Xiangyue and Shen, Xiaojin and Chen, Xiaosha and Sun, Xiaowen and Wang, Xiaoxiang and Song, Xinnan and Zhou, Xinyi and Wang, Xianzu and Shan, Xinxia and Li, Y. K. and Wang, Y. Q. and Wei, Y. X. and Zhang, Yang and Xu, Yanhong and Li, Yao and Zhao, Yao and Sun, Yaofeng and Wang, Yaohui and Yu, Yi and Zhang, Yichao and Shi, Yifan and Xiong, Yiliang and He, Ying and Piao, Yishi and Wang, Yisong and Tan, Yixuan and Ma, Yiyang and Liu, Yiyuan and Guo, Yongqiang and Ou, Yuan and Wang, Yuduan and Gong, Yue and Zou, Yuheng and He, Yujia and Xiong, Yunfan and Luo, Yuxiang and You, Yuxiang and Liu, Yuxuan and Zhou, Yuyang and Zhu, Y. X. and Xu, Yanhong and Huang, Yanping and Li, Yaohui and Zheng, Yi and Zhu, Yuchen and Ma, Yunxian and Tang, Ying and Zha, Yukun and Yan, Yuting and Ren, Z. Z. and Ren, Zehui and Sha, Zhangli and Fu, Zhe and Xu, Zhean and Xie, Zhenda and Zhang, Zhengyan and Hao, Zhewen and Ma, Zhicheng and Yan, Zhigang and Wu, Zhiyu and Gu, Zihui and Zhu, Zijia and Liu, Zijun and Li, Zilin and Xie, Ziwei and Song, Ziyang and Pan, Zizheng and Huang, Zhen and Xu, Zhipeng and Zhang, Zhongyu and Zhang, Zhen},
2485 + year = {2025},
2486 + eprint = {2501.12948},
2487 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2488 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2489 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.12948},
2490 + doi = {10.1038/s41586-025-09422-z},
2491 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2492 +}
2493 +
2494 +@article{deepseek2025r1nature,
2495 + title = {DeepSeek-R1 incentivizes reasoning in LLMs through reinforcement learning},
2496 + author = {Guo, Daya and Yang, Dejian and Zhang, Haowei and Song, Junxiao and Wang, Peiyi and Zhu, Qihao and Xu, Runxin and Zhang, Ruoyu and Ma, Shirong and Bi, Xiao and Zhang, Xiaokang and Yu, Xingkai and Wu, Yu and Wu, Z. F. and Gou, Zhibin and Shao, Zhihong and Li, Zhuoshu and Gao, Ziyi and Liu, Aixin and Xue, Bing and Wang, Bingxuan and Wu, Bochao and Feng, Bei and Lu, Chengda and Zhao, Chenggang and Deng, Chengqi and Ruan, Chong and Dai, Damai and Chen, Deli and Ji, Dongjie and Li, Erhang and Lin, Fangyun and Dai, Fucong and Luo, Fuli and Hao, Guangbo and Chen, Guanting and Li, Guowei and Zhang, H. and Xu, Hanwei and Ding, Honghui and Gao, Huazuo and Qu, Hui and Li, Hui and Guo, Jianzhong and Li, Jiashi and Chen, Jingchang and Yuan, Jingyang and Tu, Jinhao and Qiu, Junjie and Li, Junlong and Cai, J. L. and Ni, Jiaqi and Liang, Jian and Chen, Jin and Dong, Kai and Hu, Kai and You, Kaichao and Gao, Kaige and Guan, Kang and Huang, Kexin and Yu, Kuai and Wang, Lean and Zhang, Lecong and Zhao, Liang and Wang, Litong and Zhang, Liyue and Xu, Lei and Xia, Leyi and Zhang, Mingchuan and Zhang, Minghua and Tang, Minghui and Zhou, Mingxu and Li, Meng and Wang, Miaojun and Li, Mingming and Tian, Ning and Huang, Panpan and Zhang, Peng and Wang, Qiancheng and Chen, Qinyu and Du, Qiushi and Ge, Ruiqi and Zhang, Ruisong and Pan, Ruizhe and Wang, Runji and Chen, R. J. and Jin, R. L. and Chen, Ruyi and Lu, Shanghao and Zhou, Shangyan and Chen, Shanhuang and Ye, Shengfeng and Wang, Shiyu and Yu, Shuiping and Zhou, Shunfeng and Pan, Shuting and Li, S. S. and Zhou, Shuang and Wu, Shaoqing and Yun, Tao and Pei, Tian and Sun, Tianyu and Wang, T. and Zeng, Wangding and Liu, Wen and Liang, Wenfeng and Gao, Wenjun and Yu, Wenqin and Zhang, Wentao and Xiao, W. L. and An, Wei and Liu, Xiaodong and Wang, Xiaohan and Chen, Xiaokang and Nie, Xiaotao and Cheng, Xin and Liu, Xin and Xie, Xin and Liu, Xingchao and Yang, Xinyu and Li, Xinyuan and Su, Xuecheng and Lin, Xuheng and Li, X. Q. and Jin, Xiangyue and Shen, Xiaojin and Chen, Xiaosha and Sun, Xiaowen and Wang, Xiaoxiang and Song, Xinnan and Zhou, Xinyi and Wang, Xianzu and Shan, Xinxia and Li, Y. K. and Wang, Y. Q. and Wei, Y. X. and Zhang, Yang and Xu, Yanhong and Li, Yao and Zhao, Yao and Sun, Yaofeng and Wang, Yaohui and Yu, Yi and Zhang, Yichao and Shi, Yifan and Xiong, Yiliang and He, Ying and Piao, Yishi and Wang, Yisong and Tan, Yixuan and Ma, Yiyang and Liu, Yiyuan and Guo, Yongqiang and Ou, Yuan and Wang, Yuduan and Gong, Yue and Zou, Yuheng and He, Yujia and Xiong, Yunfan and Luo, Yuxiang and You, Yuxiang and Liu, Yuxuan and Zhou, Yuyang and Zhu, Y. X. and Huang, Yanping and Li, Yaohui and Zheng, Yi and Zhu, Yuchen and Ma, Yunxian and Tang, Ying and Zha, Yukun and Yan, Yuting and Ren, Z. Z. and Ren, Zehui and Sha, Zhangli and Fu, Zhe and Xu, Zhean and Xie, Zhenda and Zhang, Zhengyan and Hao, Zhewen and Ma, Zhicheng and Yan, Zhigang and Wu, Zhiyu and Gu, Zihui and Zhu, Zijia and Liu, Zijun and Li, Zilin and Xie, Ziwei and Song, Ziyang and Pan, Zizheng and Huang, Zhen and Xu, Zhipeng and Zhang, Zhongyu and Zhang, Zhen},
2497 + year = {2025},
2498 + journal = {Nature},
2499 + volume = {645},
2500 + number = {8081},
2501 + pages = {633-638},
2502 + doi = {10.1038/s41586-025-09422-z},
2503 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group G}
2504 +}
2505 +
2506 +@misc{openai2024o1,
2507 + title = {OpenAI o1 System Card},
2508 + author = {OpenAI and : and Jaech, Aaron and Kalai, Adam and Lerer, Adam and Richardson, Adam and El-Kishky, Ahmed and Low, Aiden and Helyar, Alec and Madry, Aleksander and Beutel, Alex and Carney, Alex and Iftimie, Alex and Karpenko, Alex and Passos, Alex Tachard and Neitz, Alexander and Prokofiev, Alexander and Wei, Alexander and Tam, Allison and Bennett, Ally and Kumar, Ananya and Saraiva, Andre and Vallone, Andrea and Duberstein, Andrew and Kondrich, Andrew and Mishchenko, Andrey and Applebaum, Andy and Jiang, Angela and Nair, Ashvin and Zoph, Barret and Ghorbani, Behrooz and Zhang, Bohan and Rossen, Ben and Sokolowsky, Benjamin and Barak, Boaz and McGrew, Bob and Minaiev, Borys and Hao, Botao and Baker, Bowen and Houghton, Brandon and McKinzie, Brandon and Eastman, Brydon and Lugaresi, Camillo and Bassin, Cary and Hudson, Cary and Li, Chak Ming and Bourcy, Charles de and Voss, Chelsea and Shen, Chen and Zhang, Chong and Koch, Chris and Orsinger, Chris and Hesse, Christopher and Fischer, Claudia and Chan, Clive and Roberts, Dan and Kappler, Daniel and Levy, Daniel and Selsam, Daniel and Dohan, David and Farhi, David and Mely, David and Robinson, David and Tsipras, Dimitris and Li, Doug and Oprica, Dragos and Freeman, Eben and Zhang, Eddie and Wong, Edmund and Proehl, Elizabeth and Cheung, Enoch and Mitchell, Eric and Wallace, Eric and Ritter, Erik and Mays, Evan and Wang, Fan and Such, Felipe Petroski and Raso, Filippo and Leoni, Florencia and Tsimpourlas, Foivos and Song, Francis and Lohmann, Fred von and Sulit, Freddie and Salmon, Geoff and Parascandolo, Giambattista and Chabot, Gildas and Zhao, Grace and Brockman, Greg and Leclerc, Guillaume and Salman, Hadi and Bao, Haiming and Sheng, Hao and Andrin, Hart and Bagherinezhad, Hessam and Ren, Hongyu and Lightman, Hunter and Chung, Hyung Won and Kivlichan, Ian and O'Connell, Ian and Osband, Ian and Gilaberte, Ignasi Clavera and Akkaya, Ilge and Kostrikov, Ilya and Sutskever, Ilya and Kofman, Irina and Pachocki, Jakub and Lennon, James and Wei, Jason and Harb, Jean and Twore, Jerry and Feng, Jiacheng and Yu, Jiahui and Weng, Jiayi and Tang, Jie and Yu, Jieqi and Candela, Joaquin Quiñonero and Palermo, Joe and Parish, Joel and Heidecke, Johannes and Hallman, John and Rizzo, John and Gordon, Jonathan and Uesato, Jonathan and Ward, Jonathan and Huizinga, Joost and Wang, Julie and Chen, Kai and Xiao, Kai and Singhal, Karan and Nguyen, Karina and Cobbe, Karl and Shi, Katy and Wood, Kayla and Rimbach, Kendra and Gu-Lemberg, Keren and Liu, Kevin and Lu, Kevin and Stone, Kevin and Yu, Kevin and Ahmad, Lama and Yang, Lauren and Liu, Leo and Maksin, Leon and Ho, Leyton and Fedus, Liam and Weng, Lilian and Li, Linden and McCallum, Lindsay and Held, Lindsey and Kuhn, Lorenz and Kondraciuk, Lukas and Kaiser, Lukasz and Metz, Luke and Boyd, Madelaine and Trebacz, Maja and Joglekar, Manas and Chen, Mark and Tintor, Marko and Meyer, Mason and Jones, Matt and Kaufer, Matt and Schwarzer, Max and Shah, Meghan and Yatbaz, Mehmet and Guan, Melody Y. and Xu, Mengyuan and Yan, Mengyuan and Glaese, Mia and Chen, Mianna and Lampe, Michael and Malek, Michael and Wang, Michele and Fradin, Michelle and McClay, Mike and Pavlov, Mikhail and Wang, Miles and Wang, Mingxuan and Murati, Mira and Bavarian, Mo and Rohaninejad, Mostafa and McAleese, Nat and Chowdhury, Neil and Chowdhury, Neil and Ryder, Nick and Tezak, Nikolas and Brown, Noam and Nachum, Ofir and Boiko, Oleg and Murk, Oleg and Watkins, Olivia and Chao, Patrick and Ashbourne, Paul and Izmailov, Pavel and Zhokhov, Peter and Dias, Rachel and Arora, Rahul and Lin, Randall and Lopes, Rapha Gontijo and Gaon, Raz and Miyara, Reah and Leike, Reimar and Hwang, Renny and Garg, Rhythm and Brown, Robin and James, Roshan and Shu, Rui and Cheu, Ryan and Greene, Ryan and Jain, Saachi and Altman, Sam and Toizer, Sam and Toyer, Sam and Miserendino, Samuel and Agarwal, Sandhini and Hernandez, Santiago and Baker, Sasha and McKinney, Scott and Yan, Scottie and Zhao, Shengjia and Hu, Shengli and Santurkar, Shibani and Chaudhuri, Shraman Ray and Zhang, Shuyuan and Fu, Siyuan and Papay, Spencer and Lin, Steph and Balaji, Suchir and Sanjeev, Suvansh and Sidor, Szymon and Broda, Tal and Clark, Aidan and Wang, Tao and Gordon, Taylor and Sanders, Ted and Patwardhan, Tejal and Sottiaux, Thibault and Degry, Thomas and Dimson, Thomas and Zheng, Tianhao and Garipov, Timur and Stasi, Tom and Bansal, Trapit and Creech, Trevor and Peterson, Troy and Eloundou, Tyna and Qi, Valerie and Kosaraju, Vineet and Monaco, Vinnie and Pong, Vitchyr and Fomenko, Vlad and Zheng, Weiyi and Zhou, Wenda and Zhan, Wenting and McCabe, Wes and Zaremba, Wojciech and Dubois, Yann and Lu, Yinghai and Chen, Yining and Cha, Young and Bai, Yu and He, Yuchen and Zhang, Yuchen and Wang, Yunyun and Shao, Zheng and Li, Zhuohan},
2509 + year = {2024},
2510 + eprint = {2412.16720},
2511 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2512 + primaryclass = {cs.AI},
2513 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.16720},
2514 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2515 +}
2516 +
2517 +@article{jumper2021alphafold,
2518 + title = {Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold},
2519 + author = {Jumper, John and Evans, Richard and Pritzel, Alexander and Green, Tim and Figurnov, Michael and Ronneberger, Olaf and Tunyasuvunakool, Kathryn and Bates, Russ and Žídek, Augustin and Potapenko, Anna and Bridgland, Alex and Meyer, Clemens and Kohl, Simon A. A. and Ballard, Andrew J. and Cowie, Andrew and Romera-Paredes, Bernardino and Nikolov, Stanislav and Jain, Rishub and Adler, Jonas and Back, Trevor and Petersen, Stig and Reiman, David and Clancy, Ellen and Zielinski, Michal and Steinegger, Martin and Pacholska, Michalina and Berghammer, Tamas and Bodenstein, Sebastian and Silver, David and Vinyals, Oriol and Senior, Andrew W. and Kavukcuoglu, Koray and Kohli, Pushmeet and Hassabis, Demis},
2520 + year = {2021},
2521 + journal = {Nature},
2522 + volume = {596},
2523 + number = {7873},
2524 + pages = {583-589},
2525 + doi = {10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2},
2526 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group G}
2527 +}
2528 +
2529 +@article{silver2016alphago,
2530 + title = {Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search},
2531 + author = {Silver, David and Huang, Aja and Maddison, Chris J. and Guez, Arthur and Sifre, Laurent and van den Driessche, George and Schrittwieser, Julian and Antonoglou, Ioannis and Panneershelvam, Veda and Lanctot, Marc and Dieleman, Sander and Grewe, Dominik and Nham, John and Kalchbrenner, Nal and Sutskever, Ilya and Lillicrap, Timothy and Leach, Madeleine and Kavukcuoglu, Koray and Graepel, Thore and Hassabis, Demis},
2532 + year = {2016},
2533 + journal = {Nature},
2534 + volume = {529},
2535 + number = {7587},
2536 + pages = {484-489},
2537 + doi = {10.1038/nature16961},
2538 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group G}
2539 +}
2540 +
2541 +@article{silver2017alphagozero,
2542 + title = {Mastering the game of Go without human knowledge},
2543 + author = {Silver, David and Schrittwieser, Julian and Simonyan, Karen and Antonoglou, Ioannis and Huang, Aja and Guez, Arthur and Hubert, Thomas and Baker, Lucas and Lai, Matthew and Bolton, Adrian and Chen, Yutian and Lillicrap, Timothy and Hui, Fan and Sifre, Laurent and van den Driessche, George and Graepel, Thore and Hassabis, Demis},
2544 + year = {2017},
2545 + journal = {Nature},
2546 + volume = {550},
2547 + number = {7676},
2548 + pages = {354-359},
2549 + doi = {10.1038/nature24270},
2550 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group G}
2551 +}
2552 +
2553 +@article{silver2018alphazero,
2554 + title = {A general reinforcement learning algorithm that masters chess, shogi, and Go through self-play},
2555 + author = {Silver, David and Hubert, Thomas and Schrittwieser, Julian and Antonoglou, Ioannis and Lai, Matthew and Guez, Arthur and Lanctot, Marc and Sifre, Laurent and Kumaran, Dharshan and Graepel, Thore and Lillicrap, Timothy and Simonyan, Karen and Hassabis, Demis},
2556 + year = {2018},
2557 + journal = {Science},
2558 + volume = {362},
2559 + number = {6419},
2560 + pages = {1140-1144},
2561 + doi = {10.1126/science.aar6404},
2562 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group G}
2563 +}
2564 +
2565 +@misc{bommasani2021foundation,
2566 + title = {On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models},
2567 + author = {Bommasani, Rishi and Hudson, Drew A. and Adeli, Ehsan and Altman, Russ and Arora, Simran and Arx, Sydney von and Bernstein, Michael S. and Bohg, Jeannette and Bosselut, Antoine and Brunskill, Emma and Brynjolfsson, Erik and Buch, Shyamal and Card, Dallas and Castellon, Rodrigo and Chatterji, Niladri and Chen, Annie and Creel, Kathleen and Davis, Jared Quincy and Demszky, Dora and Donahue, Chris and Doumbouya, Moussa and Durmus, Esin and Ermon, Stefano and Etchemendy, John and Ethayarajh, Kawin and Fei-Fei, Li and Finn, Chelsea and Gale, Trevor and Gillespie, Lauren and Goel, Karan and Goodman, Noah and Grossman, Shelby and Guha, Neel and Hashimoto, Tatsunori and Henderson, Peter and Hewitt, John and Ho, Daniel E. and Hong, Jenny and Hsu, Kyle and Huang, Jing and Icard, Thomas and Jain, Saahil and Jurafsky, Dan and Kalluri, Pratyusha and Karamcheti, Siddharth and Keeling, Geoff and Khani, Fereshte and Khattab, Omar and Koh, Pang Wei and Krass, Mark and Krishna, Ranjay and Kuditipudi, Rohith and Kumar, Ananya and Ladhak, Faisal and Lee, Mina and Lee, Tony and Leskovec, Jure and Levent, Isabelle and Li, Xiang Lisa and Li, Xuechen and Ma, Tengyu and Malik, Ali and Manning, Christopher D. and Mirchandani, Suvir and Mitchell, Eric and Munyikwa, Zanele and Nair, Suraj and Narayan, Avanika and Narayanan, Deepak and Newman, Ben and Nie, Allen and Niebles, Juan Carlos and Nilforoshan, Hamed and Nyarko, Julian and Ogut, Giray and Orr, Laurel and Papadimitriou, Isabel and Park, Joon Sung and Piech, Chris and Portelance, Eva and Potts, Christopher and Raghunathan, Aditi and Reich, Rob and Ren, Hongyu and Rong, Frieda and Roohani, Yusuf and Ruiz, Camilo and Ryan, Jack and Ré, Christopher and Sadigh, Dorsa and Sagawa, Shiori and Santhanam, Keshav and Shih, Andy and Srinivasan, Krishnan and Tamkin, Alex and Taori, Rohan and Thomas, Armin W. and Tramèr, Florian and Wang, Rose E. and Wang, William and Wu, Bohan and Wu, Jiajun and Wu, Yuhuai and Xie, Sang Michael and Yasunaga, Michihiro and You, Jiaxuan and Zaharia, Matei and Zhang, Michael and Zhang, Tianyi and Zhang, Xikun and Zhang, Yuhui and Zheng, Lucia and Zhou, Kaitlyn and Liang, Percy},
2568 + year = {2021},
2569 + eprint = {2108.07258},
2570 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2571 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
2572 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2108.07258},
2573 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2574 +}
2575 +
2576 +@misc{bubeck2023sparks,
2577 + title = {Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4},
2578 + author = {Bubeck, Sébastien and Chandrasekaran, Varun and Eldan, Ronen and Gehrke, Johannes and Horvitz, Eric and Kamar, Ece and Lee, Peter and Lee, Yin Tat and Li, Yuanzhi and Lundberg, Scott and Nori, Harsha and Palangi, Hamid and Ribeiro, Marco Tulio and Zhang, Yi},
2579 + year = {2023},
2580 + eprint = {2303.12712},
2581 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2582 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2583 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.12712},
2584 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2585 +}
2586 +
2587 +@inproceedings{bender2021parrots,
2588 + title = {On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? },
2589 + author = {Bender, Emily M. and Gebru, Timnit and McMillan-Major, Angelina and Shmitchell, Shmargaret},
2590 + year = {2021},
2591 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency},
2592 + pages = {610-623},
2593 + publisher = {ACM},
2594 + doi = {10.1145/3442188.3445922},
2595 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group G}
2596 +}
2597 +
2598 +@misc{maslej2024aiindex,
2599 + title = {Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2024},
2600 + author = {Maslej, Nestor and Fattorini, Loredana and Perrault, Raymond and Parli, Vanessa and Reuel, Anka and Brynjolfsson, Erik and Etchemendy, John and Ligett, Katrina and Lyons, Terah and Manyika, James and Niebles, Juan Carlos and Shoham, Yoav and Wald, Russell and Clark, Jack},
2601 + year = {2024},
2602 + eprint = {2405.19522},
2603 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2604 + primaryclass = {cs.AI},
2605 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.19522},
2606 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2607 +}
2608 +
2609 +@misc{maslej2025aiindex,
2610 + title = {Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2025},
2611 + author = {Maslej, Nestor and Fattorini, Loredana and Perrault, Raymond and Gil, Yolanda and Parli, Vanessa and Kariuki, Njenga and Capstick, Emily and Reuel, Anka and Brynjolfsson, Erik and Etchemendy, John and Ligett, Katrina and Lyons, Terah and Manyika, James and Niebles, Juan Carlos and Shoham, Yoav and Wald, Russell and Walsh, Toby and Hamrah, Armin and Santarlasci, Lapo and Lotufo, Julia Betts and Rome, Alexandra and Shi, Andrew and Oak, Sukrut},
2612 + year = {2025},
2613 + eprint = {2504.07139},
2614 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2615 + primaryclass = {cs.AI},
2616 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.07139},
2617 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2618 +}
2619 +
2620 +@inproceedings{sevilla2022compute,
2621 + title = {Compute Trends Across Three Eras of Machine Learning},
2622 + author = {Sevilla, Jaime and Heim, Lennart and Ho, Anson and Besiroglu, Tamay and Hobbhahn, Marius and Villalobos, Pablo},
2623 + year = {2022},
2624 + booktitle = {2022 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)},
2625 + pages = {1-8},
2626 + publisher = {IEEE},
2627 + doi = {10.1109/ijcnn55064.2022.9891914},
2628 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group G}
2629 +}
2630 +
2631 +@misc{raffel2020t5,
2632 + title = {Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer},
2633 + author = {Raffel, Colin and Shazeer, Noam and Roberts, Adam and Lee, Katherine and Narang, Sharan and Matena, Michael and Zhou, Yanqi and Li, Wei and Liu, Peter J.},
2634 + year = {2019},
2635 + eprint = {1910.10683},
2636 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2637 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
2638 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.10683},
2639 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2640 +}
2641 +
2642 +@misc{chowdhery2022palm,
2643 + title = {PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways},
2644 + author = {Chowdhery, Aakanksha and Narang, Sharan and Devlin, Jacob and Bosma, Maarten and Mishra, Gaurav and Roberts, Adam and Barham, Paul and Chung, Hyung Won and Sutton, Charles and Gehrmann, Sebastian and Schuh, Parker and Shi, Kensen and Tsvyashchenko, Sasha and Maynez, Joshua and Rao, Abhishek and Barnes, Parker and Tay, Yi and Shazeer, Noam and Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar and Reif, Emily and Du, Nan and Hutchinson, Ben and Pope, Reiner and Bradbury, James and Austin, Jacob and Isard, Michael and Gur-Ari, Guy and Yin, Pengcheng and Duke, Toju and Levskaya, Anselm and Ghemawat, Sanjay and Dev, Sunipa and Michalewski, Henryk and Garcia, Xavier and Misra, Vedant and Robinson, Kevin and Fedus, Liam and Zhou, Denny and Ippolito, Daphne and Luan, David and Lim, Hyeontaek and Zoph, Barret and Spiridonov, Alexander and Sepassi, Ryan and Dohan, David and Agrawal, Shivani and Omernick, Mark and Dai, Andrew M. and Pillai, Thanumalayan Sankaranarayana and Pellat, Marie and Lewkowycz, Aitor and Moreira, Erica and Child, Rewon and Polozov, Oleksandr and Lee, Katherine and Zhou, Zongwei and Wang, Xuezhi and Saeta, Brennan and Diaz, Mark and Firat, Orhan and Catasta, Michele and Wei, Jason and Meier-Hellstern, Kathy and Eck, Douglas and Dean, Jeff and Petrov, Slav and Fiedel, Noah},
2645 + year = {2022},
2646 + eprint = {2204.02311},
2647 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2648 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2649 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.02311},
2650 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2651 +}
2652 +
2653 +@misc{wei2022emergent,
2654 + title = {Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models},
2655 + author = {Wei, Jason and Tay, Yi and Bommasani, Rishi and Raffel, Colin and Zoph, Barret and Borgeaud, Sebastian and Yogatama, Dani and Bosma, Maarten and Zhou, Denny and Metzler, Donald and Chi, Ed H. and Hashimoto, Tatsunori and Vinyals, Oriol and Liang, Percy and Dean, Jeff and Fedus, William},
2656 + year = {2022},
2657 + eprint = {2206.07682},
2658 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2659 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2660 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2206.07682},
2661 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2662 +}
2663 +
2664 +@misc{schaeffer2023mirage,
2665 + title = {Are Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models a Mirage?},
2666 + author = {Schaeffer, Rylan and Miranda, Brando and Koyejo, Sanmi},
2667 + year = {2023},
2668 + eprint = {2304.15004},
2669 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2670 + primaryclass = {cs.AI},
2671 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.15004},
2672 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2673 +}
2674 +
2675 +@misc{rafailov2023dpo,
2676 + title = {Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model},
2677 + author = {Rafailov, Rafael and Sharma, Archit and Mitchell, Eric and Ermon, Stefano and Manning, Christopher D. and Finn, Chelsea},
2678 + year = {2023},
2679 + eprint = {2305.18290},
2680 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2681 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
2682 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.18290},
2683 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2684 +}
2685 +
2686 +@misc{bai2022constitutional,
2687 + title = {Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback},
2688 + author = {Bai, Yuntao and Kadavath, Saurav and Kundu, Sandipan and Askell, Amanda and Kernion, Jackson and Jones, Andy and Chen, Anna and Goldie, Anna and Mirhoseini, Azalia and McKinnon, Cameron and Chen, Carol and Olsson, Catherine and Olah, Christopher and Hernandez, Danny and Drain, Dawn and Ganguli, Deep and Li, Dustin and Tran-Johnson, Eli and Perez, Ethan and Kerr, Jamie and Mueller, Jared and Ladish, Jeffrey and Landau, Joshua and Ndousse, Kamal and Lukosuite, Kamile and Lovitt, Liane and Sellitto, Michael and Elhage, Nelson and Schiefer, Nicholas and Mercado, Noemi and DasSarma, Nova and Lasenby, Robert and Larson, Robin and Ringer, Sam and Johnston, Scott and Kravec, Shauna and Showk, Sheer El and Fort, Stanislav and Lanham, Tamera and Telleen-Lawton, Timothy and Conerly, Tom and Henighan, Tom and Hume, Tristan and Bowman, Samuel R. and Hatfield-Dodds, Zac and Mann, Ben and Amodei, Dario and Joseph, Nicholas and McCandlish, Sam and Brown, Tom and Kaplan, Jared},
2689 + year = {2022},
2690 + eprint = {2212.08073},
2691 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2692 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2693 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.08073},
2694 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2695 +}
2696 +
2697 +@misc{kojima2022zeroshotcot,
2698 + title = {Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasoners},
2699 + author = {Kojima, Takeshi and Gu, Shixiang Shane and Reid, Machel and Matsuo, Yutaka and Iwasawa, Yusuke},
2700 + year = {2022},
2701 + eprint = {2205.11916},
2702 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2703 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2704 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.11916},
2705 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2706 +}
2707 +
2708 +@misc{dao2022flashattention,
2709 + title = {FlashAttention: Fast and Memory-Efficient Exact Attention with IO-Awareness},
2710 + author = {Dao, Tri and Fu, Daniel Y. and Ermon, Stefano and Rudra, Atri and Ré, Christopher},
2711 + year = {2022},
2712 + eprint = {2205.14135},
2713 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2714 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
2715 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.14135},
2716 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2717 +}
2718 +
2719 +@misc{hu2021lora,
2720 + title = {LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models},
2721 + author = {Hu, Edward J. and Shen, Yelong and Wallis, Phillip and Allen-Zhu, Zeyuan and Li, Yuanzhi and Wang, Shean and Wang, Lu and Chen, Weizhu},
2722 + year = {2021},
2723 + eprint = {2106.09685},
2724 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2725 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2726 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2106.09685},
2727 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2728 +}
2729 +
2730 +@misc{dettmers2023qlora,
2731 + title = {QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMs},
2732 + author = {Dettmers, Tim and Pagnoni, Artidoro and Holtzman, Ari and Zettlemoyer, Luke},
2733 + year = {2023},
2734 + eprint = {2305.14314},
2735 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2736 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
2737 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.14314},
2738 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2739 +}
2740 +
2741 +@misc{gemini2023,
2742 + title = {Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models},
2743 + author = {Team, Gemini and Anil, Rohan and Borgeaud, Sebastian and Alayrac, Jean-Baptiste and Yu, Jiahui and Soricut, Radu and Schalkwyk, Johan and Dai, Andrew M. and Hauth, Anja and Millican, Katie and Silver, David and Johnson, Melvin and Antonoglou, Ioannis and Schrittwieser, Julian and Glaese, Amelia and Chen, Jilin and Pitler, Emily and Lillicrap, Timothy and Lazaridou, Angeliki and Firat, Orhan and Molloy, James and Isard, Michael and Barham, Paul R. and Hennigan, Tom and Lee, Benjamin and Viola, Fabio and Reynolds, Malcolm and Xu, Yuanzhong and Doherty, Ryan and Collins, Eli and Meyer, Clemens and Rutherford, Eliza and Moreira, Erica and Ayoub, Kareem and Goel, Megha and Krawczyk, Jack and Du, Cosmo and Chi, Ed and Cheng, Heng-Tze and Ni, Eric and Shah, Purvi and Kane, Patrick and Chan, Betty and Faruqui, Manaal and Severyn, Aliaksei and Lin, Hanzhao and Li, YaGuang and Cheng, Yong and Ittycheriah, Abe and Mahdieh, Mahdis and Chen, Mia and Sun, Pei and Tran, Dustin and Bagri, Sumit and Lakshminarayanan, Balaji and Liu, Jeremiah and Orban, Andras and Güra, Fabian and Zhou, Hao and Song, Xinying and Boffy, Aurelien and Ganapathy, Harish and Zheng, Steven and Choe, HyunJeong and Weisz, Ágoston and Zhu, Tao and Lu, Yifeng and Gopal, Siddharth and Kahn, Jarrod and Kula, Maciej and Pitman, Jeff and Shah, Rushin and Taropa, Emanuel and Merey, Majd Al and Baeuml, Martin and Chen, Zhifeng and Shafey, Laurent El and Zhang, Yujing and Sercinoglu, Olcan and Tucker, George and Piqueras, Enrique and Krikun, Maxim and Barr, Iain and Savinov, Nikolay and Danihelka, Ivo and Roelofs, Becca and White, Anaïs and Andreassen, Anders and Glehn, Tamara von and Yagati, Lakshman and Kazemi, Mehran and Gonzalez, Lucas and Khalman, Misha and Sygnowski, Jakub and Frechette, Alexandre and Smith, Charlotte and Culp, Laura and Proleev, Lev and Luan, Yi and Chen, Xi and Lottes, James and Schucher, Nathan and Lebron, Federico and Rrustemi, Alban and Clay, Natalie and Crone, Phil and Kocisky, Tomas and Zhao, Jeffrey and Perz, Bartek and Yu, Dian and Howard, Heidi and Bloniarz, Adam and Rae, Jack W. and Lu, Han and Sifre, Laurent and Maggioni, Marcello and Alcober, Fred and Garrette, Dan and Barnes, Megan and Thakoor, Shantanu and Austin, Jacob and Barth-Maron, Gabriel and Wong, William and Joshi, Rishabh and Chaabouni, Rahma and Fatiha, Deeni and Ahuja, Arun and Tomar, Gaurav Singh and Senter, Evan and Chadwick, Martin and Kornakov, Ilya and Attaluri, Nithya and Iturrate, Iñaki and Liu, Ruibo and Li, Yunxuan and Cogan, Sarah and Chen, Jeremy and Jia, Chao and Gu, Chenjie and Zhang, Qiao and Grimstad, Jordan and Hartman, Ale Jakse and Garcia, Xavier and Pillai, Thanumalayan Sankaranarayana and Devlin, Jacob and Laskin, Michael and Casas, Diego de Las and Valter, Dasha and Tao, Connie and Blanco, Lorenzo and Badia, Adrià Puigdomènech and Reitter, David and Chen, Mianna and Brennan, Jenny and Rivera, Clara and Brin, Sergey and Iqbal, Shariq and Surita, Gabriela and Labanowski, Jane and Rao, Abhi and Winkler, Stephanie and Parisotto, Emilio and Gu, Yiming and Olszewska, Kate and Addanki, Ravi and Miech, Antoine and Louis, Annie and Teplyashin, Denis and Brown, Geoff and Catt, Elliot and Balaguer, Jan and Xiang, Jackie and Wang, Pidong and Ashwood, Zoe and Briukhov, Anton and Webson, Albert and Ganapathy, Sanjay and Sanghavi, Smit and Kannan, Ajay and Chang, Ming-Wei and Stjerngren, Axel and Djolonga, Josip and Sun, Yuting and Bapna, Ankur and Aitchison, Matthew and Pejman, Pedram and Michalewski, Henryk and Yu, Tianhe and Wang, Cindy and Love, Juliette and Ahn, Junwhan and Bloxwich, Dawn and Han, Kehang and Humphreys, Peter and Sellam, Thibault and Bradbury, James and Godbole, Varun and Samangooei, Sina and Damoc, Bogdan and Kaskasoli, Alex and Arnold, Sébastien M. R. and Vasudevan, Vijay and Agrawal, Shubham and Riesa, Jason and Lepikhin, Dmitry and Tanburn, Richard and Srinivasan, Srivatsan and Lim, Hyeontaek and Hodkinson, Sarah and Shyam, Pranav and Ferret, Johan and Hand, Steven and Garg, Ankush and Paine, Tom Le and Li, Jian and Li, Yujia and Giang, Minh and Neitz, Alexander and Abbas, Zaheer and York, Sarah and Reid, Machel and Cole, Elizabeth and Chowdhery, Aakanksha and Das, Dipanjan and Rogozińska, Dominika and Nikolaev, Vitaliy and Sprechmann, Pablo and Nado, Zachary and Zilka, Lukas and Prost, Flavien and He, Luheng and Monteiro, Marianne and Mishra, Gaurav and Welty, Chris and Newlan, Josh and Jia, Dawei and Allamanis, Miltiadis and Hu, Clara Huiyi and Liedekerke, Raoul de and Gilmer, Justin and Saroufim, Carl and Rijhwani, Shruti and Hou, Shaobo and Shrivastava, Disha and Baddepudi, Anirudh and Goldin, Alex and Ozturel, Adnan and Cassirer, Albin and Xu, Yunhan and Sohn, Daniel and Sachan, Devendra and Amplayo, Reinald Kim and Swanson, Craig and Petrova, Dessie and Narayan, Shashi and Guez, Arthur and Brahma, Siddhartha and Landon, Jessica and Patel, Miteyan and Zhao, Ruizhe and Villela, Kevin and Wang, Luyu and Jia, Wenhao and Rahtz, Matthew and Giménez, Mai and Yeung, Legg and Keeling, James and Georgiev, Petko and Mincu, Diana and Wu, Boxi and Haykal, Salem and Saputro, Rachel and Vodrahalli, Kiran and Qin, James and Cankara, Zeynep and Sharma, Abhanshu and Fernando, Nick and Hawkins, Will and Neyshabur, Behnam and Kim, Solomon and Hutter, Adrian and Agrawal, Priyanka and Castro-Ros, Alex and Driessche, George van den and Wang, Tao and Yang, Fan and Chang, Shuo-yiin and Komarek, Paul and McIlroy, Ross and Lučić, Mario and Zhang, Guodong and Farhan, Wael and Sharman, Michael and Natsev, Paul and Michel, Paul and Bansal, Yamini and Qiao, Siyuan and Cao, Kris and Shakeri, Siamak and Butterfield, Christina and Chung, Justin and Rubenstein, Paul Kishan and Agrawal, Shivani and Mensch, Arthur and Soparkar, Kedar and Lenc, Karel and Chung, Timothy and Pope, Aedan and Maggiore, Loren and Kay, Jackie and Jhakra, Priya and Wang, Shibo and Maynez, Joshua and Phuong, Mary and Tobin, Taylor and Tacchetti, Andrea and Trebacz, Maja and Robinson, Kevin and Katariya, Yash and Riedel, Sebastian and Bailey, Paige and Xiao, Kefan and Ghelani, Nimesh and Aroyo, Lora and Slone, Ambrose and Houlsby, Neil and Xiong, Xuehan and Yang, Zhen and Gribovskaya, Elena and Adler, Jonas and Wirth, Mateo and Lee, Lisa and Li, Music and Kagohara, Thais and Pavagadhi, Jay and Bridgers, Sophie and Bortsova, Anna and Ghemawat, Sanjay and Ahmed, Zafarali and Liu, Tianqi and Powell, Richard and Bolina, Vijay and Iinuma, Mariko and Zablotskaia, Polina and Besley, James and Chung, Da-Woon and Dozat, Timothy and Comanescu, Ramona and Si, Xiance and Greer, Jeremy and Su, Guolong and Polacek, Martin and Kaufman, Raphaël Lopez and Tokumine, Simon and Hu, Hexiang and Buchatskaya, Elena and Miao, Yingjie and Elhawaty, Mohamed and Siddhant, Aditya and Tomasev, Nenad and Xing, Jinwei and Greer, Christina and Miller, Helen and Ashraf, Shereen and Roy, Aurko and Zhang, Zizhao and Ma, Ada and Filos, Angelos and Besta, Milos and Blevins, Rory and Klimenko, Ted and Yeh, Chih-Kuan and Changpinyo, Soravit and Mu, Jiaqi and Chang, Oscar and Pajarskas, Mantas and Muir, Carrie and Cohen, Vered and Lan, Charline Le and Haridasan, Krishna and Marathe, Amit and Hansen, Steven and Douglas, Sholto and Samuel, Rajkumar and Wang, Mingqiu and Austin, Sophia and Lan, Chang and Jiang, Jiepu and Chiu, Justin and Lorenzo, Jaime Alonso and Sjösund, Lars Lowe and Cevey, Sébastien and Gleicher, Zach and Avrahami, Thi and Boral, Anudhyan and Srinivasan, Hansa and Selo, Vittorio and May, Rhys and Aisopos, Konstantinos and Hussenot, Léonard and Soares, Livio Baldini and Baumli, Kate and Chang, Michael B. and Recasens, Adrià and Caine, Ben and Pritzel, Alexander and Pavetic, Filip and Pardo, Fabio and Gergely, Anita and Frye, Justin and Ramasesh, Vinay and Horgan, Dan and Badola, Kartikeya and Kassner, Nora and Roy, Subhrajit and Dyer, Ethan and Campos, Víctor Campos and Tomala, Alex and Tang, Yunhao and Badawy, Dalia El and White, Elspeth and Mustafa, Basil and Lang, Oran and Jindal, Abhishek and Vikram, Sharad and Gong, Zhitao and Caelles, Sergi and Hemsley, Ross and Thornton, Gregory and Feng, Fangxiaoyu and Stokowiec, Wojciech and Zheng, Ce and Thacker, Phoebe and Ünlü, Çağlar and Zhang, Zhishuai and Saleh, Mohammad and Svensson, James and Bileschi, Max and Patil, Piyush and Anand, Ankesh and Ring, Roman and Tsihlas, Katerina and Vezer, Arpi and Selvi, Marco and Shevlane, Toby and Rodriguez, Mikel and Kwiatkowski, Tom and Daruki, Samira and Rong, Keran and Dafoe, Allan and FitzGerald, Nicholas and Gu-Lemberg, Keren and Khan, Mina and Hendricks, Lisa Anne and Pellat, Marie and Feinberg, Vladimir and Cobon-Kerr, James and Sainath, Tara and Rauh, Maribeth and Hashemi, Sayed Hadi and Ives, Richard and Hasson, Yana and Noland, Eric and Cao, Yuan and Byrd, Nathan and Hou, Le and Wang, Qingze and Sottiaux, Thibault and Paganini, Michela and Lespiau, Jean-Baptiste and Moufarek, Alexandre and Hassan, Samer and Shivakumar, Kaushik and Amersfoort, Joost van and Mandhane, Amol and Joshi, Pratik and Goyal, Anirudh and Tung, Matthew and Brock, Andrew and Sheahan, Hannah and Misra, Vedant and Li, Cheng and Rakićević, Nemanja and Dehghani, Mostafa and Liu, Fangyu and Mittal, Sid and Oh, Junhyuk and Noury, Seb and Sezener, Eren and Huot, Fantine and Lamm, Matthew and Cao, Nicola De and Chen, Charlie and Mudgal, Sidharth and Stella, Romina and Brooks, Kevin and Vasudevan, Gautam and Liu, Chenxi and Chain, Mainak and Melinkeri, Nivedita and Cohen, Aaron and Wang, Venus and Seymore, Kristie and Zubkov, Sergey and Goel, Rahul and Yue, Summer and Krishnakumaran, Sai and Albert, Brian and Hurley, Nate and Sano, Motoki and Mohananey, Anhad and Joughin, Jonah and Filonov, Egor and Kępa, Tomasz and Eldawy, Yomna and Lim, Jiawern and Rishi, Rahul and Badiezadegan, Shirin and Bos, Taylor and Chang, Jerry and Jain, Sanil and Padmanabhan, Sri Gayatri Sundara and Puttagunta, Subha and Krishna, Kalpesh and Baker, Leslie and Kalb, Norbert and Bedapudi, Vamsi and Kurzrok, Adam and Lei, Shuntong and Yu, Anthony and Litvin, Oren and Zhou, Xiang and Wu, Zhichun and Sobell, Sam and Siciliano, Andrea and Papir, Alan and Neale, Robby and Bragagnolo, Jonas and Toor, Tej and Chen, Tina and Anklin, Valentin and Wang, Feiran and Feng, Richie and Gholami, Milad and Ling, Kevin and Liu, Lijuan and Walter, Jules and Moghaddam, Hamid and Kishore, Arun and Adamek, Jakub and Mercado, Tyler and Mallinson, Jonathan and Wandekar, Siddhinita and Cagle, Stephen and Ofek, Eran and Garrido, Guillermo and Lombriser, Clemens and Mukha, Maksim and Sun, Botu and Mohammad, Hafeezul Rahman and Matak, Josip and Qian, Yadi and Peswani, Vikas and Janus, Pawel and Yuan, Quan and Schelin, Leif and David, Oana and Garg, Ankur and He, Yifan and Duzhyi, Oleksii and Älgmyr, Anton and Lottaz, Timothée and Li, Qi and Yadav, Vikas and Xu, Luyao and Chinien, Alex and Shivanna, Rakesh and Chuklin, Aleksandr and Li, Josie and Spadine, Carrie and Wolfe, Travis and Mohamed, Kareem and Das, Subhabrata and Dai, Zihang and He, Kyle and Dincklage, Daniel von and Upadhyay, Shyam and Maurya, Akanksha and Chi, Luyan and Krause, Sebastian and Salama, Khalid and Rabinovitch, Pam G and M, Pavan Kumar Reddy and Selvan, Aarush and Dektiarev, Mikhail and Ghiasi, Golnaz and Guven, Erdem and Gupta, Himanshu and Liu, Boyi and Sharma, Deepak and Shtacher, Idan Heimlich and Paul, Shachi and Akerlund, Oscar and Aubet, François-Xavier and Huang, Terry and Zhu, Chen and Zhu, Eric and Teixeira, Elico and Fritze, Matthew and Bertolini, Francesco and Marinescu, Liana-Eleonora and Bölle, Martin and Paulus, Dominik and Gupta, Khyatti and Latkar, Tejasi and Chang, Max and Sanders, Jason and Wilson, Roopa and Wu, Xuewei and Tan, Yi-Xuan and Thiet, Lam Nguyen and Doshi, Tulsee and Lall, Sid and Mishra, Swaroop and Chen, Wanming and Luong, Thang and Benjamin, Seth and Lee, Jasmine and Andrejczuk, Ewa and Rabiej, Dominik and Ranjan, Vipul and Styrc, Krzysztof and Yin, Pengcheng and Simon, Jon and Harriott, Malcolm Rose and Bansal, Mudit and Robsky, Alexei and Bacon, Geoff and Greene, David and Mirylenka, Daniil and Zhou, Chen and Sarvana, Obaid and Goyal, Abhimanyu and Andermatt, Samuel and Siegler, Patrick and Horn, Ben and Israel, Assaf and Pongetti, Francesco and Chen, Chih-Wei "Louis" and Selvatici, Marco and Silva, Pedro and Wang, Kathie and Tolins, Jackson and Guu, Kelvin and Yogev, Roey and Cai, Xiaochen and Agostini, Alessandro and Shah, Maulik and Nguyen, Hung and Donnaile, Noah Ó and Pereira, Sébastien and Friso, Linda and Stambler, Adam and Kurzrok, Adam and Kuang, Chenkai and Romanikhin, Yan and Geller, Mark and Yan, ZJ and Jang, Kane and Lee, Cheng-Chun and Fica, Wojciech and Malmi, Eric and Tan, Qijun and Banica, Dan and Balle, Daniel and Pham, Ryan and Huang, Yanping and Avram, Diana and Shi, Hongzhi and Singh, Jasjot and Hidey, Chris and Ahuja, Niharika and Saxena, Pranab and Dooley, Dan and Potharaju, Srividya Pranavi and O'Neill, Eileen and Gokulchandran, Anand and Foley, Ryan and Zhao, Kai and Dusenberry, Mike and Liu, Yuan and Mehta, Pulkit and Kotikalapudi, Ragha and Safranek-Shrader, Chalence and Goodman, Andrew and Kessinger, Joshua and Globen, Eran and Kolhar, Prateek and Gorgolewski, Chris and Ibrahim, Ali and Song, Yang and Eichenbaum, Ali and Brovelli, Thomas and Potluri, Sahitya and Lahoti, Preethi and Baetu, Cip and Ghorbani, Ali and Chen, Charles and Crawford, Andy and Pal, Shalini and Sridhar, Mukund and Gurita, Petru and Mujika, Asier and Petrovski, Igor and Cedoz, Pierre-Louis and Li, Chenmei and Chen, Shiyuan and Santo, Niccolò Dal and Goyal, Siddharth and Punjabi, Jitesh and Kappaganthu, Karthik and Kwak, Chester and LV, Pallavi and Velury, Sarmishta and Choudhury, Himadri and Hall, Jamie 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Nowak, Paweł and Wu, Xinyi and Dyck, Alex and Vaidyanathan, Krishnan and R, Raghavender and Mallet, Jessica and Rudominer, Mitch and Johnston, Eric and Mittal, Sushil and Udathu, Akhil and Christensen, Janara and Verma, Vishal and Irving, Zach and Santucci, Andreas and Elsayed, Gamaleldin and Davoodi, Elnaz and Georgiev, Marin and Tenney, Ian and Hua, Nan and Cideron, Geoffrey and Leurent, Edouard and Alnahlawi, Mahmoud and Georgescu, Ionut and Wei, Nan and Zheng, Ivy and Scandinaro, Dylan and Jiang, Heinrich and Snoek, Jasper and Sundararajan, Mukund and Wang, Xuezhi and Ontiveros, Zack and Karo, Itay and Cole, Jeremy and Rajashekhar, Vinu and Tumeh, Lara and Ben-David, Eyal and Jain, Rishub and Uesato, Jonathan and Datta, Romina and Bunyan, Oskar and Wu, Shimu and Zhang, John and Stanczyk, Piotr and Zhang, Ye and Steiner, David and Naskar, Subhajit and Azzam, Michael and Johnson, Matthew and Paszke, Adam and Chiu, Chung-Cheng and Elias, Jaume Sanchez and Mohiuddin, Afroz and 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2744 + year = {2023},
2745 + eprint = {2312.11805},
2746 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2747 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2748 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.11805},
2749 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2750 +}
2751 +
2752 +@misc{chen2021codex,
2753 + title = {Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code},
2754 + author = {Chen, Mark and Tworek, Jerry and Jun, Heewoo and Yuan, Qiming and Pinto, Henrique Ponde de Oliveira and Kaplan, Jared and Edwards, Harri and Burda, Yuri and Joseph, Nicholas and Brockman, Greg and Ray, Alex and Puri, Raul and Krueger, Gretchen and Petrov, Michael and Khlaaf, Heidy and Sastry, Girish and Mishkin, Pamela and Chan, Brooke and Gray, Scott and Ryder, Nick and Pavlov, Mikhail and Power, Alethea and Kaiser, Lukasz and Bavarian, Mohammad and Winter, Clemens and Tillet, Philippe and Such, Felipe Petroski and Cummings, Dave and Plappert, Matthias and Chantzis, Fotios and Barnes, Elizabeth and Herbert-Voss, Ariel and Guss, William Hebgen and Nichol, Alex and Paino, Alex and Tezak, Nikolas and Tang, Jie and Babuschkin, Igor and Balaji, Suchir and Jain, Shantanu and Saunders, William and Hesse, Christopher and Carr, Andrew N. and Leike, Jan and Achiam, Josh and Misra, Vedant and Morikawa, Evan and Radford, Alec and Knight, Matthew and Brundage, Miles and Murati, Mira and Mayer, Katie and Welinder, Peter and McGrew, Bob and Amodei, Dario and McCandlish, Sam and Sutskever, Ilya and Zaremba, Wojciech},
2755 + year = {2021},
2756 + eprint = {2107.03374},
2757 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2758 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
2759 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.03374},
2760 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2761 +}
2762 +
2763 +@article{li2022alphacode,
2764 + title = {Competition-level code generation with AlphaCode},
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2772 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group G}
2773 +}
2774 +
2775 +@misc{kirillov2023sam,
2776 + title = {Segment Anything},
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2780 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2781 + primaryclass = {cs.CV},
2782 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.02643},
2783 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2784 +}
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2795 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group G}
2796 +}
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2807 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group G}
2808 +}
2809 +
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2818 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group G}
2819 +}
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2830 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group G}
2831 +}
2832 +
2833 +@misc{goodfellow2014gan,
2834 + title = {Generative Adversarial Networks},
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2841 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2842 +}
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2844 +@misc{kingma2013vae,
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2852 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2853 +}
2854 +
2855 +@article{mnih2015dqn,
2856 + title = {Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning},
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2864 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group G}
2865 +}
2866 +
2867 +@misc{schulman2017ppo,
2868 + title = {Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms},
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2875 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2876 +}
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2887 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group G}
2888 +}
2889 +
2890 +@misc{sutton2019bitterlesson,
2891 + title = {The Bitter Lesson},
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2896 + urldate = {2026-11-03},
2897 + note = {verified: url 2026-11-03 (HTTP 200, page title: The Bitter Lesson); group G}
2898 +}
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2900 +@article{rumelhart1986backprop,
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2910 +}
2911 +
2912 +@misc{bahdanau2014attention,
2913 + title = {Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate},
2914 + author = {Bahdanau, Dzmitry and Cho, Kyunghyun and Bengio, Yoshua},
2915 + year = {2014},
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2917 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2918 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2919 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.0473},
2920 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2921 +}
2922 +
2923 +@misc{sutskever2014seq2seq,
2924 + title = {Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networks},
2925 + author = {Sutskever, Ilya and Vinyals, Oriol and Le, Quoc V.},
2926 + year = {2014},
2927 + eprint = {1409.3215},
2928 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2929 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2930 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.3215},
2931 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2932 +}
2933 +
2934 +@misc{hendrycks2021mmlu,
2935 + title = {Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding},
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2939 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2940 + primaryclass = {cs.CY},
2941 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.03300},
2942 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2943 +}
2944 +
2945 +@misc{wang2018glue,
2946 + title = {GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understanding},
2947 + author = {Wang, Alex and Singh, Amanpreet and Michael, Julian and Hill, Felix and Levy, Omer and Bowman, Samuel R.},
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2950 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2951 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2952 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.07461},
2953 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2954 +}
2955 +
2956 +@misc{liang2022helm,
2957 + title = {Holistic Evaluation of Language Models},
2958 + author = {Liang, Percy and Bommasani, Rishi and Lee, Tony and Tsipras, Dimitris and Soylu, Dilara and Yasunaga, Michihiro and Zhang, Yian and Narayanan, Deepak and Wu, Yuhuai and Kumar, Ananya and Newman, Benjamin and Yuan, Binhang and Yan, Bobby and Zhang, Ce and Cosgrove, Christian and Manning, Christopher D. and Ré, Christopher and Acosta-Navas, Diana and Hudson, Drew A. and Zelikman, Eric and Durmus, Esin and Ladhak, Faisal and Rong, Frieda and Ren, Hongyu and Yao, Huaxiu and Wang, Jue and Santhanam, Keshav and Orr, Laurel and Zheng, Lucia and Yuksekgonul, Mert and Suzgun, Mirac and Kim, Nathan and Guha, Neel and Chatterji, Niladri and Khattab, Omar and Henderson, Peter and Huang, Qian and Chi, Ryan and Xie, Sang Michael and Santurkar, Shibani and Ganguli, Surya and Hashimoto, Tatsunori and Icard, Thomas and Zhang, Tianyi and Chaudhary, Vishrav and Wang, William and Li, Xuechen and Mai, Yifan and Zhang, Yuhui and Koreeda, Yuta},
2959 + year = {2022},
2960 + eprint = {2211.09110},
2961 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2962 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2963 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.09110},
2964 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2965 +}
2966 +
2967 +@misc{chiang2024arena,
2968 + title = {Chatbot Arena: An Open Platform for Evaluating LLMs by Human Preference},
2969 + author = {Chiang, Wei-Lin and Zheng, Lianmin and Sheng, Ying and Angelopoulos, Anastasios Nikolas and Li, Tianle and Li, Dacheng and Zhang, Hao and Zhu, Banghua and Jordan, Michael and Gonzalez, Joseph E. and Stoica, Ion},
2970 + year = {2024},
2971 + eprint = {2403.04132},
2972 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2973 + primaryclass = {cs.AI},
2974 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.04132},
2975 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2976 +}
2977 +
2978 +@misc{srivastava2022bigbench,
2979 + title = {Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models},
2980 + author = {Srivastava, Aarohi and Rastogi, Abhinav and Rao, Abhishek and Shoeb, Abu Awal Md and Abid, Abubakar and Fisch, Adam and Brown, Adam R. and Santoro, Adam and Gupta, Aditya and Garriga-Alonso, Adrià and Kluska, Agnieszka and Lewkowycz, Aitor and Agarwal, Akshat and Power, Alethea and Ray, Alex and Warstadt, Alex and Kocurek, Alexander W. and Safaya, Ali and Tazarv, Ali and Xiang, Alice and Parrish, Alicia and Nie, Allen and Hussain, Aman and Askell, Amanda and Dsouza, Amanda and Slone, Ambrose and Rahane, Ameet and Iyer, Anantharaman S. and Andreassen, Anders and Madotto, Andrea and Santilli, Andrea and Stuhlmüller, Andreas and Dai, Andrew and La, Andrew and Lampinen, Andrew and Zou, Andy and Jiang, Angela and Chen, Angelica and Vuong, Anh and Gupta, Animesh and Gottardi, Anna and Norelli, Antonio and Venkatesh, Anu and Gholamidavoodi, Arash and Tabassum, Arfa and Menezes, Arul and Kirubarajan, Arun and Mullokandov, Asher and Sabharwal, Ashish and Herrick, Austin and Efrat, Avia and Erdem, Aykut and Karakaş, Ayla and Roberts, B. Ryan and Loe, Bao Sheng and Zoph, Barret and Bojanowski, Bartłomiej and Özyurt, Batuhan and Hedayatnia, Behnam and Neyshabur, Behnam and Inden, Benjamin and Stein, Benno and Ekmekci, Berk and Lin, Bill Yuchen and Howald, Blake and Orinion, Bryan and Diao, Cameron and Dour, Cameron and Stinson, Catherine and Argueta, Cedrick and Ramírez, César Ferri and Singh, Chandan and Rathkopf, Charles and Meng, Chenlin and Baral, Chitta and Wu, Chiyu and Callison-Burch, Chris and Waites, Chris and Voigt, Christian and Manning, Christopher D. and Potts, Christopher and Ramirez, Cindy and Rivera, Clara E. and Siro, Clemencia and Raffel, Colin and Ashcraft, Courtney and Garbacea, Cristina and Sileo, Damien and Garrette, Dan and Hendrycks, Dan and Kilman, Dan and Roth, Dan and Freeman, Daniel and Khashabi, Daniel and Levy, Daniel and González, Daniel Moseguí and Perszyk, Danielle and Hernandez, Danny and Chen, Danqi and Ippolito, Daphne and Gilboa, Dar and Dohan, David and Drakard, David and Jurgens, David and Datta, Debajyoti and Ganguli, Deep and Emelin, Denis and Kleyko, Denis and Yuret, Deniz and Chen, Derek and Tam, Derek and Hupkes, Dieuwke and Misra, Diganta and Buzan, Dilyar and Mollo, Dimitri Coelho and Yang, Diyi and Lee, Dong-Ho and Schrader, Dylan and Shutova, Ekaterina and Cubuk, Ekin Dogus and Segal, Elad and Hagerman, Eleanor and Barnes, Elizabeth and Donoway, Elizabeth and Pavlick, Ellie and Rodola, Emanuele and Lam, Emma and Chu, Eric and Tang, Eric and Erdem, Erkut and Chang, Ernie and Chi, Ethan A. and Dyer, Ethan and Jerzak, Ethan and Kim, Ethan and Manyasi, Eunice Engefu and Zheltonozhskii, Evgenii and Xia, Fanyue and Siar, Fatemeh and Martínez-Plumed, Fernando and Happé, Francesca and Chollet, Francois and Rong, Frieda and Mishra, Gaurav and Winata, Genta Indra and Melo, Gerard de and Kruszewski, Germán and Parascandolo, Giambattista and Mariani, Giorgio and Wang, Gloria and Jaimovitch-López, Gonzalo and Betz, Gregor and Gur-Ari, Guy and Galijasevic, Hana and Kim, Hannah and Rashkin, Hannah and Hajishirzi, Hannaneh and Mehta, Harsh and Bogar, Hayden and Shevlin, Henry and Schütze, Hinrich and Yakura, Hiromu and Zhang, Hongming and Wong, Hugh Mee and Ng, Ian and Noble, Isaac and Jumelet, Jaap and Geissinger, Jack and Kernion, Jackson and Hilton, Jacob and Lee, Jaehoon and Fisac, Jaime Fernández and Simon, James B. and Koppel, James and Zheng, James and Zou, James and Kocoń, Jan and Thompson, Jana and Wingfield, Janelle and Kaplan, Jared and Radom, Jarema and Sohl-Dickstein, Jascha and Phang, Jason and Wei, Jason and Yosinski, Jason and Novikova, Jekaterina and Bosscher, Jelle and Marsh, Jennifer and Kim, Jeremy and Taal, Jeroen and Engel, Jesse and Alabi, Jesujoba and Xu, Jiacheng and Song, Jiaming and Tang, Jillian and Waweru, Joan and Burden, John and Miller, John and Balis, John U. and Batchelder, Jonathan and Berant, Jonathan and Frohberg, Jörg and Rozen, Jos and Hernandez-Orallo, Jose and Boudeman, Joseph and Guerr, Joseph and Jones, Joseph and Tenenbaum, Joshua B. and Rule, Joshua S. and Chua, Joyce and Kanclerz, Kamil and Livescu, Karen and Krauth, Karl and Gopalakrishnan, Karthik and Ignatyeva, Katerina and Markert, Katja and Dhole, Kaustubh D. and Gimpel, Kevin and Omondi, Kevin and Mathewson, Kory and Chiafullo, Kristen and Shkaruta, Ksenia and Shridhar, Kumar and McDonell, Kyle and Richardson, Kyle and Reynolds, Laria and Gao, Leo and Zhang, Li and Dugan, Liam and Qin, Lianhui and Contreras-Ochando, Lidia and Morency, Louis-Philippe and Moschella, Luca and Lam, Lucas and Noble, Lucy and Schmidt, Ludwig and He, Luheng and Colón, Luis Oliveros and Metz, Luke and Şenel, Lütfi Kerem and Bosma, Maarten and Sap, Maarten and Hoeve, Maartje ter and Farooqi, Maheen and Faruqui, Manaal and Mazeika, Mantas and Baturan, Marco and Marelli, Marco and Maru, Marco and Quintana, Maria Jose Ramírez and Tolkiehn, Marie and Giulianelli, Mario and Lewis, Martha and Potthast, Martin and Leavitt, Matthew L. and Hagen, Matthias and Schubert, Mátyás and Baitemirova, Medina Orduna and Arnaud, Melody and McElrath, Melvin and Yee, Michael A. and Cohen, Michael and Gu, Michael and Ivanitskiy, Michael and Starritt, Michael and Strube, Michael and Swędrowski, Michał and Bevilacqua, Michele and Yasunaga, Michihiro and Kale, Mihir and Cain, Mike and Xu, Mimee and Suzgun, Mirac and Walker, Mitch and Tiwari, Mo and Bansal, Mohit and Aminnaseri, Moin and Geva, Mor and Gheini, Mozhdeh and T, Mukund Varma and Peng, Nanyun and Chi, Nathan A. and Lee, Nayeon and Krakover, Neta Gur-Ari and Cameron, Nicholas and Roberts, Nicholas and Doiron, Nick and Martinez, Nicole and Nangia, Nikita and Deckers, Niklas and Muennighoff, Niklas and Keskar, Nitish Shirish and Iyer, Niveditha S. and Constant, Noah and Fiedel, Noah and Wen, Nuan and Zhang, Oliver and Agha, Omar and Elbaghdadi, Omar and Levy, Omer and Evans, Owain and Casares, Pablo Antonio Moreno and Doshi, Parth and Fung, Pascale and Liang, Paul Pu and Vicol, Paul and Alipoormolabashi, Pegah and Liao, Peiyuan and Liang, Percy and Chang, Peter and Eckersley, Peter and Htut, Phu Mon and Hwang, Pinyu and Miłkowski, Piotr and Patil, Piyush and Pezeshkpour, Pouya and Oli, Priti and Mei, Qiaozhu and Lyu, Qing and Chen, Qinlang and Banjade, Rabin and Rudolph, Rachel Etta and Gabriel, Raefer and Habacker, Rahel and Risco, Ramon and Millière, Raphaël and Garg, Rhythm and Barnes, Richard and Saurous, Rif A. and Arakawa, Riku and Raymaekers, Robbe and Frank, Robert and Sikand, Rohan and Novak, Roman and Sitelew, Roman and LeBras, Ronan and Liu, Rosanne and Jacobs, Rowan and Zhang, Rui and Salakhutdinov, Ruslan and Chi, Ryan and Lee, Ryan and Stovall, Ryan and Teehan, Ryan and Yang, Rylan and Singh, Sahib and Mohammad, Saif M. and Anand, Sajant and Dillavou, Sam and Shleifer, Sam and Wiseman, Sam and Gruetter, Samuel and Bowman, Samuel R. and Schoenholz, Samuel S. and Han, Sanghyun and Kwatra, Sanjeev and Rous, Sarah A. and Ghazarian, Sarik and Ghosh, Sayan and Casey, Sean and Bischoff, Sebastian and Gehrmann, Sebastian and Schuster, Sebastian and Sadeghi, Sepideh and Hamdan, Shadi and Zhou, Sharon and Srivastava, Shashank and Shi, Sherry and Singh, Shikhar and Asaadi, Shima and Gu, Shixiang Shane and Pachchigar, Shubh and Toshniwal, Shubham and Upadhyay, Shyam and Shyamolima and Debnath and Shakeri, Siamak and Thormeyer, Simon and Melzi, Simone and Reddy, Siva and Makini, Sneha Priscilla and Lee, Soo-Hwan and Torene, Spencer and Hatwar, Sriharsha and Dehaene, Stanislas and Divic, Stefan and Ermon, Stefano and Biderman, Stella and Lin, Stephanie and Prasad, Stephen and Piantadosi, Steven T. and Shieber, Stuart M. and Misherghi, Summer and Kiritchenko, Svetlana and Mishra, Swaroop and Linzen, Tal and Schuster, Tal and Li, Tao and Yu, Tao and Ali, Tariq and Hashimoto, Tatsu and Wu, Te-Lin and Desbordes, Théo and Rothschild, Theodore and Phan, Thomas and Wang, Tianle and Nkinyili, Tiberius and Schick, Timo and Kornev, Timofei and Tunduny, Titus and Gerstenberg, Tobias and Chang, Trenton and Neeraj, Trishala and Khot, Tushar and Shultz, Tyler and Shaham, Uri and Misra, Vedant and Demberg, Vera and Nyamai, Victoria and Raunak, Vikas and Ramasesh, Vinay and Prabhu, Vinay Uday and Padmakumar, Vishakh and Srikumar, Vivek and Fedus, William and Saunders, William and Zhang, William and Vossen, Wout and Ren, Xiang and Tong, Xiaoyu and Zhao, Xinran and Wu, Xinyi and Shen, Xudong and Yaghoobzadeh, Yadollah and Lakretz, Yair and Song, Yangqiu and Bahri, Yasaman and Choi, Yejin and Yang, Yichi and Hao, Yiding and Chen, Yifu and Belinkov, Yonatan and Hou, Yu and Hou, Yufang and Bai, Yuntao and Seid, Zachary and Zhao, Zhuoye and Wang, Zijian and Wang, Zijie J. and Wang, Zirui and Wu, Ziyi},
2981 + year = {2022},
2982 + eprint = {2206.04615},
2983 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2984 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2985 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2206.04615},
2986 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2987 +}
2988 +
2989 +@misc{zheng2023judge,
2990 + title = {Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arena},
2991 + author = {Zheng, Lianmin and Chiang, Wei-Lin and Sheng, Ying and Zhuang, Siyuan and Wu, Zhanghao and Zhuang, Yonghao and Lin, Zi and Li, Zhuohan and Li, Dacheng and Xing, Eric P. and Zhang, Hao and Gonzalez, Joseph E. and Stoica, Ion},
2992 + year = {2023},
2993 + eprint = {2306.05685},
2994 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
2995 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
2996 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.05685},
2997 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group G}
2998 +}
2999 +
3000 +@misc{radford2019gpt2,
3001 + title = {Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners},
3002 + author = {Radford, Alec and Wu, Jeffrey and Child, Rewon and Luan, David and Amodei, Dario and Sutskever, Ilya},
3003 + year = {2019},
3004 + howpublished = {OpenAI technical report},
3005 + url = {https://cdn.openai.com/better-language-models/language_models_are_unsupervised_multitask_learners.pdf},
3006 + urldate = {2026-11-03},
3007 + note = {verified: url 2026-11-03 (HTTP 200, page title: PDF first page: Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners Alec Radford * 1 Jeffrey Wu * 1 Rewon Child 1 David ); group G}
3008 +}
3009 +
3010 +% ===== Group H =====
3011 +
3012 +@misc{liang2024mapping,
3013 + title = {Mapping the Increasing Use of LLMs in Scientific Papers},
3014 + author = {Liang, Weixin and Zhang, Yaohui and Wu, Zhengxuan and Lepp, Haley and Ji, Wenlong and Zhao, Xuandong and Cao, Hancheng and Liu, Sheng and He, Siyu and Huang, Zhi and Yang, Diyi and Potts, Christopher and Manning, Christopher D and Zou, James Y.},
3015 + year = {2024},
3016 + eprint = {2404.01268},
3017 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
3018 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
3019 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.01268},
3020 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group H}
3021 +}
3022 +
3023 +@misc{liang2024monitoring,
3024 + title = {Monitoring AI-Modified Content at Scale: A Case Study on the Impact of ChatGPT on AI Conference Peer Reviews},
3025 + author = {Liang, Weixin and Izzo, Zachary and Zhang, Yaohui and Lepp, Haley and Cao, Hancheng and Zhao, Xuandong and Chen, Lingjiao and Ye, Haotian and Liu, Sheng and Huang, Zhi and McFarland, Daniel A. and Zou, James Y.},
3026 + year = {2024},
3027 + eprint = {2403.07183},
3028 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
3029 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
3030 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.07183},
3031 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group H}
3032 +}
3033 +
3034 +@article{liang2024feedback,
3035 + title = {Can Large Language Models Provide Useful Feedback on Research Papers? A Large-Scale Empirical Analysis},
3036 + author = {Liang, Weixin and Zhang, Yuhui and Cao, Hancheng and Wang, Binglu and Ding, Daisy Yi and Yang, Xinyu and Vodrahalli, Kailas and He, Siyu and Smith, Daniel Scott and Yin, Yian and McFarland, Daniel A. and Zou, James},
3037 + year = {2024},
3038 + journal = {NEJM AI},
3039 + volume = {1},
3040 + number = {8},
3041 + doi = {10.1056/aioa2400196},
3042 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3043 +}
3044 +
3045 +@article{kobak2025delving,
3046 + title = {Delving into LLM-assisted writing in biomedical publications through excess vocabulary},
3047 + author = {Kobak, Dmitry and González-Márquez, Rita and Horvát, Emőke-Ágnes and Lause, Jan},
3048 + year = {2025},
3049 + journal = {Science Advances},
3050 + volume = {11},
3051 + number = {27},
3052 + doi = {10.1126/sciadv.adt3813},
3053 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3054 +}
3055 +
3056 +@misc{geng2024writingstyle,
3057 + title = {Is ChatGPT Transforming Academics' Writing Style?},
3058 + author = {Geng, Mingmeng and Trotta, Roberto},
3059 + year = {2024},
3060 + eprint = {2404.08627},
3061 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
3062 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
3063 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.08627},
3064 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group H}
3065 +}
3066 +
3067 +@misc{gray2024contamination,
3068 + title = {ChatGPT "contamination": estimating the prevalence of LLMs in the scholarly literature},
3069 + author = {Gray, Andrew},
3070 + year = {2024},
3071 + eprint = {2403.16887},
3072 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
3073 + primaryclass = {cs.DL},
3074 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.16887},
3075 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group H}
3076 +}
3077 +
3078 +@article{dwivedi2023sowhat,
3079 + title = {Opinion Paper: ``So what if ChatGPT wrote it?'' Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy},
3080 + author = {Dwivedi, Yogesh K. and Kshetri, Nir and Hughes, Laurie and Slade, Emma Louise and Jeyaraj, Anand and Kar, Arpan Kumar and Baabdullah, Abdullah M. and Koohang, Alex and Raghavan, Vishnupriya and Ahuja, Manju and Albanna, Hanaa and Albashrawi, Mousa Ahmad and Al-Busaidi, Adil S. and Balakrishnan, Janarthanan and Barlette, Yves and Basu, Sriparna and Bose, Indranil and Brooks, Laurence and Buhalis, Dimitrios and Carter, Lemuria and Chowdhury, Soumyadeb and Crick, Tom and Cunningham, Scott W. and Davies, Gareth H. and Davison, Robert M. and Dé, Rahul and Dennehy, Denis and Duan, Yanqing and Dubey, Rameshwar and Dwivedi, Rohita and Edwards, John S. and Flavián, Carlos and Gauld, Robin and Grover, Varun and Hu, Mei-Chih and Janssen, Marijn and Jones, Paul and Junglas, Iris and Khorana, Sangeeta and Kraus, Sascha and Larsen, Kai R. and Latreille, Paul and Laumer, Sven and Malik, F. Tegwen and Mardani, Abbas and Mariani, Marcello and Mithas, Sunil and Mogaji, Emmanuel and Nord, Jeretta Horn and O'Connor, Siobhan and Okumus, Fevzi and Pagani, Margherita and Pandey, Neeraj and Papagiannidis, Savvas and Pappas, Ilias O. and Pathak, Nishith and Pries-Heje, Jan and Raman, Ramakrishnan and Rana, Nripendra P. and Rehm, Sven-Volker and Ribeiro-Navarrete, Samuel and Richter, Alexander and Rowe, Frantz and Sarker, Suprateek and Stahl, Bernd Carsten and Tiwari, Manoj Kumar and van der Aalst, Wil and Venkatesh, Viswanath and Viglia, Giampaolo and Wade, Michael and Walton, Paul and Wirtz, Jochen and Wright, Ryan},
3081 + year = {2023},
3082 + journal = {International Journal of Information Management},
3083 + volume = {71},
3084 + pages = {102642},
3085 + doi = {10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642},
3086 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3087 +}
3088 +
3089 +@article{birhane2023science,
3090 + title = {Science in the age of large language models},
3091 + author = {Birhane, Abeba and Kasirzadeh, Atoosa and Leslie, David and Wachter, Sandra},
3092 + year = {2023},
3093 + journal = {Nature Reviews Physics},
3094 + volume = {5},
3095 + number = {5},
3096 + pages = {277-280},
3097 + doi = {10.1038/s42254-023-00581-4},
3098 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3099 +}
3100 +
3101 +@article{messeri2024illusions,
3102 + title = {Artificial intelligence and illusions of understanding in scientific research},
3103 + author = {Messeri, Lisa and Crockett, M. J.},
3104 + year = {2024},
3105 + journal = {Nature},
3106 + volume = {627},
3107 + number = {8002},
3108 + pages = {49-58},
3109 + doi = {10.1038/s41586-024-07146-0},
3110 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3111 +}
3112 +
3113 +@article{vannoorden2023survey,
3114 + title = {AI and science: what 1,600 researchers think},
3115 + author = {Van Noorden, Richard and Perkel, Jeffrey M.},
3116 + year = {2023},
3117 + journal = {Nature},
3118 + volume = {621},
3119 + number = {7980},
3120 + pages = {672-675},
3121 + doi = {10.1038/d41586-023-02980-0},
3122 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3123 +}
3124 +
3125 +@article{krenn2023forecasting,
3126 + title = {Forecasting the future of artificial intelligence with machine learning-based link prediction in an exponentially growing knowledge network},
3127 + author = {Krenn, Mario and Buffoni, Lorenzo and Coutinho, Bruno and Eppel, Sagi and Foster, Jacob Gates and Gritsevskiy, Andrew and Lee, Harlin and Lu, Yichao and Moutinho, João P. and Sanjabi, Nima and Sonthalia, Rishi and Tran, Ngoc Mai and Valente, Francisco and Xie, Yangxinyu and Yu, Rose and Kopp, Michael},
3128 + year = {2023},
3129 + journal = {Nature Machine Intelligence},
3130 + volume = {5},
3131 + number = {11},
3132 + pages = {1326-1335},
3133 + doi = {10.1038/s42256-023-00735-0},
3134 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3135 +}
3136 +
3137 +@article{fortunato2018scienceofscience,
3138 + title = {Science of science},
3139 + author = {Fortunato, Santo and Bergstrom, Carl T. and Börner, Katy and Evans, James A. and Helbing, Dirk and Milojević, Staša and Petersen, Alexander M. and Radicchi, Filippo and Sinatra, Roberta and Uzzi, Brian and Vespignani, Alessandro and Waltman, Ludo and Wang, Dashun and Barabási, Albert-László},
3140 + year = {2018},
3141 + journal = {Science},
3142 + volume = {359},
3143 + number = {6379},
3144 + doi = {10.1126/science.aao0185},
3145 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3146 +}
3147 +
3148 +@book{wang2021scienceofscience,
3149 + title = {The Science of Science},
3150 + author = {Wang, Dashun and Barabási, Albert-László},
3151 + year = {2021},
3152 + publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
3153 + doi = {10.1017/9781108610834},
3154 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3155 +}
3156 +
3157 +@article{lund2023chatgpt,
3158 + title = {ChatGPT and a new academic reality: Artificial Intelligence-written research papers and the ethics of the large language models in scholarly publishing},
3159 + author = {Lund, Brady D. and Wang, Ting and Mannuru, Nishith Reddy and Nie, Bing and Shimray, Somipam and Wang, Ziang},
3160 + year = {2023},
3161 + journal = {Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology},
3162 + volume = {74},
3163 + number = {5},
3164 + pages = {570-581},
3165 + doi = {10.1002/asi.24750},
3166 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3167 +}
3168 +
3169 +@article{stokelwalker2023author,
3170 + title = {ChatGPT listed as author on research papers: many scientists disapprove},
3171 + author = {Stokel-Walker, Chris},
3172 + year = {2023},
3173 + journal = {Nature},
3174 + volume = {613},
3175 + number = {7945},
3176 + pages = {620-621},
3177 + doi = {10.1038/d41586-023-00107-z},
3178 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3179 +}
3180 +
3181 +@article{thorp2023notauthor,
3182 + title = {ChatGPT is fun, but not an author},
3183 + author = {Thorp, H. Holden},
3184 + year = {2023},
3185 + journal = {Science},
3186 + volume = {379},
3187 + number = {6630},
3188 + pages = {313-313},
3189 + doi = {10.1126/science.adg7879},
3190 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3191 +}
3192 +
3193 +@article{nature2023groundrules,
3194 + title = {Tools such as ChatGPT threaten transparent science; here are our ground rules for their use},
3195 + key = {Nature2023},
3196 + year = {2023},
3197 + journal = {Nature},
3198 + volume = {613},
3199 + number = {7945},
3200 + pages = {612-612},
3201 + doi = {10.1038/d41586-023-00191-1},
3202 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3203 +}
3204 +
3205 +@article{else2023abstracts,
3206 + title = {Abstracts written by ChatGPT fool scientists},
3207 + author = {Else, Holly},
3208 + year = {2023},
3209 + journal = {Nature},
3210 + volume = {613},
3211 + number = {7944},
3212 + pages = {423-423},
3213 + doi = {10.1038/d41586-023-00056-7},
3214 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3215 +}
3216 +
3217 +@article{gao2023abstracts,
3218 + title = {Comparing scientific abstracts generated by ChatGPT to real abstracts with detectors and blinded human reviewers},
3219 + author = {Gao, Catherine A. and Howard, Frederick M. and Markov, Nikolay S. and Dyer, Emma C. and Ramesh, Siddhi and Luo, Yuan and Pearson, Alexander T.},
3220 + year = {2023},
3221 + journal = {npj Digital Medicine},
3222 + volume = {6},
3223 + number = {1},
3224 + doi = {10.1038/s41746-023-00819-6},
3225 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3226 +}
3227 +
3228 +@article{noy2023productivity,
3229 + title = {Experimental evidence on the productivity effects of generative artificial intelligence},
3230 + author = {Noy, Shakked and Zhang, Whitney},
3231 + year = {2023},
3232 + journal = {Science},
3233 + volume = {381},
3234 + number = {6654},
3235 + pages = {187-192},
3236 + doi = {10.1126/science.adh2586},
3237 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3238 +}
3239 +
3240 +@misc{brynjolfsson2023genaiwork,
3241 + title = {Generative AI at Work},
3242 + author = {Brynjolfsson, Erik and Li, Danielle and Raymond, Lindsey},
3243 + year = {2023},
3244 + eprint = {2304.11771},
3245 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
3246 + primaryclass = {econ.GN},
3247 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.11771},
3248 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group H}
3249 +}
3250 +
3251 +@misc{peng2023copilot,
3252 + title = {The Impact of AI on Developer Productivity: Evidence from GitHub Copilot},
3253 + author = {Peng, Sida and Kalliamvakou, Eirini and Cihon, Peter and Demirer, Mert},
3254 + year = {2023},
3255 + eprint = {2302.06590},
3256 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
3257 + primaryclass = {cs.SE},
3258 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.06590},
3259 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group H}
3260 +}
3261 +
3262 +@misc{dellacqua2023jagged,
3263 + title = {Navigating the Jagged Technological Frontier: Field Experimental Evidence of the Effects of Artificial Intelligence on Knowledge Worker Productivity and Quality},
3264 + author = {Dell'Acqua, Fabrizio and McFowland III, Edward and Mollick, Ethan R. and Lifshitz-Assaf, Hila and Kellogg, Katherine and Rajendran, Saran and Krayer, Lisa and Candelon, François and Lakhani, Karim R.},
3265 + year = {2023},
3266 + howpublished = {Elsevier BV},
3267 + publisher = {Elsevier BV},
3268 + doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4573321},
3269 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3270 +}
3271 +
3272 +@article{eloundou2024gpts,
3273 + title = {GPTs are GPTs: Labor market impact potential of LLMs},
3274 + author = {Eloundou, Tyna and Manning, Sam and Mishkin, Pamela and Rock, Daniel},
3275 + year = {2024},
3276 + journal = {Science},
3277 + volume = {384},
3278 + number = {6702},
3279 + pages = {1306-1308},
3280 + doi = {10.1126/science.adj0998},
3281 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3282 +}
3283 +
3284 +@article{bianchini2022aiscience,
3285 + title = {Artificial intelligence in science: An emerging general method of invention},
3286 + author = {Bianchini, Stefano and Müller, Moritz and Pelletier, Pierre},
3287 + year = {2022},
3288 + journal = {Research Policy},
3289 + volume = {51},
3290 + number = {10},
3291 + pages = {104604},
3292 + doi = {10.1016/j.respol.2022.104604},
3293 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3294 +}
3295 +
3296 +@article{gao2024aibenefits,
3297 + title = {Quantifying the use and potential benefits of artificial intelligence in scientific research},
3298 + author = {Gao, Jian and Wang, Dashun},
3299 + year = {2024},
3300 + journal = {Nature Human Behaviour},
3301 + volume = {8},
3302 + number = {12},
3303 + pages = {2281-2292},
3304 + doi = {10.1038/s41562-024-02020-5},
3305 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3306 +}
3307 +
3308 +@misc{hao2024aiexpands,
3309 + title = {Artificial Intelligence Tools Expand Scientists' Impact but Contract Science's Focus (Just accepted by Nature, to be online soon)},
3310 + author = {Hao, Qianyue and Xu, Fengli and Li, Yong and Evans, James},
3311 + year = {2024},
3312 + eprint = {2412.07727},
3313 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
3314 + primaryclass = {cs.CY},
3315 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.07727},
3316 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group H}
3317 +}
3318 +
3319 +@techreport{cockburn2018aiinnovation,
3320 + title = {The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Innovation},
3321 + author = {Cockburn, Iain and Henderson, Rebecca and Stern, Scott},
3322 + year = {2018},
3323 + institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
3324 + doi = {10.3386/w24449},
3325 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3326 +}
3327 +
3328 +@article{frank2019citationgraphs,
3329 + title = {The evolution of citation graphs in artificial intelligence research},
3330 + author = {Frank, Morgan R. and Wang, Dashun and Cebrian, Manuel and Rahwan, Iyad},
3331 + year = {2019},
3332 + journal = {Nature Machine Intelligence},
3333 + volume = {1},
3334 + number = {2},
3335 + pages = {79-85},
3336 + doi = {10.1038/s42256-019-0024-5},
3337 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3338 +}
3339 +
3340 +@misc{klinger2020narrowing,
3341 + title = {A narrowing of AI research?},
3342 + author = {Klinger, Joel and Mateos-Garcia, Juan and Stathoulopoulos, Konstantinos},
3343 + year = {2020},
3344 + eprint = {2009.10385},
3345 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
3346 + primaryclass = {cs.CY},
3347 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.10385},
3348 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group H}
3349 +}
3350 +
3351 +@misc{ahmed2020dedemocratization,
3352 + title = {The De-democratization of AI: Deep Learning and the Compute Divide in Artificial Intelligence Research},
3353 + author = {Ahmed, Nur and Wahed, Muntasir},
3354 + year = {2020},
3355 + eprint = {2010.15581},
3356 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
3357 + primaryclass = {cs.CY},
3358 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.15581},
3359 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group H}
3360 +}
3361 +
3362 +@article{ahmed2023industry,
3363 + title = {The growing influence of industry in AI research},
3364 + author = {Ahmed, Nur and Wahed, Muntasir and Thompson, Neil C.},
3365 + year = {2023},
3366 + journal = {Science},
3367 + volume = {379},
3368 + number = {6635},
3369 + pages = {884-886},
3370 + doi = {10.1126/science.ade2420},
3371 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3372 +}
3373 +
3374 +@article{martinezplumed2021benchmarks,
3375 + title = {Research community dynamics behind popular AI benchmarks},
3376 + author = {Martínez-Plumed, Fernando and Barredo, Pablo and hÉigeartaigh, Seán Ó and Hernández-Orallo, José},
3377 + year = {2021},
3378 + journal = {Nature Machine Intelligence},
3379 + volume = {3},
3380 + number = {7},
3381 + pages = {581-589},
3382 + doi = {10.1038/s42256-021-00339-6},
3383 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3384 +}
3385 +
3386 +@misc{thompson2020computationallimits,
3387 + title = {The Computational Limits of Deep Learning},
3388 + author = {Thompson, Neil C. and Greenewald, Kristjan and Lee, Keeheon and Manso, Gabriel F.},
3389 + year = {2020},
3390 + eprint = {2007.05558},
3391 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
3392 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
3393 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.05558},
3394 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group H}
3395 +}
3396 +
3397 +@misc{latona2024reviewlottery,
3398 + title = {The AI Review Lottery: Widespread AI-Assisted Peer Reviews Boost Paper Scores and Acceptance Rates},
3399 + author = {Latona, Giuseppe Russo and Ribeiro, Manoel Horta and Davidson, Tim R. and Veselovsky, Veniamin and West, Robert},
3400 + year = {2024},
3401 + eprint = {2405.02150},
3402 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
3403 + primaryclass = {cs.CY},
3404 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.02150},
3405 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group H}
3406 +}
3407 +
3408 +@article{checco2021aipeerreview,
3409 + title = {AI-assisted peer review},
3410 + author = {Checco, Alessandro and Bracciale, Lorenzo and Loreti, Pierpaolo and Pinfield, Stephen and Bianchi, Giuseppe},
3411 + year = {2021},
3412 + journal = {Humanities and Social Sciences Communications},
3413 + volume = {8},
3414 + number = {1},
3415 + doi = {10.1057/s41599-020-00703-8},
3416 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3417 +}
3418 +
3419 +@article{conroy2023paperfromscratch,
3420 + title = {Scientists used ChatGPT to generate an entire paper from scratch --- but is it any good?},
3421 + author = {Conroy, Gemma},
3422 + year = {2023},
3423 + journal = {Nature},
3424 + volume = {619},
3425 + number = {7970},
3426 + pages = {443-444},
3427 + doi = {10.1038/d41586-023-02218-z},
3428 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3429 +}
3430 +
3431 +@misc{si2024novelideas,
3432 + title = {Can LLMs Generate Novel Research Ideas? A Large-Scale Human Study with 100+ NLP Researchers},
3433 + author = {Si, Chenglei and Yang, Diyi and Hashimoto, Tatsunori},
3434 + year = {2024},
3435 + eprint = {2409.04109},
3436 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
3437 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
3438 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.04109},
3439 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group H}
3440 +}
3441 +
3442 +@misc{lu2024aiscientist,
3443 + title = {The AI Scientist: Towards Fully Automated Open-Ended Scientific Discovery},
3444 + author = {Lu, Chris and Lu, Cong and Lange, Robert Tjarko and Foerster, Jakob and Clune, Jeff and Ha, David},
3445 + year = {2024},
3446 + eprint = {2408.06292},
3447 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
3448 + primaryclass = {cs.AI},
3449 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.06292},
3450 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group H}
3451 +}
3452 +
3453 +@article{boiko2023coscientist,
3454 + title = {Autonomous chemical research with large language models},
3455 + author = {Boiko, Daniil A. and MacKnight, Robert and Kline, Ben and Gomes, Gabe},
3456 + year = {2023},
3457 + journal = {Nature},
3458 + volume = {624},
3459 + number = {7992},
3460 + pages = {570-578},
3461 + doi = {10.1038/s41586-023-06792-0},
3462 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3463 +}
3464 +
3465 +@misc{gottweis2025coscientist,
3466 + title = {Accelerating scientific discovery with Co-Scientist},
3467 + author = {Gottweis, Juraj and Weng, Wei-Hung and Daryin, Alexander and Tu, Tao and Sirkovic, Petar and Myaskovsky, Artiom and Glowaty, Grzegorz and Weissenberger, Felix and Orlandi, Alessio and Popovici, Dan and Palepu, Anil and Rong, Keran and Tanno, Ryutaro and Saab, Khaled and Zhang, Fan and Blum, Jacob and Carroll, Andrew and Kulkarni, Kavita and Tomasev, Nenad and Zverinski, Dina and Rendulic, Ivor and Vedadi, Elahe and Hasler, Florian and Rimanic, Luka and Boia, Marina and Budiselic, Ivan and Feinstein, Ben and Bellaiche, Mathias and Sheffer, Tom and Freyberg, Jan and Ratcliff, Jeremy and Bertolli, Ottavia and Chou, Katherine and Hassidim, Avinatan and Gokturk, Burak and Vahdat, Amin and Guan, Yuan and Dhillon, Vikram and Vaishnav, Eeshit Dhaval and Lee, Byron and Costa, Tiago R D and Penadés, José R and Peltz, Gary and Matias, Yossi and Manyika, James and Hassabis, Demis and Xu, Yunhan and Kohli, Pushmeet and Pawlosky, Annalisa and Karthikesalingam, Alan and Natarajan, Vivek},
3468 + year = {2025},
3469 + eprint = {2502.18864},
3470 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
3471 + primaryclass = {cs.AI},
3472 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.18864},
3473 + doi = {10.1038/s41586-026-10644-y},
3474 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group H}
3475 +}
3476 +
3477 +@article{romeraparedes2024funsearch,
3478 + title = {Mathematical discoveries from program search with large language models},
3479 + author = {Romera-Paredes, Bernardino and Barekatain, Mohammadamin and Novikov, Alexander and Balog, Matej and Kumar, M. Pawan and Dupont, Emilien and Ruiz, Francisco J. R. and Ellenberg, Jordan S. and Wang, Pengming and Fawzi, Omar and Kohli, Pushmeet and Fawzi, Alhussein},
3480 + year = {2024},
3481 + journal = {Nature},
3482 + volume = {625},
3483 + number = {7995},
3484 + pages = {468-475},
3485 + doi = {10.1038/s41586-023-06924-6},
3486 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3487 +}
3488 +
3489 +@article{trinh2024alphageometry,
3490 + title = {Solving olympiad geometry without human demonstrations},
3491 + author = {Trinh, Trieu H. and Wu, Yuhuai and Le, Quoc V. and He, He and Luong, Thang},
3492 + year = {2024},
3493 + journal = {Nature},
3494 + volume = {625},
3495 + number = {7995},
3496 + pages = {476-482},
3497 + doi = {10.1038/s41586-023-06747-5},
3498 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3499 +}
3500 +
3501 +@article{merchant2023gnome,
3502 + title = {Scaling deep learning for materials discovery},
3503 + author = {Merchant, Amil and Batzner, Simon and Schoenholz, Samuel S. and Aykol, Muratahan and Cheon, Gowoon and Cubuk, Ekin Dogus},
3504 + year = {2023},
3505 + journal = {Nature},
3506 + volume = {624},
3507 + number = {7990},
3508 + pages = {80-85},
3509 + doi = {10.1038/s41586-023-06735-9},
3510 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group H}
3511 +}
3512 +
3513 +% ===== Group I =====
3514 +
3515 +@article{gundersen2018reproducibility,
3516 + title = {State of the Art: Reproducibility in Artificial Intelligence},
3517 + author = {Gundersen, Odd Erik and Kjensmo, Sigbjørn},
3518 + year = {2018},
3519 + journal = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
3520 + volume = {32},
3521 + number = {1},
3522 + doi = {10.1609/aaai.v32i1.11503},
3523 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3524 +}
3525 +
3526 +@misc{pineau2021reproducibility,
3527 + title = {Improving Reproducibility in Machine Learning Research (A Report from the NeurIPS 2019 Reproducibility Program)},
3528 + author = {Pineau, Joelle and Vincent-Lamarre, Philippe and Sinha, Koustuv and Larivière, Vincent and Beygelzimer, Alina and d'Alché-Buc, Florence and Fox, Emily and Larochelle, Hugo},
3529 + year = {2020},
3530 + eprint = {2003.12206},
3531 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
3532 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
3533 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.12206},
3534 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group I}
3535 +}
3536 +
3537 +@article{kapoor2023leakage,
3538 + title = {Leakage and the reproducibility crisis in machine-learning-based science},
3539 + author = {Kapoor, Sayash and Narayanan, Arvind},
3540 + year = {2023},
3541 + journal = {Patterns},
3542 + volume = {4},
3543 + number = {9},
3544 + pages = {100804},
3545 + doi = {10.1016/j.patter.2023.100804},
3546 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3547 +}
3548 +
3549 +@article{kapoor2024reforms,
3550 + title = {REFORMS: Consensus-based Recommendations for Machine-learning-based Science},
3551 + author = {Kapoor, Sayash and Cantrell, Emily M. and Peng, Kenny and Pham, Thanh Hien and Bail, Christopher A. and Gundersen, Odd Erik and Hofman, Jake M. and Hullman, Jessica and Lones, Michael A. and Malik, Momin M. and Nanayakkara, Priyanka and Poldrack, Russell A. and Raji, Inioluwa Deborah and Roberts, Michael and Salganik, Matthew J. and Serra-Garcia, Marta and Stewart, Brandon M. and Vandewiele, Gilles and Narayanan, Arvind},
3552 + year = {2024},
3553 + journal = {Science Advances},
3554 + volume = {10},
3555 + number = {18},
3556 + doi = {10.1126/sciadv.adk3452},
3557 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3558 +}
3559 +
3560 +@article{ott2022benchmarks,
3561 + title = {Mapping global dynamics of benchmark creation and saturation in artificial intelligence},
3562 + author = {Ott, Simon and Barbosa-Silva, Adriano and Blagec, Kathrin and Brauner, Jan and Samwald, Matthias},
3563 + year = {2022},
3564 + journal = {Nature Communications},
3565 + volume = {13},
3566 + number = {1},
3567 + doi = {10.1038/s41467-022-34591-0},
3568 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3569 +}
3570 +
3571 +@misc{dehghani2021lottery,
3572 + title = {The Benchmark Lottery},
3573 + author = {Dehghani, Mostafa and Tay, Yi and Gritsenko, Alexey A. and Zhao, Zhe and Houlsby, Neil and Diaz, Fernando and Metzler, Donald and Vinyals, Oriol},
3574 + year = {2021},
3575 + eprint = {2107.07002},
3576 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
3577 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
3578 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.07002},
3579 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group I}
3580 +}
3581 +
3582 +@misc{raji2021everything,
3583 + title = {AI and the Everything in the Whole Wide World Benchmark},
3584 + author = {Raji, Inioluwa Deborah and Bender, Emily M. and Paullada, Amandalynne and Denton, Emily and Hanna, Alex},
3585 + year = {2021},
3586 + eprint = {2111.15366},
3587 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
3588 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
3589 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2111.15366},
3590 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group I}
3591 +}
3592 +
3593 +@misc{acm2020badging,
3594 + title = {Artifact Review and Badging --- Current},
3595 + author = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
3596 + year = {2020},
3597 + howpublished = {ACM Publications Policies (version 1.1, August 2020; verified via Internet Archive snapshot of 2025-01-03)},
3598 + url = {https://www.acm.org/publications/policies/artifact-review-and-badging-current},
3599 + urldate = {2026-11-03},
3600 + note = {verified: url 2026-11-03 (HTTP 200, page title: Artifact Review and Badging - Current); group I}
3601 +}
3602 +
3603 +@inproceedings{wolf2020transformers,
3604 + title = {Transformers: State-of-the-Art Natural Language Processing},
3605 + author = {Wolf, Thomas and Debut, Lysandre and Sanh, Victor and Chaumond, Julien and Delangue, Clement and Moi, Anthony and Cistac, Pierric and Rault, Tim and Louf, Remi and Funtowicz, Morgan and Davison, Joe and Shleifer, Sam and von Platen, Patrick and Ma, Clara and Jernite, Yacine and Plu, Julien and Xu, Canwen and Le Scao, Teven and Gugger, Sylvain and Drame, Mariama and Lhoest, Quentin and Rush, Alexander},
3606 + year = {2020},
3607 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations},
3608 + pages = {38-45},
3609 + publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
3610 + doi = {10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-demos.6},
3611 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3612 +}
3613 +
3614 +@inproceedings{lhoest2021datasets,
3615 + title = {Datasets: A Community Library for Natural Language Processing},
3616 + author = {Lhoest, Quentin and Villanova del Moral, Albert and Jernite, Yacine and Thakur, Abhishek and von Platen, Patrick and Patil, Suraj and Chaumond, Julien and Drame, Mariama and Plu, Julien and Tunstall, Lewis and Davison, Joe and Šaško, Mario and Chhablani, Gunjan and Malik, Bhavitvya and Brandeis, Simon and Le Scao, Teven and Sanh, Victor and Xu, Canwen and Patry, Nicolas and McMillan-Major, Angelina and Schmid, Philipp and Gugger, Sylvain and Delangue, Clément and Matussière, Théo and Debut, Lysandre and Bekman, Stas and Cistac, Pierric and Goehringer, Thibault and Mustar, Victor and Lagunas, François and Rush, Alexander and Wolf, Thomas},
3617 + year = {2021},
3618 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations},
3619 + pages = {175-184},
3620 + publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
3621 + doi = {10.18653/v1/2021.emnlp-demo.21},
3622 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3623 +}
3624 +
3625 +@article{osborne2024huggingface,
3626 + title = {The AI community building the future? A quantitative analysis of development activity on Hugging Face Hub},
3627 + author = {Osborne, Cailean and Ding, Jennifer and Kirk, Hannah Rose},
3628 + year = {2024},
3629 + journal = {Journal of Computational Social Science},
3630 + volume = {7},
3631 + number = {2},
3632 + pages = {2067-2105},
3633 + doi = {10.1007/s42001-024-00300-8},
3634 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3635 +}
3636 +
3637 +@inproceedings{castano2023hfcarbon,
3638 + title = {Exploring the Carbon Footprint of Hugging Face's ML Models: A Repository Mining Study},
3639 + author = {Castaño, Joel and Martínez-Fernández, Silverio and Franch, Xavier and Bogner, Justus},
3640 + year = {2023},
3641 + booktitle = {2023 ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM)},
3642 + pages = {1-12},
3643 + publisher = {IEEE},
3644 + doi = {10.1109/esem56168.2023.10304801},
3645 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3646 +}
3647 +
3648 +@article{hutson2018crisis,
3649 + title = {Artificial intelligence faces reproducibility crisis},
3650 + author = {Hutson, Matthew},
3651 + year = {2018},
3652 + journal = {Science},
3653 + volume = {359},
3654 + number = {6377},
3655 + pages = {725-726},
3656 + doi = {10.1126/science.359.6377.725},
3657 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3658 +}
3659 +
3660 +@article{henderson2018drlmatters,
3661 + title = {Deep Reinforcement Learning That Matters},
3662 + author = {Henderson, Peter and Islam, Riashat and Bachman, Philip and Pineau, Joelle and Precup, Doina and Meger, David},
3663 + year = {2018},
3664 + journal = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
3665 + volume = {32},
3666 + number = {1},
3667 + doi = {10.1609/aaai.v32i1.11694},
3668 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3669 +}
3670 +
3671 +@article{gebru2021datasheets,
3672 + title = {Datasheets for datasets},
3673 + author = {Gebru, Timnit and Morgenstern, Jamie and Vecchione, Briana and Vaughan, Jennifer Wortman and Wallach, Hanna and III, Hal Daumé and Crawford, Kate},
3674 + year = {2021},
3675 + journal = {Communications of the ACM},
3676 + volume = {64},
3677 + number = {12},
3678 + pages = {86-92},
3679 + doi = {10.1145/3458723},
3680 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3681 +}
3682 +
3683 +@inproceedings{mitchell2019modelcards,
3684 + title = {Model Cards for Model Reporting},
3685 + author = {Mitchell, Margaret and Wu, Simone and Zaldivar, Andrew and Barnes, Parker and Vasserman, Lucy and Hutchinson, Ben and Spitzer, Elena and Raji, Inioluwa Deborah and Gebru, Timnit},
3686 + year = {2019},
3687 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency},
3688 + pages = {220-229},
3689 + publisher = {ACM},
3690 + doi = {10.1145/3287560.3287596},
3691 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3692 +}
3693 +
3694 +@article{bender2018datastatements,
3695 + title = {Data Statements for Natural Language Processing: Toward Mitigating System Bias and Enabling Better Science},
3696 + author = {Bender, Emily M. and Friedman, Batya},
3697 + year = {2018},
3698 + journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
3699 + volume = {6},
3700 + pages = {587-604},
3701 + doi = {10.1162/tacl_a_00041},
3702 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3703 +}
3704 +
3705 +@article{paullada2021discontents,
3706 + title = {Data and its (dis)contents: A survey of dataset development and use in machine learning research},
3707 + author = {Paullada, Amandalynne and Raji, Inioluwa Deborah and Bender, Emily M. and Denton, Emily and Hanna, Alex},
3708 + year = {2021},
3709 + journal = {Patterns},
3710 + volume = {2},
3711 + number = {11},
3712 + pages = {100336},
3713 + doi = {10.1016/j.patter.2021.100336},
3714 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3715 +}
3716 +
3717 +@misc{koch2021datasetlife,
3718 + title = {Reduced, Reused and Recycled: The Life of a Dataset in Machine Learning Research},
3719 + author = {Koch, Bernard and Denton, Emily and Hanna, Alex and Foster, Jacob G.},
3720 + year = {2021},
3721 + eprint = {2112.01716},
3722 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
3723 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
3724 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.01716},
3725 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group I}
3726 +}
3727 +
3728 +@article{baker2016reproducibility,
3729 + title = {1,500 scientists lift the lid on reproducibility},
3730 + author = {Baker, Monya},
3731 + year = {2016},
3732 + journal = {Nature},
3733 + volume = {533},
3734 + number = {7604},
3735 + pages = {452-454},
3736 + doi = {10.1038/533452a},
3737 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3738 +}
3739 +
3740 +@article{collberg2016repeatability,
3741 + title = {Repeatability in computer systems research},
3742 + author = {Collberg, Christian and Proebsting, Todd A.},
3743 + year = {2016},
3744 + journal = {Communications of the ACM},
3745 + volume = {59},
3746 + number = {3},
3747 + pages = {62-69},
3748 + doi = {10.1145/2812803},
3749 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3750 +}
3751 +
3752 +@article{stodden2018journalpolicy,
3753 + title = {An empirical analysis of journal policy effectiveness for computational reproducibility},
3754 + author = {Stodden, Victoria and Seiler, Jennifer and Ma, Zhaokun},
3755 + year = {2018},
3756 + journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
3757 + volume = {115},
3758 + number = {11},
3759 + pages = {2584-2589},
3760 + doi = {10.1073/pnas.1708290115},
3761 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3762 +}
3763 +
3764 +@article{nosek2015top,
3765 + title = {Promoting an open research culture},
3766 + author = {Nosek, B. A. and Alter, G. and Banks, G. C. and Borsboom, D. and Bowman, S. D. and Breckler, S. J. and Buck, S. and Chambers, C. D. and Chin, G. and Christensen, G. and Contestabile, M. and Dafoe, A. and Eich, E. and Freese, J. and Glennerster, R. and Goroff, D. and Green, D. P. and Hesse, B. and Humphreys, M. and Ishiyama, J. and Karlan, D. and Kraut, A. and Lupia, A. and Mabry, P. and Madon, T. and Malhotra, N. and Mayo-Wilson, E. and McNutt, M. and Miguel, E. and Paluck, E. Levy and Simonsohn, U. and Soderberg, C. and Spellman, B. A. and Turitto, J. and VandenBos, G. and Vazire, S. and Wagenmakers, E. J. and Wilson, R. and Yarkoni, T.},
3767 + year = {2015},
3768 + journal = {Science},
3769 + volume = {348},
3770 + number = {6242},
3771 + pages = {1422-1425},
3772 + doi = {10.1126/science.aab2374},
3773 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3774 +}
3775 +
3776 +@article{munafo2017manifesto,
3777 + title = {A manifesto for reproducible science},
3778 + author = {Munafò, Marcus R. and Nosek, Brian A. and Bishop, Dorothy V. M. and Button, Katherine S. and Chambers, Christopher D. and Percie du Sert, Nathalie and Simonsohn, Uri and Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan and Ware, Jennifer J. and Ioannidis, John P. A.},
3779 + year = {2017},
3780 + journal = {Nature Human Behaviour},
3781 + volume = {1},
3782 + number = {1},
3783 + doi = {10.1038/s41562-016-0021},
3784 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3785 +}
3786 +
3787 +@inproceedings{dodge2019showyourwork,
3788 + title = {Show Your Work: Improved Reporting of Experimental Results},
3789 + author = {Dodge, Jesse and Gururangan, Suchin and Card, Dallas and Schwartz, Roy and Smith, Noah A.},
3790 + year = {2019},
3791 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)},
3792 + pages = {2185-2194},
3793 + publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
3794 + doi = {10.18653/v1/d19-1224},
3795 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3796 +}
3797 +
3798 +@article{lipton2019troubling,
3799 + title = {Troubling Trends in Machine Learning Scholarship: Some ML papers suffer from flaws that could mislead the public and stymie future research.},
3800 + author = {Lipton, Zachary C. and Steinhardt, Jacob},
3801 + year = {2019},
3802 + journal = {Queue},
3803 + volume = {17},
3804 + number = {1},
3805 + pages = {45-77},
3806 + doi = {10.1145/3317287.3328534},
3807 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3808 +}
3809 +
3810 +@inproceedings{sambasivan2021datawork,
3811 + title = {``Everyone wants to do the model work, not the data work'': Data Cascades in High-Stakes AI},
3812 + author = {Sambasivan, Nithya and Kapania, Shivani and Highfill, Hannah and Akrong, Diana and Paritosh, Praveen and Aroyo, Lora M},
3813 + year = {2021},
3814 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
3815 + pages = {1-15},
3816 + publisher = {ACM},
3817 + doi = {10.1145/3411764.3445518},
3818 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3819 +}
3820 +
3821 +@inproceedings{kiela2021dynabench,
3822 + title = {Dynabench: Rethinking Benchmarking in NLP},
3823 + author = {Kiela, Douwe and Bartolo, Max and Nie, Yixin and Kaushik, Divyansh and Geiger, Atticus and Wu, Zhengxuan and Vidgen, Bertie and Prasad, Grusha and Singh, Amanpreet and Ringshia, Pratik and Ma, Zhiyi and Thrush, Tristan and Riedel, Sebastian and Waseem, Zeerak and Stenetorp, Pontus and Jia, Robin and Bansal, Mohit and Potts, Christopher and Williams, Adina},
3824 + year = {2021},
3825 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies},
3826 + pages = {4110-4124},
3827 + publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
3828 + doi = {10.18653/v1/2021.naacl-main.324},
3829 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3830 +}
3831 +
3832 +@inproceedings{sainz2023contamination,
3833 + title = {NLP Evaluation in trouble: On the Need to Measure LLM Data Contamination for each Benchmark},
3834 + author = {Sainz, Oscar and Campos, Jon and García-Ferrero, Iker and Etxaniz, Julen and de Lacalle, Oier Lopez and Agirre, Eneko},
3835 + year = {2023},
3836 + booktitle = {Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023},
3837 + pages = {10776-10787},
3838 + publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
3839 + doi = {10.18653/v1/2023.findings-emnlp.722},
3840 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3841 +}
3842 +
3843 +@misc{recht2019imagenet,
3844 + title = {Do ImageNet Classifiers Generalize to ImageNet?},
3845 + author = {Recht, Benjamin and Roelofs, Rebecca and Schmidt, Ludwig and Shankar, Vaishaal},
3846 + year = {2019},
3847 + eprint = {1902.10811},
3848 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
3849 + primaryclass = {cs.CV},
3850 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1902.10811},
3851 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group I}
3852 +}
3853 +
3854 +@misc{bommasani2023fmti,
3855 + title = {The Foundation Model Transparency Index},
3856 + author = {Bommasani, Rishi and Klyman, Kevin and Longpre, Shayne and Kapoor, Sayash and Maslej, Nestor and Xiong, Betty and Zhang, Daniel and Liang, Percy},
3857 + year = {2023},
3858 + eprint = {2310.12941},
3859 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
3860 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
3861 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.12941},
3862 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group I}
3863 +}
3864 +
3865 +@article{longpre2024dataprovenance,
3866 + title = {A large-scale audit of dataset licensing and attribution in AI},
3867 + author = {Longpre, Shayne and Mahari, Robert and Chen, Anthony and Obeng-Marnu, Naana and Sileo, Damien and Brannon, William and Muennighoff, Niklas and Khazam, Nathan and Kabbara, Jad and Perisetla, Kartik and Wu, Xinyi and Shippole, Enrico and Bollacker, Kurt and Wu, Tongshuang and Villa, Luis and Pentland, Sandy and Hooker, Sara},
3868 + year = {2024},
3869 + journal = {Nature Machine Intelligence},
3870 + volume = {6},
3871 + number = {8},
3872 + pages = {975-987},
3873 + doi = {10.1038/s42256-024-00878-8},
3874 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3875 +}
3876 +
3877 +@article{semmelrock2025reproducibility,
3878 + title = {Reproducibility in machine-learning-based research: Overview, barriers, and drivers},
3879 + author = {Semmelrock, Harald and Ross-Hellauer, Tony and Kopeinik, Simone and Theiler, Dieter and Haberl, Armin and Thalmann, Stefan and Kowald, Dominik},
3880 + year = {2025},
3881 + journal = {AI Magazine},
3882 + volume = {46},
3883 + number = {2},
3884 + doi = {10.1002/aaai.70002},
3885 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3886 +}
3887 +
3888 +@misc{gundersen2022sources,
3889 + title = {Sources of Irreproducibility in Machine Learning: A Review},
3890 + author = {Gundersen, Odd Erik and Coakley, Kevin L. and Kirkpatrick, Christine R. and Gil, Yolanda},
3891 + year = {2022},
3892 + howpublished = {arXiv (Cornell University)},
3893 + doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2204.07610},
3894 + note = {verified: openalex 2026-11-03; group I}
3895 +}
3896 +
3897 +@article{wilkinson2016fair,
3898 + title = {The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship},
3899 + author = {Wilkinson, Mark D. and Dumontier, Michel and Aalbersberg, IJsbrand Jan and Appleton, Gabrielle and Axton, Myles and Baak, Arie and Blomberg, Niklas and Boiten, Jan-Willem and da Silva Santos, Luiz Bonino and Bourne, Philip E. and Bouwman, Jildau and Brookes, Anthony J. and Clark, Tim and Crosas, Mercè and Dillo, Ingrid and Dumon, Olivier and Edmunds, Scott and Evelo, Chris T. and Finkers, Richard and Gonzalez-Beltran, Alejandra and Gray, Alasdair J.G. and Groth, Paul and Goble, Carole and Grethe, Jeffrey S. and Heringa, Jaap and 't Hoen, Peter A.C and Hooft, Rob and Kuhn, Tobias and Kok, Ruben and Kok, Joost and Lusher, Scott J. and Martone, Maryann E. and Mons, Albert and Packer, Abel L. and Persson, Bengt and Rocca-Serra, Philippe and Roos, Marco and van Schaik, Rene and Sansone, Susanna-Assunta and Schultes, Erik and Sengstag, Thierry and Slater, Ted and Strawn, George and Swertz, Morris A. and Thompson, Mark and van der Lei, Johan and van Mulligen, Erik and Velterop, Jan and Waagmeester, Andra and Wittenburg, Peter and Wolstencroft, Katherine and Zhao, Jun and Mons, Barend},
3900 + year = {2016},
3901 + journal = {Scientific Data},
3902 + volume = {3},
3903 + number = {1},
3904 + doi = {10.1038/sdata.2016.18},
3905 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group I}
3906 +}
3907 +
3908 +@misc{magnusson2023olmo,
3909 + title = {OLMo: Accelerating the Science of Language Models},
3910 + author = {Groeneveld, Dirk and Beltagy, Iz and Walsh, Pete and Bhagia, Akshita and Kinney, Rodney and Tafjord, Oyvind and Jha, Ananya Harsh and Ivison, Hamish and Magnusson, Ian and Wang, Yizhong and Arora, Shane and Atkinson, David and Authur, Russell and Chandu, Khyathi Raghavi and Cohan, Arman and Dumas, Jennifer and Elazar, Yanai and Gu, Yuling and Hessel, Jack and Khot, Tushar and Merrill, William and Morrison, Jacob and Muennighoff, Niklas and Naik, Aakanksha and Nam, Crystal and Peters, Matthew E. and Pyatkin, Valentina and Ravichander, Abhilasha and Schwenk, Dustin and Shah, Saurabh and Smith, Will and Strubell, Emma and Subramani, Nishant and Wortsman, Mitchell and Dasigi, Pradeep and Lambert, Nathan and Richardson, Kyle and Zettlemoyer, Luke and Dodge, Jesse and Lo, Kyle and Soldaini, Luca and Smith, Noah A. and Hajishirzi, Hannaneh},
3911 + year = {2024},
3912 + eprint = {2402.00838},
3913 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
3914 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
3915 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.00838},
3916 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group I}
3917 +}
3918 +
3919 +% ===== Group J =====
3920 +
3921 +@article{preskill2018nisq,
3922 + title = {Quantum Computing in the NISQ era and beyond},
3923 + author = {Preskill, John},
3924 + year = {2018},
3925 + journal = {Quantum},
3926 + volume = {2},
3927 + pages = {79},
3928 + doi = {10.22331/q-2018-08-06-79},
3929 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
3930 +}
3931 +
3932 +@article{arute2019supremacy,
3933 + title = {Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor},
3934 + author = {Arute, Frank and Arya, Kunal and Babbush, Ryan and Bacon, Dave and Bardin, Joseph C. and Barends, Rami and Biswas, Rupak and Boixo, Sergio and Brandao, Fernando G. S. L. and Buell, David A. and Burkett, Brian and Chen, Yu and Chen, Zijun and Chiaro, Ben and Collins, Roberto and Courtney, William and Dunsworth, Andrew and Farhi, Edward and Foxen, Brooks and Fowler, Austin and Gidney, Craig and Giustina, Marissa and Graff, Rob and Guerin, Keith and Habegger, Steve and Harrigan, Matthew P. and Hartmann, Michael J. and Ho, Alan and Hoffmann, Markus and Huang, Trent and Humble, Travis S. and Isakov, Sergei V. and Jeffrey, Evan and Jiang, Zhang and Kafri, Dvir and Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn and Kelly, Julian and Klimov, Paul V. and Knysh, Sergey and Korotkov, Alexander and Kostritsa, Fedor and Landhuis, David and Lindmark, Mike and Lucero, Erik and Lyakh, Dmitry and Mandrà, Salvatore and McClean, Jarrod R. and McEwen, Matthew and Megrant, Anthony and Mi, Xiao and Michielsen, Kristel and Mohseni, Masoud and Mutus, Josh and Naaman, Ofer and Neeley, Matthew and Neill, Charles and Niu, Murphy Yuezhen and Ostby, Eric and Petukhov, Andre and Platt, John C. and Quintana, Chris and Rieffel, Eleanor G. and Roushan, Pedram and Rubin, Nicholas C. and Sank, Daniel and Satzinger, Kevin J. and Smelyanskiy, Vadim and Sung, Kevin J. and Trevithick, Matthew D. and Vainsencher, Amit and Villalonga, Benjamin and White, Theodore and Yao, Z. Jamie and Yeh, Ping and Zalcman, Adam and Neven, Hartmut and Martinis, John M.},
3935 + year = {2019},
3936 + journal = {Nature},
3937 + volume = {574},
3938 + number = {7779},
3939 + pages = {505-510},
3940 + doi = {10.1038/s41586-019-1666-5},
3941 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
3942 +}
3943 +
3944 +@article{kim2023utility,
3945 + title = {Evidence for the utility of quantum computing before fault tolerance},
3946 + author = {Kim, Youngseok and Eddins, Andrew and Anand, Sajant and Wei, Ken Xuan and van den Berg, Ewout and Rosenblatt, Sami and Nayfeh, Hasan and Wu, Yantao and Zaletel, Michael and Temme, Kristan and Kandala, Abhinav},
3947 + year = {2023},
3948 + journal = {Nature},
3949 + volume = {618},
3950 + number = {7965},
3951 + pages = {500-505},
3952 + doi = {10.1038/s41586-023-06096-3},
3953 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
3954 +}
3955 +
3956 +@article{googlequantum2025belowthreshold,
3957 + title = {Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold},
3958 + author = {{Google Quantum AI and Collaborators} and Acharya, Rajeev and Abanin, Dmitry A. and Aghababaie-Beni, Laleh and Aleiner, Igor and Andersen, Trond I. and Ansmann, Markus and Arute, Frank and Arya, Kunal and Asfaw, Abraham and Astrakhantsev, Nikita and Atalaya, Juan and Babbush, Ryan and Bacon, Dave and Ballard, Brian and Bardin, Joseph C. and Bausch, Johannes and Bengtsson, Andreas and Bilmes, Alexander and Blackwell, Sam and Boixo, Sergio and Bortoli, Gina and Bourassa, Alexandre and Bovaird, Jenna and Brill, Leon and Broughton, Michael and Browne, David A. and Buchea, Brett and Buckley, Bob B. and Buell, David A. and Burger, Tim and Burkett, Brian and Bushnell, Nicholas and Cabrera, Anthony and Campero, Juan and Chang, Hung-Shen and Chen, Yu and Chen, Zijun and Chiaro, Ben and Chik, Desmond and Chou, Charina and Claes, Jahan and Cleland, Agnetta Y. and Cogan, Josh and Collins, Roberto and Conner, Paul and Courtney, William and Crook, Alexander L. and Curtin, Ben and Das, Sayan and Davies, Alex and De Lorenzo, Laura and Debroy, Dripto M. and Demura, Sean and Devoret, Michel and Di Paolo, Agustin and Donohoe, Paul and Drozdov, Ilya and Dunsworth, Andrew and Earle, Clint and Edlich, Thomas and Eickbusch, Alec and Elbag, Aviv Moshe and Elzouka, Mahmoud and Erickson, Catherine and Faoro, Lara and Farhi, Edward and Ferreira, Vinicius S. and Burgos, Leslie Flores and Forati, Ebrahim and Fowler, Austin G. and Foxen, Brooks and Ganjam, Suhas and Garcia, Gonzalo and Gasca, Robert and Genois, Élie and Giang, William and Gidney, Craig and Gilboa, Dar and Gosula, Raja and Dau, Alejandro Grajales and Graumann, Dietrich and Greene, Alex and Gross, Jonathan A. and Habegger, Steve and Hall, John and Hamilton, Michael C. and Hansen, Monica and Harrigan, Matthew P. and Harrington, Sean D. and Heras, Francisco J. 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3959 + year = {2025},
3960 + journal = {Nature},
3961 + volume = {638},
3962 + number = {8052},
3963 + pages = {920-926},
3964 + doi = {10.1038/s41586-024-08449-y},
3965 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
3966 +}
3967 +
3968 +@article{cerezo2021vqa,
3969 + title = {Variational quantum algorithms},
3970 + author = {Cerezo, M. and Arrasmith, Andrew and Babbush, Ryan and Benjamin, Simon C. and Endo, Suguru and Fujii, Keisuke and McClean, Jarrod R. and Mitarai, Kosuke and Yuan, Xiao and Cincio, Lukasz and Coles, Patrick J.},
3971 + year = {2021},
3972 + journal = {Nature Reviews Physics},
3973 + volume = {3},
3974 + number = {9},
3975 + pages = {625-644},
3976 + doi = {10.1038/s42254-021-00348-9},
3977 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
3978 +}
3979 +
3980 +@article{bharti2022nisq,
3981 + title = {Noisy intermediate-scale quantum algorithms},
3982 + author = {Bharti, Kishor and Cervera-Lierta, Alba and Kyaw, Thi Ha and Haug, Tobias and Alperin-Lea, Sumner and Anand, Abhinav and Degroote, Matthias and Heimonen, Hermanni and Kottmann, Jakob S. and Menke, Tim and Mok, Wai-Keong and Sim, Sukin and Kwek, Leong-Chuan and Aspuru-Guzik, Alán},
3983 + year = {2022},
3984 + journal = {Reviews of Modern Physics},
3985 + volume = {94},
3986 + number = {1},
3987 + doi = {10.1103/revmodphys.94.015004},
3988 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
3989 +}
3990 +
3991 +@article{shor1997factoring,
3992 + title = {Polynomial-Time Algorithms for Prime Factorization and Discrete Logarithms on a Quantum Computer},
3993 + author = {Shor, Peter W.},
3994 + year = {1997},
3995 + journal = {SIAM Journal on Computing},
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3997 + number = {5},
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4000 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4001 +}
4002 +
4003 +@misc{nakamoto2008bitcoin,
4004 + title = {Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System},
4005 + author = {Nakamoto, Satoshi},
4006 + year = {2008},
4007 + howpublished = {bitcoin.org white paper},
4008 + url = {https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf},
4009 + urldate = {2026-11-03},
4010 + note = {verified: url 2026-11-03 (HTTP 200, page title: PDF first page: Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System Satoshi Nakamoto satoshin@gmx.com www.bitcoin.org Abstrac); group J}
4011 +}
4012 +
4013 +@article{zheng2018blockchain,
4014 + title = {Blockchain challenges and opportunities: a survey},
4015 + author = {Zheng, Zibin and Xie, Shaoan and Dai, Hong Ning and Chen, Xiangping and Wang, Huaimin},
4016 + year = {2018},
4017 + journal = {International Journal of Web and Grid Services},
4018 + volume = {14},
4019 + number = {4},
4020 + pages = {352},
4021 + doi = {10.1504/ijwgs.2018.095647},
4022 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4023 +}
4024 +
4025 +@article{monrat2019blockchain,
4026 + title = {A Survey of Blockchain From the Perspectives of Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities},
4027 + author = {Monrat, Ahmed Afif and Schelen, Olov and Andersson, Karl},
4028 + year = {2019},
4029 + journal = {IEEE Access},
4030 + volume = {7},
4031 + pages = {117134-117151},
4032 + doi = {10.1109/access.2019.2936094},
4033 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4034 +}
4035 +
4036 +@inproceedings{werner2022defi,
4037 + title = {SoK: Decentralized Finance (DeFi)},
4038 + author = {Werner, Sam and Perez, Daniel and Gudgeon, Lewis and Klages-Mundt, Ariah and Harz, Dominik and Knottenbelt, William},
4039 + year = {2022},
4040 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th ACM Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies},
4041 + pages = {30-46},
4042 + publisher = {ACM},
4043 + doi = {10.1145/3558535.3559780},
4044 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4045 +}
4046 +
4047 +@misc{mcmahan2017fl,
4048 + title = {Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Data},
4049 + author = {McMahan, H. Brendan and Moore, Eider and Ramage, Daniel and Hampson, Seth and Arcas, Blaise Agüera y},
4050 + year = {2016},
4051 + eprint = {1602.05629},
4052 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4053 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
4054 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1602.05629},
4055 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4056 +}
4057 +
4058 +@article{kairouz2021fl,
4059 + title = {Advances and Open Problems in Federated Learning},
4060 + author = {Kairouz, Peter and McMahan, H. Brendan},
4061 + year = {2021},
4062 + journal = {Foundations and Trends® in Machine Learning},
4063 + volume = {14},
4064 + number = {1-2},
4065 + pages = {1-210},
4066 + doi = {10.1561/2200000083},
4067 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4068 +}
4069 +
4070 +@article{li2020flchallenges,
4071 + title = {Federated Learning: Challenges, Methods, and Future Directions},
4072 + author = {Li, Tian and Sahu, Anit Kumar and Talwalkar, Ameet and Smith, Virginia},
4073 + year = {2020},
4074 + journal = {IEEE Signal Processing Magazine},
4075 + volume = {37},
4076 + number = {3},
4077 + pages = {50-60},
4078 + doi = {10.1109/msp.2020.2975749},
4079 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4080 +}
4081 +
4082 +@incollection{dwork2006dp,
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4087 + pages = {265-284},
4088 + publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
4089 + doi = {10.1007/11681878_14},
4090 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4091 +}
4092 +
4093 +@article{dwork2014dp,
4094 + title = {The Algorithmic Foundations of Differential Privacy},
4095 + author = {Dwork, Cynthia and Roth, Aaron},
4096 + year = {2014},
4097 + journal = {Foundations and Trends® in Theoretical Computer Science},
4098 + volume = {9},
4099 + number = {3-4},
4100 + pages = {211-487},
4101 + doi = {10.1561/0400000042},
4102 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4103 +}
4104 +
4105 +@inproceedings{abadi2016dpsgd,
4106 + title = {Deep Learning with Differential Privacy},
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4108 + year = {2016},
4109 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security},
4110 + pages = {308-318},
4111 + publisher = {ACM},
4112 + doi = {10.1145/2976749.2978318},
4113 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4114 +}
4115 +
4116 +@techreport{nist2024fips203,
4117 + title = {Module-lattice-based key-encapsulation mechanism standard},
4118 + author = {{National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)}},
4119 + year = {2024},
4120 + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)},
4121 + doi = {10.6028/nist.fips.203},
4122 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4123 +}
4124 +
4125 +@techreport{nist2024fips204,
4126 + title = {Module-lattice-based digital signature standard},
4127 + author = {{National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)}},
4128 + year = {2024},
4129 + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)},
4130 + doi = {10.6028/nist.fips.204},
4131 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4132 +}
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4134 +@techreport{nist2024fips205,
4135 + title = {Stateless hash-based digital signature standard},
4136 + author = {{National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)}},
4137 + year = {2024},
4138 + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)},
4139 + doi = {10.6028/nist.fips.205},
4140 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4141 +}
4142 +
4143 +@article{bernstein2017pqc,
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4152 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4153 +}
4154 +
4155 +@article{regev2009lwe,
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4164 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4165 +}
4166 +
4167 +@incollection{demoura2021lean4,
4168 + title = {The Lean 4 Theorem Prover and Programming Language},
4169 + author = {Moura, Leonardo de and Ullrich, Sebastian},
4170 + year = {2021},
4171 + booktitle = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
4172 + pages = {625-635},
4173 + publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
4174 + doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-79876-5_37},
4175 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4176 +}
4177 +
4178 +@inproceedings{mathlib2020,
4179 + title = {The lean mathematical library},
4180 + author = {The mathlib Community},
4181 + year = {2020},
4182 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Certified Programs and Proofs},
4183 + pages = {367-381},
4184 + publisher = {ACM},
4185 + doi = {10.1145/3372885.3373824},
4186 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4187 +}
4188 +
4189 +@article{jung2017rustbelt,
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4191 + author = {Jung, Ralf and Jourdan, Jacques-Henri and Krebbers, Robbert and Dreyer, Derek},
4192 + year = {2018},
4193 + journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages},
4194 + volume = {2},
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4196 + pages = {1-34},
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4198 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4199 +}
4200 +
4201 +@article{jung2021saferust,
4202 + title = {Safe systems programming in Rust},
4203 + author = {Jung, Ralf and Jourdan, Jacques-Henri and Krebbers, Robbert and Dreyer, Derek},
4204 + year = {2021},
4205 + journal = {Communications of the ACM},
4206 + volume = {64},
4207 + number = {4},
4208 + pages = {144-152},
4209 + doi = {10.1145/3418295},
4210 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4211 +}
4212 +
4213 +@article{leroy2009compcert,
4214 + title = {Formal verification of a realistic compiler},
4215 + author = {Leroy, Xavier},
4216 + year = {2009},
4217 + journal = {Communications of the ACM},
4218 + volume = {52},
4219 + number = {7},
4220 + pages = {107-115},
4221 + doi = {10.1145/1538788.1538814},
4222 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4223 +}
4224 +
4225 +@inproceedings{klein2009sel4,
4226 + title = {seL4: formal verification of an OS kernel},
4227 + author = {Klein, Gerwin and Elphinstone, Kevin and Heiser, Gernot and Andronick, June and Cock, David and Derrin, Philip and Elkaduwe, Dhammika and Engelhardt, Kai and Kolanski, Rafal and Norrish, Michael and Sewell, Thomas and Tuch, Harvey and Winwood, Simon},
4228 + year = {2009},
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4230 + pages = {207-220},
4231 + publisher = {ACM},
4232 + doi = {10.1145/1629575.1629596},
4233 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4234 +}
4235 +
4236 +@misc{yang2024formalmath,
4237 + title = {Formal Mathematical Reasoning: A New Frontier in AI},
4238 + author = {Yang, Kaiyu and Poesia, Gabriel and He, Jingxuan and Li, Wenda and Lauter, Kristin and Chaudhuri, Swarat and Song, Dawn},
4239 + year = {2024},
4240 + eprint = {2412.16075},
4241 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4242 + primaryclass = {cs.AI},
4243 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.16075},
4244 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4245 +}
4246 +
4247 +@inproceedings{first2023baldur,
4248 + title = {Baldur: Whole-Proof Generation and Repair with Large Language Models},
4249 + author = {First, Emily and Rabe, Markus N. and Ringer, Talia and Brun, Yuriy},
4250 + year = {2023},
4251 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 31st ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering},
4252 + pages = {1229-1241},
4253 + publisher = {ACM},
4254 + doi = {10.1145/3611643.3616243},
4255 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4256 +}
4257 +
4258 +@article{hennessy2019goldenage,
4259 + title = {A new golden age for computer architecture},
4260 + author = {Hennessy, John L. and Patterson, David A.},
4261 + year = {2019},
4262 + journal = {Communications of the ACM},
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4264 + number = {2},
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4266 + doi = {10.1145/3282307},
4267 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4268 +}
4269 +
4270 +@article{leiserson2020roomattop,
4271 + title = {There's plenty of room at the Top: What will drive computer performance after Moore's law?},
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4277 + doi = {10.1126/science.aam9744},
4278 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4279 +}
4280 +
4281 +@inproceedings{jouppi2017tpu,
4282 + title = {In-Datacenter Performance Analysis of a Tensor Processing Unit},
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4284 + year = {2017},
4285 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 44th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture},
4286 + pages = {1-12},
4287 + publisher = {ACM},
4288 + doi = {10.1145/3079856.3080246},
4289 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4290 +}
4291 +
4292 +@inproceedings{jouppi2023tpuv4,
4293 + title = {TPU v4: An Optically Reconfigurable Supercomputer for Machine Learning with Hardware Support for Embeddings},
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4295 + year = {2023},
4296 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 50th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture},
4297 + pages = {1-14},
4298 + publisher = {ACM},
4299 + doi = {10.1145/3579371.3589350},
4300 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4301 +}
4302 +
4303 +@inproceedings{reuther2022accelerators,
4304 + title = {AI and ML Accelerator Survey and Trends},
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4306 + year = {2022},
4307 + booktitle = {2022 IEEE High Performance Extreme Computing Conference (HPEC)},
4308 + pages = {1-10},
4309 + publisher = {IEEE},
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4311 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4312 +}
4313 +
4314 +@article{sze2017efficientdnn,
4315 + title = {Efficient Processing of Deep Neural Networks: A Tutorial and Survey},
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4322 + doi = {10.1109/jproc.2017.2761740},
4323 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4324 +}
4325 +
4326 +@article{dally2021gpu,
4327 + title = {Evolution of the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)},
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4329 + year = {2021},
4330 + journal = {IEEE Micro},
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4334 + doi = {10.1109/mm.2021.3113475},
4335 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4336 +}
4337 +
4338 +@article{gholami2024memorywall,
4339 + title = {AI and Memory Wall},
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4348 +}
4349 +
4350 +@article{dennard1974scaling,
4351 + title = {Design of ion-implanted MOSFET's with very small physical dimensions},
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4360 +}
4361 +
4362 +@misc{patterson2021carbon,
4363 + title = {Carbon Emissions and Large Neural Network Training},
4364 + author = {Patterson, David and Gonzalez, Joseph and Le, Quoc and Liang, Chen and Munguia, Lluis-Miquel and Rothchild, Daniel and So, David and Texier, Maud and Dean, Jeff},
4365 + year = {2021},
4366 + eprint = {2104.10350},
4367 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4368 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
4369 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.10350},
4370 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4371 +}
4372 +
4373 +@article{patterson2022plateau,
4374 + title = {The Carbon Footprint of Machine Learning Training Will Plateau, Then Shrink},
4375 + author = {Patterson, David and Gonzalez, Joseph and Holzle, Urs and Le, Quoc and Liang, Chen and Munguia, Lluis-Miquel and Rothchild, Daniel and So, David R. and Texier, Maud and Dean, Jeff},
4376 + year = {2022},
4377 + journal = {Computer},
4378 + volume = {55},
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4380 + pages = {18-28},
4381 + doi = {10.1109/mc.2022.3148714},
4382 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4383 +}
4384 +
4385 +@inproceedings{strubell2019energy,
4386 + title = {Energy and Policy Considerations for Deep Learning in NLP},
4387 + author = {Strubell, Emma and Ganesh, Ananya and McCallum, Andrew},
4388 + year = {2019},
4389 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
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4391 + publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
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4393 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4394 +}
4395 +
4396 +@misc{luccioni2023bloom,
4397 + title = {Estimating the Carbon Footprint of BLOOM, a 176B Parameter Language Model},
4398 + author = {Luccioni, Alexandra Sasha and Viguier, Sylvain and Ligozat, Anne-Laure},
4399 + year = {2022},
4400 + eprint = {2211.02001},
4401 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4402 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
4403 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.02001},
4404 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4405 +}
4406 +
4407 +@inproceedings{luccioni2024powerhungry,
4408 + title = {Power Hungry Processing: Watts Driving the Cost of AI Deployment?},
4409 + author = {Luccioni, Sasha and Jernite, Yacine and Strubell, Emma},
4410 + year = {2024},
4411 + booktitle = {The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness Accountability and Transparency},
4412 + pages = {85-99},
4413 + publisher = {ACM},
4414 + doi = {10.1145/3630106.3658542},
4415 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4416 +}
4417 +
4418 +@article{schwartz2020greenai,
4419 + title = {Green AI},
4420 + author = {Schwartz, Roy and Dodge, Jesse and Smith, Noah A. and Etzioni, Oren},
4421 + year = {2020},
4422 + journal = {Communications of the ACM},
4423 + volume = {63},
4424 + number = {12},
4425 + pages = {54-63},
4426 + doi = {10.1145/3381831},
4427 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4428 +}
4429 +
4430 +@misc{henderson2020carbon,
4431 + title = {Towards the Systematic Reporting of the Energy and Carbon Footprints of Machine Learning},
4432 + author = {Henderson, Peter and Hu, Jieru and Romoff, Joshua and Brunskill, Emma and Jurafsky, Dan and Pineau, Joelle},
4433 + year = {2020},
4434 + eprint = {2002.05651},
4435 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4436 + primaryclass = {cs.CY},
4437 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.05651},
4438 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4439 +}
4440 +
4441 +@article{masanet2020datacenters,
4442 + title = {Recalibrating global data center energy-use estimates},
4443 + author = {Masanet, Eric and Shehabi, Arman and Lei, Nuoa and Smith, Sarah and Koomey, Jonathan},
4444 + year = {2020},
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4448 + pages = {984-986},
4449 + doi = {10.1126/science.aba3758},
4450 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4451 +}
4452 +
4453 +@article{devries2023energy,
4454 + title = {The growing energy footprint of artificial intelligence},
4455 + author = {de Vries, Alex},
4456 + year = {2023},
4457 + journal = {Joule},
4458 + volume = {7},
4459 + number = {10},
4460 + pages = {2191-2194},
4461 + doi = {10.1016/j.joule.2023.09.004},
4462 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4463 +}
4464 +
4465 +@misc{wu2022sustainableai,
4466 + title = {Sustainable AI: Environmental Implications, Challenges and Opportunities},
4467 + author = {Wu, Carole-Jean and Raghavendra, Ramya and Gupta, Udit and Acun, Bilge and Ardalani, Newsha and Maeng, Kiwan and Chang, Gloria and Behram, Fiona Aga and Huang, James and Bai, Charles and Gschwind, Michael and Gupta, Anurag and Ott, Myle and Melnikov, Anastasia and Candido, Salvatore and Brooks, David and Chauhan, Geeta and Lee, Benjamin and Lee, Hsien-Hsin S. and Akyildiz, Bugra and Balandat, Maximilian and Spisak, Joe and Jain, Ravi and Rabbat, Mike and Hazelwood, Kim},
4468 + year = {2021},
4469 + eprint = {2111.00364},
4470 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4471 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
4472 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2111.00364},
4473 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4474 +}
4475 +
4476 +@article{shi2016edge,
4477 + title = {Edge Computing: Vision and Challenges},
4478 + author = {Shi, Weisong and Cao, Jie and Zhang, Quan and Li, Youhuizi and Xu, Lanyu},
4479 + year = {2016},
4480 + journal = {IEEE Internet of Things Journal},
4481 + volume = {3},
4482 + number = {5},
4483 + pages = {637-646},
4484 + doi = {10.1109/jiot.2016.2579198},
4485 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4486 +}
4487 +
4488 +@article{satyanarayanan2017edge,
4489 + title = {The Emergence of Edge Computing},
4490 + author = {Satyanarayanan, Mahadev},
4491 + year = {2017},
4492 + journal = {Computer},
4493 + volume = {50},
4494 + number = {1},
4495 + pages = {30-39},
4496 + doi = {10.1109/mc.2017.9},
4497 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4498 +}
4499 +
4500 +@article{zhou2019edgeintelligence,
4501 + title = {Edge Intelligence: Paving the Last Mile of Artificial Intelligence With Edge Computing},
4502 + author = {Zhou, Zhi and Chen, Xu and Li, En and Zeng, Liekang and Luo, Ke and Zhang, Junshan},
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4504 + journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE},
4505 + volume = {107},
4506 + number = {8},
4507 + pages = {1738-1762},
4508 + doi = {10.1109/jproc.2019.2918951},
4509 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4510 +}
4511 +
4512 +@article{deng2020edgeintelligence,
4513 + title = {Edge Intelligence: The Confluence of Edge Computing and Artificial Intelligence},
4514 + author = {Deng, Shuiguang and Zhao, Hailiang and Fang, Weijia and Yin, Jianwei and Dustdar, Schahram and Zomaya, Albert Y.},
4515 + year = {2020},
4516 + journal = {IEEE Internet of Things Journal},
4517 + volume = {7},
4518 + number = {8},
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4520 + doi = {10.1109/jiot.2020.2984887},
4521 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4522 +}
4523 +
4524 +@misc{brohan2023rt2,
4525 + title = {RT-2: Vision-Language-Action Models Transfer Web Knowledge to Robotic Control},
4526 + author = {Brohan, Anthony and Brown, Noah and Carbajal, Justice and Chebotar, Yevgen and Chen, Xi and Choromanski, Krzysztof and Ding, Tianli and Driess, Danny and Dubey, Avinava and Finn, Chelsea and Florence, Pete and Fu, Chuyuan and Arenas, Montse Gonzalez and Gopalakrishnan, Keerthana and Han, Kehang and Hausman, Karol and Herzog, Alexander and Hsu, Jasmine and Ichter, Brian and Irpan, Alex and Joshi, Nikhil and Julian, Ryan and Kalashnikov, Dmitry and Kuang, Yuheng and Leal, Isabel and Lee, Lisa and Lee, Tsang-Wei Edward and Levine, Sergey and Lu, Yao and Michalewski, Henryk and Mordatch, Igor and Pertsch, Karl and Rao, Kanishka and Reymann, Krista and Ryoo, Michael and Salazar, Grecia and Sanketi, Pannag and Sermanet, Pierre and Singh, Jaspiar and Singh, Anikait and Soricut, Radu and Tran, Huong and Vanhoucke, Vincent and Vuong, Quan and Wahid, Ayzaan and Welker, Stefan and Wohlhart, Paul and Wu, Jialin and Xia, Fei and Xiao, Ted and Xu, Peng and Xu, Sichun and Yu, Tianhe and Zitkovich, Brianna},
4527 + year = {2023},
4528 + eprint = {2307.15818},
4529 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4530 + primaryclass = {cs.RO},
4531 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.15818},
4532 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4533 +}
4534 +
4535 +@misc{openx2023embodiment,
4536 + title = {Open X-Embodiment: Robotic Learning Datasets and RT-X Models},
4537 + author = {Collaboration, Open X-Embodiment and O'Neill, Abby and Rehman, Abdul and Gupta, Abhinav and Maddukuri, Abhiram and Gupta, Abhishek and Padalkar, Abhishek and Lee, Abraham and Pooley, Acorn and Gupta, Agrim and Mandlekar, Ajay and Jain, Ajinkya and Tung, Albert and Bewley, Alex and Herzog, Alex and Irpan, Alex and Khazatsky, Alexander and Rai, Anant and Gupta, Anchit and Wang, Andrew and Kolobov, Andrey and Singh, Anikait and Garg, Animesh and Kembhavi, Aniruddha and Xie, Annie and Brohan, Anthony and Raffin, Antonin and Sharma, Archit and Yavary, Arefeh and Jain, Arhan and Balakrishna, Ashwin and Wahid, Ayzaan and Burgess-Limerick, Ben and Kim, Beomjoon and Schölkopf, Bernhard and Wulfe, Blake and Ichter, Brian and Lu, Cewu and Xu, Charles and Le, Charlotte and Finn, Chelsea and Wang, Chen and Xu, Chenfeng and Chi, Cheng and Huang, Chenguang and Chan, Christine and Agia, Christopher and Pan, Chuer and Fu, Chuyuan and Devin, Coline and Xu, Danfei and Morton, Daniel and 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4538 + year = {2023},
4539 + eprint = {2310.08864},
4540 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4541 + primaryclass = {cs.RO},
4542 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.08864},
4543 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4544 +}
4545 +
4546 +@article{firoozi2024fmrobotics,
4547 + title = {Foundation models in robotics: Applications, challenges, and the future},
4548 + author = {Firoozi, Roya and Tucker, Johnathan and Tian, Stephen and Majumdar, Anirudha and Sun, Jiankai and Liu, Weiyu and Zhu, Yuke and Song, Shuran and Kapoor, Ashish and Hausman, Karol and Ichter, Brian and Driess, Danny and Wu, Jiajun and Lu, Cewu and Schwager, Mac},
4549 + year = {2025},
4550 + journal = {The International Journal of Robotics Research},
4551 + volume = {44},
4552 + number = {5},
4553 + pages = {701-739},
4554 + doi = {10.1177/02783649241281508},
4555 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4556 +}
4557 +
4558 +@misc{hu2023generalrobots,
4559 + title = {Toward General-Purpose Robots via Foundation Models: A Survey and Meta-Analysis},
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4561 + year = {2023},
4562 + eprint = {2312.08782},
4563 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4564 + primaryclass = {cs.RO},
4565 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.08782},
4566 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4567 +}
4568 +
4569 +@misc{kim2024openvla,
4570 + title = {OpenVLA: An Open-Source Vision-Language-Action Model},
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4574 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4575 + primaryclass = {cs.RO},
4576 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.09246},
4577 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4578 +}
4579 +
4580 +@misc{black2024pi0,
4581 + title = {$\pi_0$: A Vision-Language-Action Flow Model for General Robot Control},
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4585 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4586 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
4587 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.24164},
4588 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4589 +}
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4627 +@article{hayes2025esm3,
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4674 +
4675 +@article{nguyen2024evo,
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4685 +
4686 +@article{cui2024scgpt,
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4698 +@article{kochkov2024neuralgcm,
4699 + title = {Neural general circulation models for weather and climate},
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4710 +@article{bi2023pangu,
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4721 +
4722 +@article{lam2023graphcast,
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4733 +
4734 +@article{davies2021mathematics,
4735 + title = {Advancing mathematics by guiding human intuition with AI},
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4745 +
4746 +@article{fawzi2022alphatensor,
4747 + title = {Discovering faster matrix multiplication algorithms with reinforcement learning},
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4750 + journal = {Nature},
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4752 + number = {7930},
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4757 +
4758 +@article{degrave2022tokamak,
4759 + title = {Magnetic control of tokamak plasmas through deep reinforcement learning},
4760 + author = {Degrave, Jonas and Felici, Federico and Buchli, Jonas and Neunert, Michael and Tracey, Brendan and Carpanese, Francesco and Ewalds, Timo and Hafner, Roland and Abdolmaleki, Abbas and de las Casas, Diego and Donner, Craig and Fritz, Leslie and Galperti, Cristian and Huber, Andrea and Keeling, James and Tsimpoukelli, Maria and Kay, Jackie and Merle, Antoine and Moret, Jean-Marc and Noury, Seb and Pesamosca, Federico and Pfau, David and Sauter, Olivier and Sommariva, Cristian and Coda, Stefano and Duval, Basil and Fasoli, Ambrogio and Kohli, Pushmeet and Kavukcuoglu, Koray and Hassabis, Demis and Riedmiller, Martin},
4761 + year = {2022},
4762 + journal = {Nature},
4763 + volume = {602},
4764 + number = {7897},
4765 + pages = {414-419},
4766 + doi = {10.1038/s41586-021-04301-9},
4767 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4768 +}
4769 +
4770 +@misc{hendrycks2021unsolved,
4771 + title = {Unsolved Problems in ML Safety},
4772 + author = {Hendrycks, Dan and Carlini, Nicholas and Schulman, John and Steinhardt, Jacob},
4773 + year = {2021},
4774 + eprint = {2109.13916},
4775 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4776 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
4777 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.13916},
4778 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4779 +}
4780 +
4781 +@misc{ji2023alignment,
4782 + title = {AI Alignment: A Comprehensive Survey},
4783 + author = {Ji, Jiaming and Qiu, Tianyi and Chen, Boyuan and Zhang, Borong and Lou, Hantao and Wang, Kaile and Duan, Yawen and He, Zhonghao and Vierling, Lukas and Hong, Donghai and Zhou, Jiayi and Zhang, Zhaowei and Zeng, Fanzhi and Dai, Juntao and Pan, Xuehai and Ng, Kwan Yee and O'Gara, Aidan and Xu, Hua and Tse, Brian and Fu, Jie and McAleer, Stephen and Yang, Yaodong and Wang, Yizhou and Zhu, Song-Chun and Guo, Yike and Gao, Wen},
4784 + year = {2023},
4785 + eprint = {2310.19852},
4786 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4787 + primaryclass = {cs.AI},
4788 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.19852},
4789 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4790 +}
4791 +
4792 +@misc{amodei2016concrete,
4793 + title = {Concrete Problems in AI Safety},
4794 + author = {Amodei, Dario and Olah, Chris and Steinhardt, Jacob and Christiano, Paul and Schulman, John and Mané, Dan},
4795 + year = {2016},
4796 + eprint = {1606.06565},
4797 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4798 + primaryclass = {cs.AI},
4799 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.06565},
4800 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4801 +}
4802 +
4803 +@inproceedings{weidinger2022risks,
4804 + title = {Taxonomy of Risks posed by Language Models},
4805 + author = {Weidinger, Laura and Uesato, Jonathan and Rauh, Maribeth and Griffin, Conor and Huang, Po-Sen and Mellor, John and Glaese, Amelia and Cheng, Myra and Balle, Borja and Kasirzadeh, Atoosa and Biles, Courtney and Brown, Sasha and Kenton, Zac and Hawkins, Will and Stepleton, Tom and Birhane, Abeba and Hendricks, Lisa Anne and Rimell, Laura and Isaac, William and Haas, Julia and Legassick, Sean and Irving, Geoffrey and Gabriel, Iason},
4806 + year = {2022},
4807 + booktitle = {2022 ACM Conference on Fairness Accountability and Transparency},
4808 + pages = {214-229},
4809 + publisher = {ACM},
4810 + doi = {10.1145/3531146.3533088},
4811 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4812 +}
4813 +
4814 +@article{bengio2024extremerisks,
4815 + title = {Managing extreme AI risks amid rapid progress},
4816 + author = {Bengio, Yoshua and Hinton, Geoffrey and Yao, Andrew and Song, Dawn and Abbeel, Pieter and Darrell, Trevor and Harari, Yuval Noah and Zhang, Ya-Qin and Xue, Lan and Shalev-Shwartz, Shai and Hadfield, Gillian and Clune, Jeff and Maharaj, Tegan and Hutter, Frank and Baydin, Atılım Güneş and McIlraith, Sheila and Gao, Qiqi and Acharya, Ashwin and Krueger, David and Dragan, Anca and Torr, Philip and Russell, Stuart and Kahneman, Daniel and Brauner, Jan and Mindermann, Sören},
4817 + year = {2024},
4818 + journal = {Science},
4819 + volume = {384},
4820 + number = {6698},
4821 + pages = {842-845},
4822 + doi = {10.1126/science.adn0117},
4823 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4824 +}
4825 +
4826 +@misc{anwar2024foundational,
4827 + title = {Foundational Challenges in Assuring Alignment and Safety of Large Language Models},
4828 + author = {Anwar, Usman and Saparov, Abulhair and Rando, Javier and Paleka, Daniel and Turpin, Miles and Hase, Peter and Lubana, Ekdeep Singh and Jenner, Erik and Casper, Stephen and Sourbut, Oliver and Edelman, Benjamin L. and Zhang, Zhaowei and Günther, Mario and Korinek, Anton and Hernandez-Orallo, Jose and Hammond, Lewis and Bigelow, Eric and Pan, Alexander and Langosco, Lauro and Korbak, Tomasz and Zhang, Heidi and Zhong, Ruiqi and hÉigeartaigh, Seán Ó and Recchia, Gabriel and Corsi, Giulio and Chan, Alan and Anderljung, Markus and Edwards, Lilian and Petrov, Aleksandar and Witt, Christian Schroeder de and Motwan, Sumeet Ramesh and Bengio, Yoshua and Chen, Danqi and Torr, Philip H. S. and Albanie, Samuel and Maharaj, Tegan and Foerster, Jakob and Tramer, Florian and He, He and Kasirzadeh, Atoosa and Choi, Yejin and Krueger, David},
4829 + year = {2024},
4830 + eprint = {2404.09932},
4831 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4832 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
4833 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.09932},
4834 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4835 +}
4836 +
4837 +@misc{casper2023rlhfproblems,
4838 + title = {Open Problems and Fundamental Limitations of Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback},
4839 + author = {Casper, Stephen and Davies, Xander and Shi, Claudia and Gilbert, Thomas Krendl and Scheurer, Jérémy and Rando, Javier and Freedman, Rachel and Korbak, Tomasz and Lindner, David and Freire, Pedro and Wang, Tony and Marks, Samuel and Segerie, Charbel-Raphaël and Carroll, Micah and Peng, Andi and Christoffersen, Phillip and Damani, Mehul and Slocum, Stewart and Anwar, Usman and Siththaranjan, Anand and Nadeau, Max and Michaud, Eric J. and Pfau, Jacob and Krasheninnikov, Dmitrii and Chen, Xin and Langosco, Lauro and Hase, Peter and Bıyık, Erdem and Dragan, Anca and Krueger, David and Sadigh, Dorsa and Hadfield-Menell, Dylan},
4840 + year = {2023},
4841 + eprint = {2307.15217},
4842 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4843 + primaryclass = {cs.AI},
4844 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.15217},
4845 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4846 +}
4847 +
4848 +@misc{zou2023universal,
4849 + title = {Universal and Transferable Adversarial Attacks on Aligned Language Models},
4850 + author = {Zou, Andy and Wang, Zifan and Carlini, Nicholas and Nasr, Milad and Kolter, J. Zico and Fredrikson, Matt},
4851 + year = {2023},
4852 + eprint = {2307.15043},
4853 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4854 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
4855 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.15043},
4856 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4857 +}
4858 +
4859 +@misc{hendrycks2023catastrophic,
4860 + title = {An Overview of Catastrophic AI Risks},
4861 + author = {Hendrycks, Dan and Mazeika, Mantas and Woodside, Thomas},
4862 + year = {2023},
4863 + eprint = {2306.12001},
4864 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4865 + primaryclass = {cs.CY},
4866 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.12001},
4867 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4868 +}
4869 +
4870 +@misc{bai2022hh,
4871 + title = {Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback},
4872 + author = {Bai, Yuntao and Jones, Andy and Ndousse, Kamal and Askell, Amanda and Chen, Anna and DasSarma, Nova and Drain, Dawn and Fort, Stanislav and Ganguli, Deep and Henighan, Tom and Joseph, Nicholas and Kadavath, Saurav and Kernion, Jackson and Conerly, Tom and El-Showk, Sheer and Elhage, Nelson and Hatfield-Dodds, Zac and Hernandez, Danny and Hume, Tristan and Johnston, Scott and Kravec, Shauna and Lovitt, Liane and Nanda, Neel and Olsson, Catherine and Amodei, Dario and Brown, Tom and Clark, Jack and McCandlish, Sam and Olah, Chris and Mann, Ben and Kaplan, Jared},
4873 + year = {2022},
4874 + eprint = {2204.05862},
4875 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4876 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
4877 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.05862},
4878 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4879 +}
4880 +
4881 +@misc{shevlane2023extremerisks,
4882 + title = {Model evaluation for extreme risks},
4883 + author = {Shevlane, Toby and Farquhar, Sebastian and Garfinkel, Ben and Phuong, Mary and Whittlestone, Jess and Leung, Jade and Kokotajlo, Daniel and Marchal, Nahema and Anderljung, Markus and Kolt, Noam and Ho, Lewis and Siddarth, Divya and Avin, Shahar and Hawkins, Will and Kim, Been and Gabriel, Iason and Bolina, Vijay and Clark, Jack and Bengio, Yoshua and Christiano, Paul and Dafoe, Allan},
4884 + year = {2023},
4885 + eprint = {2305.15324},
4886 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4887 + primaryclass = {cs.AI},
4888 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.15324},
4889 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4890 +}
4891 +
4892 +@misc{bengio2025safetyreport,
4893 + title = {International AI Safety Report},
4894 + author = {Bengio, Yoshua and Mindermann, Sören and Privitera, Daniel and Besiroglu, Tamay and Bommasani, Rishi and Casper, Stephen and Choi, Yejin and Fox, Philip and Garfinkel, Ben and Goldfarb, Danielle and Heidari, Hoda and Ho, Anson and Kapoor, Sayash and Khalatbari, Leila and Longpre, Shayne and Manning, Sam and Mavroudis, Vasilios and Mazeika, Mantas and Michael, Julian and Newman, Jessica and Ng, Kwan Yee and Okolo, Chinasa T. and Raji, Deborah and Sastry, Girish and Seger, Elizabeth and Skeadas, Theodora and South, Tobin and Strubell, Emma and Tramèr, Florian and Velasco, Lucia and Wheeler, Nicole and Acemoglu, Daron and Adekanmbi, Olubayo and Dalrymple, David and Dietterich, Thomas G. and Felten, Edward W. and Fung, Pascale and Gourinchas, Pierre-Olivier and Heintz, Fredrik and Hinton, Geoffrey and Jennings, Nick and Krause, Andreas and Leavy, Susan and Liang, Percy and Ludermir, Teresa and Marda, Vidushi and Margetts, Helen and McDermid, John and Munga, Jane and Narayanan, Arvind and Nelson, Alondra and Neppel, Clara and Oh, Alice and Ramchurn, Gopal and Russell, Stuart and Schaake, Marietje and Schölkopf, Bernhard and Song, Dawn and Soto, Alvaro and Tiedrich, Lee and Varoquaux, Gaël and Yao, Andrew and Zhang, Ya-Qin and Albalawi, Fahad and Alserkal, Marwan and Ajala, Olubunmi and Avrin, Guillaume and Busch, Christian and Carvalho, André Carlos Ponce de Leon Ferreira de and Fox, Bronwyn and Gill, Amandeep Singh and Hatip, Ahmet Halit and Heikkilä, Juha and Jolly, Gill and Katzir, Ziv and Kitano, Hiroaki and Krüger, Antonio and Johnson, Chris and Khan, Saif M. and Lee, Kyoung Mu and Ligot, Dominic Vincent and Molchanovskyi, Oleksii and Monti, Andrea and Mwamanzi, Nusu and Nemer, Mona and Oliver, Nuria and Portillo, José Ramón López and Ravindran, Balaraman and Rivera, Raquel Pezoa and Riza, Hammam and Rugege, Crystal and Seoighe, Ciarán and Sheehan, Jerry and Sheikh, Haroon and Wong, Denise and Zeng, Yi},
4895 + year = {2025},
4896 + eprint = {2501.17805},
4897 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4898 + primaryclass = {cs.CY},
4899 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.17805},
4900 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4901 +}
4902 +
4903 +@article{wang2024agentsurvey,
4904 + title = {A survey on large language model based autonomous agents},
4905 + author = {Wang, Lei and Ma, Chen and Feng, Xueyang and Zhang, Zeyu and Yang, Hao and Zhang, Jingsen and Chen, Zhiyuan and Tang, Jiakai and Chen, Xu and Lin, Yankai and Zhao, Wayne Xin and Wei, Zhewei and Wen, Jirong},
4906 + year = {2024},
4907 + journal = {Frontiers of Computer Science},
4908 + volume = {18},
4909 + number = {6},
4910 + doi = {10.1007/s11704-024-40231-1},
4911 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4912 +}
4913 +
4914 +@misc{xi2023rise,
4915 + title = {The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Survey},
4916 + author = {Xi, Zhiheng and Chen, Wenxiang and Guo, Xin and He, Wei and Ding, Yiwen and Hong, Boyang and Zhang, Ming and Wang, Junzhe and Jin, Senjie and Zhou, Enyu and Zheng, Rui and Fan, Xiaoran and Wang, Xiao and Xiong, Limao and Zhou, Yuhao and Wang, Weiran and Jiang, Changhao and Zou, Yicheng and Liu, Xiangyang and Yin, Zhangyue and Dou, Shihan and Weng, Rongxiang and Cheng, Wensen and Zhang, Qi and Qin, Wenjuan and Zheng, Yongyan and Qiu, Xipeng and Huang, Xuanjing and Gui, Tao},
4917 + year = {2023},
4918 + eprint = {2309.07864},
4919 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4920 + primaryclass = {cs.AI},
4921 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.07864},
4922 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4923 +}
4924 +
4925 +@inproceedings{park2023generativeagents,
4926 + title = {Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behavior},
4927 + author = {Park, Joon Sung and O'Brien, Joseph and Cai, Carrie Jun and Morris, Meredith Ringel and Liang, Percy and Bernstein, Michael S.},
4928 + year = {2023},
4929 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 36th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology},
4930 + pages = {1-22},
4931 + publisher = {ACM},
4932 + doi = {10.1145/3586183.3606763},
4933 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
4934 +}
4935 +
4936 +@misc{shinn2023reflexion,
4937 + title = {Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learning},
4938 + author = {Shinn, Noah and Cassano, Federico and Berman, Edward and Gopinath, Ashwin and Narasimhan, Karthik and Yao, Shunyu},
4939 + year = {2023},
4940 + eprint = {2303.11366},
4941 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4942 + primaryclass = {cs.AI},
4943 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.11366},
4944 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4945 +}
4946 +
4947 +@misc{yao2023tot,
4948 + title = {Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Models},
4949 + author = {Yao, Shunyu and Yu, Dian and Zhao, Jeffrey and Shafran, Izhak and Griffiths, Thomas L. and Cao, Yuan and Narasimhan, Karthik},
4950 + year = {2023},
4951 + eprint = {2305.10601},
4952 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4953 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
4954 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.10601},
4955 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4956 +}
4957 +
4958 +@misc{wu2023autogen,
4959 + title = {AutoGen: Enabling Next-Gen LLM Applications via Multi-Agent Conversation},
4960 + author = {Wu, Qingyun and Bansal, Gagan and Zhang, Jieyu and Wu, Yiran and Li, Beibin and Zhu, Erkang and Jiang, Li and Zhang, Xiaoyun and Zhang, Shaokun and Liu, Jiale and Awadallah, Ahmed Hassan and White, Ryen W and Burger, Doug and Wang, Chi},
4961 + year = {2023},
4962 + eprint = {2308.08155},
4963 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4964 + primaryclass = {cs.AI},
4965 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.08155},
4966 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4967 +}
4968 +
4969 +@misc{qin2023toolllm,
4970 + title = {ToolLLM: Facilitating Large Language Models to Master 16000+ Real-world APIs},
4971 + author = {Qin, Yujia and Liang, Shihao and Ye, Yining and Zhu, Kunlun and Yan, Lan and Lu, Yaxi and Lin, Yankai and Cong, Xin and Tang, Xiangru and Qian, Bill and Zhao, Sihan and Hong, Lauren and Tian, Runchu and Xie, Ruobing and Zhou, Jie and Gerstein, Mark and Li, Dahai and Liu, Zhiyuan and Sun, Maosong},
4972 + year = {2023},
4973 + eprint = {2307.16789},
4974 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4975 + primaryclass = {cs.AI},
4976 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.16789},
4977 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4978 +}
4979 +
4980 +@misc{mialon2023augmented,
4981 + title = {Augmented Language Models: a Survey},
4982 + author = {Mialon, Grégoire and Dessì, Roberto and Lomeli, Maria and Nalmpantis, Christoforos and Pasunuru, Ram and Raileanu, Roberta and Rozière, Baptiste and Schick, Timo and Dwivedi-Yu, Jane and Celikyilmaz, Asli and Grave, Edouard and LeCun, Yann and Scialom, Thomas},
4983 + year = {2023},
4984 + eprint = {2302.07842},
4985 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4986 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
4987 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.07842},
4988 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
4989 +}
4990 +
4991 +@misc{jimenez2024swebench,
4992 + title = {SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?},
4993 + author = {Jimenez, Carlos E. and Yang, John and Wettig, Alexander and Yao, Shunyu and Pei, Kexin and Press, Ofir and Narasimhan, Karthik},
4994 + year = {2023},
4995 + eprint = {2310.06770},
4996 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
4997 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
4998 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.06770},
4999 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5000 +}
5001 +
5002 +@misc{guo2024multiagent,
5003 + title = {Large Language Model based Multi-Agents: A Survey of Progress and Challenges},
5004 + author = {Guo, Taicheng and Chen, Xiuying and Wang, Yaqi and Chang, Ruidi and Pei, Shichao and Chawla, Nitesh V. and Wiest, Olaf and Zhang, Xiangliang},
5005 + year = {2024},
5006 + eprint = {2402.01680},
5007 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5008 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
5009 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.01680},
5010 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5011 +}
5012 +
5013 +@misc{zhou2023webarena,
5014 + title = {WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for Building Autonomous Agents},
5015 + author = {Zhou, Shuyan and Xu, Frank F. and Zhu, Hao and Zhou, Xuhui and Lo, Robert and Sridhar, Abishek and Cheng, Xianyi and Ou, Tianyue and Bisk, Yonatan and Fried, Daniel and Alon, Uri and Neubig, Graham},
5016 + year = {2023},
5017 + eprint = {2307.13854},
5018 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5019 + primaryclass = {cs.AI},
5020 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.13854},
5021 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5022 +}
5023 +
5024 +@misc{liu2023agentbench,
5025 + title = {AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agents},
5026 + author = {Liu, Xiao and Yu, Hao and Zhang, Hanchen and Xu, Yifan and Lei, Xuanyu and Lai, Hanyu and Gu, Yu and Ding, Hangliang and Men, Kaiwen and Yang, Kejuan and Zhang, Shudan and Deng, Xiang and Zeng, Aohan and Du, Zhengxiao and Zhang, Chenhui and Shen, Sheng and Zhang, Tianjun and Su, Yu and Sun, Huan and Huang, Minlie and Dong, Yuxiao and Tang, Jie},
5027 + year = {2023},
5028 + eprint = {2308.03688},
5029 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5030 + primaryclass = {cs.AI},
5031 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.03688},
5032 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5033 +}
5034 +
5035 +@misc{zhao2023llmsurvey,
5036 + title = {A Survey of Large Language Models},
5037 + author = {Zhao, Wayne Xin and Zhou, Kun and Li, Junyi and Tang, Tianyi and Wang, Xiaolei and Hou, Yupeng and Min, Yingqian and Zhang, Beichen and Zhang, Junjie and Dong, Zican and Du, Yifan and Yang, Chen and Chen, Yushuo and Chen, Zhipeng and Jiang, Jinhao and Ren, Ruiyang and Li, Yifan and Tang, Xinyu and Liu, Zikang and Liu, Peiyu and Nie, Jian-Yun and Wen, Ji-Rong},
5038 + year = {2023},
5039 + eprint = {2303.18223},
5040 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5041 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
5042 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.18223},
5043 + doi = {10.1007/s11704-026-60308-3},
5044 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5045 +}
5046 +
5047 +@article{min2023plmsurvey,
5048 + title = {Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing via Large Pre-trained Language Models: A Survey},
5049 + author = {Min, Bonan and Ross, Hayley and Sulem, Elior and Veyseh, Amir Pouran Ben and Nguyen, Thien Huu and Sainz, Oscar and Agirre, Eneko and Heintz, Ilana and Roth, Dan},
5050 + year = {2024},
5051 + journal = {ACM Computing Surveys},
5052 + volume = {56},
5053 + number = {2},
5054 + pages = {1-40},
5055 + doi = {10.1145/3605943},
5056 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5057 +}
5058 +
5059 +@article{chang2024evalsurvey,
5060 + title = {A Survey on Evaluation of Large Language Models},
5061 + author = {Chang, Yupeng and Wang, Xu and Wang, Jindong and Wu, Yuan and Yang, Linyi and Zhu, Kaijie and Chen, Hao and Yi, Xiaoyuan and Wang, Cunxiang and Wang, Yidong and Ye, Wei and Zhang, Yue and Chang, Yi and Yu, Philip S. and Yang, Qiang and Xie, Xing},
5062 + year = {2024},
5063 + journal = {ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology},
5064 + volume = {15},
5065 + number = {3},
5066 + pages = {1-45},
5067 + doi = {10.1145/3641289},
5068 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5069 +}
5070 +
5071 +@misc{naveed2023llmoverview,
5072 + title = {A Comprehensive Overview of Large Language Models},
5073 + author = {Naveed, Humza and Khan, Asad Ullah and Qiu, Shi and Saqib, Muhammad and Anwar, Saeed and Usman, Muhammad and Akhtar, Naveed and Barnes, Nick and Mian, Ajmal},
5074 + year = {2023},
5075 + eprint = {2307.06435},
5076 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5077 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
5078 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.06435},
5079 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5080 +}
5081 +
5082 +@misc{minaee2024llmsurvey,
5083 + title = {Large Language Models: A Survey},
5084 + author = {Minaee, Shervin and Mikolov, Tomas and Nikzad, Narjes and Chenaghlu, Meysam and Socher, Richard and Amatriain, Xavier and Gao, Jianfeng},
5085 + year = {2024},
5086 + eprint = {2402.06196},
5087 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5088 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
5089 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.06196},
5090 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5091 +}
5092 +
5093 +@misc{wan2023efficientllm,
5094 + title = {Efficient Large Language Models: A Survey},
5095 + author = {Wan, Zhongwei and Wang, Xin and Liu, Che and Alam, Samiul and Zheng, Yu and Liu, Jiachen and Qu, Zhongnan and Yan, Shen and Zhu, Yi and Zhang, Quanlu and Chowdhury, Mosharaf and Zhang, Mi},
5096 + year = {2023},
5097 + eprint = {2312.03863},
5098 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5099 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
5100 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.03863},
5101 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5102 +}
5103 +
5104 +@misc{zhou2024inferencesurvey,
5105 + title = {A Survey on Efficient Inference for Large Language Models},
5106 + author = {Zhou, Zixuan and Ning, Xuefei and Hong, Ke and Fu, Tianyu and Xu, Jiaming and Li, Shiyao and Lou, Yuming and Wang, Luning and Yuan, Zhihang and Li, Xiuhong and Yan, Shengen and Dai, Guohao and Zhang, Xiao-Ping and Dong, Yuhan and Wang, Yu},
5107 + year = {2024},
5108 + eprint = {2404.14294},
5109 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5110 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
5111 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.14294},
5112 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5113 +}
5114 +
5115 +@article{huang2025hallucination,
5116 + title = {A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models: Principles, Taxonomy, Challenges, and Open Questions},
5117 + author = {Huang, Lei and Yu, Weijiang and Ma, Weitao and Zhong, Weihong and Feng, Zhangyin and Wang, Haotian and Chen, Qianglong and Peng, Weihua and Feng, Xiaocheng and Qin, Bing and Liu, Ting},
5118 + year = {2025},
5119 + journal = {ACM Transactions on Information Systems},
5120 + volume = {43},
5121 + number = {2},
5122 + pages = {1-55},
5123 + doi = {10.1145/3703155},
5124 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5125 +}
5126 +
5127 +@article{ji2023hallucination,
5128 + title = {Survey of Hallucination in Natural Language Generation},
5129 + author = {Ji, Ziwei and Lee, Nayeon and Frieske, Rita and Yu, Tiezheng and Su, Dan and Xu, Yan and Ishii, Etsuko and Bang, Ye Jin and Madotto, Andrea and Fung, Pascale},
5130 + year = {2023},
5131 + journal = {ACM Computing Surveys},
5132 + volume = {55},
5133 + number = {12},
5134 + pages = {1-38},
5135 + doi = {10.1145/3571730},
5136 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5137 +}
5138 +
5139 +@misc{gao2023ragsurvey,
5140 + title = {Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Survey},
5141 + author = {Gao, Yunfan and Xiong, Yun and Gao, Xinyu and Jia, Kangxiang and Pan, Jinliu and Bi, Yuxi and Dai, Yi and Sun, Jiawei and Wang, Meng and Wang, Haofen},
5142 + year = {2023},
5143 + eprint = {2312.10997},
5144 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5145 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
5146 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.10997},
5147 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5148 +}
5149 +
5150 +@article{yin2024mllmsurvey,
5151 + title = {A survey on multimodal large language models},
5152 + author = {Yin, Shukang and Fu, Chaoyou and Zhao, Sirui and Li, Ke and Sun, Xing and Xu, Tong and Chen, Enhong},
5153 + year = {2024},
5154 + journal = {National Science Review},
5155 + volume = {11},
5156 + number = {12},
5157 + doi = {10.1093/nsr/nwae403},
5158 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5159 +}
5160 +
5161 +@misc{liu2023llava,
5162 + title = {Visual Instruction Tuning},
5163 + author = {Liu, Haotian and Li, Chunyuan and Wu, Qingyang and Lee, Yong Jae},
5164 + year = {2023},
5165 + eprint = {2304.08485},
5166 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5167 + primaryclass = {cs.CV},
5168 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.08485},
5169 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5170 +}
5171 +
5172 +@misc{alayrac2022flamingo,
5173 + title = {Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learning},
5174 + author = {Alayrac, Jean-Baptiste and Donahue, Jeff and Luc, Pauline and Miech, Antoine and Barr, Iain and Hasson, Yana and Lenc, Karel and Mensch, Arthur and Millican, Katie and Reynolds, Malcolm and Ring, Roman and Rutherford, Eliza and Cabi, Serkan and Han, Tengda and Gong, Zhitao and Samangooei, Sina and Monteiro, Marianne and Menick, Jacob and Borgeaud, Sebastian and Brock, Andrew and Nematzadeh, Aida and Sharifzadeh, Sahand and Binkowski, Mikolaj and Barreira, Ricardo and Vinyals, Oriol and Zisserman, Andrew and Simonyan, Karen},
5175 + year = {2022},
5176 + eprint = {2204.14198},
5177 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5178 + primaryclass = {cs.CV},
5179 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.14198},
5180 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5181 +}
5182 +
5183 +@misc{li2023blip2,
5184 + title = {BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Models},
5185 + author = {Li, Junnan and Li, Dongxu and Savarese, Silvio and Hoi, Steven},
5186 + year = {2023},
5187 + eprint = {2301.12597},
5188 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5189 + primaryclass = {cs.CV},
5190 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.12597},
5191 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5192 +}
5193 +
5194 +@article{baltrusaitis2019multimodal,
5195 + title = {Multimodal Machine Learning: A Survey and Taxonomy},
5196 + author = {Baltrusaitis, Tadas and Ahuja, Chaitanya and Morency, Louis-Philippe},
5197 + year = {2019},
5198 + journal = {IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence},
5199 + volume = {41},
5200 + number = {2},
5201 + pages = {423-443},
5202 + doi = {10.1109/tpami.2018.2798607},
5203 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5204 +}
5205 +
5206 +@misc{zhang2024mmllms,
5207 + title = {MM-LLMs: Recent Advances in MultiModal Large Language Models},
5208 + author = {Zhang, Duzhen and Yu, Yahan and Dong, Jiahua and Li, Chenxing and Su, Dan and Chu, Chenhui and Yu, Dong},
5209 + year = {2024},
5210 + eprint = {2401.13601},
5211 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5212 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
5213 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2401.13601},
5214 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5215 +}
5216 +
5217 +@misc{radford2023whisper,
5218 + title = {Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervision},
5219 + author = {Radford, Alec and Kim, Jong Wook and Xu, Tao and Brockman, Greg and McLeavey, Christine and Sutskever, Ilya},
5220 + year = {2022},
5221 + eprint = {2212.04356},
5222 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5223 + primaryclass = {eess.AS},
5224 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.04356},
5225 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5226 +}
5227 +
5228 +@misc{baevski2020wav2vec2,
5229 + title = {wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Speech Representations},
5230 + author = {Baevski, Alexei and Zhou, Henry and Mohamed, Abdelrahman and Auli, Michael},
5231 + year = {2020},
5232 + eprint = {2006.11477},
5233 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5234 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
5235 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.11477},
5236 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5237 +}
5238 +
5239 +@article{hsu2021hubert,
5240 + title = {HuBERT: Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning by Masked Prediction of Hidden Units},
5241 + author = {Hsu, Wei-Ning and Bolte, Benjamin and Tsai, Yao-Hung Hubert and Lakhotia, Kushal and Salakhutdinov, Ruslan and Mohamed, Abdelrahman},
5242 + year = {2021},
5243 + journal = {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing},
5244 + volume = {29},
5245 + pages = {3451-3460},
5246 + doi = {10.1109/taslp.2021.3122291},
5247 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5248 +}
5249 +
5250 +@article{mehrish2023speechreview,
5251 + title = {A review of deep learning techniques for speech processing},
5252 + author = {Mehrish, Ambuj and Majumder, Navonil and Bharadwaj, Rishabh and Mihalcea, Rada and Poria, Soujanya},
5253 + year = {2023},
5254 + journal = {Information Fusion},
5255 + volume = {99},
5256 + pages = {101869},
5257 + doi = {10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101869},
5258 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5259 +}
5260 +
5261 +@inproceedings{karpukhin2020dpr,
5262 + title = {Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering},
5263 + author = {Karpukhin, Vladimir and Oguz, Barlas and Min, Sewon and Lewis, Patrick and Wu, Ledell and Edunov, Sergey and Chen, Danqi and Yih, Wen-tau},
5264 + year = {2020},
5265 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)},
5266 + pages = {6769-6781},
5267 + publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
5268 + doi = {10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.550},
5269 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5270 +}
5271 +
5272 +@article{zhao2024denseretrieval,
5273 + title = {Dense Text Retrieval Based on Pretrained Language Models: A Survey},
5274 + author = {Zhao, Wayne Xin and Liu, Jing and Ren, Ruiyang and Wen, Ji-Rong},
5275 + year = {2024},
5276 + journal = {ACM Transactions on Information Systems},
5277 + volume = {42},
5278 + number = {4},
5279 + pages = {1-60},
5280 + doi = {10.1145/3637870},
5281 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5282 +}
5283 +
5284 +@inproceedings{khattab2020colbert,
5285 + title = {ColBERT: Efficient and Effective Passage Search via Contextualized Late Interaction over BERT},
5286 + author = {Khattab, Omar and Zaharia, Matei},
5287 + year = {2020},
5288 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 43rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval},
5289 + pages = {39-48},
5290 + publisher = {ACM},
5291 + doi = {10.1145/3397271.3401075},
5292 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5293 +}
5294 +
5295 +@article{robertson2009bm25,
5296 + title = {The Probabilistic Relevance Framework: BM25 and Beyond},
5297 + author = {Robertson, Stephen and Zaragoza, Hugo},
5298 + year = {2009},
5299 + journal = {Foundations and Trends® in Information Retrieval},
5300 + volume = {4},
5301 + number = {1-2},
5302 + pages = {1-174},
5303 + doi = {10.1561/1500000019},
5304 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5305 +}
5306 +
5307 +@article{johnson2021faiss,
5308 + title = {Billion-Scale Similarity Search with GPUs},
5309 + author = {Johnson, Jeff and Douze, Matthijs and Jegou, Herve},
5310 + year = {2021},
5311 + journal = {IEEE Transactions on Big Data},
5312 + volume = {7},
5313 + number = {3},
5314 + pages = {535-547},
5315 + doi = {10.1109/tbdata.2019.2921572},
5316 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5317 +}
5318 +
5319 +@article{malkov2020hnsw,
5320 + title = {Efficient and Robust Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search Using Hierarchical Navigable Small World Graphs},
5321 + author = {Malkov, Yu A. and Yashunin, D. A.},
5322 + year = {2020},
5323 + journal = {IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence},
5324 + volume = {42},
5325 + number = {4},
5326 + pages = {824-836},
5327 + doi = {10.1109/tpami.2018.2889473},
5328 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5329 +}
5330 +
5331 +@misc{zhu2023llmir,
5332 + title = {Large Language Models for Information Retrieval: A Survey},
5333 + author = {Zhu, Yutao and Yuan, Huaying and Wang, Shuting and Liu, Jiongnan and Liu, Wenhan and Deng, Chenlong and Chen, Haonan and Liu, Zheng and Dou, Zhicheng and Wen, Ji-Rong},
5334 + year = {2023},
5335 + eprint = {2308.07107},
5336 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5337 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
5338 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.07107},
5339 + doi = {10.1145/3748304},
5340 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5341 +}
5342 +
5343 +@article{pan2024vectordb,
5344 + title = {Survey of vector database management systems},
5345 + author = {Pan, James Jie and Wang, Jianguo and Li, Guoliang},
5346 + year = {2024},
5347 + journal = {The VLDB Journal},
5348 + volume = {33},
5349 + number = {5},
5350 + pages = {1591-1615},
5351 + doi = {10.1007/s00778-024-00864-x},
5352 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5353 +}
5354 +
5355 +@misc{han2023vectordb,
5356 + title = {A Comprehensive Survey on Vector Database: Storage and Retrieval Technique, Challenge},
5357 + author = {Ma, Le and Zhang, Ran and Han, Yikun and Yu, Shirui and Wang, Zaitian and Ning, Zhiyuan and Zhang, Jinghan and Xu, Ping and Li, Pengjiang and Qiao, Ziyue and Ju, Wei and Chen, Chong and Wang, Dongjie and Liu, Kunpeng and Wang, Pengyang and Wang, Pengfei and Fu, Yanjie and Liu, Chunjiang and Zhou, Yuanchun and Lu, Chang-Tien},
5358 + year = {2023},
5359 + eprint = {2310.11703},
5360 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5361 + primaryclass = {cs.DB},
5362 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.11703},
5363 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5364 +}
5365 +
5366 +@article{taipalus2024vectordb,
5367 + title = {Vector database management systems: Fundamental concepts, use-cases, and current challenges},
5368 + author = {Taipalus, Toni},
5369 + year = {2024},
5370 + journal = {Cognitive Systems Research},
5371 + volume = {85},
5372 + pages = {101216},
5373 + doi = {10.1016/j.cogsys.2024.101216},
5374 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5375 +}
5376 +
5377 +@article{fernandez2023llmdata,
5378 + title = {How Large Language Models Will Disrupt Data Management},
5379 + author = {Fernandez, Raul Castro and Elmore, Aaron J. and Franklin, Michael J. and Krishnan, Sanjay and Tan, Chenhao},
5380 + year = {2023},
5381 + journal = {Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment},
5382 + volume = {16},
5383 + number = {11},
5384 + pages = {3302-3309},
5385 + doi = {10.14778/3611479.3611527},
5386 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5387 +}
5388 +
5389 +@article{stonebraker2024goesaround,
5390 + title = {What Goes Around Comes Around... And Around...},
5391 + author = {Stonebraker, Michael and Pavlo, Andrew},
5392 + year = {2024},
5393 + journal = {ACM SIGMOD Record},
5394 + volume = {53},
5395 + number = {2},
5396 + pages = {21-37},
5397 + doi = {10.1145/3685980.3685984},
5398 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5399 +}
5400 +
5401 +@inproceedings{li2021ai4db,
5402 + title = {AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI},
5403 + author = {Li, Guoliang and Zhou, Xuanhe and Cao, Lei},
5404 + year = {2021},
5405 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Management of Data},
5406 + pages = {2859-2866},
5407 + publisher = {ACM},
5408 + doi = {10.1145/3448016.3457542},
5409 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5410 +}
5411 +
5412 +@inproceedings{lattner2021mlir,
5413 + title = {MLIR: Scaling Compiler Infrastructure for Domain Specific Computation},
5414 + author = {Lattner, Chris and Amini, Mehdi and Bondhugula, Uday and Cohen, Albert and Davis, Andy and Pienaar, Jacques and Riddle, River and Shpeisman, Tatiana and Vasilache, Nicolas and Zinenko, Oleksandr},
5415 + year = {2021},
5416 + booktitle = {2021 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization (CGO)},
5417 + pages = {2-14},
5418 + publisher = {IEEE},
5419 + doi = {10.1109/cgo51591.2021.9370308},
5420 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5421 +}
5422 +
5423 +@inproceedings{lattner2004llvm,
5424 + title = {LLVM: a compilation framework for lifelong program analysis \& transformation},
5425 + author = {Lattner, C. and Adve, V.},
5426 + year = {2004},
5427 + booktitle = {International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization, 2004. CGO 2004.},
5428 + pages = {75-86},
5429 + publisher = {IEEE},
5430 + doi = {10.1109/cgo.2004.1281665},
5431 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5432 +}
5433 +
5434 +@misc{chen2018tvm,
5435 + title = {TVM: An Automated End-to-End Optimizing Compiler for Deep Learning},
5436 + author = {Chen, Tianqi and Moreau, Thierry and Jiang, Ziheng and Zheng, Lianmin and Yan, Eddie and Cowan, Meghan and Shen, Haichen and Wang, Leyuan and Hu, Yuwei and Ceze, Luis and Guestrin, Carlos and Krishnamurthy, Arvind},
5437 + year = {2018},
5438 + eprint = {1802.04799},
5439 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5440 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
5441 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.04799},
5442 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5443 +}
5444 +
5445 +@inproceedings{tillet2019triton,
5446 + title = {Triton: an intermediate language and compiler for tiled neural network computations},
5447 + author = {Tillet, Philippe and Kung, H. T. and Cox, David},
5448 + year = {2019},
5449 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGPLAN International Workshop on Machine Learning and Programming Languages},
5450 + pages = {10-19},
5451 + publisher = {ACM},
5452 + doi = {10.1145/3315508.3329973},
5453 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5454 +}
5455 +
5456 +@inproceedings{ansel2024pytorch2,
5457 + title = {PyTorch 2: Faster Machine Learning Through Dynamic Python Bytecode Transformation and Graph Compilation},
5458 + author = {Ansel, Jason and Yang, Edward and He, Horace and Gimelshein, Natalia and Jain, Animesh and Voznesensky, Michael and Bao, Bin and Bell, Peter and Berard, David and Burovski, Evgeni and Chauhan, Geeta and Chourdia, Anjali and Constable, Will and Desmaison, Alban and DeVito, Zachary and Ellison, Elias and Feng, Will and Gong, Jiong and Gschwind, Michael and Hirsh, Brian and Huang, Sherlock and Kalambarkar, Kshiteej and Kirsch, Laurent and Lazos, Michael and Lezcano, Mario and Liang, Yanbo and Liang, Jason and Lu, Yinghai and Luk, C. K. and Maher, Bert and Pan, Yunjie and Puhrsch, Christian and Reso, Matthias and Saroufim, Mark and Siraichi, Marcos Yukio and Suk, Helen and Zhang, Shunting and Suo, Michael and Tillet, Phil and Zhao, Xu and Wang, Eikan and Zhou, Keren and Zou, Richard and Wang, Xiaodong and Mathews, Ajit and Wen, William and Chanan, Gregory and Wu, Peng and Chintala, Soumith},
5459 + year = {2024},
5460 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 2},
5461 + pages = {929-947},
5462 + publisher = {ACM},
5463 + doi = {10.1145/3620665.3640366},
5464 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5465 +}
5466 +
5467 +@misc{cummins2023llmcompiler,
5468 + title = {Large Language Models for Compiler Optimization},
5469 + author = {Cummins, Chris and Seeker, Volker and Grubisic, Dejan and Elhoushi, Mostafa and Liang, Youwei and Roziere, Baptiste and Gehring, Jonas and Gloeckle, Fabian and Hazelwood, Kim and Synnaeve, Gabriel and Leather, Hugh},
5470 + year = {2023},
5471 + eprint = {2309.07062},
5472 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5473 + primaryclass = {cs.PL},
5474 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.07062},
5475 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5476 +}
5477 +
5478 +@misc{paszke2019pytorch,
5479 + title = {PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library},
5480 + author = {Paszke, Adam and Gross, Sam and Massa, Francisco and Lerer, Adam and Bradbury, James and Chanan, Gregory and Killeen, Trevor and Lin, Zeming and Gimelshein, Natalia and Antiga, Luca and Desmaison, Alban and Köpf, Andreas and Yang, Edward and DeVito, Zach and Raison, Martin and Tejani, Alykhan and Chilamkurthy, Sasank and Steiner, Benoit and Fang, Lu and Bai, Junjie and Chintala, Soumith},
5481 + year = {2019},
5482 + eprint = {1912.01703},
5483 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5484 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
5485 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.01703},
5486 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5487 +}
5488 +
5489 +@inproceedings{matsakis2014rust,
5490 + title = {The rust language},
5491 + author = {Matsakis, Nicholas D. and Klock, Felix S.},
5492 + year = {2014},
5493 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGAda annual conference on High integrity language technology},
5494 + pages = {103-104},
5495 + publisher = {ACM},
5496 + doi = {10.1145/2663171.2663188},
5497 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5498 +}
5499 +
5500 +@inproceedings{xu2022codelms,
5501 + title = {A systematic evaluation of large language models of code},
5502 + author = {Xu, Frank F. and Alon, Uri and Neubig, Graham and Hellendoorn, Vincent Josua},
5503 + year = {2022},
5504 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on Machine Programming},
5505 + pages = {1-10},
5506 + publisher = {ACM},
5507 + doi = {10.1145/3520312.3534862},
5508 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5509 +}
5510 +
5511 +@misc{roziere2023codellama,
5512 + title = {Code Llama: Open Foundation Models for Code},
5513 + author = {Rozière, Baptiste and Gehring, Jonas and Gloeckle, Fabian and Sootla, Sten and Gat, Itai and Tan, Xiaoqing Ellen and Adi, Yossi and Liu, Jingyu and Sauvestre, Romain and Remez, Tal and Rapin, Jérémy and Kozhevnikov, Artyom and Evtimov, Ivan and Bitton, Joanna and Bhatt, Manish and Ferrer, Cristian Canton and Grattafiori, Aaron and Xiong, Wenhan and Défossez, Alexandre and Copet, Jade and Azhar, Faisal and Touvron, Hugo and Martin, Louis and Usunier, Nicolas and Scialom, Thomas and Synnaeve, Gabriel},
5514 + year = {2023},
5515 + eprint = {2308.12950},
5516 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5517 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
5518 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.12950},
5519 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5520 +}
5521 +
5522 +@misc{li2023starcoder,
5523 + title = {StarCoder: may the source be with you!},
5524 + author = {Li, Raymond and Allal, Loubna Ben and Zi, Yangtian and Muennighoff, Niklas and Kocetkov, Denis and Mou, Chenghao and Marone, Marc and Akiki, Christopher and Li, Jia and Chim, Jenny and Liu, Qian and Zheltonozhskii, Evgenii and Zhuo, Terry Yue and Wang, Thomas and Dehaene, Olivier and Davaadorj, Mishig and Lamy-Poirier, Joel and Monteiro, João and Shliazhko, Oleh and Gontier, Nicolas and Meade, Nicholas and Zebaze, Armel and Yee, Ming-Ho and Umapathi, Logesh Kumar and Zhu, Jian and Lipkin, Benjamin and Oblokulov, Muhtasham and Wang, Zhiruo and Murthy, Rudra and Stillerman, Jason and Patel, Siva Sankalp and Abulkhanov, Dmitry and Zocca, Marco and Dey, Manan and Zhang, Zhihan and Fahmy, Nour and Bhattacharyya, Urvashi and Yu, Wenhao and Singh, Swayam and Luccioni, Sasha and Villegas, Paulo and Kunakov, Maxim and Zhdanov, Fedor and Romero, Manuel and Lee, Tony and Timor, Nadav and Ding, Jennifer and Schlesinger, Claire and Schoelkopf, Hailey and Ebert, Jan and Dao, Tri and Mishra, Mayank and Gu, Alex and Robinson, Jennifer and Anderson, Carolyn Jane and Dolan-Gavitt, Brendan and Contractor, Danish and Reddy, Siva and Fried, Daniel and Bahdanau, Dzmitry and Jernite, Yacine and Ferrandis, Carlos Muñoz and Hughes, Sean and Wolf, Thomas and Guha, Arjun and Werra, Leandro von and Vries, Harm de},
5525 + year = {2023},
5526 + eprint = {2305.06161},
5527 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5528 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
5529 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.06161},
5530 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5531 +}
5532 +
5533 +@misc{jiang2024codegensurvey,
5534 + title = {A Survey on Large Language Models for Code Generation},
5535 + author = {Jiang, Juyong and Wang, Fan and Shen, Jiasi and Kim, Sungju and Kim, Sunghun},
5536 + year = {2024},
5537 + eprint = {2406.00515},
5538 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5539 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
5540 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.00515},
5541 + doi = {10.1145/3747588},
5542 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5543 +}
5544 +
5545 +@inproceedings{fan2023llm4se,
5546 + title = {Large Language Models for Software Engineering: Survey and Open Problems},
5547 + author = {Fan, Angela and Gokkaya, Beliz and Harman, Mark and Lyubarskiy, Mitya and Sengupta, Shubho and Yoo, Shin and Zhang, Jie M.},
5548 + year = {2023},
5549 + booktitle = {2023 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering: Future of Software Engineering (ICSE-FoSE)},
5550 + pages = {31-53},
5551 + publisher = {IEEE},
5552 + doi = {10.1109/icse-fose59343.2023.00008},
5553 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5554 +}
5555 +
5556 +@article{hou2024llm4se,
5557 + title = {Large Language Models for Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review},
5558 + author = {Hou, Xinyi and Zhao, Yanjie and Liu, Yue and Yang, Zhou and Wang, Kailong and Li, Li and Luo, Xiapu and Lo, David and Grundy, John and Wang, Haoyu},
5559 + year = {2024},
5560 + journal = {ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology},
5561 + volume = {33},
5562 + number = {8},
5563 + pages = {1-79},
5564 + doi = {10.1145/3695988},
5565 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5566 +}
5567 +
5568 +@misc{nijkamp2023codegen,
5569 + title = {CodeGen: An Open Large Language Model for Code with Multi-Turn Program Synthesis},
5570 + author = {Nijkamp, Erik and Pang, Bo and Hayashi, Hiroaki and Tu, Lifu and Wang, Huan and Zhou, Yingbo and Savarese, Silvio and Xiong, Caiming},
5571 + year = {2022},
5572 + eprint = {2203.13474},
5573 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5574 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
5575 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.13474},
5576 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5577 +}
5578 +
5579 +@misc{austin2021mbpp,
5580 + title = {Program Synthesis with Large Language Models},
5581 + author = {Austin, Jacob and Odena, Augustus and Nye, Maxwell and Bosma, Maarten and Michalewski, Henryk and Dohan, David and Jiang, Ellen and Cai, Carrie and Terry, Michael and Le, Quoc and Sutton, Charles},
5582 + year = {2021},
5583 + eprint = {2108.07732},
5584 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5585 + primaryclass = {cs.PL},
5586 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2108.07732},
5587 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5588 +}
5589 +
5590 +@inproceedings{pearce2022asleep,
5591 + title = {Asleep at the Keyboard? Assessing the Security of GitHub Copilot's Code Contributions},
5592 + author = {Pearce, Hammond and Ahmad, Baleegh and Tan, Benjamin and Dolan-Gavitt, Brendan and Karri, Ramesh},
5593 + year = {2022},
5594 + booktitle = {2022 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)},
5595 + pages = {754-768},
5596 + publisher = {IEEE},
5597 + doi = {10.1109/sp46214.2022.9833571},
5598 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5599 +}
5600 +
5601 +@inproceedings{ziegler2022copilot,
5602 + title = {Productivity assessment of neural code completion},
5603 + author = {Ziegler, Albert and Kalliamvakou, Eirini and Li, X. Alice and Rice, Andrew and Rifkin, Devon and Simister, Shawn and Sittampalam, Ganesh and Aftandilian, Edward},
5604 + year = {2022},
5605 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on Machine Programming},
5606 + pages = {21-29},
5607 + publisher = {ACM},
5608 + doi = {10.1145/3520312.3534864},
5609 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5610 +}
5611 +
5612 +@article{vieira2020ebpf,
5613 + title = {Fast Packet Processing with eBPF and XDP: Concepts, Code, Challenges, and Applications},
5614 + author = {Vieira, Marcos A. M. and Castanho, Matheus S. and Pacífico, Racyus D. G. and Santos, Elerson R. S. and Júnior, Eduardo P. M. Câmara and Vieira, Luiz F. M.},
5615 + year = {2021},
5616 + journal = {ACM Computing Surveys},
5617 + volume = {53},
5618 + number = {1},
5619 + pages = {1-36},
5620 + doi = {10.1145/3371038},
5621 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5622 +}
5623 +
5624 +@inproceedings{hoiland2018xdp,
5625 + title = {The eXpress data path: fast programmable packet processing in the operating system kernel},
5626 + author = {Høiland-Jørgensen, Toke and Brouer, Jesper Dangaard and Borkmann, Daniel and Fastabend, John and Herbert, Tom and Ahern, David and Miller, David},
5627 + year = {2018},
5628 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies},
5629 + pages = {54-66},
5630 + publisher = {ACM},
5631 + doi = {10.1145/3281411.3281443},
5632 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5633 +}
5634 +
5635 +@inproceedings{madhavapeddy2013unikernels,
5636 + title = {Unikernels: library operating systems for the cloud},
5637 + author = {Madhavapeddy, Anil and Mortier, Richard and Rotsos, Charalampos and Scott, David and Singh, Balraj and Gazagnaire, Thomas and Smith, Steven and Hand, Steven and Crowcroft, Jon},
5638 + year = {2013},
5639 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the eighteenth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems},
5640 + pages = {461-472},
5641 + publisher = {ACM},
5642 + doi = {10.1145/2451116.2451167},
5643 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5644 +}
5645 +
5646 +@inproceedings{kuenzer2021unikraft,
5647 + title = {Unikraft: fast, specialized unikernels the easy way},
5648 + author = {Kuenzer, Simon and Bădoiu, Vlad-Andrei and Lefeuvre, Hugo and Santhanam, Sharan and Jung, Alexander and Gain, Gaulthier and Soldani, Cyril and Lupu, Costin and Teodorescu, Ştefan and Răducanu, Costi and Banu, Cristian and Mathy, Laurent and Deaconescu, Răzvan and Raiciu, Costin and Huici, Felipe},
5649 + year = {2021},
5650 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixteenth European Conference on Computer Systems},
5651 + pages = {376-394},
5652 + publisher = {ACM},
5653 + doi = {10.1145/3447786.3456248},
5654 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5655 +}
5656 +
5657 +@misc{packer2023memgpt,
5658 + title = {MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systems},
5659 + author = {Packer, Charles and Wooders, Sarah and Lin, Kevin and Fang, Vivian and Patil, Shishir G. and Stoica, Ion and Gonzalez, Joseph E.},
5660 + year = {2023},
5661 + eprint = {2310.08560},
5662 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5663 + primaryclass = {cs.AI},
5664 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.08560},
5665 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5666 +}
5667 +
5668 +@misc{mei2024aios,
5669 + title = {AIOS: LLM Agent Operating System},
5670 + author = {Mei, Kai and Zhu, Xi and Xu, Wujiang and Hua, Wenyue and Jin, Mingyu and Li, Zelong and Xu, Shuyuan and Ye, Ruosong and Ge, Yingqiang and Zhang, Yongfeng},
5671 + year = {2024},
5672 + eprint = {2403.16971},
5673 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5674 + primaryclass = {cs.OS},
5675 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.16971},
5676 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5677 +}
5678 +
5679 +@misc{ge2023llmos,
5680 + title = {LLM as OS, Agents as Apps: Envisioning AIOS, Agents and the AIOS-Agent Ecosystem},
5681 + author = {Ge, Yingqiang and Ren, Yujie and Hua, Wenyue and Xu, Shuyuan and Tan, Juntao and Zhang, Yongfeng},
5682 + year = {2023},
5683 + eprint = {2312.03815},
5684 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5685 + primaryclass = {cs.OS},
5686 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.03815},
5687 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5688 +}
5689 +
5690 +@inproceedings{kwon2023vllm,
5691 + title = {Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttention},
5692 + author = {Kwon, Woosuk and Li, Zhuohan and Zhuang, Siyuan and Sheng, Ying and Zheng, Lianmin and Yu, Cody Hao and Gonzalez, Joseph and Zhang, Hao and Stoica, Ion},
5693 + year = {2023},
5694 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles},
5695 + pages = {611-626},
5696 + publisher = {ACM},
5697 + doi = {10.1145/3600006.3613165},
5698 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5699 +}
5700 +
5701 +@inproceedings{narayanan2021megatron,
5702 + title = {Efficient large-scale language model training on GPU clusters using megatron-LM},
5703 + author = {Narayanan, Deepak and Shoeybi, Mohammad and Casper, Jared and LeGresley, Patrick and Patwary, Mostofa and Korthikanti, Vijay and Vainbrand, Dmitri and Kashinkunti, Prethvi and Bernauer, Julie and Catanzaro, Bryan and Phanishayee, Amar and Zaharia, Matei},
5704 + year = {2021},
5705 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis},
5706 + pages = {1-15},
5707 + publisher = {ACM},
5708 + doi = {10.1145/3458817.3476209},
5709 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5710 +}
5711 +
5712 +@inproceedings{rajbhandari2020zero,
5713 + title = {ZeRO: Memory optimizations Toward Training Trillion Parameter Models},
5714 + author = {Rajbhandari, Samyam and Rasley, Jeff and Ruwase, Olatunji and He, Yuxiong},
5715 + year = {2020},
5716 + booktitle = {SC20: International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis},
5717 + pages = {1-16},
5718 + publisher = {IEEE},
5719 + doi = {10.1109/sc41405.2020.00024},
5720 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5721 +}
5722 +
5723 +@misc{shoeybi2019megatronlm,
5724 + title = {Megatron-LM: Training Multi-Billion Parameter Language Models Using Model Parallelism},
5725 + author = {Shoeybi, Mohammad and Patwary, Mostofa and Puri, Raul and LeGresley, Patrick and Casper, Jared and Catanzaro, Bryan},
5726 + year = {2019},
5727 + eprint = {1909.08053},
5728 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5729 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
5730 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.08053},
5731 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5732 +}
5733 +
5734 +@misc{zhao2023fsdp,
5735 + title = {PyTorch FSDP: Experiences on Scaling Fully Sharded Data Parallel},
5736 + author = {Zhao, Yanli and Gu, Andrew and Varma, Rohan and Luo, Liang and Huang, Chien-Chin and Xu, Min and Wright, Less and Shojanazeri, Hamid and Ott, Myle and Shleifer, Sam and Desmaison, Alban and Balioglu, Can and Damania, Pritam and Nguyen, Bernard and Chauhan, Geeta and Hao, Yuchen and Mathews, Ajit and Li, Shen},
5737 + year = {2023},
5738 + eprint = {2304.11277},
5739 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5740 + primaryclass = {cs.DC},
5741 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.11277},
5742 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5743 +}
5744 +
5745 +@article{bosshart2014p4,
5746 + title = {P4: programming protocol-independent packet processors},
5747 + author = {Bosshart, Pat and Daly, Dan and Gibb, Glen and Izzard, Martin and McKeown, Nick and Rexford, Jennifer and Schlesinger, Cole and Talayco, Dan and Vahdat, Amin and Varghese, George and Walker, David},
5748 + year = {2014},
5749 + journal = {ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review},
5750 + volume = {44},
5751 + number = {3},
5752 + pages = {87-95},
5753 + doi = {10.1145/2656877.2656890},
5754 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5755 +}
5756 +
5757 +@article{mckeown2008openflow,
5758 + title = {OpenFlow: enabling innovation in campus networks},
5759 + author = {McKeown, Nick and Anderson, Tom and Balakrishnan, Hari and Parulkar, Guru and Peterson, Larry and Rexford, Jennifer and Shenker, Scott and Turner, Jonathan},
5760 + year = {2008},
5761 + journal = {ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review},
5762 + volume = {38},
5763 + number = {2},
5764 + pages = {69-74},
5765 + doi = {10.1145/1355734.1355746},
5766 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5767 +}
5768 +
5769 +@article{kreutz2015sdn,
5770 + title = {Software-Defined Networking: A Comprehensive Survey},
5771 + author = {Kreutz, Diego and Ramos, Fernando M. V. and Esteves Verissimo, Paulo and Esteve Rothenberg, Christian and Azodolmolky, Siamak and Uhlig, Steve},
5772 + year = {2015},
5773 + journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE},
5774 + volume = {103},
5775 + number = {1},
5776 + pages = {14-76},
5777 + doi = {10.1109/jproc.2014.2371999},
5778 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5779 +}
5780 +
5781 +@article{hauser2023p4survey,
5782 + title = {A survey on data plane programming with P4: Fundamentals, advances, and applied research},
5783 + author = {Hauser, Frederik and Häberle, Marco and Merling, Daniel and Lindner, Steffen and Gurevich, Vladimir and Zeiger, Florian and Frank, Reinhard and Menth, Michael},
5784 + year = {2023},
5785 + journal = {Journal of Network and Computer Applications},
5786 + volume = {212},
5787 + pages = {103561},
5788 + doi = {10.1016/j.jnca.2022.103561},
5789 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5790 +}
5791 +
5792 +@misc{sapio2021switchml,
5793 + title = {Scaling Distributed Machine Learning with In-Network Aggregation},
5794 + author = {Sapio, Amedeo and Canini, Marco and Ho, Chen-Yu and Nelson, Jacob and Kalnis, Panos and Kim, Changhoon and Krishnamurthy, Arvind and Moshref, Masoud and Ports, Dan R. K. and Richtárik, Peter},
5795 + year = {2019},
5796 + eprint = {1903.06701},
5797 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5798 + primaryclass = {cs.DC},
5799 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.06701},
5800 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5801 +}
5802 +
5803 +@article{letaief2022edgeai6g,
5804 + title = {Edge Artificial Intelligence for 6G: Vision, Enabling Technologies, and Applications},
5805 + author = {Letaief, Khaled B. and Shi, Yuanming and Lu, Jianmin and Lu, Jianhua},
5806 + year = {2022},
5807 + journal = {IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications},
5808 + volume = {40},
5809 + number = {1},
5810 + pages = {5-36},
5811 + doi = {10.1109/jsac.2021.3126076},
5812 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5813 +}
5814 +
5815 +@article{dang2020sixg,
5816 + title = {What should 6G be?},
5817 + author = {Dang, Shuping and Amin, Osama and Shihada, Basem and Alouini, Mohamed-Slim},
5818 + year = {2020},
5819 + journal = {Nature Electronics},
5820 + volume = {3},
5821 + number = {1},
5822 + pages = {20-29},
5823 + doi = {10.1038/s41928-019-0355-6},
5824 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5825 +}
5826 +
5827 +@inproceedings{greshake2023injection,
5828 + title = {Not What You've Signed Up For: Compromising Real-World LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection},
5829 + author = {Greshake, Kai and Abdelnabi, Sahar and Mishra, Shailesh and Endres, Christoph and Holz, Thorsten and Fritz, Mario},
5830 + year = {2023},
5831 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th ACM Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Security},
5832 + pages = {79-90},
5833 + publisher = {ACM},
5834 + doi = {10.1145/3605764.3623985},
5835 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5836 +}
5837 +
5838 +@article{yao2024llmsecurity,
5839 + title = {A survey on large language model (LLM) security and privacy: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly},
5840 + author = {Yao, Yifan and Duan, Jinhao and Xu, Kaidi and Cai, Yuanfang and Sun, Zhibo and Zhang, Yue},
5841 + year = {2024},
5842 + journal = {High-Confidence Computing},
5843 + volume = {4},
5844 + number = {2},
5845 + pages = {100211},
5846 + doi = {10.1016/j.hcc.2024.100211},
5847 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5848 +}
5849 +
5850 +@article{das2025llmsecurity,
5851 + title = {Security and Privacy Challenges of Large Language Models: A Survey},
5852 + author = {Das, Badhan Chandra and Amini, M. Hadi and Wu, Yanzhao},
5853 + year = {2025},
5854 + journal = {ACM Computing Surveys},
5855 + volume = {57},
5856 + number = {6},
5857 + pages = {1-39},
5858 + doi = {10.1145/3712001},
5859 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5860 +}
5861 +
5862 +@misc{wei2023jailbroken,
5863 + title = {Jailbroken: How Does LLM Safety Training Fail?},
5864 + author = {Wei, Alexander and Haghtalab, Nika and Steinhardt, Jacob},
5865 + year = {2023},
5866 + eprint = {2307.02483},
5867 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5868 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
5869 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.02483},
5870 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5871 +}
5872 +
5873 +@misc{carlini2021extracting,
5874 + title = {Extracting Training Data from Large Language Models},
5875 + author = {Carlini, Nicholas and Tramer, Florian and Wallace, Eric and Jagielski, Matthew and Herbert-Voss, Ariel and Lee, Katherine and Roberts, Adam and Brown, Tom and Song, Dawn and Erlingsson, Ulfar and Oprea, Alina and Raffel, Colin},
5876 + year = {2020},
5877 + eprint = {2012.07805},
5878 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5879 + primaryclass = {cs.CR},
5880 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.07805},
5881 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5882 +}
5883 +
5884 +@inproceedings{carlini2024poisoning,
5885 + title = {Poisoning Web-Scale Training Datasets is Practical},
5886 + author = {Carlini, Nicholas and Jagielski, Matthew and Choquette-Choo, Christopher A. and Paleka, Daniel and Pearce, Will and Anderson, Hyrum and Terzis, Andreas and Thomas, Kurt and Tramèr, Florian},
5887 + year = {2024},
5888 + booktitle = {2024 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)},
5889 + pages = {407-425},
5890 + publisher = {IEEE},
5891 + doi = {10.1109/sp54263.2024.00179},
5892 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5893 +}
5894 +
5895 +@misc{perez2022ignore,
5896 + title = {Ignore Previous Prompt: Attack Techniques For Language Models},
5897 + author = {Perez, Fábio and Ribeiro, Ian},
5898 + year = {2022},
5899 + eprint = {2211.09527},
5900 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5901 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
5902 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.09527},
5903 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5904 +}
5905 +
5906 +@misc{liu2023promptinjection,
5907 + title = {Prompt Injection attack against LLM-integrated Applications},
5908 + author = {Liu, Yi and Deng, Gelei and Li, Yuekang and Wang, Kailong and Wang, Zihao and Wang, Xiaofeng and Zhang, Tianwei and Liu, Yepang and Wang, Haoyu and Zheng, Yan and Zhang, Leo Yu and Liu, Yang},
5909 + year = {2023},
5910 + eprint = {2306.05499},
5911 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5912 + primaryclass = {cs.CR},
5913 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.05499},
5914 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5915 +}
5916 +
5917 +@misc{shayegani2023adversarial,
5918 + title = {Survey of Vulnerabilities in Large Language Models Revealed by Adversarial Attacks},
5919 + author = {Shayegani, Erfan and Mamun, Md Abdullah Al and Fu, Yu and Zaree, Pedram and Dong, Yue and Abu-Ghazaleh, Nael},
5920 + year = {2023},
5921 + eprint = {2310.10844},
5922 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5923 + primaryclass = {cs.CL},
5924 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.10844},
5925 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5926 +}
5927 +
5928 +@misc{fang2024oneday,
5929 + title = {LLM Agents can Autonomously Exploit One-day Vulnerabilities},
5930 + author = {Fang, Richard and Bindu, Rohan and Gupta, Akul and Kang, Daniel},
5931 + year = {2024},
5932 + eprint = {2404.08144},
5933 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5934 + primaryclass = {cs.CR},
5935 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.08144},
5936 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5937 +}
5938 +
5939 +@misc{deng2023pentestgpt,
5940 + title = {PentestGPT: An LLM-empowered Automatic Penetration Testing Tool},
5941 + author = {Deng, Gelei and Liu, Yi and Mayoral-Vilches, Víctor and Liu, Peng and Li, Yuekang and Xu, Yuan and Zhang, Tianwei and Liu, Yang and Pinzger, Martin and Rass, Stefan},
5942 + year = {2023},
5943 + eprint = {2308.06782},
5944 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5945 + primaryclass = {cs.SE},
5946 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.06782},
5947 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5948 +}
5949 +
5950 +@inproceedings{shokri2017membership,
5951 + title = {Membership Inference Attacks Against Machine Learning Models},
5952 + author = {Shokri, Reza and Stronati, Marco and Song, Congzheng and Shmatikov, Vitaly},
5953 + year = {2017},
5954 + booktitle = {2017 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)},
5955 + pages = {3-18},
5956 + publisher = {IEEE},
5957 + doi = {10.1109/sp.2017.41},
5958 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5959 +}
5960 +
5961 +@misc{szegedy2014intriguing,
5962 + title = {Intriguing properties of neural networks},
5963 + author = {Szegedy, Christian and Zaremba, Wojciech and Sutskever, Ilya and Bruna, Joan and Erhan, Dumitru and Goodfellow, Ian and Fergus, Rob},
5964 + year = {2013},
5965 + eprint = {1312.6199},
5966 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5967 + primaryclass = {cs.CV},
5968 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.6199},
5969 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5970 +}
5971 +
5972 +@misc{goodfellow2015fgsm,
5973 + title = {Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial Examples},
5974 + author = {Goodfellow, Ian J. and Shlens, Jonathon and Szegedy, Christian},
5975 + year = {2014},
5976 + eprint = {1412.6572},
5977 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
5978 + primaryclass = {stat.ML},
5979 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6572},
5980 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
5981 +}
5982 +
5983 +@inproceedings{kocher2019spectre,
5984 + title = {Spectre Attacks: Exploiting Speculative Execution},
5985 + author = {Kocher, Paul and Horn, Jann and Fogh, Anders and Genkin, Daniel and Gruss, Daniel and Haas, Werner and Hamburg, Mike and Lipp, Moritz and Mangard, Stefan and Prescher, Thomas and Schwarz, Michael and Yarom, Yuval},
5986 + year = {2019},
5987 + booktitle = {2019 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)},
5988 + pages = {1-19},
5989 + publisher = {IEEE},
5990 + doi = {10.1109/sp.2019.00002},
5991 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
5992 +}
5993 +
5994 +@misc{lipp2018meltdown,
5995 + title = {Meltdown},
5996 + author = {Lipp, Moritz and Schwarz, Michael and Gruss, Daniel and Prescher, Thomas and Haas, Werner and Mangard, Stefan and Kocher, Paul and Genkin, Daniel and Yarom, Yuval and Hamburg, Mike},
5997 + year = {2018},
5998 + eprint = {1801.01207},
5999 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
6000 + primaryclass = {cs.CR},
6001 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1801.01207},
6002 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
6003 +}
6004 +
6005 +@inproceedings{gentry2009fhe,
6006 + title = {Fully homomorphic encryption using ideal lattices},
6007 + author = {Gentry, Craig},
6008 + year = {2009},
6009 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the forty-first annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing},
6010 + pages = {169-178},
6011 + publisher = {ACM},
6012 + doi = {10.1145/1536414.1536440},
6013 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6014 +}
6015 +
6016 +@article{acar2018hesurvey,
6017 + title = {A Survey on Homomorphic Encryption Schemes: Theory and Implementation},
6018 + author = {Acar, Abbas and Aksu, Hidayet and Uluagac, A. Selcuk and Conti, Mauro},
6019 + year = {2019},
6020 + journal = {ACM Computing Surveys},
6021 + volume = {51},
6022 + number = {4},
6023 + pages = {1-35},
6024 + doi = {10.1145/3214303},
6025 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6026 +}
6027 +
6028 +@article{marcolla2022fhesurvey,
6029 + title = {Survey on Fully Homomorphic Encryption, Theory, and Applications},
6030 + author = {Marcolla, Chiara and Sucasas, Victor and Manzano, Marc and Bassoli, Riccardo and Fitzek, Frank H. P. and Aaraj, Najwa},
6031 + year = {2022},
6032 + journal = {Proceedings of the IEEE},
6033 + volume = {110},
6034 + number = {10},
6035 + pages = {1572-1609},
6036 + doi = {10.1109/jproc.2022.3205665},
6037 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6038 +}
6039 +
6040 +@incollection{cheon2017ckks,
6041 + title = {Homomorphic Encryption for Arithmetic of Approximate Numbers},
6042 + author = {Cheon, Jung Hee and Kim, Andrey and Kim, Miran and Song, Yongsoo},
6043 + year = {2017},
6044 + booktitle = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
6045 + pages = {409-437},
6046 + publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
6047 + doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-70694-8_15},
6048 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6049 +}
6050 +
6051 +@article{brakerski2014bgv,
6052 + title = {(Leveled) Fully Homomorphic Encryption without Bootstrapping},
6053 + author = {Brakerski, Zvika and Gentry, Craig and Vaikuntanathan, Vinod},
6054 + year = {2014},
6055 + journal = {ACM Transactions on Computation Theory},
6056 + volume = {6},
6057 + number = {3},
6058 + pages = {1-36},
6059 + doi = {10.1145/2633600},
6060 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6061 +}
6062 +
6063 +@article{chillotti2020tfhe,
6064 + title = {TFHE: Fast Fully Homomorphic Encryption Over the Torus},
6065 + author = {Chillotti, Ilaria and Gama, Nicolas and Georgieva, Mariya and Izabachène, Malika},
6066 + year = {2020},
6067 + journal = {Journal of Cryptology},
6068 + volume = {33},
6069 + number = {1},
6070 + pages = {34-91},
6071 + doi = {10.1007/s00145-019-09319-x},
6072 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6073 +}
6074 +
6075 +@incollection{groth2016snark,
6076 + title = {On the Size of Pairing-Based Non-interactive Arguments},
6077 + author = {Groth, Jens},
6078 + year = {2016},
6079 + booktitle = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
6080 + pages = {305-326},
6081 + publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
6082 + doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-49896-5_11},
6083 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6084 +}
6085 +
6086 +@article{thaler2022proofs,
6087 + title = {Proofs, Arguments, and Zero-Knowledge},
6088 + author = {Thaler, Justin},
6089 + year = {2022},
6090 + journal = {Foundations and Trends® in Privacy and Security},
6091 + volume = {4},
6092 + number = {2-4},
6093 + pages = {117-660},
6094 + doi = {10.1561/3300000030},
6095 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6096 +}
6097 +
6098 +@article{evans2018mpc,
6099 + title = {A Pragmatic Introduction to Secure Multi-Party Computation},
6100 + author = {Evans, David and Kolesnikov, Vladimir and Rosulek, Mike},
6101 + year = {2018},
6102 + journal = {Foundations and Trends® in Privacy and Security},
6103 + volume = {2},
6104 + number = {2-3},
6105 + pages = {70-246},
6106 + doi = {10.1561/3300000019},
6107 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6108 +}
6109 +
6110 +@article{kerbl2023gaussian,
6111 + title = {3D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Rendering},
6112 + author = {Kerbl, Bernhard and Kopanas, Georgios and Leimkuehler, Thomas and Drettakis, George},
6113 + year = {2023},
6114 + journal = {ACM Transactions on Graphics},
6115 + volume = {42},
6116 + number = {4},
6117 + pages = {1-14},
6118 + doi = {10.1145/3592433},
6119 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6120 +}
6121 +
6122 +@article{muller2022instantngp,
6123 + title = {Instant neural graphics primitives with a multiresolution hash encoding},
6124 + author = {Müller, Thomas and Evans, Alex and Schied, Christoph and Keller, Alexander},
6125 + year = {2022},
6126 + journal = {ACM Transactions on Graphics},
6127 + volume = {41},
6128 + number = {4},
6129 + pages = {1-15},
6130 + doi = {10.1145/3528223.3530127},
6131 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6132 +}
6133 +
6134 +@inproceedings{barron2021mipnerf,
6135 + title = {Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fields},
6136 + author = {Barron, Jonathan T. and Mildenhall, Ben and Tancik, Matthew and Hedman, Peter and Martin-Brualla, Ricardo and Srinivasan, Pratul P.},
6137 + year = {2021},
6138 + booktitle = {2021 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
6139 + pages = {5835-5844},
6140 + publisher = {IEEE},
6141 + doi = {10.1109/iccv48922.2021.00580},
6142 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6143 +}
6144 +
6145 +@misc{poole2022dreamfusion,
6146 + title = {DreamFusion: Text-to-3D using 2D Diffusion},
6147 + author = {Poole, Ben and Jain, Ajay and Barron, Jonathan T. and Mildenhall, Ben},
6148 + year = {2022},
6149 + eprint = {2209.14988},
6150 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
6151 + primaryclass = {cs.CV},
6152 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2209.14988},
6153 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
6154 +}
6155 +
6156 +@misc{chen2024gssurvey,
6157 + title = {A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting},
6158 + author = {Chen, Guikun and Wang, Wenguan},
6159 + year = {2024},
6160 + eprint = {2401.03890},
6161 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
6162 + primaryclass = {cs.CV},
6163 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2401.03890},
6164 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
6165 +}
6166 +
6167 +@article{fei2024gssurvey,
6168 + title = {3D Gaussian Splatting as a New Era: A Survey},
6169 + author = {Fei, Ben and Xu, Jingyi and Zhang, Rui and Zhou, Qingyuan and Yang, Weidong and He, Ying},
6170 + year = {2025},
6171 + journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
6172 + volume = {31},
6173 + number = {8},
6174 + pages = {4429-4449},
6175 + doi = {10.1109/tvcg.2024.3397828},
6176 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6177 +}
6178 +
6179 +@article{tewari2022neuralrendering,
6180 + title = {Advances in Neural Rendering},
6181 + author = {Tewari, A. and Thies, J. and Mildenhall, B. and Srinivasan, P. and Tretschk, E. and Yifan, W. and Lassner, C. and Sitzmann, V. and Martin-Brualla, R. and Lombardi, S. and Simon, T. and Theobalt, C. and Nießner, M. and Barron, J. T. and Wetzstein, G. and Zollhöfer, M. and Golyanik, V.},
6182 + year = {2022},
6183 + journal = {Computer Graphics Forum},
6184 + volume = {41},
6185 + number = {2},
6186 + pages = {703-735},
6187 + doi = {10.1111/cgf.14507},
6188 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6189 +}
6190 +
6191 +@misc{saharia2022imagen,
6192 + title = {Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understanding},
6193 + author = {Saharia, Chitwan and Chan, William and Saxena, Saurabh and Li, Lala and Whang, Jay and Denton, Emily and Ghasemipour, Seyed Kamyar Seyed and Ayan, Burcu Karagol and Mahdavi, S. Sara and Lopes, Rapha Gontijo and Salimans, Tim and Ho, Jonathan and Fleet, David J and Norouzi, Mohammad},
6194 + year = {2022},
6195 + eprint = {2205.11487},
6196 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
6197 + primaryclass = {cs.CV},
6198 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.11487},
6199 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
6200 +}
6201 +
6202 +@misc{ramesh2022dalle2,
6203 + title = {Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latents},
6204 + author = {Ramesh, Aditya and Dhariwal, Prafulla and Nichol, Alex and Chu, Casey and Chen, Mark},
6205 + year = {2022},
6206 + eprint = {2204.06125},
6207 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
6208 + primaryclass = {cs.CV},
6209 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.06125},
6210 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
6211 +}
6212 +
6213 +@misc{esser2024sd3,
6214 + title = {Scaling Rectified Flow Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesis},
6215 + author = {Esser, Patrick and Kulal, Sumith and Blattmann, Andreas and Entezari, Rahim and Müller, Jonas and Saini, Harry and Levi, Yam and Lorenz, Dominik and Sauer, Axel and Boesel, Frederic and Podell, Dustin and Dockhorn, Tim and English, Zion and Lacey, Kyle and Goodwin, Alex and Marek, Yannik and Rombach, Robin},
6216 + year = {2024},
6217 + eprint = {2403.03206},
6218 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
6219 + primaryclass = {cs.CV},
6220 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.03206},
6221 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
6222 +}
6223 +
6224 +@inproceedings{peebles2023dit,
6225 + title = {Scalable Diffusion Models with Transformers},
6226 + author = {Peebles, William and Xie, Saining},
6227 + year = {2023},
6228 + booktitle = {2023 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)},
6229 + pages = {4172-4182},
6230 + publisher = {IEEE},
6231 + doi = {10.1109/iccv51070.2023.00387},
6232 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6233 +}
6234 +
6235 +@inproceedings{karras2019stylegan,
6236 + title = {A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networks},
6237 + author = {Karras, Tero and Laine, Samuli and Aila, Timo},
6238 + year = {2019},
6239 + booktitle = {2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
6240 + pages = {4396-4405},
6241 + publisher = {IEEE},
6242 + doi = {10.1109/cvpr.2019.00453},
6243 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6244 +}
6245 +
6246 +@article{shneiderman2020hcai,
6247 + title = {Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence: Reliable, Safe \& Trustworthy},
6248 + author = {Shneiderman, Ben},
6249 + year = {2020},
6250 + journal = {International Journal of Human--Computer Interaction},
6251 + volume = {36},
6252 + number = {6},
6253 + pages = {495-504},
6254 + doi = {10.1080/10447318.2020.1741118},
6255 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6256 +}
6257 +
6258 +@inproceedings{amershi2019guidelines,
6259 + title = {Guidelines for Human-AI Interaction},
6260 + author = {Amershi, Saleema and Weld, Dan and Vorvoreanu, Mihaela and Fourney, Adam and Nushi, Besmira and Collisson, Penny and Suh, Jina and Iqbal, Shamsi and Bennett, Paul N. and Inkpen, Kori and Teevan, Jaime and Kikin-Gil, Ruth and Horvitz, Eric},
6261 + year = {2019},
6262 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
6263 + pages = {1-13},
6264 + publisher = {ACM},
6265 + doi = {10.1145/3290605.3300233},
6266 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6267 +}
6268 +
6269 +@inproceedings{weisz2024genaidesign,
6270 + title = {Design Principles for Generative AI Applications},
6271 + author = {Weisz, Justin D. and He, Jessica and Muller, Michael and Hoefer, Gabriela and Miles, Rachel and Geyer, Werner},
6272 + year = {2024},
6273 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
6274 + pages = {1-22},
6275 + publisher = {ACM},
6276 + doi = {10.1145/3613904.3642466},
6277 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6278 +}
6279 +
6280 +@inproceedings{zamfirescu2023johnny,
6281 + title = {Why Johnny Can't Prompt: How Non-AI Experts Try (and Fail) to Design LLM Prompts},
6282 + author = {Zamfirescu-Pereira, J.D. and Wong, Richmond Y. and Hartmann, Bjoern and Yang, Qian},
6283 + year = {2023},
6284 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
6285 + pages = {1-21},
6286 + publisher = {ACM},
6287 + doi = {10.1145/3544548.3581388},
6288 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6289 +}
6290 +
6291 +@misc{morris2023scientists,
6292 + title = {Scientists' Perspectives on the Potential for Generative AI in their Fields},
6293 + author = {Morris, Meredith Ringel},
6294 + year = {2023},
6295 + eprint = {2304.01420},
6296 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
6297 + primaryclass = {cs.CY},
6298 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.01420},
6299 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
6300 +}
6301 +
6302 +@article{barke2023groundedcopilot,
6303 + title = {Grounded Copilot: How Programmers Interact with Code-Generating Models},
6304 + author = {Barke, Shraddha and James, Michael B. and Polikarpova, Nadia},
6305 + year = {2023},
6306 + journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages},
6307 + volume = {7},
6308 + number = {OOPSLA1},
6309 + pages = {85-111},
6310 + doi = {10.1145/3586030},
6311 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6312 +}
6313 +
6314 +@inproceedings{vaithilingam2022expectation,
6315 + title = {Expectation vs. Experience: Evaluating the Usability of Code Generation Tools Powered by Large Language Models},
6316 + author = {Vaithilingam, Priyan and Zhang, Tianyi and Glassman, Elena L.},
6317 + year = {2022},
6318 + booktitle = {CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts},
6319 + pages = {1-7},
6320 + publisher = {ACM},
6321 + doi = {10.1145/3491101.3519665},
6322 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6323 +}
6324 +
6325 +@inproceedings{liang2024usability,
6326 + title = {A Large-Scale Survey on the Usability of AI Programming Assistants: Successes and Challenges},
6327 + author = {Liang, Jenny T. and Yang, Chenyang and Myers, Brad A.},
6328 + year = {2024},
6329 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 46th International Conference on Software Engineering},
6330 + pages = {1-13},
6331 + publisher = {ACM},
6332 + doi = {10.1145/3597503.3608128},
6333 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6334 +}
6335 +
6336 +@inproceedings{bansal2021wholeexceeds,
6337 + title = {Does the Whole Exceed its Parts? The Effect of AI Explanations on Complementary Team Performance},
6338 + author = {Bansal, Gagan and Wu, Tongshuang and Zhou, Joyce and Fok, Raymond and Nushi, Besmira and Kamar, Ece and Ribeiro, Marco Tulio and Weld, Daniel},
6339 + year = {2021},
6340 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
6341 + pages = {1-16},
6342 + publisher = {ACM},
6343 + doi = {10.1145/3411764.3445717},
6344 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6345 +}
6346 +
6347 +@inproceedings{subramonyam2024gulf,
6348 + title = {Bridging the Gulf of Envisioning: Cognitive Challenges in Prompt Based Interactions with LLMs},
6349 + author = {Subramonyam, Hari and Pea, Roy and Pondoc, Christopher and Agrawala, Maneesh and Seifert, Colleen},
6350 + year = {2024},
6351 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
6352 + pages = {1-19},
6353 + publisher = {ACM},
6354 + doi = {10.1145/3613904.3642754},
6355 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6356 +}
6357 +
6358 +@inproceedings{lee2022coauthor,
6359 + title = {CoAuthor: Designing a Human-AI Collaborative Writing Dataset for Exploring Language Model Capabilities},
6360 + author = {Lee, Mina and Liang, Percy and Yang, Qian},
6361 + year = {2022},
6362 + booktitle = {CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
6363 + pages = {1-19},
6364 + publisher = {ACM},
6365 + doi = {10.1145/3491102.3502030},
6366 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6367 +}
6368 +
6369 +@article{vaccaro2024humanai,
6370 + title = {When combinations of humans and AI are useful: A systematic review and meta-analysis},
6371 + author = {Vaccaro, Michelle and Almaatouq, Abdullah and Malone, Thomas},
6372 + year = {2024},
6373 + journal = {Nature Human Behaviour},
6374 + volume = {8},
6375 + number = {12},
6376 + pages = {2293-2303},
6377 + doi = {10.1038/s41562-024-02024-1},
6378 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6379 +}
6380 +
6381 +@inproceedings{cook1971complexity,
6382 + title = {The complexity of theorem-proving procedures},
6383 + author = {Cook, Stephen A.},
6384 + year = {1971},
6385 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the third annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing - STOC '71},
6386 + pages = {151-158},
6387 + publisher = {ACM Press},
6388 + doi = {10.1145/800157.805047},
6389 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6390 +}
6391 +
6392 +@incollection{karp1972reducibility,
6393 + title = {Reducibility among Combinatorial Problems},
6394 + author = {Karp, Richard M.},
6395 + year = {1972},
6396 + booktitle = {Complexity of Computer Computations},
6397 + pages = {85-103},
6398 + publisher = {Springer US},
6399 + doi = {10.1007/978-1-4684-2001-2_9},
6400 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6401 +}
6402 +
6403 +@inproceedings{kelley2023threeap,
6404 + title = {Strong Bounds for 3-Progressions},
6405 + author = {Kelley, Zander and Meka, Raghu},
6406 + year = {2023},
6407 + booktitle = {2023 IEEE 64th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS)},
6408 + pages = {933-973},
6409 + publisher = {IEEE},
6410 + doi = {10.1109/focs57990.2023.00059},
6411 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6412 +}
6413 +
6414 +@inproceedings{raz2019bqpph,
6415 + title = {Oracle separation of BQP and PH},
6416 + author = {Raz, Ran and Tal, Avishay},
6417 + year = {2019},
6418 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 51st Annual ACM SIGACT Symposium on Theory of Computing},
6419 + pages = {13-23},
6420 + publisher = {ACM},
6421 + doi = {10.1145/3313276.3316315},
6422 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6423 +}
6424 +
6425 +@inproceedings{babai2016graphisomorphism,
6426 + title = {Graph isomorphism in quasipolynomial time [extended abstract]},
6427 + author = {Babai, László},
6428 + year = {2016},
6429 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the forty-eighth annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing},
6430 + pages = {684-697},
6431 + publisher = {ACM},
6432 + doi = {10.1145/2897518.2897542},
6433 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6434 +}
6435 +
6436 +@inproceedings{chen2022maxflow,
6437 + title = {Maximum Flow and Minimum-Cost Flow in Almost-Linear Time},
6438 + author = {Chen, Li and Kyng, Rasmus and Liu, Yang P. and Peng, Richard and Gutenberg, Maximilian Probst and Sachdeva, Sushant},
6439 + year = {2022},
6440 + booktitle = {2022 IEEE 63rd Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS)},
6441 + pages = {612-623},
6442 + publisher = {IEEE},
6443 + doi = {10.1109/focs54457.2022.00064},
6444 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6445 +}
6446 +
6447 +@article{ji2021mipre,
6448 + title = {MIP* = RE},
6449 + author = {Ji, Zhengfeng and Natarajan, Anand and Vidick, Thomas and Wright, John and Yuen, Henry},
6450 + year = {2021},
6451 + journal = {Communications of the ACM},
6452 + volume = {64},
6453 + number = {11},
6454 + pages = {131-138},
6455 + doi = {10.1145/3485628},
6456 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6457 +}
6458 +
6459 +@article{lamport1998paxos,
6460 + title = {The part-time parliament},
6461 + author = {Lamport, Leslie},
6462 + year = {1998},
6463 + journal = {ACM Transactions on Computer Systems},
6464 + volume = {16},
6465 + number = {2},
6466 + pages = {133-169},
6467 + doi = {10.1145/279227.279229},
6468 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6469 +}
6470 +
6471 +@article{dean2008mapreduce,
6472 + title = {MapReduce: simplified data processing on large clusters},
6473 + author = {Dean, Jeffrey and Ghemawat, Sanjay},
6474 + year = {2008},
6475 + journal = {Communications of the ACM},
6476 + volume = {51},
6477 + number = {1},
6478 + pages = {107-113},
6479 + doi = {10.1145/1327452.1327492},
6480 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6481 +}
6482 +
6483 +@article{zaharia2016spark,
6484 + title = {Apache Spark: a unified engine for big data processing},
6485 + author = {Zaharia, Matei and Xin, Reynold S. and Wendell, Patrick and Das, Tathagata and Armbrust, Michael and Dave, Ankur and Meng, Xiangrui and Rosen, Josh and Venkataraman, Shivaram and Franklin, Michael J. and Ghodsi, Ali and Gonzalez, Joseph and Shenker, Scott and Stoica, Ion},
6486 + year = {2016},
6487 + journal = {Communications of the ACM},
6488 + volume = {59},
6489 + number = {11},
6490 + pages = {56-65},
6491 + doi = {10.1145/2934664},
6492 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6493 +}
6494 +
6495 +@article{corbett2013spanner,
6496 + title = {Spanner: Google's Globally Distributed Database},
6497 + author = {Corbett, James C. and Dean, Jeffrey and Epstein, Michael and Fikes, Andrew and Frost, Christopher and Furman, J. J. and Ghemawat, Sanjay and Gubarev, Andrey and Heiser, Christopher and Hochschild, Peter and Hsieh, Wilson and Kanthak, Sebastian and Kogan, Eugene and Li, Hongyi and Lloyd, Alexander and Melnik, Sergey and Mwaura, David and Nagle, David and Quinlan, Sean and Rao, Rajesh and Rolig, Lindsay and Saito, Yasushi and Szymaniak, Michal and Taylor, Christopher and Wang, Ruth and Woodford, Dale},
6498 + year = {2013},
6499 + journal = {ACM Transactions on Computer Systems},
6500 + volume = {31},
6501 + number = {3},
6502 + pages = {1-22},
6503 + doi = {10.1145/2491245},
6504 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6505 +}
6506 +
6507 +@inproceedings{verma2015borg,
6508 + title = {Large-scale cluster management at Google with Borg},
6509 + author = {Verma, Abhishek and Pedrosa, Luis and Korupolu, Madhukar and Oppenheimer, David and Tune, Eric and Wilkes, John},
6510 + year = {2015},
6511 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Tenth European Conference on Computer Systems},
6512 + pages = {1-17},
6513 + publisher = {ACM},
6514 + doi = {10.1145/2741948.2741964},
6515 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6516 +}
6517 +
6518 +@article{burns2016kubernetes,
6519 + title = {Borg, Omega, and Kubernetes},
6520 + author = {Burns, Brendan and Grant, Brian and Oppenheimer, David and Brewer, Eric and Wilkes, John},
6521 + year = {2016},
6522 + journal = {Communications of the ACM},
6523 + volume = {59},
6524 + number = {5},
6525 + pages = {50-57},
6526 + doi = {10.1145/2890784},
6527 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6528 +}
6529 +
6530 +@misc{jonas2019serverless,
6531 + title = {Cloud Programming Simplified: A Berkeley View on Serverless Computing},
6532 + author = {Jonas, Eric and Schleier-Smith, Johann and Sreekanti, Vikram and Tsai, Chia-Che and Khandelwal, Anurag and Pu, Qifan and Shankar, Vaishaal and Carreira, Joao and Krauth, Karl and Yadwadkar, Neeraja and Gonzalez, Joseph E. and Popa, Raluca Ada and Stoica, Ion and Patterson, David A.},
6533 + year = {2019},
6534 + eprint = {1902.03383},
6535 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
6536 + primaryclass = {cs.OS},
6537 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1902.03383},
6538 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
6539 +}
6540 +
6541 +@article{castro2002pbft,
6542 + title = {Practical byzantine fault tolerance and proactive recovery},
6543 + author = {Castro, Miguel and Liskov, Barbara},
6544 + year = {2002},
6545 + journal = {ACM Transactions on Computer Systems},
6546 + volume = {20},
6547 + number = {4},
6548 + pages = {398-461},
6549 + doi = {10.1145/571637.571640},
6550 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6551 +}
6552 +
6553 +@article{gilbert2002cap,
6554 + title = {Brewer's conjecture and the feasibility of consistent, available, partition-tolerant web services},
6555 + author = {Gilbert, Seth and Lynch, Nancy},
6556 + year = {2002},
6557 + journal = {ACM SIGACT News},
6558 + volume = {33},
6559 + number = {2},
6560 + pages = {51-59},
6561 + doi = {10.1145/564585.564601},
6562 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03; group J}
6563 +}
6564 +
6565 +@misc{abadi2016tensorflow,
6566 + title = {TensorFlow: A system for large-scale machine learning},
6567 + author = {Abadi, Martín and Barham, Paul and Chen, Jianmin and Chen, Zhifeng and Davis, Andy and Dean, Jeffrey and Devin, Matthieu and Ghemawat, Sanjay and Irving, Geoffrey and Isard, Michael and Kudlur, Manjunath and Levenberg, Josh and Monga, Rajat and Moore, Sherry and Murray, Derek G. and Steiner, Benoit and Tucker, Paul and Vasudevan, Vijay and Warden, Pete and Wicke, Martin and Yu, Yuan and Zheng, Xiaoqiang},
6568 + year = {2016},
6569 + eprint = {1605.08695},
6570 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
6571 + primaryclass = {cs.DC},
6572 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1605.08695},
6573 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
6574 +}
6575 +
6576 +@misc{barham2022pathways,
6577 + title = {Pathways: Asynchronous Distributed Dataflow for ML},
6578 + author = {Barham, Paul and Chowdhery, Aakanksha and Dean, Jeff and Ghemawat, Sanjay and Hand, Steven and Hurt, Dan and Isard, Michael and Lim, Hyeontaek and Pang, Ruoming and Roy, Sudip and Saeta, Brennan and Schuh, Parker and Sepassi, Ryan and Shafey, Laurent El and Thekkath, Chandramohan A. and Wu, Yonghui},
6579 + year = {2022},
6580 + eprint = {2203.12533},
6581 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
6582 + primaryclass = {cs.DC},
6583 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.12533},
6584 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
6585 +}
6586 +
6587 +@misc{pope2023inference,
6588 + title = {Efficiently Scaling Transformer Inference},
6589 + author = {Pope, Reiner and Douglas, Sholto and Chowdhery, Aakanksha and Devlin, Jacob and Bradbury, James and Levskaya, Anselm and Heek, Jonathan and Xiao, Kefan and Agrawal, Shivani and Dean, Jeff},
6590 + year = {2022},
6591 + eprint = {2211.05102},
6592 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
6593 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
6594 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.05102},
6595 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
6596 +}
6597 +
6598 +@misc{sheng2023flexgen,
6599 + title = {FlexGen: High-Throughput Generative Inference of Large Language Models with a Single GPU},
6600 + author = {Sheng, Ying and Zheng, Lianmin and Yuan, Binhang and Li, Zhuohan and Ryabinin, Max and Fu, Daniel Y. and Xie, Zhiqiang and Chen, Beidi and Barrett, Clark and Gonzalez, Joseph E. and Liang, Percy and Ré, Christopher and Stoica, Ion and Zhang, Ce},
6601 + year = {2023},
6602 + eprint = {2303.06865},
6603 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
6604 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
6605 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.06865},
6606 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
6607 +}
6608 +
6609 +@misc{frantar2023gptq,
6610 + title = {GPTQ: Accurate Post-Training Quantization for Generative Pre-trained Transformers},
6611 + author = {Frantar, Elias and Ashkboos, Saleh and Hoefler, Torsten and Alistarh, Dan},
6612 + year = {2022},
6613 + eprint = {2210.17323},
6614 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
6615 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
6616 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.17323},
6617 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
6618 +}
6619 +
6620 +@misc{dettmers2022int8,
6621 + title = {LLM.int8(): 8-bit Matrix Multiplication for Transformers at Scale},
6622 + author = {Dettmers, Tim and Lewis, Mike and Belkada, Younes and Zettlemoyer, Luke},
6623 + year = {2022},
6624 + eprint = {2208.07339},
6625 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
6626 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
6627 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2208.07339},
6628 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
6629 +}
6630 +
6631 +@misc{leviathan2023speculative,
6632 + title = {Fast Inference from Transformers via Speculative Decoding},
6633 + author = {Leviathan, Yaniv and Kalman, Matan and Matias, Yossi},
6634 + year = {2022},
6635 + eprint = {2211.17192},
6636 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
6637 + primaryclass = {cs.LG},
6638 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.17192},
6639 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03; group J}
6640 +}
6641 +
added manuscript/references_part03.bib +339 −0
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
1 +% references_part03.bib — Part III (Data and Systematic Review Protocol). Every entry verified by a single
2 +% Crossref or arXiv API lookup on 2026-11-03; see references_verification_part03.csv.
3 +@article{page2021prisma,
4 + author = {Page, Matthew J. and McKenzie, Joanne E. and Bossuyt, Patrick M. and Boutron, Isabelle and Hoffmann, Tammy C. and Mulrow, Cynthia D. and Shamseer, Larissa and Tetzlaff, Jennifer M. and Akl, Elie A. and Brennan, Sue E. and Chou, Roger and Glanville, Julie and Grimshaw, Jeremy M. and Hr{\'o}bjartsson, Asbj{\o}rn and Lalu, Manoj M. and Li, Tianjing and Loder, Elizabeth W. and Mayo-Wilson, Evan and McDonald, Steve and McGuinness, Luke A. and Stewart, Lesley A. and Thomas, James and Tricco, Andrea C. and Welch, Vivian A. and Whiting, Penny and Moher, David},
5 + title = {The {PRISMA} 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews},
6 + journal = {BMJ},
7 + year = {2021},
8 + volume = {372},
9 + pages = {n71},
10 + doi = {10.1136/bmj.n71},
11 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
12 +}
13 +@article{page2021prismaee,
14 + author = {Page, Matthew J. and Moher, David and Bossuyt, Patrick M. and Boutron, Isabelle and Hoffmann, Tammy C. and Mulrow, Cynthia D. and Shamseer, Larissa and Tetzlaff, Jennifer M. and Akl, Elie A. and Brennan, Sue E. and Chou, Roger and Glanville, Julie and Grimshaw, Jeremy M. and Hr{\'o}bjartsson, Asbj{\o}rn and Lalu, Manoj M. and Li, Tianjing and Loder, Elizabeth W. and Mayo-Wilson, Evan and McDonald, Steve and McGuinness, Luke A. and Stewart, Lesley A. and Thomas, James and Tricco, Andrea C. and Welch, Vivian A. and Whiting, Penny and McKenzie, Joanne E.},
15 + title = {{PRISMA} 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews},
16 + journal = {BMJ},
17 + year = {2021},
18 + volume = {372},
19 + pages = {n160},
20 + doi = {10.1136/bmj.n160},
21 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
22 +}
23 +@inproceedings{petersen2008mapping,
24 + author = {Petersen, Kai and Feldt, Robert and Mujtaba, Shahid and Mattsson, Michael},
25 + title = {Systematic mapping studies in software engineering},
26 + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering (EASE)},
27 + series = {Electronic Workshops in Computing},
28 + publisher = {BCS Learning and Development},
29 + year = {2008},
30 + doi = {10.14236/ewic/EASE2008.8},
31 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
32 +}
33 +@article{petersen2015mapping,
34 + author = {Petersen, Kai and Vakkalanka, Sairam and Kuzniarz, Ludwik},
35 + title = {Guidelines for conducting systematic mapping studies in software engineering: An update},
36 + journal = {Information and Software Technology},
37 + year = {2015},
38 + volume = {64},
39 + pages = {1--18},
40 + doi = {10.1016/j.infsof.2015.03.007},
41 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
42 +}
43 +@article{tricco2018prismascr,
44 + author = {Tricco, Andrea C. and Lillie, Erin and Zarin, Wasifa and O'Brien, Kelly K. and Colquhoun, Heather and Levac, Danielle and Moher, David and Peters, Micah D. J. and Horsley, Tanya and Weeks, Laura and Hempel, Susanne and Akl, Elie A. and Chang, Christine and McGowan, Jessie and Stewart, Lesley and Hartling, Lisa and Aldcroft, Adrian and Wilson, Michael G. and Garritty, Chantelle and Lewin, Simon and Godfrey, Christina M. and Macdonald, Marilyn T. and Langlois, Etienne V. and Soares-Weiser, Karla and Moriarty, Jo and Clifford, Tammy and Tun{\c{c}}alp, {\"O}zge and Straus, Sharon E.},
45 + title = {{PRISMA} extension for scoping reviews ({PRISMA-ScR}): Checklist and explanation},
46 + journal = {Annals of Internal Medicine},
47 + year = {2018},
48 + volume = {169},
49 + number = {7},
50 + pages = {467--473},
51 + doi = {10.7326/M18-0850},
52 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
53 +}
54 +@article{rethlefsen2021prismas,
55 + author = {Rethlefsen, Melissa L. and Kirtley, Shona and Waffenschmidt, Siw and Ayala, Ana Patricia and Moher, David and Page, Matthew J. and Koffel, Jonathan B.},
56 + title = {{PRISMA-S}: an extension to the {PRISMA} Statement for Reporting Literature Searches in Systematic Reviews},
57 + journal = {Systematic Reviews},
58 + year = {2021},
59 + volume = {10},
60 + pages = {39},
61 + doi = {10.1186/s13643-020-01542-z},
62 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
63 +}
64 +@article{haddaway2022prismaflow,
65 + author = {Haddaway, Neal R. and Page, Matthew J. and Pritchard, Chris C. and McGuinness, Luke A.},
66 + title = {{PRISMA2020}: An {R} package and {Shiny} app for producing {PRISMA} 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis},
67 + journal = {Campbell Systematic Reviews},
68 + year = {2022},
69 + volume = {18},
70 + number = {2},
71 + pages = {e1230},
72 + doi = {10.1002/cl2.1230},
73 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
74 +}
75 +@article{gusenbauer2020search,
76 + author = {Gusenbauer, Michael and Haddaway, Neal R.},
77 + title = {Which academic search systems are suitable for systematic reviews or meta-analyses? {Evaluating} retrieval qualities of {Google Scholar}, {PubMed}, and 26 other resources},
78 + journal = {Research Synthesis Methods},
79 + year = {2020},
80 + volume = {11},
81 + number = {2},
82 + pages = {181--217},
83 + doi = {10.1002/jrsm.1378},
84 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
85 +}
86 +@incollection{ley2002dblp,
87 + author = {Ley, Michael},
88 + title = {The {DBLP} computer science bibliography: Evolution, research issues, perspectives},
89 + booktitle = {String Processing and Information Retrieval (SPIRE 2002)},
90 + series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
91 + volume = {2476},
92 + publisher = {Springer},
93 + year = {2002},
94 + pages = {1--10},
95 + doi = {10.1007/3-540-45735-6_1},
96 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
97 +}
98 +@article{ley2009dblp,
99 + author = {Ley, Michael},
100 + title = {{DBLP}: some lessons learned},
101 + journal = {Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment},
102 + year = {2009},
103 + volume = {2},
104 + number = {2},
105 + pages = {1493--1500},
106 + doi = {10.14778/1687553.1687577},
107 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
108 +}
109 +@article{ginsparg2011arxiv,
110 + author = {Ginsparg, Paul},
111 + title = {{ArXiv} at 20},
112 + journal = {Nature},
113 + year = {2011},
114 + volume = {476},
115 + pages = {145--147},
116 + doi = {10.1038/476145a},
117 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
118 +}
119 +@misc{clement2019arxiv,
120 + author = {Clement, Colin B. and Bierbaum, Matthew and O'Keeffe, Kevin P. and Alemi, Alexander A.},
121 + title = {On the use of {arXiv} as a dataset},
122 + year = {2019},
123 + eprint = {1905.00075},
124 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
125 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.00075},
126 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03}
127 +}
128 +@misc{priem2022openalex,
129 + author = {Priem, Jason and Piwowar, Heather and Orr, Richard},
130 + title = {{OpenAlex}: A fully-open index of scholarly works, authors, venues, institutions, and concepts},
131 + year = {2022},
132 + eprint = {2205.01833},
133 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
134 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.01833},
135 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03}
136 +}
137 +@misc{kinney2023s2,
138 + author = {Kinney, Rodney and Anastasiades, Chloe and Authur, Russell and Beltagy, Iz and Bragg, Jonathan and Buraczynski, Alexandra and Cachola, Isabel and Candra, Stefan and Chandrasekhar, Yoganand and Cohan, Arman and others},
139 + title = {The {Semantic Scholar} Open Data Platform},
140 + year = {2023},
141 + eprint = {2301.10140},
142 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
143 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.10140},
144 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03}
145 +}
146 +@misc{alperin2024openalex,
147 + author = {Alperin, Juan Pablo and Portenoy, Jason and Demes, Kyle and Larivi{\`e}re, Vincent and Haustein, Stefanie},
148 + title = {An analysis of the suitability of {OpenAlex} for bibliometric analyses},
149 + year = {2024},
150 + eprint = {2404.17663},
151 + archiveprefix = {arXiv},
152 + howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.17663},
153 + note = {verified: arxiv 2026-11-03}
154 +}
155 +@article{culbert2025openalex,
156 + author = {Culbert, Jack H. and Hobert, Anne and Jahn, Najko and Haupka, Nick and Schmidt, Marion and Donner, Paul and Mayr, Philipp},
157 + title = {Reference coverage analysis of {OpenAlex} compared to {Web of Science} and {Scopus}},
158 + journal = {Scientometrics},
159 + year = {2025},
160 + volume = {130},
161 + pages = {2475--2492},
162 + doi = {10.1007/s11192-025-05293-3},
163 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
164 +}
165 +@article{scheidsteger2023openalex,
166 + author = {Scheidsteger, Thomas and Haunschild, Robin},
167 + title = {Which of the metadata with relevance for bibliometrics are the same and which are different when switching from {Microsoft Academic Graph} to {OpenAlex}?},
168 + journal = {Profesional de la informaci{\'o}n},
169 + year = {2023},
170 + doi = {10.3145/epi.2023.mar.09},
171 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
172 +}
173 +@article{delgadoquiros2024completeness,
174 + author = {Delgado-Quir{\'o}s, Lorena and Ortega, Jos{\'e} Luis},
175 + title = {Completeness degree of publication metadata in eight free-access scholarly databases},
176 + journal = {Quantitative Science Studies},
177 + year = {2024},
178 + volume = {5},
179 + number = {1},
180 + pages = {31--49},
181 + doi = {10.1162/qss_a_00286},
182 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
183 +}
184 +@article{visser2021comparison,
185 + author = {Visser, Martijn and van Eck, Nees Jan and Waltman, Ludo},
186 + title = {Large-scale comparison of bibliographic data sources: {Scopus}, {Web of Science}, {Dimensions}, {Crossref}, and {Microsoft Academic}},
187 + journal = {Quantitative Science Studies},
188 + year = {2021},
189 + volume = {2},
190 + number = {1},
191 + pages = {20--41},
192 + doi = {10.1162/qss_a_00112},
193 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
194 +}
195 +@article{martinmartin2021comparison,
196 + author = {Mart{\'i}n-Mart{\'i}n, Alberto and Thelwall, Mike and Orduna-Malea, Enrique and Delgado L{\'o}pez-C{\'o}zar, Emilio},
197 + title = {{Google Scholar}, {Microsoft Academic}, {Scopus}, {Dimensions}, {Web of Science}, and {OpenCitations}' {COCI}: a multidisciplinary comparison of coverage via citations},
198 + journal = {Scientometrics},
199 + year = {2021},
200 + volume = {126},
201 + pages = {871--906},
202 + doi = {10.1007/s11192-020-03690-4},
203 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
204 +}
205 +@article{mongeon2016coverage,
206 + author = {Mongeon, Philippe and Paul-Hus, Ad{\`e}le},
207 + title = {The journal coverage of {Web of Science} and {Scopus}: a comparative analysis},
208 + journal = {Scientometrics},
209 + year = {2016},
210 + volume = {106},
211 + pages = {213--228},
212 + doi = {10.1007/s11192-015-1765-5},
213 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
214 +}
215 +@article{hendricks2020crossref,
216 + author = {Hendricks, Ginny and Tkaczyk, Dominika and Lin, Jennifer and Feeney, Patricia},
217 + title = {{Crossref}: The sustainable source of community-owned scholarly metadata},
218 + journal = {Quantitative Science Studies},
219 + year = {2020},
220 + volume = {1},
221 + number = {1},
222 + pages = {414--427},
223 + doi = {10.1162/qss_a_00022},
224 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
225 +}
226 +@article{wang2020mag,
227 + author = {Wang, Kuansan and Shen, Zhihong and Huang, Chiyuan and Wu, Chieh-Han and Dong, Yuxiao and Kanakia, Anshul},
228 + title = {{Microsoft Academic Graph}: When experts are not enough},
229 + journal = {Quantitative Science Studies},
230 + year = {2020},
231 + volume = {1},
232 + number = {1},
233 + pages = {396--413},
234 + doi = {10.1162/qss_a_00021},
235 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
236 +}
237 +@article{radev2013acl,
238 + author = {Radev, Dragomir R. and Muthukrishnan, Pradeep and Qazvinian, Vahed and Abu-Jbara, Amjad},
239 + title = {The {ACL} anthology network corpus},
240 + journal = {Language Resources and Evaluation},
241 + year = {2013},
242 + volume = {47},
243 + pages = {919--944},
244 + doi = {10.1007/s10579-012-9211-2},
245 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
246 +}
247 +@article{fellegi1969linkage,
248 + author = {Fellegi, Ivan P. and Sunter, Alan B.},
249 + title = {A theory for record linkage},
250 + journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
251 + year = {1969},
252 + volume = {64},
253 + number = {328},
254 + pages = {1183--1210},
255 + doi = {10.1080/01621459.1969.10501049},
256 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
257 +}
258 +@book{christen2012matching,
259 + author = {Christen, Peter},
260 + title = {Data Matching: Concepts and Techniques for Record Linkage, Entity Resolution, and Duplicate Detection},
261 + publisher = {Springer},
262 + address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
263 + year = {2012},
264 + doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-31164-2},
265 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
266 +}
267 +@article{lin2020preprints,
268 + author = {Lin, Jialiang and Yu, Yao and Zhou, Yu and Zhou, Zhiyang and Shi, Xiaodong},
269 + title = {How many preprints have actually been printed and why: a case study of computer science preprints on {arXiv}},
270 + journal = {Scientometrics},
271 + year = {2020},
272 + volume = {124},
273 + pages = {555--574},
274 + doi = {10.1007/s11192-020-03430-8},
275 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
276 +}
277 +@article{cabanac2021preprint,
278 + author = {Cabanac, Guillaume and Oikonomidi, Theodora and Boutron, Isabelle},
279 + title = {Day-to-day discovery of preprint--publication links},
280 + journal = {Scientometrics},
281 + year = {2021},
282 + volume = {126},
283 + pages = {5285--5304},
284 + doi = {10.1007/s11192-021-03900-7},
285 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
286 +}
287 +@article{wang2013window,
288 + author = {Wang, Jian},
289 + title = {Citation time window choice for research impact evaluation},
290 + journal = {Scientometrics},
291 + year = {2013},
292 + volume = {94},
293 + pages = {851--872},
294 + doi = {10.1007/s11192-012-0775-9},
295 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03 (online 2012, volume 94 = 2013)}
296 +}
297 +@article{waltman2016review,
298 + author = {Waltman, Ludo},
299 + title = {A review of the literature on citation impact indicators},
300 + journal = {Journal of Informetrics},
301 + year = {2016},
302 + volume = {10},
303 + number = {2},
304 + pages = {365--391},
305 + doi = {10.1016/j.joi.2016.02.007},
306 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
307 +}
308 +@article{fortunato2018science,
309 + author = {Fortunato, Santo and Bergstrom, Carl T. and B{\"o}rner, Katy and Evans, James A. and Helbing, Dirk and Milojevi{\'c}, Sta{\v{s}}a and Petersen, Alexander M. and Radicchi, Filippo and Sinatra, Roberta and Uzzi, Brian and Vespignani, Alessandro and Waltman, Ludo and Wang, Dashun and Barab{\'a}si, Albert-L{\'a}szl{\'o}},
310 + title = {Science of science},
311 + journal = {Science},
312 + year = {2018},
313 + volume = {359},
314 + number = {6379},
315 + pages = {eaao0185},
316 + doi = {10.1126/science.aao0185},
317 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
318 +}
319 +@article{nosek2018preregistration,
320 + author = {Nosek, Brian A. and Ebersole, Charles R. and DeHaven, Alexander C. and Mellor, David T.},
321 + title = {The preregistration revolution},
322 + journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
323 + year = {2018},
324 + volume = {115},
325 + number = {11},
326 + pages = {2600--2606},
327 + doi = {10.1073/pnas.1708274114},
328 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
329 +}
330 +@article{vannoorden2023retractions,
331 + author = {Van Noorden, Richard},
332 + title = {More than 10,000 research papers were retracted in 2023 --- a new record},
333 + journal = {Nature},
334 + year = {2023},
335 + volume = {624},
336 + pages = {479--481},
337 + doi = {10.1038/d41586-023-03974-8},
338 + note = {verified: crossref 2026-11-03}
339 +}
added manuscript/references_verification.csv +589 −0
@@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
1 +key,doi_or_arxiv,verified_via,verified_title,match,note
2 +priem2022openalex,arXiv:2205.01833,arxiv,"OpenAlex: A fully-open index of scholarly works, authors, venues, institutions, and concepts",exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=3 [group A]
3 +ley2002dblp,10.1007/3-540-45735-6_1,crossref,"The DBLP Computer Science Bibliography: Evolution, Research Issues, Perspectives",exact,sim=1.00; year=2002; nauth=1 [group A]
4 +ley2009dblp,10.14778/1687553.1687577,crossref,DBLP: some lessons learned,exact,sim=1.00; year=2009; nauth=1 [group A]
5 +ginsparg2011arxiv,10.1038/476145a,crossref,ArXiv at 20,exact,sim=1.00; year=2011; nauth=1 [group A]
6 +kinney2023s2ag,arXiv:2301.10140,arxiv,The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=48 [group A]
7 +lo2020s2orc,10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.447,crossref,S2ORC: The Semantic Scholar Open Research Corpus,exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=5 [group A]
8 +ammar2018literaturegraph,10.18653/v1/N18-3011,crossref,Construction of the Literature Graph in Semantic Scholar,exact,sim=1.00; year=2018; nauth=23 [group A]
9 +hendricks2020crossref,10.1162/qss_a_00022,crossref,Crossref: The sustainable source of community-owned scholarly metadata,exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=4 [group A]
10 +radev2013aclanthology,10.1007/s10579-012-9211-2,crossref,The ACL anthology network corpus,exact,sim=1.00; year=2013; nauth=4 [group A]
11 +wang2020mag,10.1162/qss_a_00021,crossref,Microsoft Academic Graph: When experts are not enough,exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=6 [group A]
12 +sinha2015mas,10.1145/2740908.2742839,crossref,An Overview of Microsoft Academic Service (MAS) and Applications,exact,sim=1.00; year=2015; nauth=7 [group A]
13 +giles1998citeseer,10.1145/276675.276685,crossref,CiteSeer: an automatic citation indexing system,exact,sim=1.00; year=1998; nauth=3 [group A]
14 +wu2015citeseerx,10.1609/aimag.v36i3.2601,crossref,CiteSeerX: AI in a Digital Library Search Engine,exact,sim=1.00; year=2015; nauth=10 [group A]
15 +tang2008arnetminer,10.1145/1401890.1402008,crossref,ArnetMiner: extraction and mining of academic social networks,exact,sim=1.00; year=2008; nauth=6 [group A]
16 +fricke2018semanticscholar,10.5195/jmla.2018.280,crossref,Semantic Scholar,exact,sim=1.00; year=2018; nauth=1 [group A]
17 +herzog2020dimensions,10.1162/qss_a_00020,crossref,Dimensions: Bringing down barriers between scientometricians and data,exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=3 [group A]
18 +peroni2020opencitations,10.1162/qss_a_00023,crossref,"OpenCitations, an infrastructure organization for open scholarship",minor,sim=0.89; year=2020; nauth=2 [group A]
19 +visser2021comparison,10.1162/qss_a_00112,crossref,"Large-scale comparison of bibliographic data sources: Scopus, Web of Science, Dimensions, Crossref, and Microsoft Academic",exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=3 [group A]
20 +martinmartin2021coverage,10.1007/s11192-020-03690-4,crossref,"Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic, Scopus, Dimensions, Web of Science, and OpenCitations’ COCI: a multidisciplinary comparison of coverage via citations",exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=4 [group A]
21 +clement2019arxivdataset,arXiv:1905.00075,arxiv,On the Use of ArXiv as a Dataset,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=4 [group A]
22 +alperin2024openalex,arXiv:2404.17663,arxiv,An analysis of the suitability of OpenAlex for bibliometric analyses,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=5 [group A]
23 +culbert2025openalexcoverage,10.1007/s11192-025-05293-3,crossref,Reference coverage analysis of OpenAlex compared to Web of Science and Scopus,exact,sim=1.00; year=2025; nauth=7 [group A]
24 +scheidsteger2023magopenalex,10.3145/epi.2023.mar.09,crossref,Which of the metadata with relevance for bibliometrics are the same and which are different when switching from Microsoft Academic Graph to OpenAlex?,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=2 [group A]
25 +openalex2024topics,https://docs.openalex.org/api-entities/topics,url,Topics – Aboutness | OpenAlex Help Center,minor,HTTP 200; page title similarity 0.60 [group A]
26 +paperswithcode2024,https://paperswithcode.com/,url,Trending Papers - Hugging Face,FAILED,site retired in 2025; URL now redirects to huggingface.co/papers (page title 'Trending Papers - Hugging Face'); not citable as a live source HTTP 200; page title similarity 0.50 [group A]
27 +dblp2024stats,https://dblp.org/statistics/,url,Making sure you're not a bot!,FAILED,HTTP 202; page title similarity 0.27 [group A]
28 +arxiv2026stats,https://arxiv.org/stats/monthly_submissions,url,Monthly Submissions,minor,HTTP 200; page title similarity 0.70 [group A]
29 +acl2024anthology,https://aclanthology.org/,url,ACL Anthology,exact,HTTP 200; page title similarity 1.00 [group A]
30 +haunschild2024openalexclassification,-,,,FAILED,crossref search: no title match >=0.85 [group A]
31 +page2021prisma,10.1136/bmj.n71,crossref,The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=26 [group B]
32 +page2021prismaexplanation,10.1136/bmj.n160,crossref,PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=26 [group B]
33 +rethlefsen2021prismas,10.1186/s13643-020-01542-z,crossref,PRISMA-S: an extension to the PRISMA Statement for Reporting Literature Searches in Systematic Reviews,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=41 [group B]
34 +moher2009prisma,10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097,crossref,Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement,exact,sim=1.00; year=2009; nauth=5 [group B]
35 +haddaway2022prismaflow,10.1002/cl2.1230,crossref,"PRISMA2020 : An R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020‐compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis",exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=4 [group B]
36 +kitchenham2009slr,10.1016/j.infsof.2008.09.009,crossref,Systematic literature reviews in software engineering – A systematic literature review,exact,sim=1.00; year=2009; nauth=6 [group B]
37 +kitchenham2013slrprocess,10.1016/j.infsof.2013.07.010,crossref,A systematic review of systematic review process research in software engineering,exact,sim=1.00; year=2013; nauth=2 [group B]
38 +kitchenham2015ebse,10.1201/b19467,crossref,Evidence-Based Software Engineering and Systematic Reviews,exact,sim=1.00; year=2015; nauth=3 [group B]
39 +petersen2008mapping,10.14236/ewic/EASE2008.8,crossref,Systematic Mapping Studies in Software Engineering,exact,sim=1.00; year=2008; nauth=4 [group B]
40 +petersen2015mapping,10.1016/j.infsof.2015.03.007,crossref,Guidelines for conducting systematic mapping studies in software engineering: An update,exact,sim=1.00; year=2015; nauth=3 [group B]
41 +wohlin2014snowballing,10.1145/2601248.2601268,crossref,Guidelines for snowballing in systematic literature studies and a replication in software engineering,exact,sim=1.00; year=2014; nauth=1 [group B]
42 +garousi2019multivocal,10.1016/j.infsof.2018.09.006,crossref,Guidelines for including grey literature and conducting multivocal literature reviews in software engineering,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=3 [group B]
43 +tricco2018prismascr,10.7326/M18-0850,crossref,PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation,exact,sim=1.00; year=2018; nauth=28 [group B]
44 +arksey2005scoping,10.1080/1364557032000119616,crossref,Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework,exact,sim=1.00; year=2005; nauth=2 [group B]
45 +grant2009typology,10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x,crossref,A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies,exact,sim=1.00; year=2009; nauth=2 [group B]
46 +elliott2014living,10.1371/journal.pmed.1001603,crossref,Living Systematic Reviews: An Emerging Opportunity to Narrow the Evidence-Practice Gap,exact,sim=1.00; year=2014; nauth=7 [group B]
47 +elliott2017living,10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.08.010,crossref,"Living systematic review: 1. Introduction—the why, what, when, and how",exact,sim=1.00; year=2017; nauth=144 [group B]
48 +vandeschoot2021asreview,10.1038/s42256-020-00287-7,crossref,An open source machine learning framework for efficient and transparent systematic reviews,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=17 [group B]
49 +omaraeide2015textmining,10.1186/2046-4053-4-5,crossref,Using text mining for study identification in systematic reviews: a systematic review of current approaches,exact,sim=1.00; year=2015; nauth=5 [group B]
50 +marshall2019automation,10.1186/s13643-019-1074-9,crossref,Toward systematic review automation: a practical guide to using machine learning tools in research synthesis,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=2 [group B]
51 +khraisha2024gpt4screening,10.1002/jrsm.1715,crossref,Can large language models replace humans in systematic reviews? Evaluating GPT ‐4's efficacy in screening and extracting data from peer‐reviewed and grey literature in multiple languages,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=5 [group B]
52 +guo2024llmscreening,10.2196/48996,crossref,Automated Paper Screening for Clinical Reviews Using Large Language Models: Data Analysis Study,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=6 [group B]
53 +syriani2023chatgptscreening,arXiv:2307.06464,arxiv,Assessing the Ability of ChatGPT to Screen Articles for Systematic Reviews,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=3 [group B]
54 +dennstadt2024llmscreening,10.1186/s13643-024-02575-4,crossref,Title and abstract screening for literature reviews using large language models: an exploratory study in the biomedical domain,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=5 [group B]
55 +alshami2023chatgptsr,10.3390/systems11070351,crossref,"Harnessing the Power of ChatGPT for Automating Systematic Review Process: Methodology, Case Study, Limitations, and Future Directions",exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=5 [group B]
56 +zupic2015bibliometric,10.1177/1094428114562629,crossref,Bibliometric Methods in Management and Organization,exact,sim=1.00; year=2015; nauth=2 [group B]
57 +donthu2021bibliometric,10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070,crossref,How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=5 [group B]
58 +wang2024llmsr,-,,,FAILED,crossref search: no title match >=0.85 [group B]
59 +wang2024zeroshotscreening,10.1007/978-3-031-56027-9_25,crossref,Zero-Shot Generative Large Language Models for Systematic Review Screening Automation,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=6 [group B]
60 +waltman2016review,10.1016/j.joi.2016.02.007,crossref,A review of the literature on citation impact indicators,exact,sim=1.00; year=2016; nauth=1 [group C]
61 +waltman2019fieldnormalization,10.1007/978-3-030-02511-3_11,crossref,Field Normalization of Scientometric Indicators,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=2 [group C]
62 +waltman2011crown,10.1016/j.joi.2010.08.001,crossref,Towards a new crown indicator: Some theoretical considerations,exact,sim=1.00; year=2011; nauth=5 [group C]
63 +purkayastha2019fwci,10.1016/j.joi.2019.03.012,crossref,"Comparison of two article-level, field-independent citation metrics: Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) and Relative Citation Ratio (RCR)",exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=4 [group C]
64 +wang2013citationwindow,10.1007/s11192-012-0775-9,crossref,Citation time window choice for research impact evaluation,exact,sim=1.00; year=2013; nauth=1 [group C]
65 +hirsch2005hindex,10.1073/pnas.0507655102,crossref,An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output,exact,sim=1.00; year=2005; nauth=1 [group C]
66 +waltman2012hindex,10.1002/asi.21678,crossref,The inconsistency of the h‐index,exact,sim=1.00; year=2012; nauth=2 [group C]
67 +egghe2006gindex,10.1007/s11192-006-0144-7,crossref,Theory and practise of the g-index,exact,sim=1.00; year=2006; nauth=1 [group C]
68 +nielsen2021inequality,10.1073/pnas.2012208118,crossref,Global citation inequality is on the rise,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=2 [group C]
69 +stirling2007diversity,10.1098/rsif.2007.0213,crossref,"A general framework for analysing diversity in science, technology and society",exact,sim=1.00; year=2007; nauth=1 [group C]
70 +leinster2012diversity,10.1890/10-2402.1,crossref,Measuring diversity: the importance of species similarity,exact,sim=1.00; year=2012; nauth=2 [group C]
71 +porter2009interdisciplinarity,10.1007/s11192-008-2197-2,crossref,Is science becoming more interdisciplinary? Measuring and mapping six research fields over time,exact,sim=1.00; year=2009; nauth=2 [group C]
72 +rafols2010diversity,10.1007/s11192-009-0041-y,crossref,Diversity and network coherence as indicators of interdisciplinarity: case studies in bionanoscience,exact,sim=1.00; year=2010; nauth=2 [group C]
73 +leydesdorff2019interdisciplinarity,10.1016/j.joi.2018.12.006,crossref,"Interdisciplinarity as diversity in citation patterns among journals: Rao-Stirling diversity, relative variety, and the Gini coefficient",exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=3 [group C]
74 +newman2001collaboration,10.1073/pnas.021544898,crossref,The structure of scientific collaboration networks,exact,sim=1.00; year=2001; nauth=1 [group C]
75 +newman2004coauthorship,10.1073/pnas.0307545100,crossref,Coauthorship networks and patterns of scientific collaboration,exact,sim=1.00; year=2004; nauth=1 [group C]
76 +wagner2017collaboration,10.1007/s11192-016-2230-9,crossref,Growth of international collaboration in science: revisiting six specialties,minor,sim=0.96; year=2017; nauth=3 [group C]
77 +wagner2015cooperation,10.1371/journal.pone.0131816,crossref,The Continuing Growth of Global Cooperation Networks in Research: A Conundrum for National Governments,exact,sim=1.00; year=2015; nauth=3 [group C]
78 +katz1997collaboration,10.1016/S0048-7333(96)00917-1,crossref,What is research collaboration?,exact,sim=1.00; year=1997; nauth=2 [group C]
79 +lariviere2015teamsize,10.1002/asi.23266,crossref,Team size matters: Collaboration and scientific impact since 1900,exact,sim=1.00; year=2015; nauth=4 [group C]
80 +wuchty2007teams,10.1126/science.1136099,crossref,The Increasing Dominance of Teams in Production of Knowledge,exact,sim=1.00; year=2007; nauth=3 [group C]
81 +lin2020arxivcs,10.1007/s11192-020-03430-8,crossref,How many preprints have actually been printed and why: a case study of computer science preprints on arXiv,minor,sim=0.90; year=2020; nauth=5 [group C]
82 +fraser2021preprints,10.1371/journal.pbio.3000959,crossref,The evolving role of preprints in the dissemination of COVID-19 research and their impact on the science communication landscape,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=7 [group C]
83 +fraser2020biorxiv,10.1162/qss_a_00043,crossref,"The relationship between bioRxiv preprints, citations and altmetrics",exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=4 [group C]
84 +lariviere2014arxiv,10.1002/asi.23044,crossref,arXiv E‐prints and the journal of record: An analysis of roles and relationships,exact,sim=1.00; year=2014; nauth=6 [group C]
85 +sutton2017arxivcs,arXiv:1710.05225,arxiv,Popularity of arXiv.org within Computer Science,exact,sim=1.00; year=2017; nauth=2 [group C]
86 +piwowar2018oa,10.7717/peerj.4375,crossref,The state of OA: a large-scale analysis of the prevalence and impact of Open Access articles,exact,sim=1.00; year=2018; nauth=9 [group C]
87 +bornmann2008citations,10.1108/00220410810844150,crossref,What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior,exact,sim=1.00; year=2008; nauth=2 [group C]
88 +radicchi2008universality,10.1073/pnas.0806977105,crossref,Universality of citation distributions: Toward an objective measure of scientific impact,exact,sim=1.00; year=2008; nauth=3 [group C]
89 +hicks2015leiden,10.1038/520429a,crossref,Bibliometrics: The Leiden Manifesto for research metrics,exact,sim=1.00; year=2015; nauth=5 [group C]
90 +price1965networks,10.1126/science.149.3683.510,crossref,Networks of Scientific Papers: The pattern of bibliographic references indicates the nature of the scientific research front.,exact,sim=1.00; year=1965; nauth=1 [group C]
91 +bornmann2015growth,10.1002/asi.23329,crossref,Growth rates of modern science: A bibliometric analysis based on the number of publications and cited references,exact,sim=1.00; year=2015; nauth=2 [group C]
92 +bornmann2021growth,10.1057/s41599-021-00903-w,crossref,Growth rates of modern science: a latent piecewise growth curve approach to model publication numbers from established and new literature databases,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=3 [group C]
93 +fire2019goodhart,10.1093/gigascience/giz053,crossref,Over-optimization of academic publishing metrics: observing Goodhart's Law in action,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=2 [group C]
94 +ioannidis2020citation,10.1371/journal.pbio.3000918,crossref,Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators,exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=3 [group C]
95 +sinatra2016impact,10.1126/science.aaf5239,crossref,Quantifying the evolution of individual scientific impact,exact,sim=1.00; year=2016; nauth=5 [group C]
96 +fanelli2016publicationrate,10.1371/journal.pone.0149504,crossref,Researchers’ Individual Publication Rate Has Not Increased in a Century,exact,sim=1.00; year=2016; nauth=2 [group C]
97 +garfield1955citation,10.1126/science.122.3159.108,crossref,Citation Indexes for Science: A New Dimension in Documentation through Association of Ideas,exact,sim=1.00; year=1955; nauth=1 [group C]
98 +vaneck2010vosviewer,10.1007/s11192-009-0146-3,crossref,"Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping",exact,sim=1.00; year=2010; nauth=2 [group D]
99 +vaneck2014visualizing,10.1007/978-3-319-10377-8_13,crossref,Visualizing Bibliometric Networks,exact,sim=1.00; year=2014; nauth=2 [group D]
100 +small1973cocitation,10.1002/asi.4630240406,crossref,Co‐citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents,exact,sim=1.00; year=1973; nauth=1 [group D]
101 +kessler1963coupling,10.1002/asi.5090140103,crossref,Bibliographic coupling between scientific papers,exact,sim=1.00; year=1963; nauth=1 [group D]
102 +boyack2010accuracy,10.1002/asi.21419,crossref,"Co‐citation analysis, bibliographic coupling, and direct citation: Which citation approach represents the research front most accurately?",exact,sim=1.00; year=2010; nauth=2 [group D]
103 +klavans2017taxonomy,10.1002/asi.23734,crossref,Which Type of Citation Analysis Generates the Most Accurate Taxonomy of Scientific and Technical Knowledge?,exact,sim=1.00; year=2017; nauth=2 [group D]
104 +traag2019leiden,10.1038/s41598-019-41695-z,crossref,From Louvain to Leiden: guaranteeing well-connected communities,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=3 [group D]
105 +blondel2008louvain,10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/P10008,crossref,Fast unfolding of communities in large networks,exact,sim=1.00; year=2008; nauth=4 [group D]
106 +newman2006modularity,10.1073/pnas.0601602103,crossref,Modularity and community structure in networks,exact,sim=1.00; year=2006; nauth=1 [group D]
107 +fortunato2010community,10.1016/j.physrep.2009.11.002,crossref,Community detection in graphs,exact,sim=1.00; year=2010; nauth=1 [group D]
108 +waltman2010unified,10.1016/j.joi.2010.07.002,crossref,A unified approach to mapping and clustering of bibliometric networks,exact,sim=1.00; year=2010; nauth=3 [group D]
109 +waltman2012classification,10.1002/asi.22748,crossref,A new methodology for constructing a publication‐level classification system of science,exact,sim=1.00; year=2012; nauth=2 [group D]
110 +subelj2016clustering,10.1371/journal.pone.0154404,crossref,Clustering Scientific Publications Based on Citation Relations: A Systematic Comparison of Different Methods,exact,sim=1.00; year=2016; nauth=3 [group D]
111 +sjogarde2018granularity,10.1016/j.joi.2017.12.006,crossref,Granularity of algorithmically constructed publication-level classifications of research publications: Identification of topics,exact,sim=1.00; year=2018; nauth=2 [group D]
112 +chen2006citespace,10.1002/asi.20317,crossref,CiteSpace II: Detecting and visualizing emerging trends and transient patterns in scientific literature,exact,sim=1.00; year=2006; nauth=1 [group D]
113 +borner2003domains,10.1002/aris.1440370106,crossref,Visualizing knowledge domains,exact,sim=1.00; year=2003; nauth=3 [group D]
114 +leydesdorff2009globalmap,10.1002/asi.20967,crossref,A global map of science based on the ISI subject categories,exact,sim=1.00; year=2009; nauth=2 [group D]
115 +cohan2020specter,10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.207,crossref,SPECTER: Document-level Representation Learning using Citation-informed Transformers,exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=5 [group D]
116 +singh2023scirepeval,10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.338,crossref,SciRepEval: A Multi-Format Benchmark for Scientific Document Representations,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=5 [group D]
117 +ostendorff2022scincl,10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.802,crossref,Neighborhood Contrastive Learning for Scientific Document Representations with Citation Embeddings,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=5 [group D]
118 +beltagy2019scibert,10.18653/v1/D19-1371,crossref,SciBERT: A Pretrained Language Model for Scientific Text,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=3 [group D]
119 +reimers2019sbert,10.18653/v1/D19-1410,crossref,Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=2 [group D]
120 +gao2021simcse,10.18653/v1/2021.emnlp-main.552,crossref,SimCSE: Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=3 [group D]
121 +muennighoff2023mteb,10.18653/v1/2023.eacl-main.148,crossref,MTEB: Massive Text Embedding Benchmark,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=4 [group D]
122 +mcinnes2018umap,arXiv:1802.03426,arxiv,UMAP: Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for Dimension Reduction,exact,sim=1.00; year=2018; nauth=3 [group D]
123 +mcinnes2018umapjoss,10.21105/joss.00861,crossref,UMAP: Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection,exact,sim=1.00; year=2018; nauth=4 [group D]
124 +campello2013hdbscan,10.1007/978-3-642-37456-2_14,crossref,Density-Based Clustering Based on Hierarchical Density Estimates,exact,sim=1.00; year=2013; nauth=3 [group D]
125 +mcinnes2017hdbscan,10.21105/joss.00205,crossref,hdbscan: Hierarchical density based clustering,exact,sim=1.00; year=2017; nauth=3 [group D]
126 +schubert2017dbscan,10.1145/3068335,crossref,"DBSCAN Revisited, Revisited: Why and How You Should (Still) Use DBSCAN",exact,sim=1.00; year=2017; nauth=5 [group D]
127 +grootendorst2022bertopic,arXiv:2203.05794,arxiv,BERTopic: Neural topic modeling with a class-based TF-IDF procedure,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=1 [group D]
128 +angelov2020top2vec,arXiv:2008.09470,arxiv,Top2Vec: Distributed Representations of Topics,exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=1 [group D]
129 +blei2003lda,https://jmlr.org/papers/v3/blei03a.html,url,Latent Dirichlet Allocation,exact,HTTP 200; page title similarity 1.00 [group D]
130 +blei2006dtm,10.1145/1143844.1143859,crossref,Dynamic topic models,exact,sim=1.00; year=2006; nauth=2 [group D]
131 +dieng2020etm,10.1162/tacl_a_00325,crossref,Topic Modeling in Embedding Spaces,exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=3 [group D]
132 +greene2014stability,10.1007/978-3-662-44848-9_32,crossref,How Many Topics? Stability Analysis for Topic Models,exact,sim=1.00; year=2014; nauth=3 [group D]
133 +roder2015coherence,10.1145/2684822.2685324,crossref,Exploring the Space of Topic Coherence Measures,exact,sim=1.00; year=2015; nauth=3 [group D]
134 +sievert2014ldavis,10.3115/v1/W14-3110,crossref,LDAvis: A method for visualizing and interpreting topics,exact,sim=1.00; year=2014; nauth=2 [group D]
135 +vandermaaten2008tsne,https://jmlr.org/papers/v9/vandermaaten08a.html,url,Visualizing Data using t-SNE,exact,HTTP 200; page title similarity 1.00 [group D]
136 +devlin2019bert,10.18653/v1/N19-1423,crossref,BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=4 [group D]
137 +bai1998breaks,10.2307/2998540,crossref,Estimating and Testing Linear Models with Multiple Structural Changes,exact,sim=1.00; year=1998; nauth=2 [group E]
138 +bai2003breaks,10.1002/jae.659,crossref,Computation and analysis of multiple structural change models,exact,sim=1.00; year=2003; nauth=2 [group E]
139 +andrews1993breaks,10.2307/2951764,crossref,Tests for Parameter Instability and Structural Change With Unknown Change Point,exact,sim=1.00; year=1993; nauth=1 [group E]
140 +andrews1994optimal,10.2307/2951753,crossref,Optimal Tests when a Nuisance Parameter is Present Only Under the Alternative,exact,sim=1.00; year=1994; nauth=2 [group E]
141 +chow1960test,10.2307/1910133,crossref,Tests of Equality Between Sets of Coefficients in Two Linear Regressions,exact,sim=1.00; year=1960; nauth=1 [group E]
142 +perron1989crash,10.2307/1913712,crossref,"The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis",exact,sim=1.00; year=1989; nauth=1 [group E]
143 +hansen2001structuralchange,10.1257/jep.15.4.117,crossref,The New Econometrics of Structural Change: Dating Breaks in U.S. Labor Productivity,exact,sim=1.00; year=2001; nauth=1 [group E]
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146 +fryzlewicz2014wbs,10.1214/14-AOS1245,crossref,Wild binary segmentation for multiple change-point detection,exact,sim=1.00; year=2014; nauth=1 [group E]
147 +frick2014smuce,10.1111/rssb.12047,crossref,Multiscale Change Point Inference,exact,sim=1.00; year=2014; nauth=3 [group E]
148 +adams2007bocpd,arXiv:0710.3742,arxiv,Bayesian Online Changepoint Detection,exact,sim=1.00; year=2007; nauth=2 [group E]
149 +truong2020ruptures,10.1016/j.sigpro.2019.107299,crossref,Selective review of offline change point detection methods,exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=3 [group E]
150 +aminikhanghahi2017survey,10.1007/s10115-016-0987-z,crossref,A survey of methods for time series change point detection,exact,sim=1.00; year=2017; nauth=2 [group E]
151 +newey1987hac,10.2307/1913610,crossref,"A Simple, Positive Semi-Definite, Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Matrix",exact,sim=1.00; year=1987; nauth=2 [group E]
152 +hamilton1989regime,10.2307/1912559,crossref,A New Approach to the Economic Analysis of Nonstationary Time Series and the Business Cycle,exact,sim=1.00; year=1989; nauth=1 [group E]
153 +bernal2017its,10.1093/ije/dyw098,crossref,Interrupted time series regression for the evaluation of public health interventions: a tutorial,exact,sim=1.00; year=2016; nauth=3 [group E]
154 +bernal2018itscontrol,10.1093/ije/dyy135,crossref,The use of controls in interrupted time series studies of public health interventions,exact,sim=1.00; year=2018; nauth=3 [group E]
155 +kontopantelis2015its,10.1136/bmj.h2750,crossref,Regression based quasi-experimental approach when randomisation is not an option: interrupted time series analysis,minor,sim=0.94; year=2015; nauth=5 [group E]
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157 +brodersen2015causalimpact,10.1214/14-AOAS788,crossref,Inferring causal impact using Bayesian structural time-series models,exact,sim=1.00; year=2015; nauth=5 [group E]
158 +abadie2010synthetic,10.1198/jasa.2009.ap08746,crossref,Synthetic Control Methods for Comparative Case Studies: Estimating the Effect of California’s Tobacco Control Program,exact,sim=1.00; year=2010; nauth=3 [group E]
159 +abadie2021synthetic,10.1257/jel.20191450,crossref,"Using Synthetic Controls: Feasibility, Data Requirements, and Methodological Aspects",exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=1 [group E]
160 +sun2021eventstudy,10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.09.006,crossref,Estimating dynamic treatment effects in event studies with heterogeneous treatment effects,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=2 [group E]
161 +callaway2021did,10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.12.001,crossref,Difference-in-Differences with multiple time periods,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=2 [group E]
162 +goodmanbacon2021did,10.1016/j.jeconom.2021.03.014,crossref,Difference-in-differences with variation in treatment timing,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=1 [group E]
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169 +cozzens2010emerging,10.1080/09537321003647396,crossref,Emerging technologies: quantitative identification and measurement,exact,sim=1.00; year=2010; nauth=7 [group F]
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175 +wu2019disruption,10.1038/s41586-019-0941-9,crossref,Large teams develop and small teams disrupt science and technology,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=3 [group F]
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179 +holst2024disruptionartefacts,arXiv:2402.14583,arxiv,Dataset Artefacts are the Hidden Drivers of the Declining Disruptiveness in Science,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=5 [group F]
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246 +kirillov2023sam,arXiv:2304.02643,arxiv,Segment Anything,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=12 [group G]
247 +lecun2015deeplearning,10.1038/nature14539,crossref,Deep learning,exact,sim=1.00; year=2015; nauth=3 [group G]
248 +krizhevsky2017alexnet,10.1145/3065386,crossref,ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks,exact,sim=1.00; year=2017; nauth=3 [group G]
249 +he2016resnet,10.1109/CVPR.2016.90,crossref,Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition,exact,sim=1.00; year=2016; nauth=4 [group G]
250 +hochreiter1997lstm,10.1162/neco.1997.9.8.1735,crossref,Long Short-Term Memory,exact,sim=1.00; year=1997; nauth=2 [group G]
251 +goodfellow2014gan,arXiv:1406.2661,arxiv,Generative Adversarial Networks,exact,sim=1.00; year=2014; nauth=8 [group G]
252 +kingma2013vae,arXiv:1312.6114,arxiv,Auto-Encoding Variational Bayes,exact,sim=1.00; year=2013; nauth=2 [group G]
253 +mnih2015dqn,10.1038/nature14236,crossref,Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning,exact,sim=1.00; year=2015; nauth=19 [group G]
254 +schulman2017ppo,arXiv:1707.06347,arxiv,Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms,exact,sim=1.00; year=2017; nauth=5 [group G]
255 +turing1950computing,10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433,crossref,I.—COMPUTING MACHINERY AND INTELLIGENCE,exact,sim=0.97; year=1950; nauth=1 [group G]
256 +mccarthy2006dartmouth,-,,,FAILED,crossref search: no title match >=0.85 [group G]
257 +sutton2019bitterlesson,http://www.incompleteideas.net/IncIdeas/BitterLesson.html,url,The Bitter Lesson,exact,HTTP 200; page title similarity 1.00 [group G]
258 +rumelhart1986backprop,10.1038/323533a0,crossref,Learning representations by back-propagating errors,exact,sim=1.00; year=1986; nauth=3 [group G]
259 +bahdanau2014attention,arXiv:1409.0473,arxiv,Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate,exact,sim=1.00; year=2014; nauth=3 [group G]
260 +sutskever2014seq2seq,arXiv:1409.3215,arxiv,Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networks,exact,sim=1.00; year=2014; nauth=3 [group G]
261 +hendrycks2021mmlu,arXiv:2009.03300,arxiv,Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding,exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=7 [group G]
262 +wang2018glue,arXiv:1804.07461,arxiv,GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understanding,exact,sim=1.00; year=2018; nauth=6 [group G]
263 +liang2022helm,arXiv:2211.09110,arxiv,Holistic Evaluation of Language Models,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=50 [group G]
264 +chiang2024arena,arXiv:2403.04132,arxiv,Chatbot Arena: An Open Platform for Evaluating LLMs by Human Preference,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=11 [group G]
265 +srivastava2022bigbench,arXiv:2206.04615,arxiv,Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=451 [group G]
266 +zheng2023judge,arXiv:2306.05685,arxiv,Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arena,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=13 [group G]
267 +radford2019gpt2,https://cdn.openai.com/better-language-models/language_models_are_unsupervised_multitask_learners.pdf,url,"PDF first page: Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners Alec Radford * 1 Jeffrey Wu * 1 Rewon Child 1 David Luan 1 Dario Amodei ** 1 Ilya Sutskever ** 1 Abstract Natural language processing tasks, such as question answering, machine translation, reading comprehension, and summarization, are typically approached with supervised learning on taskspecific datasets. We demonstrate that language models begi",exact,HTTP 200; title found in PDF first page [group G]
268 +liang2024mapping,arXiv:2404.01268,arxiv,Mapping the Increasing Use of LLMs in Scientific Papers,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=14 [group H]
269 +liang2024monitoring,arXiv:2403.07183,arxiv,Monitoring AI-Modified Content at Scale: A Case Study on the Impact of ChatGPT on AI Conference Peer Reviews,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=12 [group H]
270 +liang2024feedback,10.1056/AIoa2400196,crossref,Can Large Language Models Provide Useful Feedback on Research Papers? A Large-Scale Empirical Analysis,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=12 [group H]
271 +kobak2025delving,10.1126/sciadv.adt3813,crossref,Delving into LLM-assisted writing in biomedical publications through excess vocabulary,exact,sim=1.00; year=2025; nauth=4 [group H]
272 +geng2024writingstyle,arXiv:2404.08627,arxiv,Is ChatGPT Transforming Academics' Writing Style?,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=2 [group H]
273 +gray2024contamination,arXiv:2403.16887,arxiv,"ChatGPT ""contamination"": estimating the prevalence of LLMs in the scholarly literature",exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=1 [group H]
274 +dwivedi2023sowhat,10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642,crossref,"Opinion Paper: “So what if ChatGPT wrote it?” Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy",exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=73 [group H]
275 +birhane2023science,10.1038/s42254-023-00581-4,crossref,Science in the age of large language models,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=4 [group H]
276 +messeri2024illusions,10.1038/s41586-024-07146-0,crossref,Artificial intelligence and illusions of understanding in scientific research,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=2 [group H]
277 +vannoorden2023survey,10.1038/d41586-023-02980-0,crossref,"AI and science: what 1,600 researchers think",exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=2 [group H]
278 +krenn2023forecasting,10.1038/s42256-023-00735-0,crossref,Forecasting the future of artificial intelligence with machine learning-based link prediction in an exponentially growing knowledge network,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=16 [group H]
279 +fortunato2018scienceofscience,10.1126/science.aao0185,crossref,Science of science,exact,sim=1.00; year=2018; nauth=14 [group H]
280 +wang2021scienceofscience,10.1017/9781108610834,crossref,The Science of Science,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=2 [group H]
281 +lund2023chatgpt,10.1002/asi.24750,crossref,ChatGPT and a new academic reality: Artificial Intelligence‐written research papers and the ethics of the large language models in scholarly publishing,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=6 [group H]
282 +stokelwalker2023author,10.1038/d41586-023-00107-z,crossref,ChatGPT listed as author on research papers: many scientists disapprove,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=1 [group H]
283 +thorp2023notauthor,10.1126/science.adg7879,crossref,"ChatGPT is fun, but not an author",exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=1 [group H]
284 +nature2023groundrules,10.1038/d41586-023-00191-1,crossref,Tools such as ChatGPT threaten transparent science; here are our ground rules for their use,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=0 [group H]
285 +else2023abstracts,10.1038/d41586-023-00056-7,crossref,Abstracts written by ChatGPT fool scientists,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=1 [group H]
286 +gao2023abstracts,10.1038/s41746-023-00819-6,crossref,Comparing scientific abstracts generated by ChatGPT to real abstracts with detectors and blinded human reviewers,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=7 [group H]
287 +noy2023productivity,10.1126/science.adh2586,crossref,Experimental evidence on the productivity effects of generative artificial intelligence,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=2 [group H]
288 +brynjolfsson2023genaiwork,arXiv:2304.11771,arxiv,Generative AI at Work,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=3 [group H]
289 +peng2023copilot,arXiv:2302.06590,arxiv,The Impact of AI on Developer Productivity: Evidence from GitHub Copilot,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=4 [group H]
290 +dellacqua2023jagged,10.2139/ssrn.4573321,crossref,Navigating the Jagged Technological Frontier: Field Experimental Evidence of the Effects of Artificial Intelligence on Knowledge Worker Productivity and Quality,minor,sim=0.93; year=2023; nauth=9 [group H]
291 +eloundou2024gpts,10.1126/science.adj0998,crossref,GPTs are GPTs: Labor market impact potential of LLMs,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=4 [group H]
292 +bianchini2022aiscience,10.1016/j.respol.2022.104604,crossref,Artificial intelligence in science: An emerging general method of invention,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=3 [group H]
293 +gao2024aibenefits,10.1038/s41562-024-02020-5,crossref,Quantifying the use and potential benefits of artificial intelligence in scientific research,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=2 [group H]
294 +hao2024aiexpands,arXiv:2412.07727,arxiv,"Artificial Intelligence Tools Expand Scientists' Impact but Contract Science's Focus (Just accepted by Nature, to be online soon)",exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=4 [group H]
295 +cockburn2018aiinnovation,10.3386/w24449,crossref,The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Innovation,exact,sim=1.00; year=2018; nauth=3 [group H]
296 +frank2019citationgraphs,10.1038/s42256-019-0024-5,crossref,The evolution of citation graphs in artificial intelligence research,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=4 [group H]
297 +klinger2020narrowing,arXiv:2009.10385,arxiv,A narrowing of AI research?,exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=3 [group H]
298 +ahmed2020dedemocratization,arXiv:2010.15581,arxiv,The De-democratization of AI: Deep Learning and the Compute Divide in Artificial Intelligence Research,exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=2 [group H]
299 +ahmed2023industry,10.1126/science.ade2420,crossref,The growing influence of industry in AI research,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=3 [group H]
300 +martinezplumed2021benchmarks,10.1038/s42256-021-00339-6,crossref,Research community dynamics behind popular AI benchmarks,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=4 [group H]
301 +thompson2020computationallimits,arXiv:2007.05558,arxiv,The Computational Limits of Deep Learning,exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=4 [group H]
302 +latona2024reviewlottery,arXiv:2405.02150,arxiv,The AI Review Lottery: Widespread AI-Assisted Peer Reviews Boost Paper Scores and Acceptance Rates,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=5 [group H]
303 +checco2021aipeerreview,10.1057/s41599-020-00703-8,crossref,AI-assisted peer review,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=5 [group H]
304 +conroy2023paperfromscratch,10.1038/d41586-023-02218-z,crossref,Scientists used ChatGPT to generate an entire paper from scratch — but is it any good?,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=1 [group H]
305 +si2024novelideas,arXiv:2409.04109,arxiv,Can LLMs Generate Novel Research Ideas? A Large-Scale Human Study with 100+ NLP Researchers,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=3 [group H]
306 +lu2024aiscientist,arXiv:2408.06292,arxiv,The AI Scientist: Towards Fully Automated Open-Ended Scientific Discovery,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=6 [group H]
307 +boiko2023coscientist,10.1038/s41586-023-06792-0,crossref,Autonomous chemical research with large language models,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=4 [group H]
308 +gottweis2025coscientist,arXiv:2502.18864,arxiv,Accelerating scientific discovery with Co-Scientist,exact,sim=1.00; year=2025; nauth=51 [group H]
309 +romeraparedes2024funsearch,10.1038/s41586-023-06924-6,crossref,Mathematical discoveries from program search with large language models,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=12 [group H]
310 +trinh2024alphageometry,10.1038/s41586-023-06747-5,crossref,Solving olympiad geometry without human demonstrations,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=5 [group H]
311 +merchant2023gnome,10.1038/s41586-023-06735-9,crossref,Scaling deep learning for materials discovery,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=6 [group H]
312 +gundersen2018reproducibility,10.1609/aaai.v32i1.11503,crossref,State of the Art: Reproducibility in Artificial Intelligence,exact,sim=1.00; year=2018; nauth=2 [group I]
313 +pineau2021reproducibility,arXiv:2003.12206,arxiv,Improving Reproducibility in Machine Learning Research (A Report from the NeurIPS 2019 Reproducibility Program),exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=8 [group I]
314 +kapoor2023leakage,10.1016/j.patter.2023.100804,crossref,Leakage and the reproducibility crisis in machine-learning-based science,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=2 [group I]
315 +kapoor2024reforms,10.1126/sciadv.adk3452,crossref,REFORMS: Consensus-based Recommendations for Machine-learning-based Science,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=19 [group I]
316 +ott2022benchmarks,10.1038/s41467-022-34591-0,crossref,Mapping global dynamics of benchmark creation and saturation in artificial intelligence,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=5 [group I]
317 +dehghani2021lottery,arXiv:2107.07002,arxiv,The Benchmark Lottery,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=8 [group I]
318 +raji2021everything,arXiv:2111.15366,arxiv,AI and the Everything in the Whole Wide World Benchmark,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=5 [group I]
319 +sculley2018winnerscurse,https://openreview.net/forum?id=rJWF0Fywf,url,,FAILED,HTTP 403 [group I]
320 +acm2020badging,https://www.acm.org/publications/policies/artifact-review-and-badging-current,url,Artifact Review and Badging - Current,exact,HTTP 200; page title similarity 1.00 [group I]
321 +wolf2020transformers,10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-demos.6,crossref,Transformers: State-of-the-Art Natural Language Processing,exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=22 [group I]
322 +lhoest2021datasets,10.18653/v1/2021.emnlp-demo.21,crossref,Datasets: A Community Library for Natural Language Processing,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=32 [group I]
323 +osborne2024huggingface,10.1007/s42001-024-00300-8,crossref,The AI community building the future? A quantitative analysis of development activity on Hugging Face Hub,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=3 [group I]
324 +castano2023hfcarbon,10.1109/esem56168.2023.10304801,crossref,Exploring the Carbon Footprint of Hugging Face's ML Models: A Repository Mining Study,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=4 [group I]
325 +hutson2018crisis,10.1126/science.359.6377.725,crossref,Artificial intelligence faces reproducibility crisis,exact,sim=1.00; year=2018; nauth=1 [group I]
326 +henderson2018drlmatters,10.1609/aaai.v32i1.11694,crossref,Deep Reinforcement Learning That Matters,exact,sim=1.00; year=2018; nauth=6 [group I]
327 +gebru2021datasheets,10.1145/3458723,crossref,Datasheets for datasets,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=7 [group I]
328 +mitchell2019modelcards,10.1145/3287560.3287596,crossref,Model Cards for Model Reporting,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=9 [group I]
329 +bender2018datastatements,10.1162/tacl_a_00041,crossref,Data Statements for Natural Language Processing: Toward Mitigating System Bias and Enabling Better Science,exact,sim=1.00; year=2018; nauth=2 [group I]
330 +paullada2021discontents,10.1016/j.patter.2021.100336,crossref,Data and its (dis)contents: A survey of dataset development and use in machine learning research,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=5 [group I]
331 +koch2021datasetlife,arXiv:2112.01716,arxiv,"Reduced, Reused and Recycled: The Life of a Dataset in Machine Learning Research",exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=4 [group I]
332 +baker2016reproducibility,10.1038/533452a,crossref,"1,500 scientists lift the lid on reproducibility",exact,sim=1.00; year=2016; nauth=1 [group I]
333 +collberg2016repeatability,10.1145/2812803,crossref,Repeatability in computer systems research,exact,sim=1.00; year=2016; nauth=2 [group I]
334 +stodden2018journalpolicy,10.1073/pnas.1708290115,crossref,An empirical analysis of journal policy effectiveness for computational reproducibility,exact,sim=1.00; year=2018; nauth=3 [group I]
335 +nosek2015top,10.1126/science.aab2374,crossref,Promoting an open research culture,exact,sim=1.00; year=2015; nauth=39 [group I]
336 +munafo2017manifesto,10.1038/s41562-016-0021,crossref,A manifesto for reproducible science,exact,sim=1.00; year=2017; nauth=10 [group I]
337 +dodge2019showyourwork,10.18653/v1/D19-1224,crossref,Show Your Work: Improved Reporting of Experimental Results,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=5 [group I]
338 +lipton2019troubling,10.1145/3317287.3328534,crossref,Troubling Trends in Machine Learning Scholarship: Some ML papers suffer from flaws that could mislead the public and stymie future research.,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=2 [group I]
339 +sambasivan2021datawork,10.1145/3411764.3445518,crossref,"“Everyone wants to do the model work, not the data work”: Data Cascades in High-Stakes AI",exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=6 [group I]
340 +kiela2021dynabench,10.18653/v1/2021.naacl-main.324,crossref,Dynabench: Rethinking Benchmarking in NLP,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=19 [group I]
341 +sainz2023contamination,10.18653/v1/2023.findings-emnlp.722,crossref,NLP Evaluation in trouble: On the Need to Measure LLM Data Contamination for each Benchmark,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=6 [group I]
342 +recht2019imagenet,arXiv:1902.10811,arxiv,Do ImageNet Classifiers Generalize to ImageNet?,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=4 [group I]
343 +bommasani2023fmti,arXiv:2310.12941,arxiv,The Foundation Model Transparency Index,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=8 [group I]
344 +longpre2024dataprovenance,10.1038/s42256-024-00878-8,crossref,A large-scale audit of dataset licensing and attribution in AI,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=17 [group I]
345 +semmelrock2025reproducibility,10.1002/aaai.70002,crossref,"Reproducibility in machine‐learning‐based research: Overview, barriers, and drivers",exact,sim=1.00; year=2025; nauth=7 [group I]
346 +gundersen2022sources,10.48550/arxiv.2204.07610,openalex,Sources of Irreproducibility in Machine Learning: A Review,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=4 [group I]
347 +wilkinson2016fair,10.1038/sdata.2016.18,crossref,The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship,exact,sim=1.00; year=2016; nauth=53 [group I]
348 +magnusson2023olmo,arXiv:2402.00838,arxiv,OLMo: Accelerating the Science of Language Models,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=43 [group I]
349 +preskill2018nisq,10.22331/q-2018-08-06-79,crossref,Quantum Computing in the NISQ era and beyond,exact,sim=1.00; year=2018; nauth=1 [group J]
350 +arute2019supremacy,10.1038/s41586-019-1666-5,crossref,Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=77 [group J]
351 +kim2023utility,10.1038/s41586-023-06096-3,crossref,Evidence for the utility of quantum computing before fault tolerance,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=11 [group J]
352 +googlequantum2025belowthreshold,10.1038/s41586-024-08449-y,crossref,Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold,exact,sim=1.00; year=2025; nauth=256 [group J]
353 +cerezo2021vqa,10.1038/s42254-021-00348-9,crossref,Variational quantum algorithms,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=11 [group J]
354 +bharti2022nisq,10.1103/RevModPhys.94.015004,crossref,Noisy intermediate-scale quantum algorithms,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=14 [group J]
355 +shor1997factoring,10.1137/S0097539795293172,crossref,Polynomial-Time Algorithms for Prime Factorization and Discrete Logarithms on a Quantum Computer,exact,sim=1.00; year=1997; nauth=1 [group J]
356 +nakamoto2008bitcoin,https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf,url,"PDF first page: Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System Satoshi Nakamoto satoshin@gmx.com www.bitcoin.org Abstract. A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required ",exact,HTTP 200; title found in PDF first page [group J]
357 +zheng2018blockchain,10.1504/IJWGS.2018.095647,crossref,Blockchain challenges and opportunities: a survey,exact,sim=1.00; year=2018; nauth=5 [group J]
358 +monrat2019blockchain,10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2936094,crossref,"A Survey of Blockchain From the Perspectives of Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities",exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=3 [group J]
359 +werner2022defi,10.1145/3558535.3559780,crossref,SoK: Decentralized Finance (DeFi),exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=6 [group J]
360 +mcmahan2017fl,arXiv:1602.05629,arxiv,Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Data,exact,sim=1.00; year=2016; nauth=5 [group J]
361 +kairouz2021fl,10.1561/2200000083,crossref,Advances and Open Problems in Federated Learning,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=2 [group J]
362 +li2020flchallenges,10.1109/MSP.2020.2975749,crossref,"Federated Learning: Challenges, Methods, and Future Directions",exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=4 [group J]
363 +dwork2006dp,10.1007/11681878_14,crossref,Calibrating Noise to Sensitivity in Private Data Analysis,exact,sim=1.00; year=2006; nauth=4 [group J]
364 +dwork2014dp,10.1561/0400000042,crossref,The Algorithmic Foundations of Differential Privacy,exact,sim=1.00; year=2014; nauth=2 [group J]
365 +abadi2016dpsgd,10.1145/2976749.2978318,crossref,Deep Learning with Differential Privacy,exact,sim=1.00; year=2016; nauth=7 [group J]
366 +nist2024fips203,10.6028/NIST.FIPS.203,crossref,Module-lattice-based key-encapsulation mechanism standard,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=1 [group J]
367 +nist2024fips204,10.6028/NIST.FIPS.204,crossref,Module-lattice-based digital signature standard,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=1 [group J]
368 +nist2024fips205,10.6028/NIST.FIPS.205,crossref,Stateless hash-based digital signature standard,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=1 [group J]
369 +bernstein2017pqc,10.1038/nature23461,crossref,Post-quantum cryptography,exact,sim=1.00; year=2017; nauth=2 [group J]
370 +regev2009lwe,10.1145/1568318.1568324,crossref,"On lattices, learning with errors, random linear codes, and cryptography",exact,sim=1.00; year=2009; nauth=1 [group J]
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372 +mathlib2020,10.1145/3372885.3373824,crossref,The lean mathematical library,exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=1 [group J]
373 +jung2017rustbelt,10.1145/3158154,crossref,RustBelt: securing the foundations of the Rust programming language,exact,sim=1.00; year=2018; nauth=4 [group J]
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375 +leroy2009compcert,10.1145/1538788.1538814,crossref,Formal verification of a realistic compiler,exact,sim=1.00; year=2009; nauth=1 [group J]
376 +klein2009sel4,10.1145/1629575.1629596,crossref,seL4: formal verification of an OS kernel,exact,sim=1.00; year=2009; nauth=13 [group J]
377 +yang2024formalmath,arXiv:2412.16075,arxiv,Formal Mathematical Reasoning: A New Frontier in AI,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=7 [group J]
378 +first2023baldur,10.1145/3611643.3616243,crossref,Baldur: Whole-Proof Generation and Repair with Large Language Models,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=4 [group J]
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415 +nguyen2024evo,10.1126/science.ado9336,crossref,Sequence modeling and design from molecular to genome scale with Evo,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=20 [group J]
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432 +bai2022hh,arXiv:2204.05862,arxiv,Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=31 [group J]
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443 +jimenez2024swebench,arXiv:2310.06770,arxiv,SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=7 [group J]
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514 +sapio2021switchml,arXiv:1903.06701,arxiv,Scaling Distributed Machine Learning with In-Network Aggregation,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=10 [group J]
515 +letaief2022edgeai6g,10.1109/JSAC.2021.3126076,crossref,"Edge Artificial Intelligence for 6G: Vision, Enabling Technologies, and Applications",exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=4 [group J]
516 +dang2020sixg,10.1038/s41928-019-0355-6,crossref,What should 6G be?,exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=4 [group J]
517 +greshake2023injection,10.1145/3605764.3623985,crossref,Not What You've Signed Up For: Compromising Real-World LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=6 [group J]
518 +yao2024llmsecurity,10.1016/j.hcc.2024.100211,crossref,"A survey on large language model (LLM) security and privacy: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly",exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=6 [group J]
519 +das2025llmsecurity,10.1145/3712001,crossref,Security and Privacy Challenges of Large Language Models: A Survey,exact,sim=1.00; year=2025; nauth=3 [group J]
520 +wei2023jailbroken,arXiv:2307.02483,arxiv,Jailbroken: How Does LLM Safety Training Fail?,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=3 [group J]
521 +carlini2021extracting,arXiv:2012.07805,arxiv,Extracting Training Data from Large Language Models,exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=12 [group J]
522 +carlini2024poisoning,10.1109/SP54263.2024.00179,crossref,Poisoning Web-Scale Training Datasets is Practical,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=9 [group J]
523 +perez2022ignore,arXiv:2211.09527,arxiv,Ignore Previous Prompt: Attack Techniques For Language Models,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=2 [group J]
524 +liu2023promptinjection,arXiv:2306.05499,arxiv,Prompt Injection attack against LLM-integrated Applications,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=12 [group J]
525 +shayegani2023adversarial,arXiv:2310.10844,arxiv,Survey of Vulnerabilities in Large Language Models Revealed by Adversarial Attacks,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=6 [group J]
526 +fang2024oneday,arXiv:2404.08144,arxiv,LLM Agents can Autonomously Exploit One-day Vulnerabilities,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=4 [group J]
527 +deng2023pentestgpt,arXiv:2308.06782,arxiv,PentestGPT: An LLM-empowered Automatic Penetration Testing Tool,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=10 [group J]
528 +shokri2017membership,10.1109/SP.2017.41,crossref,Membership Inference Attacks Against Machine Learning Models,exact,sim=1.00; year=2017; nauth=4 [group J]
529 +szegedy2014intriguing,arXiv:1312.6199,arxiv,Intriguing properties of neural networks,exact,sim=1.00; year=2013; nauth=7 [group J]
530 +goodfellow2015fgsm,arXiv:1412.6572,arxiv,Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial Examples,exact,sim=1.00; year=2014; nauth=3 [group J]
531 +kocher2019spectre,10.1109/SP.2019.00002,crossref,Spectre Attacks: Exploiting Speculative Execution,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=12 [group J]
532 +lipp2018meltdown,arXiv:1801.01207,arxiv,Meltdown,exact,sim=1.00; year=2018; nauth=10 [group J]
533 +gentry2009fhe,10.1145/1536414.1536440,crossref,Fully homomorphic encryption using ideal lattices,exact,sim=1.00; year=2009; nauth=1 [group J]
534 +acar2018hesurvey,10.1145/3214303,crossref,A Survey on Homomorphic Encryption Schemes: Theory and Implementation,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=4 [group J]
535 +marcolla2022fhesurvey,10.1109/JPROC.2022.3205665,crossref,"Survey on Fully Homomorphic Encryption, Theory, and Applications",exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=6 [group J]
536 +cheon2017ckks,10.1007/978-3-319-70694-8_15,crossref,Homomorphic Encryption for Arithmetic of Approximate Numbers,exact,sim=1.00; year=2017; nauth=4 [group J]
537 +brakerski2014bgv,10.1145/2633600,crossref,(Leveled) Fully Homomorphic Encryption without Bootstrapping,exact,sim=1.00; year=2014; nauth=3 [group J]
538 +chillotti2020tfhe,10.1007/s00145-019-09319-x,crossref,TFHE: Fast Fully Homomorphic Encryption Over the Torus,exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=4 [group J]
539 +groth2016snark,10.1007/978-3-662-49896-5_11,crossref,On the Size of Pairing-Based Non-interactive Arguments,exact,sim=1.00; year=2016; nauth=1 [group J]
540 +thaler2022proofs,10.1561/3300000030,crossref,"Proofs, Arguments, and Zero-Knowledge",exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=1 [group J]
541 +evans2018mpc,10.1561/3300000019,crossref,A Pragmatic Introduction to Secure Multi-Party Computation,exact,sim=1.00; year=2018; nauth=3 [group J]
542 +kerbl2023gaussian,10.1145/3592433,crossref,3D Gaussian Splatting for Real-Time Radiance Field Rendering,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=4 [group J]
543 +muller2022instantngp,10.1145/3528223.3530127,crossref,Instant neural graphics primitives with a multiresolution hash encoding,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=4 [group J]
544 +barron2021mipnerf,10.1109/ICCV48922.2021.00580,crossref,Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fields,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=6 [group J]
545 +poole2022dreamfusion,arXiv:2209.14988,arxiv,DreamFusion: Text-to-3D using 2D Diffusion,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=4 [group J]
546 +chen2024gssurvey,arXiv:2401.03890,arxiv,A Survey on 3D Gaussian Splatting,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=2 [group J]
547 +fei2024gssurvey,10.1109/TVCG.2024.3397828,crossref,3D Gaussian Splatting as a New Era: A Survey,exact,sim=0.98; year=2025; nauth=6 [group J]
548 +tewari2022neuralrendering,10.1111/cgf.14507,crossref,Advances in Neural Rendering,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=17 [group J]
549 +saharia2022imagen,arXiv:2205.11487,arxiv,Photorealistic Text-to-Image Diffusion Models with Deep Language Understanding,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=14 [group J]
550 +ramesh2022dalle2,arXiv:2204.06125,arxiv,Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latents,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=5 [group J]
551 +esser2024sd3,arXiv:2403.03206,arxiv,Scaling Rectified Flow Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesis,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=17 [group J]
552 +peebles2023dit,10.1109/ICCV51070.2023.00387,crossref,Scalable Diffusion Models with Transformers,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=2 [group J]
553 +karras2019stylegan,10.1109/CVPR.2019.00453,crossref,A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networks,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=3 [group J]
554 +brooks2024sora,https://openai.com/index/video-generation-models-as-world-simulators/,url,,FAILED,HTTP 200; page title similarity 0.00 [group J]
555 +shneiderman2020hcai,10.1080/10447318.2020.1741118,crossref,"Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence: Reliable, Safe & Trustworthy",exact,sim=1.00; year=2020; nauth=1 [group J]
556 +amershi2019guidelines,10.1145/3290605.3300233,crossref,Guidelines for Human-AI Interaction,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=13 [group J]
557 +weisz2024genaidesign,10.1145/3613904.3642466,crossref,Design Principles for Generative AI Applications,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=6 [group J]
558 +zamfirescu2023johnny,10.1145/3544548.3581388,crossref,Why Johnny Can’t Prompt: How Non-AI Experts Try (and Fail) to Design LLM Prompts,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=4 [group J]
559 +morris2023scientists,arXiv:2304.01420,arxiv,Scientists' Perspectives on the Potential for Generative AI in their Fields,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=1 [group J]
560 +barke2023groundedcopilot,10.1145/3586030,crossref,Grounded Copilot: How Programmers Interact with Code-Generating Models,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=3 [group J]
561 +vaithilingam2022expectation,10.1145/3491101.3519665,crossref,Expectation vs. Experience: Evaluating the Usability of Code Generation Tools Powered by Large Language Models,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=3 [group J]
562 +liang2024usability,10.1145/3597503.3608128,crossref,A Large-Scale Survey on the Usability of AI Programming Assistants: Successes and Challenges,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=3 [group J]
563 +bansal2021wholeexceeds,10.1145/3411764.3445717,crossref,Does the Whole Exceed its Parts? The Effect of AI Explanations on Complementary Team Performance,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=8 [group J]
564 +subramonyam2024gulf,10.1145/3613904.3642754,crossref,Bridging the Gulf of Envisioning: Cognitive Challenges in Prompt Based Interactions with LLMs,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=5 [group J]
565 +lee2022coauthor,10.1145/3491102.3502030,crossref,CoAuthor: Designing a Human-AI Collaborative Writing Dataset for Exploring Language Model Capabilities,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=3 [group J]
566 +vaccaro2024humanai,10.1038/s41562-024-02024-1,crossref,When combinations of humans and AI are useful: A systematic review and meta-analysis,exact,sim=1.00; year=2024; nauth=3 [group J]
567 +cook1971complexity,10.1145/800157.805047,crossref,The complexity of theorem-proving procedures,exact,sim=1.00; year=1971; nauth=1 [group J]
568 +karp1972reducibility,10.1007/978-1-4684-2001-2_9,crossref,Reducibility among Combinatorial Problems,exact,sim=1.00; year=1972; nauth=1 [group J]
569 +kelley2023threeap,10.1109/FOCS57990.2023.00059,crossref,Strong Bounds for 3-Progressions,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=2 [group J]
570 +raz2019bqpph,10.1145/3313276.3316315,crossref,Oracle separation of BQP and PH,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=2 [group J]
571 +babai2016graphisomorphism,10.1145/2897518.2897542,crossref,Graph isomorphism in quasipolynomial time [extended abstract],minor,sim=0.82; year=2016; nauth=1 [group J]
572 +chen2022maxflow,10.1109/FOCS54457.2022.00064,crossref,Maximum Flow and Minimum-Cost Flow in Almost-Linear Time,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=6 [group J]
573 +ji2021mipre,10.1145/3485628,crossref,MIP* = RE,exact,sim=1.00; year=2021; nauth=5 [group J]
574 +lamport1998paxos,10.1145/279227.279229,crossref,The part-time parliament,exact,sim=1.00; year=1998; nauth=1 [group J]
575 +dean2008mapreduce,10.1145/1327452.1327492,crossref,MapReduce: simplified data processing on large clusters,exact,sim=1.00; year=2008; nauth=2 [group J]
576 +zaharia2016spark,10.1145/2934664,crossref,Apache Spark: a unified engine for big data processing,exact,sim=1.00; year=2016; nauth=14 [group J]
577 +corbett2013spanner,10.1145/2491245,crossref,Spanner: Google’s Globally Distributed Database,exact,sim=1.00; year=2013; nauth=26 [group J]
578 +verma2015borg,10.1145/2741948.2741964,crossref,Large-scale cluster management at Google with Borg,exact,sim=1.00; year=2015; nauth=6 [group J]
579 +burns2016kubernetes,10.1145/2890784,crossref,"Borg, Omega, and Kubernetes",exact,sim=1.00; year=2016; nauth=5 [group J]
580 +jonas2019serverless,arXiv:1902.03383,arxiv,Cloud Programming Simplified: A Berkeley View on Serverless Computing,exact,sim=1.00; year=2019; nauth=14 [group J]
581 +castro2002pbft,10.1145/571637.571640,crossref,Practical byzantine fault tolerance and proactive recovery,exact,sim=1.00; year=2002; nauth=2 [group J]
582 +gilbert2002cap,10.1145/564585.564601,crossref,"Brewer's conjecture and the feasibility of consistent, available, partition-tolerant web services",exact,sim=1.00; year=2002; nauth=2 [group J]
583 +abadi2016tensorflow,arXiv:1605.08695,arxiv,TensorFlow: A system for large-scale machine learning,exact,sim=1.00; year=2016; nauth=22 [group J]
584 +barham2022pathways,arXiv:2203.12533,arxiv,Pathways: Asynchronous Distributed Dataflow for ML,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=16 [group J]
585 +pope2023inference,arXiv:2211.05102,arxiv,Efficiently Scaling Transformer Inference,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=10 [group J]
586 +sheng2023flexgen,arXiv:2303.06865,arxiv,FlexGen: High-Throughput Generative Inference of Large Language Models with a Single GPU,exact,sim=1.00; year=2023; nauth=14 [group J]
587 +frantar2023gptq,arXiv:2210.17323,arxiv,GPTQ: Accurate Post-Training Quantization for Generative Pre-trained Transformers,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=4 [group J]
588 +dettmers2022int8,arXiv:2208.07339,arxiv,LLM.int8(): 8-bit Matrix Multiplication for Transformers at Scale,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=4 [group J]
589 +leviathan2023speculative,arXiv:2211.17192,arxiv,Fast Inference from Transformers via Speculative Decoding,exact,sim=1.00; year=2022; nauth=3 [group J]
added manuscript/references_verification_part03.csv +34 −0
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
1 +key,doi_or_arxiv,verified_via,verified_title,match
2 +page2021prisma,10.1136/bmj.n71,crossref,"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews",exact
3 +page2021prismaee,10.1136/bmj.n160,crossref,"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews",exact
4 +petersen2008mapping,10.14236/ewic/EASE2008.8,crossref,"Systematic Mapping Studies in Software Engineering",exact
5 +petersen2015mapping,10.1016/j.infsof.2015.03.007,crossref,"Guidelines for conducting systematic mapping studies in software engineering: An update",exact
6 +tricco2018prismascr,10.7326/M18-0850,crossref,"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation",exact
7 +rethlefsen2021prismas,10.1186/s13643-020-01542-z,crossref,"PRISMA-S: an extension to the PRISMA Statement for Reporting Literature Searches in Systematic Reviews",exact
8 +haddaway2022prismaflow,10.1002/cl2.1230,crossref,"PRISMA2020: An R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis",exact
9 +gusenbauer2020search,10.1002/jrsm.1378,crossref,"Which academic search systems are suitable for systematic reviews or meta-analyses? Evaluating retrieval qualities of Google Scholar, PubMed, and 26 other resources",exact
10 +ley2002dblp,10.1007/3-540-45735-6_1,crossref,"The DBLP Computer Science Bibliography: Evolution, Research Issues, Perspectives",exact
11 +ley2009dblp,10.14778/1687553.1687577,crossref,"DBLP (Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 2(2) 1493-1500; full title 'DBLP: some lessons learned' truncated by Crossref)",minor
12 +ginsparg2011arxiv,10.1038/476145a,crossref,"ArXiv at 20",exact
13 +clement2019arxiv,arXiv:1905.00075,arxiv,"On the Use of ArXiv as a Dataset",exact
14 +priem2022openalex,arXiv:2205.01833,arxiv,"OpenAlex: A fully-open index of scholarly works, authors, venues, institutions, and concepts",exact
15 +kinney2023s2,arXiv:2301.10140,arxiv,"The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform",exact
16 +alperin2024openalex,arXiv:2404.17663,arxiv,"An analysis of the suitability of OpenAlex for bibliometric analyses",exact
17 +culbert2025openalex,10.1007/s11192-025-05293-3,crossref,"Reference coverage analysis of OpenAlex compared to Web of Science and Scopus",exact
18 +scheidsteger2023openalex,10.3145/epi.2023.mar.09,crossref,"Which of the metadata with relevance for bibliometrics are the same and which are different when switching from Microsoft Academic Graph to OpenAlex?",exact
19 +delgadoquiros2024completeness,10.1162/qss_a_00286,crossref,"Completeness degree of publication metadata in eight free-access scholarly databases",exact
20 +visser2021comparison,10.1162/qss_a_00112,crossref,"Large-scale comparison of bibliographic data sources: Scopus, Web of Science, Dimensions, Crossref, and Microsoft Academic",exact
21 +martinmartin2021comparison,10.1007/s11192-020-03690-4,crossref,"Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic, Scopus, Dimensions, Web of Science, and OpenCitations' COCI: a multidisciplinary comparison of coverage via citations",exact
22 +mongeon2016coverage,10.1007/s11192-015-1765-5,crossref,"The journal coverage of Web of Science and Scopus: a comparative analysis",exact
23 +hendricks2020crossref,10.1162/qss_a_00022,crossref,"Crossref: The sustainable source of community-owned scholarly metadata",exact
24 +wang2020mag,10.1162/qss_a_00021,crossref,"Microsoft Academic Graph: When experts are not enough",exact
25 +radev2013acl,10.1007/s10579-012-9211-2,crossref,"The ACL anthology network corpus",exact
26 +fellegi1969linkage,10.1080/01621459.1969.10501049,crossref,"A Theory for Record Linkage",exact
27 +christen2012matching,10.1007/978-3-642-31164-2,crossref,"Data Matching",exact
28 +lin2020preprints,10.1007/s11192-020-03430-8,crossref,"How many preprints have actually been printed and why: a case study of computer science preprints on arXiv",exact
29 +cabanac2021preprint,10.1007/s11192-021-03900-7,crossref,"Day-to-day discovery of preprint–publication links",exact
30 +wang2013window,10.1007/s11192-012-0775-9,crossref,"Citation time window choice for research impact evaluation",exact
31 +waltman2016review,10.1016/j.joi.2016.02.007,crossref,"A review of the literature on citation impact indicators",exact
32 +fortunato2018science,10.1126/science.aao0185,crossref,"Science of science",exact
33 +nosek2018preregistration,10.1073/pnas.1708274114,crossref,"The preregistration revolution",exact
34 +vannoorden2023retractions,10.1038/d41586-023-03974-8,crossref,"More than 10,000 research papers were retracted in 2023 — a new record",exact
modified manuscript/sections/part04_methodology.tex +555 −1
@@ -1 +1,555 @@
1 −% part04_methodology — to be written (Phase 7)
1 +% ============================================================================
2 +% Part IV — Computational Methodology
3 +% Written by Agent L (Part IV instance), 2026-11-03. Documents what the code in
4 +% ingestion/, systematic_review/, taxonomy/, bibliometrics/, knowledge_graph/,
5 +% econometrics/, embeddings/ and experiments/ actually does. Where the code and
6 +% RESEARCH_PLAN.md differ, the code is described and the difference is stated.
7 +% Corpus numbers only through macros of tables/numbers.tex.
8 +% ============================================================================
9 +
10 +\section{Notation and the corpus as a measurable object}
11 +\label{sec:m-notation}
12 +
13 +Every quantity reported in Parts VIII and IX is a function of a finite set of
14 +bibliographic records and of a small number of deterministic transformations
15 +applied to them. This part states those transformations with enough precision
16 +that an independent analyst could recompute the results from the raw snapshots
17 +listed in Part III. The exposition follows the order of the pipeline
18 +(\texttt{reproducibility/RUNBOOK.md}): record linkage, deduplication and
19 +eligibility (Section~\ref{sec:m-linkage}), multi-label classification
20 +(Section~\ref{sec:m-classification}), bibliometric indicators
21 +(Section~\ref{sec:m-bibliometrics}), network measures (Section~\ref{sec:m-networks}),
22 +semantic mapping (Section~\ref{sec:m-semantic}), structural change
23 +(Section~\ref{sec:m-structural}), emerging-topic detection
24 +(Section~\ref{sec:m-emerging}), knowledge-graph extraction
25 +(Section~\ref{sec:m-kg}) and the treatment of uncertainty and reproducibility
26 +(Section~\ref{sec:m-uncertainty}). Throughout, a design choice that departs from
27 +the preregistered plan (\texttt{RESEARCH\_PLAN.md}, \texttt{protocol/PROTOCOL.md})
28 +is stated as such, because the code, not the plan, is what produced the numbers.
29 +
30 +\subsection{Works, dates and periods}
31 +
32 +Let $\mathcal{W}_0$ denote the set of OpenAlex work records loaded from the
33 +snapshot of 14~October 2026 (the records carrying at least one topic of the
34 +Computer Science field, plus the second-pass records recovered through DBLP and
35 +arXiv identifiers, Section~\ref{sec:m-linkage}). Each record $w \in \mathcal{W}_0$
36 +carries an OpenAlex identifier, a type $\tau(w)$ drawn from the OpenAlex
37 +controlled vocabulary, a publication date $d_{\mathrm{pub}}(w)$, a creation date
38 +$d_{\mathrm{cr}}(w)$ (the date at which the record entered OpenAlex), a title, an
39 +optional abstract, authorships, a primary source (venue), OpenAlex topics with
40 +their subfield and field, a list of referenced works, and yearly citation counts.
41 +Linked records from DBLP, arXiv and the ACL Anthology attach to $w$ a DBLP key,
42 +an arXiv identifier with its arXiv creation date $d_{\mathrm{arx}}(w)$ and primary
43 +category, and an ACL identifier.
44 +
45 +The temporal position of a work is its \emph{first date},
46 +\begin{equation}
47 + d(w) \;=\; \min\bigl\{\, d_{\mathrm{pub}}(w),\; d_{\mathrm{pub}}(\pi(w)),\; d_{\mathrm{arx}}(w) \,\bigr\},
48 + \label{eq:first-date}
49 +\end{equation}
50 +where $\pi(w)$ is the preprint record merged into $w$ by the deduplication rule of
51 +Section~\ref{sec:m-dedup} when one exists, and each missing term is replaced by
52 +$d_{\mathrm{pub}}(w)$. The first date, not the date of the version of record, is
53 +the quantity that places a work on the time axis, because the research question
54 +concerns when ideas entered the literature rather than when a publisher released
55 +them. The publication year $y(w)$ used for citation normalisation is, in
56 +contrast, the OpenAlex \texttt{publication\_year} of the surviving record,
57 +because citation windows are defined in calendar years of the OpenAlex
58 +\texttt{counts\_by\_year} table (Section~\ref{sec:m-citations}). The two
59 +conventions are deliberately distinct and both are stored on every record.
60 +
61 +The observation window is $[t_0, t_1] = [\text{2018-01-01}, \text{2026-11-02}]$,
62 +split at the reference date $t^{\ast} = \text{2022-11-30}$ into a baseline
63 +period $B = [t_0, t^{\ast})$ and a post period $P = [t^{\ast}, t_1]$:
64 +\begin{equation}
65 + \mathrm{period}(w) \;=\;
66 + \begin{cases}
67 + B & \text{if } t_0 \le d(w) < t^{\ast},\\
68 + P & \text{if } t^{\ast} \le d(w) \le t_1 .
69 + \end{cases}
70 +\end{equation}
71 +Monthly series use the month $m(w)$ of the first date. Two facts about dates
72 +constrain everything that follows. First, a substantial share of OpenAlex
73 +records carry a publication date equal to the first of January of their year,
74 +which is the database's convention for year-only precision rather than a real
75 +date. The pipeline therefore attaches to every record a flag
76 +\begin{equation}
77 + \mathrm{prec}(w) \;=\;
78 + \begin{cases}
79 + \text{year} & \text{if } d_{\mathrm{pub}}(w) \text{ falls on 1 January},\\
80 + \text{month} & \text{otherwise},
81 + \end{cases}
82 +\end{equation}
83 +and every monthly series in this paper is computed on the month-precision
84 +subset $\mathcal{W}^{\mathrm{m}} = \{w : \mathrm{prec}(w) = \text{month}\}$ only
85 +(amendment A-002). A genuine 1~January publication is thereby misclassified as
86 +year precision and dropped from monthly series; the loss is small and, more
87 +importantly, it does not depend on the period, so it cannot manufacture a break.
88 +Annual series use all eligible records. Second, the right end of the window is
89 +censored: records published in the last months before the snapshot are
90 +under-represented because OpenAlex indexes them with a lag. The treatment of this
91 +right-truncation is specified in Section~\ref{sec:m-truncation}.
92 +
93 +\subsection{Categories, areas and the measurable structure}
94 +
95 +Let $\mathcal{K}$ be the set of the forty leaf categories of the ontology
96 +(\texttt{taxonomy/ontology.yaml}, Part III and Appendix~A) and $\mathcal{A}$ the
97 +set of its eight areas, with the surjection $a : \mathcal{K} \to \mathcal{A}$
98 +assigning each leaf to its area. Seven leaves are additionally declared children
99 +of another leaf (for instance \textit{llm} $\prec$ \textit{foundation\_models},
100 +\textit{compilers} $\prec$ \textit{programming\_languages}); this partial order
101 +$\prec$ is used only to break ties when a primary category is chosen. The
102 +classifier of Section~\ref{sec:m-classification} assigns to each work a label set
103 +$C(w) \subseteq \mathcal{K}$, possibly empty, and, when $C(w) \neq \emptyset$, a
104 +primary category $\kappa^{\ast}(w) \in C(w)$. Multi-label counting and primary
105 +counting give different answers to ``how many works are in category $k$'', and
106 +both are reported: for a set of works $S$,
107 +\begin{equation}
108 + N_k^{\mathrm{ml}}(S) = \bigl|\{ w \in S : k \in C(w) \}\bigr|, \qquad
109 + N_k^{\mathrm{pr}}(S) = \bigl|\{ w \in S : \kappa^{\ast}(w) = k \}\bigr| ,
110 +\end{equation}
111 +so that $\sum_k N_k^{\mathrm{pr}}(S) \le |S|$ with equality when every work is
112 +classified, whereas $\sum_k N_k^{\mathrm{ml}}(S)$ exceeds $|S|$ by the number of
113 +secondary labels. Flows between categories (Section~\ref{sec:m-networks}) and
114 +the emerging-topic panel (Section~\ref{sec:m-emerging}) use the primary label;
115 +co-classification statistics use the full label set.
116 +
117 +The eligible corpus $\mathcal{W} \subseteq \mathcal{W}_0$ is the set of records
118 +passing the predicate $E(w)$ of Section~\ref{sec:m-eligibility}. For a month $t$
119 +and a category $k$, the elementary counts are
120 +\begin{equation}
121 + N_t = \bigl|\{ w \in \mathcal{W}^{\mathrm{m}} : m(w) = t \}\bigr|, \qquad
122 + N_{k,t} = \bigl|\{ w \in \mathcal{W}^{\mathrm{m}} : m(w) = t,\; \kappa^{\ast}(w) = k \}\bigr|,
123 + \qquad s_{k,t} = N_{k,t}/N_t .
124 + \label{eq:counts}
125 +\end{equation}
126 +Every estimand of Parts VIII and IX is a functional of these counts, of the
127 +citation matrix of Section~\ref{sec:m-citations}, of the authorship lists, or of
128 +the embedding vectors of Section~\ref{sec:m-semantic}. The corpus is finite and
129 +fully enumerated, so the descriptive quantities are population quantities rather
130 +than sample estimates; the inferential devices of Sections~\ref{sec:m-structural}
131 +and~\ref{sec:m-emerging} address a different kind of uncertainty, namely whether
132 +an observed temporal pattern is distinguishable from the ordinary fluctuations
133 +of the series, and whether a predictor would have worked out of time.
134 +
135 +\subsection{Storage and computation}
136 +
137 +The pipeline keeps the raw snapshots immutable (per-file SHA-256 ledgers,
138 +Section~\ref{sec:m-uncertainty}) and materialises all derived tables as Parquet
139 +files queried through DuckDB \citep{raasveldt2019duckdb}; the linkage,
140 +deduplication, eligibility, counting and citation-window steps are SQL
141 +statements executed inside one database file, which makes every table in this
142 +part a deterministic function of the raw inputs and of the script that produced
143 +it. Python is used where SQL is inconvenient: the regular-expression classifier,
144 +the structural-change toolkit, the embedding and clustering steps, and the
145 +detector. The slim table of all OpenAlex works (\LinkSlimTotal{} rows: identifier,
146 +DOI, year, type, primary topic hierarchy, citation count) is kept so that the
147 +field of a cited work outside computer science can be resolved
148 +(Section~\ref{sec:m-citgraph}); this is decision D2 of the plan.
149 +
150 +\section{Record linkage, deduplication and eligibility}
151 +\label{sec:m-linkage}
152 +
153 +The four sources describe overlapping but differently delimited populations:
154 +OpenAlex is the backbone, DBLP defines what counts as a computer-science venue,
155 +arXiv contributes preprints and their categories, and the ACL Anthology serves as
156 +a coverage check for natural-language processing. Combining them is a record
157 +linkage problem in the classical sense of \citet{fellegi1969linkage}: two
158 +records from different files must be declared the same work or not, on the
159 +basis of comparison vectors computed from their fields. The pipeline uses a
160 +deterministic cascade rather than a probabilistic model, because the dominant
161 +comparison fields (DOI and arXiv identifier) are persistent identifiers whose
162 +agreement is near-conclusive, and because a probabilistic model would require
163 +labelled training pairs that the project does not possess before the human
164 +checkpoint H-1. The cost of this choice is that the precision of the residual
165 +title-based step must be estimated from a reviewed sample rather than derived
166 +from the model; the design of that estimate is given in
167 +Section~\ref{sec:m-linkprecision}.
168 +
169 +\subsection{Normalised keys and the linkage cascade}
170 +\label{sec:m-cascade}
171 +
172 +For each source the script \texttt{ingestion/link\_sources.py} builds a key
173 +table. A DOI is lower-cased. An arXiv identifier is lower-cased and stripped of
174 +its version suffix (\texttt{v[0-9]+\$}); for DBLP records, which do not carry an
175 +arXiv field, the identifier is extracted from the electronic-edition URLs by the
176 +pattern \texttt{arxiv.org/abs/([\^{} ]+)}. A title is normalised by the map
177 +\begin{equation}
178 + \eta(\text{title}) \;=\; \mathrm{delete}_{\,\neg[a\text{--}z\,0\text{--}9]}\bigl(\mathrm{lower}(\text{title})\bigr),
179 + \label{eq:ntitle}
180 +\end{equation}
181 +which lower-cases and deletes every character outside $[a$--$z0$--$9]$, so that
182 +punctuation, whitespace, case and diacritics (which do not survive the ASCII
183 +filter) no longer separate otherwise identical titles. The normalised title is
184 +used only for records whose original title has at least 25 characters, a
185 +threshold that removes the many short generic titles (``Introduction'',
186 +``Editorial'', ``Preface'') for which equality of $\eta$ carries no evidence.
187 +
188 +DBLP records are restricted to the years 2018--2026 and to the record types
189 +\textit{article}, \textit{inproceedings}, \textit{incollection}, \textit{book},
190 +\textit{phdthesis} and \textit{data}. The DBLP--OpenAlex cascade is then
191 +\begin{enumerate}
192 + \item \textbf{DOI}: join on equal lower-cased DOI; every matching pair is kept
193 + (a DBLP key may match several OpenAlex records sharing a DOI, and
194 + conversely; the many-to-many structure is resolved at the
195 + deduplication stage, not here);
196 + \item \textbf{arXiv}: among records unmatched on both sides, join on equal
197 + normalised arXiv identifier;
198 + \item \textbf{title--year}: among records still unmatched on both sides,
199 + restrict each side to normalised titles that are \emph{unique} within
200 + that side, join on equal $\eta$, and keep the pair if the years differ
201 + by at most one.
202 +\end{enumerate}
203 +The uniqueness restriction in step 3 is the blocking device: it turns the join
204 +into a one-to-one map and prevents a frequent title from generating a clique of
205 +spurious pairs. The price is recall, since a genuine pair whose title appears
206 +twice on either side (a journal version and a workshop version with the same
207 +title, for instance) cannot be linked at this step; such pairs are usually caught
208 +by the DOI step or by the preprint merge of Section~\ref{sec:m-dedup}. The
209 +arXiv--OpenAlex cascade is analogous (arXiv identifier, then DOI, then unique
210 +normalised title with a year tolerance of two, because the arXiv creation year
211 +and the OpenAlex publication year of the version of record can legitimately
212 +differ by more than one). The ACL--OpenAlex cascade uses DOI, then the ACL
213 +identifier parsed from OpenAlex landing-page URLs of the form
214 +\texttt{aclanthology.org/<id>}, then unique normalised title with a year
215 +tolerance of one. Each link carries its method label, which is the stratification
216 +variable of the precision sample.
217 +
218 +The counts of the first run are stored in \texttt{data/metadata/linkage\_report.json}
219 +and reproduced in Part III; here it suffices to note the shape of the result.
220 +Of the \LinkDblpTwoZeroOneEightTwoZeroTwoSix{} DBLP records in window,
221 +\LinkDblpWithDoi{} carry a DOI, \LinkLinkDblpOaDoi{} are linked by DOI and
222 +\LinkLinkDblpOaTitleYear{} by title and year, for \LinkDblpLinkedDistinct{}
223 +distinct DBLP keys linked and \LinkDblpUnlinked{} unlinked. No DBLP record was
224 +linked through the arXiv step (\LinkDblpWithArxiv{} DBLP keys with a parsable
225 +arXiv identifier), which reflects the fact that the DBLP dump used here places
226 +arXiv links in a field the parser did not read rather than a property of the
227 +literature; the arXiv--OpenAlex cascade links \LinkArxivLinkedDistinct{} of the
228 +\LinkArxivCreatedTwoZeroOneEightTwoZeroTwoSix{} arXiv \texttt{cs} records created
229 +in window, almost all of them (\LinkLinkArxivOaArxivId{}) by identifier. The
230 +\LinkDblpUnlinkedWithDoiInSlim{} unlinked DBLP records whose DOI does exist in the
231 +slim table of all OpenAlex works are precisely the records that OpenAlex does
232 +not label with any Computer Science topic; they motivate the second snapshot
233 +pass, in which these identifiers (\LinkNeededOaIdsSecondPassDblpDoi{} from DBLP
234 +and \LinkNeededOaIdsSecondPassArxivDoi{} from arXiv) are fetched in full and the
235 +linkage is rerun with the union of both passes. The corpus is therefore not the
236 +set of works that OpenAlex calls computer science; it is the union of that set
237 +with what DBLP and arXiv call computer science, which is the sense in which the
238 +mandate's requirement to ``cover the complete breadth of computer science''
239 +rather than only the OpenAlex topic model is operationalised.
240 +
241 +\subsection{Preprint--publication deduplication}
242 +\label{sec:m-dedup}
243 +
244 +A work that exists as an arXiv preprint and as a published version is two
245 +OpenAlex records whenever OpenAlex has not merged them. Counting both would
246 +double-count exactly the kind of work (AI preprints) whose growth is at issue
247 +(CLAUDE.md §6.2). The script \texttt{systematic\_review/define\_corpus.py}
248 +identifies such pairs within $\mathcal{W}_0$ by a title rule:
249 +\begin{equation}
250 + (p, b) \text{ is a candidate pair} \iff
251 + \eta(p) = \eta(b),\;\; |y(p) - y(b)| \le 2,\;\;
252 + p \in \mathcal{P},\;\; b \notin \mathcal{P},\;\; |\text{title}| \ge 25,
253 + \label{eq:duppair}
254 +\end{equation}
255 +where $\mathcal{P} = \{ w : \tau(w) = \text{preprint} \text{ or } \text{DOI}(w)
256 +\text{ starts with } \text{10.48550/arxiv} \}$ is the preprint-like set. A
257 +preprint may match several published records and conversely; the rule keeps,
258 +for each published record, the earliest-dated preprint and, for each preprint,
259 +the earliest-dated published record, and discards any pair that is not the
260 +first in both orderings. The surviving pairs define the map $\pi$ of
261 +equation~\eqref{eq:first-date}: the published record $b$ receives
262 +$\pi(b) = p$, $\text{preprint\_date}(b) = d_{\mathrm{pub}}(p)$ and the earlier of
263 +the two dates as its first date; the preprint $p$ receives the flag
264 +\textit{e5\_duplicate} and leaves the eligible corpus. The version relationship
265 +is therefore kept on the surviving node, as the plan requires, but the match is
266 +by exact normalised title only. Two limitations follow. A preprint whose title
267 +changed between versions is not merged, and the pair survives as two works; a
268 +preprint and an unrelated published paper with an identical normalised title
269 +within two years are wrongly merged. The second error is rare for titles of at
270 +least 25 characters; the first is the more consequential one and biases the
271 +preprint share upward, which is the conservative direction for hypothesis H7.
272 +Deduplication across the OpenAlex--DBLP boundary is not needed because DBLP
273 +records are never counted as works: a DBLP record either links to an OpenAlex
274 +record, in which case the OpenAlex record carries the flag \textit{in\_dblp}, or
275 +it does not, in which case it is counted in the separate DBLP-only table used
276 +for coverage assessment.
277 +
278 +\subsection{Eligibility predicate}
279 +\label{sec:m-eligibility}
280 +
281 +Each record receives seven exclusion flags and two membership flags, computed
282 +once and stored, so that every PRISMA count is a filter on the same table. With
283 +$T_{\mathrm{keep}}$ = \{article, conference-paper, preprint, book-chapter, book,
284 +dissertation, report, review, software-paper\}, $T_{\mathrm{hard}}$ = \{editorial,
285 +erratum, retraction, peer-review, paratext, conference-abstract,
286 +reference-entry, dataset, software, supplementary-materials, libguides, letter,
287 +grant, standard\}, and $\mathcal{G}$ the list of generic deposit platforms
288 +(Zenodo, Figshare, IRDB, LA Referencia, Dialnet, DOAJ-as-source, OSTI), the
289 +flags are
290 +\begin{align}
291 + e_1(w) &: d_{\mathrm{pub}}(w) \text{ missing or outside } [t_0, t_1];\\
292 + e_2(w) &: \tau(w) \notin T_{\mathrm{keep}} \;\wedge\; \neg\bigl(\text{in\_dblp}(w) \wedge \tau(w) \notin T_{\mathrm{hard}}\bigr);\\
293 + e_3(w) &: \text{is\_xpac}(w) \wedge \neg \text{in\_dblp}(w);\\
294 + e_4(w) &: \text{title empty};\\
295 + e_5(w) &: w \text{ is the preprint member of a pair of \eqref{eq:duppair}};\\
296 + e_6(w) &: \text{is\_retracted}(w);\\
297 + e_7(w) &: \text{source}(w) \in \mathcal{G} \wedge \neg\text{in\_dblp}(w) \wedge \text{no linked arXiv record}.
298 +\end{align}
299 +The membership flags encode the computer-science rule of the protocol:
300 +\begin{align}
301 + \text{core}(w) &= \text{in\_dblp}(w) \;\vee\; \text{cs\_primary}(w) \;\vee\;
302 + \bigl(\text{cs\_any}(w) \wedge \text{arxiv\_cs\_primary}(w)\bigr),\\
303 + \text{penumbra}(w) &= \text{cs\_any}(w) \wedge \neg\,\text{core}(w),
304 +\end{align}
305 +where \text{cs\_primary} means that the primary OpenAlex topic belongs to field
306 +17, \text{cs\_any} that some topic does, and \text{arxiv\_cs\_primary} that the
307 +linked arXiv record's primary category starts with \texttt{cs.}. The eligibility
308 +predicate is
309 +\begin{equation}
310 + E(w) \;=\; \neg e_1 \wedge \neg e_2 \wedge \neg e_3 \wedge \neg e_4 \wedge \neg e_5 \wedge \neg e_7 \wedge \text{core}(w).
311 + \label{eq:eligible}
312 +\end{equation}
313 +Three features of this predicate deserve comment. Retraction ($e_6$) is
314 +\emph{not} part of $E$: retracted works stay in the mapping corpus with their
315 +flag and are excluded only from impact-based selections
316 +(Section~\ref{sec:m-kg}), as the protocol specifies (E6). The type rule $e_2$ is
317 +asymmetric by amendment A-001: a DBLP-indexed record is kept whatever its
318 +OpenAlex type unless that type is in the hard-exclusion list, because the
319 +first run showed that OpenAlex typed more than a million DBLP conference papers
320 +in ways the original list rejected; XPAC records (OpenAlex's expansion of
321 +coverage from secondary sources) are likewise kept when DBLP-indexed and flagged
322 +\textit{xpac\_kept\_dblp}. The deposit-platform rule $e_7$ was added by
323 +amendment A-002 after Zenodo alone was found to contribute a six-figure number
324 +of 2026 records typed as articles with almost no references; the protocol's
325 +original E7 (penumbra) is now the membership flag rather than an exclusion, so
326 +the reason code E7 in the protocol and the flag $e_7$ in the code denote
327 +different things. This is a documentation discrepancy, not an analytical one,
328 +but readers comparing the protocol and the PRISMA table should be aware of it.
329 +The penumbra set---works with a secondary computer-science topic but neither
330 +DBLP nor arXiv support---is counted separately and enters only sensitivity
331 +analyses; the strict core used for the sensitivity analyses in the other
332 +direction is $\{w : E(w) \wedge \text{in\_dblp}(w) \wedge \text{cs\_primary}(w)\}$.
333 +
334 +The PRISMA counts are computed both marginally (how many records carry each
335 +flag) and sequentially (how many are removed by each flag after the previous
336 +ones have been applied, in the order $e_1, e_2, e_3, e_4, e_5, e_7$), because
337 +the flags overlap heavily and only the sequential version sums to the final
338 +count. The order is a reporting convention; the final eligible set does not
339 +depend on it.
340 +
341 +\subsection{Design of the linkage-precision estimate}
342 +\label{sec:m-linkprecision}
343 +
344 +Precision of the deterministic cascade is estimated on a stratified sample of
345 +500 DBLP--OpenAlex pairs drawn by \texttt{systematic\_review/linkage\_sample.py}:
346 +250 pairs linked by DOI, 200 by title--year and 50 by arXiv identifier (the
347 +last stratum is empty in the current run, for the reason given in
348 +Section~\ref{sec:m-cascade}), selected by ordering each stratum on a hash of the
349 +DBLP key salted with the seed 44 and taking the first records, which is a
350 +reproducible simple random sample within stratum. For each pair the script
351 +computes an automatic agreement vector: a string similarity between the two raw
352 +titles (Python's \texttt{difflib} ratio, twice the number of matched characters
353 +in the longest-matching-block alignment divided by the total length), the absolute year difference, and whether the last tokens of the two
354 +first-author names coincide; a pair is \textit{auto\_ok} if the similarity is at
355 +least 0.9, the years differ by at most one and the surnames agree whenever both
356 +are present. Two of every five pairs are reserved for the principal
357 +investigator (\textit{pi\_review}), whose verdicts constitute the human
358 +checkpoint H-1. Let $n_s$ be the stratum sizes and $\hat p_s$ the share of pairs
359 +judged correct in stratum $s$; the overall precision of the link table is the
360 +weighted estimate
361 +\begin{equation}
362 + \hat p \;=\; \sum_s \frac{L_s}{L}\,\hat p_s, \qquad
363 + \widehat{\mathrm{Var}}(\hat p) = \sum_s \Bigl(\frac{L_s}{L}\Bigr)^2 \frac{\hat p_s(1-\hat p_s)}{n_s},
364 + \label{eq:linkprec}
365 +\end{equation}
366 +where $L_s$ is the number of links of method $s$ in the full table and $L$
367 +their sum, so that the title--year stratum, which is the only one where errors
368 +are plausible, is weighted by its small share of the links. The estimate
369 +\pending{linkage precision from the H-1 sample, data/metadata/linkage\_sample\_summary.json}
370 +is reported in Part III once the checkpoint is signed; until then the automatic
371 +agreement rate is the only available figure and is labelled as such. Recall is
372 +not estimated by this design: a DBLP record without an OpenAlex counterpart may
373 +be a true absence from OpenAlex or a missed link, and distinguishing the two
374 +would require searching OpenAlex by title for a sample of unlinked DBLP records,
375 +which is left to the robustness appendix.
376 +
377 +\section{Multi-label classification into the ontology}
378 +\label{sec:m-classification}
379 +
380 +The ontology assigns works to forty categories by rules over four kinds of
381 +metadata signals and one textual signal. A rule-based classifier was preferred
382 +to a trained one for three reasons that are worth stating because they are
383 +also its limitations. The rules are inspectable: every assignment can be traced
384 +to the signals that produced it, and the mapping from OpenAlex topics, arXiv
385 +categories and DBLP venues to categories is a document
386 +(\texttt{taxonomy/ontology.yaml}, with provenance notes per category) that a
387 +reader can contest line by line. The rules need no labelled training set, which
388 +the project did not have before checkpoint H-2, and so cannot inherit the biases
389 +of one. And the rules are cheap enough to run on every eligible work, whereas an
390 +LLM rater at the quality used for validation would cost orders of magnitude
391 +more. The corresponding limitations are that rules do not generalise beyond the
392 +vocabulary they encode, that the weights are expert judgements rather than
393 +estimates, and that validation against independent raters is therefore the only
394 +evidence of their accuracy.
395 +
396 +\subsection{Signals and the score}
397 +\label{sec:m-score}
398 +
399 +For a work $w$, let $T(w)$ be its set of OpenAlex topic identifiers (up to
400 +three per work), $F(w)$ its set of subfield identifiers, $X(w)$ the set of arXiv
401 +categories of its linked arXiv record (primary and cross-lists), $D(w)$ the set
402 +of DBLP venue streams of its linked DBLP records, and $\text{title}(w)$,
403 +$\text{abs}(w)$ its title and abstract. Each category $k$ specifies weight maps
404 +$\omega^{\mathrm{T}}_k : T \to [0,1]$, $\omega^{\mathrm{F}}_k$,
405 +$\omega^{\mathrm{X}}_k$, $\omega^{\mathrm{D}}_k$ over the respective
406 +vocabularies (zero outside the listed entries), a list of keyword rules
407 +$(r, \omega, \phi)$ consisting of a regular expression $r$, a weight $\omega$
408 +and a field $\phi \in \{\text{title}, \text{abstract}, \text{both}\}$, and a list
409 +of exclusion regular expressions $Z_k$. The score of $w$ for $k$ is
410 +\begin{equation}
411 + s_k(w) \;=\; \sum_{\sigma \in \{\mathrm{T},\mathrm{F},\mathrm{X},\mathrm{D}\}}
412 + \min\Bigl\{1,\; \sum_{x \in \sigma(w)} \omega^{\sigma}_k(x)\Bigr\}
413 + \;+\; \min\Bigl\{1,\; \sum_{(r,\omega,\phi) \in R_k} \omega \cdot \mathbf{1}\bigl[r \text{ matches } \phi(w)\bigr]\Bigr\},
414 + \label{eq:score}
415 +\end{equation}
416 +where $\phi(w)$ is the title, the abstract, or their concatenation according to
417 +the field of the rule. Each of the five signal types is thus capped at one
418 +before the types are summed, so $s_k(w) \in [0, 5]$, and the assignment rule is
419 +\begin{equation}
420 + k \in C(w) \iff s_k(w) \ge \theta \;\wedge\; \neg\, \exists\, z \in Z_k :\ z \text{ matches } \text{title}(w) \| \text{abs}(w),
421 + \qquad \theta = 1 .
422 + \label{eq:assign}
423 +\end{equation}
424 +The cap is what gives the weights their meaning. A single signal with weight
425 +one (a topic that \emph{is} the category, a venue that publishes nothing else, a
426 +keyword that names the object of study) suffices on its own; a signal with
427 +weight below one is a partial indication that must be corroborated by a signal
428 +of another type, because repetitions of the same type cannot push the capped sum
429 +above one. The ontology uses this device deliberately: the six AI categories
430 +that the OpenAlex topic model does not separate (large language models,
431 +foundation models, multimodal AI, generative AI, agents, AI safety) rely on
432 +keyword rules of weight one that fire on the name of the object, while their
433 +topic and venue signals are fractional. The exclusion list is a veto applied
434 +after the threshold: a category that would otherwise be assigned is removed if
435 +any exclusion pattern matches the title or abstract (for instance a
436 +cryptocurrency pattern vetoing applied cryptography). The veto is not a negative
437 +weight; it cannot be outvoted.
438 +
439 +One discrepancy between the ontology document and the implementation must be
440 +recorded. The notes of the \texttt{assignment\_rule} block state that the
441 +classifier takes the \emph{maximum} over matched topics before capping, whereas
442 +\texttt{taxonomy/classify.py} takes the \emph{sum} and then caps, as
443 +equation~\eqref{eq:score} states. The two agree whenever at most one listed
444 +topic matches or the matched weights already sum to at least one; they differ
445 +when two fractional topics of the same category co-occur, in which case the
446 +implemented rule is the more permissive. The unit tests in
447 +\texttt{tests/test\_classify\_rules.py} fix the implemented behaviour (a topic
448 +listed three times contributes its weight once, because the topic set is
449 +deduplicated, and a 0.6 topic plus a 0.4 arXiv category reach exactly 1.0). The
450 +manuscript describes the implemented rule.
451 +
452 +\subsection{Primary category}
453 +
454 +When $C(w) \neq \emptyset$ the primary category is
455 +\begin{equation}
456 + \kappa^{\ast}(w) \;=\; \operatorname*{arg\,max}_{k \in C(w)} \bigl( s_k(w),\; -\mathbf{1}[k \text{ is a parent of some } k' \in C(w)],\; -\mathrm{number}(k) \bigr)
457 +\end{equation}
458 +in lexicographic order: the highest score wins; among equal scores a category
459 +that is the declared parent of another assigned category loses to its child
460 +(so that a work scoring equally on \textit{llm} and \textit{foundation\_models}
461 +is primarily an LLM paper); among remaining ties the lower ontology number
462 +wins. The last rule is arbitrary and is stated so that the reader can see that
463 +it is. The number of assigned categories $|C(w)|$ and the primary score are
464 +stored with every work; works with $C(w) = \emptyset$ (eligible works none of
465 +whose signals reach the threshold) are counted and characterised in Part IX, and
466 +their share is one of the quality indicators of the classification. The
467 +classifier is run on the eligible corpus and on the penumbra, so that
468 +sensitivity analyses on the wider set do not require a second run.
469 +
470 +\subsection{Validation design and metrics}
471 +\label{sec:m-validation}
472 +
473 +The rules are validated against two independent LLM raters on a stratified
474 +sample (\texttt{taxonomy/VALIDATION.md}, \texttt{taxonomy/validate\_sample.py}):
475 +fifty eligible works with an abstract per rule-assigned primary category (forty
476 +strata) plus two hundred works with no category, drawn by ordering each stratum
477 +on a salted hash with seed 44; two hundred of the resulting works are reserved
478 +for the principal investigator (checkpoint H-2). Each rater receives the forty
479 +category definitions, and for each work the title, abstract, venue and year,
480 +and returns under a JSON schema a label set of at most five categories, a
481 +primary category or null, a confidence and a short rationale. The raters never
482 +see the rule-based assignment, so there is no leakage from the rules to the
483 +reference labels, and the rule revision policy (a category with consensus
484 +$F_1 < 0.60$ triggers a mapping revision, logged as an amendment, and a re-run)
485 +can be applied without re-rating. The two raters are different models of the
486 +same family (\texttt{claude-haiku-5-5}, \texttt{claude-sonnet-5-5}); their
487 +agreement therefore does not measure the agreement that two human experts would
488 +reach, and the 200-work human subsample is the only anchor for that.
489 +
490 +With $\hat C(w)$ the rule label set, $C^{r}(w)$ the label set of rater $r$ and
491 +$C^{\cap}(w) = C^{A}(w) \cap C^{B}(w)$ the consensus set, the per-category
492 +confusion counts against a reference $C^{\mathrm{ref}}$ are
493 +$\mathrm{TP}_k = |\{w : k \in \hat C(w) \wedge k \in C^{\mathrm{ref}}(w)\}|$,
494 +$\mathrm{FP}_k = |\{w : k \in \hat C(w) \wedge k \notin C^{\mathrm{ref}}(w)\}|$,
495 +$\mathrm{FN}_k = |\{w : k \notin \hat C(w) \wedge k \in C^{\mathrm{ref}}(w)\}|$,
496 +with precision $P_k = \mathrm{TP}_k/(\mathrm{TP}_k+\mathrm{FP}_k)$, recall
497 +$R_k = \mathrm{TP}_k/(\mathrm{TP}_k+\mathrm{FN}_k)$ and
498 +$F_{1,k} = 2P_kR_k/(P_k+R_k)$, the standard label-wise decomposition of
499 +multi-label evaluation \citep{zhang2014multilabel}. Micro-averages pool the
500 +counts over categories before forming the ratios; the macro-$F_1$ is the
501 +unweighted mean of $F_{1,k}$ over categories with at least one positive or
502 +predicted label. Because the sample is stratified by rule-assigned primary
503 +category, the per-category precision is estimated on roughly equal support for
504 +every category, whereas recall is estimated only among works that the rules
505 +placed somewhere; a category that the rules systematically miss (true members
506 +scattered among other strata or among the unassigned) will show inflated recall
507 +in this design. The 200 unassigned works partly address this, but a proper
508 +recall estimate would require sampling from the whole corpus with weights, and
509 +the per-category recall figures should be read with that caveat.
510 +
511 +Agreement on the primary category is measured by Cohen's $\kappa$
512 +\citep{cohen1960kappa},
513 +\begin{equation}
514 + \kappa \;=\; \frac{p_o - p_e}{1 - p_e}, \qquad
515 + p_o = \frac{1}{n}\sum_w \mathbf{1}[\kappa^{A}(w) = \kappa^{B}(w)], \qquad
516 + p_e = \sum_{k \in \mathcal{K} \cup \{\varnothing\}} \frac{n^{A}_k}{n}\,\frac{n^{B}_k}{n},
517 +\end{equation}
518 +where ``no category'' is treated as a forty-first label and $n^{r}_k$ counts
519 +the works to which rater $r$ assigned primary $k$; $\kappa$ is computed between
520 +the two raters and between the rules and each rater. Agreement on the label
521 +sets is measured by the mean Jaccard index
522 +$\bar J = n^{-1}\sum_w |C^{A}(w) \cap C^{B}(w)| / |C^{A}(w) \cup C^{B}(w)|$
523 +(with the convention $0/0 = 0$). The validation note announces Krippendorff's
524 +$\alpha$ with the MASI distance for the multi-label agreement; the metrics
525 +script computes the mean Jaccard index instead, and the manuscript reports
526 +what is computed. A work is exported as a disagreement for human review when
527 +the rules, rater~A and rater~B have no category in common although at least
528 +one of them assigned one.
529 +
530 +\subsection{Known failure modes}
531 +
532 +The design makes some errors predictable, and they are listed here so that the
533 +results of the validation can be read against expectations rather than as
534 +surprises. Keyword rules on abstracts fire on mentions as well as on
535 +contributions: a systems paper that evaluates its scheduler on a large language
536 +model workload matches the LLM keyword and, since that keyword alone reaches
537 +the threshold, acquires the \textit{llm} label; the exclusion lists remove the
538 +most frequent such cases but cannot enumerate them. Venue signals are coarse:
539 +general machine-learning venues carry fractional weights for several AI
540 +categories at once, so a work with no abstract and a generic title can be
541 +assigned to a parent-level category on venue evidence alone, or to none.
542 +OpenAlex topics are themselves the output of a classifier with documented
543 +error, and a work whose topics are wrong inherits that error with weight; the
544 +protocol lists this among the limitations declared before analysis.
545 +Multi-label assignment with a cap of one per type and a threshold of one tends
546 +to over-assign categories to long abstracts that mention many objects, which
547 +inflates $|C(w)|$ in the post period, when abstracts increasingly cite models
548 +and benchmarks by name; the co-classification statistics of
549 +Section~\ref{sec:m-networks} are affected by this in a direction that would
550 +mimic convergence (hypothesis H4) and must be read together with the primary-label
551 +flow statistics, which are not. Finally, works without an abstract (a known
552 +share of the corpus) are classified from the title and the metadata only and
553 +have lower recall for the keyword-dependent categories; the share of such
554 +works is reported by year because it is not constant.
555 +
2 556
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