WP44: structural-change driver, landmark selection, KG extraction (A-004), runbook, tests

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

Simon-Pierre Boucher committed 15 h ago (Nov 3, 2026) parent af3444a Browse files

18 changed files +8,451 −9

modified bibliometrics/01_volume_series.py +1 −1

		`@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ def main():`
10	10	ap = argparse.ArgumentParser(); ap.add_argument("--root", required=True); a = ap.parse_args(); R = a.root
11	11	out = os.path.join(R, "results/bibliometrics"); os.makedirs(out, exist_ok=True)
12	12	con = duckdb.connect(os.path.join(R, "data/processed/wp44.duckdb"), read_only=True); con.execute("SET threads TO 16;")
13		− con.execute(f"""COPY (SELECT first_month, period, type, in_dblp, cs_primary, (arxiv_id_linked IS NOT NULL) AS has_arxiv, count(*) AS n,
	13	+ con.execute(f"""COPY (SELECT first_month, period, date_precision, type, in_dblp, cs_primary, (arxiv_id_linked IS NOT NULL) AS has_arxiv, count(*) AS n,
14	14	sum(has_abstract::int) AS n_abstract, sum((n_refs>0)::int) AS n_with_refs, sum(is_oa::int) AS n_oa
15	15	FROM corpus_works WHERE eligible GROUP BY ALL ORDER BY 1,2,3) TO '{out}/volume_monthly.csv' (HEADER)""")
16	16	con.execute(f"""COPY (SELECT publication_year AS year, count(*) AS n, sum(in_dblp::int) AS n_dblp, sum(cs_primary::int) AS n_cs_primary,

added econometrics/run_structural_change.py +75 −0

		`@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@`
	1	+#!/usr/bin/env python3
	2	+"""WP44 — RQ2/H1/H3 driver: interrupted time series, placebo breaks, Bai–Perron, PELT and BOCPD on monthly series.
	3	+
	4	+Series: total eligible works (month-precision records only), by area and by category (results/graph/category_counts_monthly.csv,
	5	+n_month_precision column when present; before classification only the total is run). Window: 2018-01 → --last-complete
	6	+(default 2026-06; sensitivity 2026-08 and 2026-03). Event dates: 2022-11-30 (ChatGPT, primary) and alternatives
	7	+2020-05 (GPT-3), 2022-04 (DALL·E 2), 2023-03 (GPT-4), 2024-09 (o1). Outputs results/econometrics/its_results.json,
	8	+placebo_<series>.csv, breaks.csv, and a per-series CSV of fitted values."""
	9	+import argparse, json, os, sys, numpy as np, pandas as pd
	10	+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), ".."))
	11	+from econometrics.structural_change import its_fit, placebo_breaks, bai_perron, pelt, bocpd
	12	+
	13	+EVENTS = {"chatgpt": "2022-12-01", "gpt3": "2020-06-01", "dalle2": "2022-05-01", "gpt4": "2023-04-01", "o1": "2024-10-01"}
	14	+
	15	+
	16	+def series_total(R):
	17	+ d = pd.read_csv(f"{R}/results/bibliometrics/volume_monthly.csv")
	18	+ if "date_precision" in d.columns:
	19	+ d = d[d.date_precision == "month"]
	20	+ m = d.groupby("first_month")["n"].sum(); return {"total": m}
	21	+
	22	+
	23	+def series_categories(R):
	24	+ p = f"{R}/results/graph/category_counts_monthly.csv"
	25	+ if not os.path.exists(p):
	26	+ return {}
	27	+ d = pd.read_csv(p); col = "n_month_precision" if "n_month_precision" in d.columns else "n_multilabel"
	28	+ return {f"cat_{c}": g.set_index("first_month")[col] for c, g in d.groupby("category_id")}
	29	+
	30	+
	31	+def run_one(name, s, first, last, out):
	32	+ s = s[(s.index >= first) & (s.index <= last)].astype(float)
	33	+ idx = pd.period_range(first, last, freq="M").strftime("%Y-%m"); s = s.reindex(idx).fillna(0.0)
	34	+ if (s > 0).sum() < 48 or s.sum() < 500:
	35	+ return None
	36	+ y = s.values + 1.0; dates = pd.to_datetime(idx + "-01"); res = {"series": name, "n_months": len(y), "total": float(s.sum())}
	37	+ for ev, d in EVENTS.items():
	38	+ if pd.Timestamp(d) <= dates[12] or pd.Timestamp(d) >= dates[-12]:
	39	+ continue
	40	+ o, fit = its_fit(y, dates, d); res[f"its_{ev}"] = o
	41	+ if ev == "chatgpt":
	42	+ pl, df = placebo_breaks(y, dates, d); res["placebo_chatgpt"] = pl; df.to_csv(f"{out}/placebo_{name}.csv", index=False)
	43	+ pd.DataFrame({"month": idx, "y": s.values, "fitted": np.exp(fit.fittedvalues) - 1}).to_csv(f"{out}/fit_{name}.csv", index=False)
	44	+ bp = bai_perron(np.log(y), dates, max_breaks=3); res["bai_perron"] = {k: v for k, v in bp.items() if k != "by_m"}
	45	+ res["bai_perron"]["bic_by_m"] = {m: round(v["bic"], 2) for m, v in bp["by_m"].items()}
	46	+ res["pelt"] = [idx[i] for i in pelt(np.log(y)) if i < len(idx)]
	47	+ _, cp, mrl = bocpd(np.log(y)); resets = [idx[t] for t in range(12, len(idx)) if mrl[t] <= 2 and mrl[t - 1] > 12]
	48	+ res["bocpd_resets"] = resets; res["bocpd_cp_prob_2022_12_to_2023_03"] = float(cp[[i for i, m in enumerate(idx) if "2022-12" <= m <= "2023-03"]].max()) if any("2022-12" <= m <= "2023-03" for m in idx) else None
	49	+ return res
	50	+
	51	+
	52	+def main():
	53	+ ap = argparse.ArgumentParser(); ap.add_argument("--root", required=True); ap.add_argument("--first", default="2018-02"); ap.add_argument("--last-complete", default="2026-06")
	54	+ ap.add_argument("--sensitivity", default="2026-03,2026-08"); a = ap.parse_args(); R = a.root
	55	+ out = f"{R}/results/econometrics"; os.makedirs(out, exist_ok=True)
	56	+ S = series_total(R); S.update(series_categories(R)); all_res = {"last_complete": a.last_complete, "first": a.first, "events": EVENTS, "series": {}}
	57	+ for name, s in S.items():
	58	+ r = run_one(name, s, a.first, a.last_complete, out)
	59	+ if r:
	60	+ all_res["series"][name] = r; print(name, "ITS chatgpt level", round(r.get("its_chatgpt", {}).get("level_change", float("nan")), 3), "p", round(r.get("its_chatgpt", {}).get("level_p", float("nan")), 3), "placebo p", r.get("placebo_chatgpt", {}).get("level_t_placebo_p"), "BP", r["bai_perron"].get("break_dates_bic"), flush=True)
	61	+ sens = {}
	62	+ for lc in a.sensitivity.split(","):
	63	+ r = run_one("total", S["total"], a.first, lc, out + "/sens_tmp" if os.makedirs(out + "/sens_tmp", exist_ok=True) is None else out)
	64	+ if r:
	65	+ sens[lc] = {"its_chatgpt": r.get("its_chatgpt"), "bai_perron": r["bai_perron"].get("break_dates_bic")}
	66	+ all_res["sensitivity_last_complete_total"] = sens
	67	+ json.dump(all_res, open(f"{out}/its_results.json", "w"), indent=1, default=float)
	68	+ rows = [{"series": n, {f"{ev}_level": r.get(f"its_{ev}", {}).get("level_change") for ev in EVENTS}, {f"{ev}_level_p": r.get(f"its_{ev}", {}).get("level_p") for ev in EVENTS},
	69	+ "chatgpt_slope": r.get("its_chatgpt", {}).get("slope_change"), "chatgpt_slope_p": r.get("its_chatgpt", {}).get("slope_p"), "placebo_level_p": r.get("placebo_chatgpt", {}).get("level_t_placebo_p"),
	70	+ "placebo_slope_p": r.get("placebo_chatgpt", {}).get("slope_t_placebo_p"), "bp_breaks_bic": ";".join(r["bai_perron"].get("break_dates_bic", [])), "pelt": ";".join(r["pelt"]), "bocpd_resets": ";".join(r["bocpd_resets"])} for n, r in all_res["series"].items()]
	71	+ pd.DataFrame(rows).to_csv(f"{out}/breaks.csv", index=False); print("series analysed:", len(rows))
	72	+
	73	+
	74	+if __name__ == "__main__":
	75	+ main()

added knowledge_graph/03_extract_entities.py +71 −0

		`@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@`
	1	+#!/usr/bin/env python3
	2	+"""WP44 — Phase 3: schema-constrained LLM extraction of method / model / dataset / benchmark / claim nodes and typed edges
	3	+(introduces_method, uses_dataset, evaluates_on, extends, contradicts, reproduces, addresses_problem) for the high-priority set,
	4	+from title + abstract (evidence_type = abstract) — full text is NOT used unless a lawful OA text is attached later.
	5	+Every edge carries provenance (work_id + quoted span from the abstract), confidence (model-reported, 0–1) and
	6	+verification_status = 'unverified' (machine-verified when the quoted span is found verbatim in the abstract; human-verified
	7	+only after PI review). Model: claude-sonnet-5-5 (structured outputs, effort low), batches of 5 works, resumable JSONL.
	8	+Budget: see protocol/amendments.csv (A-004)."""
	9	+import argparse, json, os, time, pandas as pd
	10	+
	11	+SCHEMA = {"type": "object", "properties": {"works": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "object", "properties": {
	12	+ "work_id": {"type": "integer"},
	13	+ "contribution_type": {"type": "string", "enum": ["theory", "method", "empirical", "benchmark", "engineering", "survey", "other"]},
	14	+ "entities": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "object", "properties": {
	15	+ "name": {"type": "string"}, "kind": {"type": "string", "enum": ["method", "model", "dataset", "benchmark", "problem", "metric"]},
	16	+ "role": {"type": "string", "enum": ["introduced", "used", "evaluated_on", "extended", "compared_against", "addressed"]},
	17	+ "span": {"type": "string"}, "confidence": {"type": "number"}}, "required": ["name", "kind", "role", "span", "confidence"], "additionalProperties": False}},
	18	+ "claims": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "object", "properties": {"claim": {"type": "string"}, "claim_kind": {"type": "string", "enum": ["result", "improvement", "negative_result", "reproduction", "contradiction"]},
	19	+ "span": {"type": "string"}, "confidence": {"type": "number"}}, "required": ["claim", "claim_kind", "span", "confidence"], "additionalProperties": False}}},
	20	+ "required": ["work_id", "contribution_type", "entities", "claims"], "additionalProperties": False}}}, "required": ["works"], "additionalProperties": False}
	21	+SYSTEM = ("You extract structured knowledge from computer-science paper abstracts for a knowledge graph. For each work: the contribution type; the named "
	22	+ "methods, models, datasets, benchmarks, metrics and research problems with their role; and the main claims. Every entity and claim must quote a "
	23	+ "short verbatim span (<= 25 words) from the abstract that supports it. Use canonical names (e.g. 'ImageNet', 'BERT', 'Transformer'). Never infer "
	24	+ "anything not stated in the abstract. Confidence is your calibrated probability that the extraction is correct.")
	25	+
	26	+
	27	+def main():
	28	+ ap = argparse.ArgumentParser(); ap.add_argument("--root", required=True); ap.add_argument("--model", default="claude-sonnet-5-5"); ap.add_argument("--env-file", default="~/wp44_uqo/.env")
	29	+ ap.add_argument("--batch", type=int, default=5); ap.add_argument("--limit", type=int, default=0); ap.add_argument("--max-usd", type=float, default=150.0); a = ap.parse_args(); R = a.root
	30	+ import anthropic, duckdb
	31	+ key = next(l.split("=", 1)[1].strip() for l in open(os.path.expanduser(a.env_file)) if l.startswith("ANTHROPIC_API_KEY="))
	32	+ client = anthropic.Anthropic(api_key=key, max_retries=5)
	33	+ con = duckdb.connect(f"{R}/data/processed/wp44.duckdb", read_only=True)
	34	+ hp = pd.read_parquet(f"{R}/literature_synthesis/landmarks/high_priority.parquet")
	35	+ ab = con.execute(f"SELECT work_id, abstract FROM oa_abstracts WHERE work_id IN (SELECT work_id FROM read_parquet('{R}/literature_synthesis/landmarks/high_priority.parquet'))").df()
	36	+ hp = hp.merge(ab, on="work_id"); hp = hp.sort_values(["score"], ascending=False)
	37	+ if a.limit: hp = hp.head(a.limit)
	38	+ out_dir = f"{R}/data/processed/graph/extraction"; os.makedirs(out_dir, exist_ok=True); out_p = f"{out_dir}/extractions_{a.model}.jsonl"
	39	+ done = {json.loads(l)["work_id"] for l in open(out_p)} if os.path.exists(out_p) else set()
	40	+ todo = hp[~hp.work_id.isin(done)]; cost = 0.0; price_in, price_out, price_cache = 2.0 / 1e6, 10.0 / 1e6, 0.2 / 1e6; n_calls = 0
	41	+ with open(out_p, "a") as fh:
	42	+ for i in range(0, len(todo), a.batch):
	43	+ if cost >= a.max_usd:
	44	+ print("budget reached", cost); break
	45	+ b = todo.iloc[i:i + a.batch]
	46	+ items = "\n\n".join(f"### work_id {r.work_id}\nTitle: {r.title}\nYear: {r.year}\nAbstract: {(r.abstract or '')[:3000]}" for r in b.itertuples())
	47	+ for attempt in range(4):
	48	+ try:
	49	+ resp = client.messages.create(model=a.model, max_tokens=12000, system=[{"type": "text", "text": SYSTEM, "cache_control": {"type": "ephemeral"}}],
	50	+ messages=[{"role": "user", "content": items}], output_config={"format": {"type": "json_schema", "schema": SCHEMA}, "effort": "low"}); break
	51	+ except anthropic.RateLimitError:
	52	+ time.sleep(15 * (attempt + 1))
	53	+ if resp.stop_reason == "refusal":
	54	+ continue
	55	+ u = resp.usage; cost += u.input_tokens * price_in + u.output_tokens * price_out + (u.cache_read_input_tokens or 0) * price_cache; n_calls += 1
	56	+ data = json.loads(next(bk.text for bk in resp.content if bk.type == "text"))
	57	+ abs_by_id = {int(r.work_id): (r.abstract or "") for r in b.itertuples()}
	58	+ for w in data["works"]:
	59	+ txt = abs_by_id.get(w["work_id"], "")
	60	+ for e in w["entities"] + w["claims"]:
	61	+ e["verification_status"] = "machine-verified" if e["span"] and e["span"].strip().lower() in txt.lower() else "unverified"
	62	+ w["model"] = a.model; w["evidence_type"] = "abstract"; fh.write(json.dumps(w) + "\n")
	63	+ fh.flush()
	64	+ if n_calls % 25 == 0:
	65	+ print(f"{n_calls} calls, {i + len(b)}/{len(todo)} works, ${cost:.2f}", flush=True)
	66	+ json.dump({"model": a.model, "calls": n_calls, "cost_usd": round(cost, 2), "works_done": len(done) + min(len(todo), i + len(b) if len(todo) else 0)}, open(f"{out_dir}/extraction_usage_{a.model}.json", "w"), indent=1)
	67	+ print("done", n_calls, "calls", round(cost, 2), "USD")
	68	+
	69	+
	70	+if __name__ == "__main__":
	71	+ main()

added literature_synthesis/select_landmarks.py +46 −0

		`@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@`
	1	+#!/usr/bin/env python3
	2	+"""WP44 — select the synthesis populations (protocol P2/S5):
	3	+ high-priority set (target >= 10,000): per (primary category × publication year) the top works by NCS36 (field-normalised
	4	+ 36-month citations; for 2025–2026 by c12 then cited_by_count), proportional allocation with a floor of 25 per cell, eligible
	5	+ works only, retracted excluded;
	6	+ landmark set (target >= 1,000): top by NCS36 within category (floor 15 per category) plus the top 200 overall by c36,
	7	+ deduplicated; flagged for PI review (H-3).
	8	+Outputs: literature_synthesis/landmarks/{high_priority.parquet,landmarks.csv,<area>_landmarks.csv,<area>_abstracts.jsonl,selection_report.json}."""
	9	+import argparse, json, os, duckdb, yaml, pandas as pd
	10	+
	11	+
	12	+def main():
	13	+ ap = argparse.ArgumentParser(); ap.add_argument("--root", required=True); ap.add_argument("--ontology", required=True)
	14	+ ap.add_argument("--n-high", type=int, default=10000); ap.add_argument("--n-land", type=int, default=1000); a = ap.parse_args(); R = a.root
	15	+ out = f"{R}/literature_synthesis/landmarks"; os.makedirs(out, exist_ok=True)
	16	+ ont = yaml.safe_load(open(a.ontology)); area = {c["id"]: c["area"] for c in ont["categories"]}; cats = list(area)
	17	+ con = duckdb.connect(f"{R}/data/processed/wp44.duckdb", read_only=True); con.execute("SET threads TO 16;")
	18	+ con.execute(f"CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW work_primary AS SELECT * FROM read_parquet('{R}/data/processed/classification/primary/*.parquet')")
	19	+ con.execute(f"CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW wcw AS SELECT * FROM read_parquet('{R}/data/processed/corpus/work_citation_windows.parquet')")
	20	+ df = con.execute("""SELECT c.id AS work_id, c.doi, c.arxiv_id_linked AS arxiv_id, c.title, c.source_name, c.publication_year AS year, c.type, p.primary_category, p.n_categories,
	21	+ w.c12, w.c36, w.ncs36, c.cited_by_count, c.fwci, c.has_abstract, c.is_oa, c.period
	22	+ FROM corpus_works c JOIN work_primary p ON p.work_id = c.id JOIN wcw w ON w.work_id = c.id WHERE c.eligible AND NOT c.e6_retracted""").df()
	23	+ df["score"] = df.ncs36.fillna(0); recent = df.year >= 2025; df.loc[recent, "score"] = df.loc[recent, "c12"].fillna(0) / (df.loc[recent].groupby("year").c12.transform("mean") + 1e-9)
	24	+ cell = df.groupby(["primary_category", "year"]).size(); alloc = (cell / cell.sum() * a.n_high).clip(lower=25).round().astype(int)
	25	+ parts = []
	26	+ for (c, y), k in alloc.items():
	27	+ g = df[(df.primary_category == c) & (df.year == y)].nlargest(int(k), ["score", "cited_by_count"]); parts.append(g)
	28	+ high = pd.concat(parts).drop_duplicates("work_id"); high["set"] = "high_priority"
	29	+ land_parts = [df[df.primary_category == c].nlargest(max(15, a.n_land // len(cats)), ["score", "cited_by_count"]) for c in cats]
	30	+ land = pd.concat(land_parts + [df.nlargest(200, ["c36", "cited_by_count"])]).drop_duplicates("work_id"); land["set"] = "landmark"; land["pi_review"] = True
	31	+ high.to_parquet(f"{out}/high_priority.parquet"); land.to_csv(f"{out}/landmarks.csv", index=False)
	32	+ con.execute(f"CREATE OR REPLACE TEMP TABLE L AS SELECT * FROM read_csv_auto('{out}/landmarks.csv')")
	33	+ for ar in sorted(set(area.values())):
	34	+ ids = [c for c in cats if area[c] == ar]; sub = land[land.primary_category.isin(ids)]
	35	+ sub.to_csv(f"{out}/{ar}_landmarks.csv", index=False)
	36	+ ab = con.execute(f"SELECT l.work_id, l.title, a.abstract FROM L l LEFT JOIN oa_abstracts a ON a.work_id = l.work_id WHERE l.primary_category IN ({','.join(repr(i) for i in ids)})").fetchall()
	37	+ with open(f"{out}/{ar}_abstracts.jsonl", "w") as fh:
	38	+ for w, t, abst in ab:
	39	+ fh.write(json.dumps({"work_id": int(w), "title": t, "abstract": abst}) + "\n")
	40	+ rep = {"high_priority": int(len(high)), "landmarks": int(len(land)), "by_area": land.primary_category.map(area).value_counts().to_dict(), "by_year_landmarks": land.year.value_counts().sort_index().to_dict(),
	41	+ "share_with_abstract_landmarks": float(land.has_abstract.mean()), "share_oa_landmarks": float(land.is_oa.mean())}
	42	+ json.dump(rep, open(f"{out}/selection_report.json", "w"), indent=1); print(rep)
	43	+
	44	+
	45	+if __name__ == "__main__":
	46	+ main()

modified protocol/amendments.csv +1 −0

		`@@ -3,3 +3,4 @@ A-000,2026-11-02,0,"§14 of the mandate completed from §1–§13 (paste truncat`
3	3	A-001,2026-11-03,1,"Eligibility type list corrected: OpenAlex (2026) types conference-paper and software-paper are research outputs and are kept; DBLP-linked records are kept whatever their OpenAlex type unless in a hard-exclusion list; XPAC records are kept when DBLP-linked (flag xpac_kept_dblp)","first run of define_corpus.py showed 2.5 M conference-paper records (1.09 M DBLP-linked) excluded by an outdated type list; DBLP is the CS gold standard",executing agent (pending PI)
4	4	A-002,2026-11-03,1,"Records whose primary source is a generic deposit platform (Zenodo, Figshare, IRDB, LA Referencia, Dialnet, DOAJ-as-source, OSTI) are excluded unless DBLP- or arXiv-linked (flag e7_generic_deposit); date_precision flag added (publication_date = YYYY-01-01 treated as year precision; monthly series use month-precision records only)","Zenodo alone contributes 138,533 eligible records in 2026 (20,141 in 2025; 1.3% with references) — deposits of slides, datasets and reports typed as articles; 18–28% of records carry a year-only date defaulting to 1 January",executing agent (pending PI)
5	5	A-003,2026-11-03,2,"LLM rating budget for taxonomy validation fixed at 25 USD (two raters: claude-haiku-5-5 and claude-sonnet-5-5, structured outputs); knowledge-graph extraction budget fixed separately when designed","mandate §7 requires agent-based validation with human checkpoints; the PI is the third rater on 200 works",executing agent (pending PI)
	6	+A-004,2026-11-03,3,"Knowledge-graph extraction from abstracts of the high-priority set with claude-sonnet-5-5 (structured outputs, provenance spans, machine verification of spans); budget 150 USD","mandate §6.4 requires provenance, confidence and verification status on every inferred relationship; abstract-level evidence is labelled as such",executing agent (pending PI)

added reproducibility/RUNBOOK.md +27 −0

		`@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@`
	1	+# Reproducibility runbook — WP44
	2	+
	3	+Everything below was executed on M3U96b (Mac Studio M3 Ultra, 28 cores, 96 GB, macOS 27.0) in `~/wp44_uqo` with the
	4	+locked environment `reproducibility/environment_M3U96b.txt` (Python 3.12.15 via uv). Raw sources are public; the exact
	5	+inputs are pinned by manifests and hashes (`data/raw/README.md`, ledgers). Nothing requires credentials except the two LLM
	6	+raters of the taxonomy validation (Anthropic API key, never stored in the repository).
	7	+
	8	+\| Step \| Command \| Inputs \| Outputs \| Wall time (measured) \|
	9	+\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|
	10	+\| 1 OpenAlex works snapshot (pass 1, CS filter + slim table) \| `python ingestion/openalex_snapshot.py --out data/raw/openalex/works --manifest data/raw/openalex/works_manifest_2026-10-14.json --workers 8` \| S3 public bucket, release 2026-10-14 \| `works/cs/.jsonl.zst` (15,490,159), `works/slim/.parquet` (464,765,485), `ledger.sqlite` \| 1 h 46 min at ≈ 108 MB/s \|
	11	+\| 2 OpenAlex entities \| `python ingestion/openalex_entities.py --out data/raw/openalex` \| S3 \| `topics/ … institutions/`, `entities_ledger.json` \| 5 min \|
	12	+\| 3 DBLP \| `python ingestion/dblp_parse.py --xml data/raw/dblp/dblp.xml.gz --out data/raw/dblp` \| dump 2026-11-02 (MD5 verified) \| `dblp_publications.parquet` (8,840,866), report \| 4 min 45 s \|
	13	+\| 4 arXiv OAI-PMH \| `python ingestion/arxiv_oai.py --out data/raw/arxiv --from 2018-01-01 --until 2026-11-02` \| OAI feed, set `cs` \| raw XML pages (758), `arxiv_cs.parquet` (915,115) \| ≈ 1 h \|
	14	+\| 5 ACL Anthology \| `python ingestion/acl_parse.py --bib data/raw/acl/anthology+abstracts.bib.gz --out data/raw/acl` \| bib export \| `acl_anthology.parquet` (138,796) \| 10 s \|
	15	+\| 6 Normalise \| `python ingestion/build_corpus.py --cs-dir data/raw/openalex/works/cs --out data/processed --workers 12` \| step 1 \| `tables/<table>/*.parquet` \| 2 min 10 s \|
	16	+\| 7 Compact \| `ulimit -n 65536; python ingestion/compact_tables.py ~/wp44_uqo` \| step 6 \| `compact/<table>.parquet` \| 30 s \|
	17	+\| 8 Link \| `python ingestion/link_sources.py --root ~/wp44_uqo` \| steps 3–7 \| DuckDB `wp44.duckdb`, `link_*`, `data/metadata/linkage_report.json`, `needed_oa_ids.csv` \| 10 s \|
	18	+\| 9 Second pass (DBLP/arXiv-linked works outside the CS-topic filter) \| `python ingestion/openalex_snapshot.py --out data/raw/openalex/works_pass2 --manifest … --workers 8 --id-list data/metadata/needed_oa_ids.csv` then `ingestion/run_pass2_chain.sh` (steps 6–8 with suffix `_p2`, then 10–11) \| S3 \| `works_pass2/cs/*.jsonl.zst`, `compact/<table>_p2.parquet` \| ≈ 1 h 50 min \|
	19	+\| 10 Corpus definition \| `python systematic_review/define_corpus.py --root ~/wp44_uqo` \| step 8 \| `corpus_works`, `data/metadata/prisma_counts.json` \| 2 min \|
	20	+\| 11 Volume, collaboration, citations, graph \| `python bibliometrics/01_volume_series.py …`, `02_collaboration.py`, `03_citation_impact.py`, `knowledge_graph/01_citation_graph.py` \| step 10 \| `results/bibliometrics/.csv`, `results/graph/`, `data/processed/graph/*` \| minutes \|
	21	+\| 12 Classification \| `python taxonomy/classify.py --root ~/wp44_uqo --ontology taxonomy/ontology.yaml --prepare --run` \| steps 8, 10, `taxonomy/ontology.yaml` \| `data/processed/classification/{cats,primary}/*.parquet`, report \| (to be measured) \|
	22	+\| 13 Validation sample + raters \| `python taxonomy/validate_sample.py --root … --draw`; `--rate --model claude-haiku-5-5`; `--rate --model claude-sonnet-5-5`; `--metrics` \| step 12 \| `taxonomy/validation/*` \| (to be measured) \|
	23	+\| 14 Embeddings \| `python embeddings/embed_corpus.py --root … --prepare`; `--run --model allenai/specter2_base` (sharded over nodes) \| step 10 \| `data/processed/embeddings/<model>/shard_*.npy` \| ≈ 300 texts/s per M3 Ultra \|
	24	+\| 15 Structural change, emerging detection, figures, tables \| `econometrics/run_structural_change.py`, `experiments/emerging_detection.py`, `figures/make_figures.py`, `tables/make_numbers.py` \| 11–14 \| `results/econometrics`, `results/emerging`, `figures/`, `manuscript/tables/numbers.tex` \| minutes \|
	25	+\| 16 Manuscript \| `cd manuscript && make` \| all \| `manuscript/main.pdf` \| — \|
	26	+
	27	+Tests: `python -m pytest -q tests/` (structural-change toolkit, classification scoring, corpus rules).

added reproducibility/environment_M3U96b.txt +92 −0

		`@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@`
	1	+annotated-doc==0.0.5
	2	+annotated-types==0.8.0
	3	+anthropic==2.4.0
	4	+anyio==4.16.0
	5	+certifi==2026.10.23
	6	+charset-normalizer==3.5.2
	7	+click==8.5.0
	8	+cloudpickle==3.1.2
	9	+contourpy==1.4.0
	10	+cycler==0.12.1
	11	+docstring-parser==0.18.0
	12	+duckdb==2.0.0
	13	+filelock==4.2.7
	14	+fonttools==4.68.0
	15	+formulaic==1.2.2
	16	+fsspec==2026.9.0
	17	+h11==0.16.0
	18	+hdbscan==0.8.44
	19	+hf-xet==1.8.0
	20	+httpcore2==2.16.0
	21	+httpx2==2.16.0
	22	+huggingface-hub==2.4.0
	23	+idna==3.20
	24	+igraph==1.0.0
	25	+iniconfig==2.3.1
	26	+interface-meta==2.0.1
	27	+jinja2==3.1.6
	28	+jiter==0.18.0
	29	+joblib==1.6.0
	30	+kiwisolver==1.5.1
	31	+llvmlite==0.50.0
	32	+lxml==6.1.3
	33	+markdown-it-py==4.2.0
	34	+markupsafe==3.0.4
	35	+matplotlib==3.11.2
	36	+mdurl==0.1.2
	37	+mpmath==1.3.0
	38	+narwhals==2.28.0
	39	+networkx==3.7
	40	+numba==0.68.1
	41	+numpy==2.5.4
	42	+opentelemetry-api==1.45.2
	43	+orjson==3.13.0
	44	+packaging==26.3
	45	+pandas==3.1.0
	46	+patsy==1.0.3
	47	+pillow==13.0.0
	48	+pluggy==1.7.0
	49	+polars==2.1.0
	50	+polars-runtime-32==2.1.0
	51	+pyarrow==26.0.0
	52	+pydantic==2.14.2
	53	+pydantic-core==2.50.2
	54	+pygments==2.21.0
	55	+pynndescent==0.7.0
	56	+pyparsing==3.3.3
	57	+pytest==9.2.0
	58	+python-dateutil==4.0.0
	59	+python-igraph==1.0.0
	60	+pyyaml==6.0.3
	61	+regex==2026.9.29
	62	+requests==2.34.2
	63	+rich==15.0.0
	64	+ruptures==1.1.10
	65	+safetensors==0.8.0
	66	+scikit-learn==1.9.1
	67	+scipy==1.18.1
	68	+sentence-transformers==6.2.0
	69	+setuptools==84.2.1
	70	+shellingham==1.5.4
	71	+sniffio==1.3.1
	72	+statsmodels==0.15.0
	73	+sympy==1.14.0
	74	+texttable==1.7.2
	75	+threadpoolctl==3.7.0
	76	+tokenizers==0.23.3
	77	+torch==2.15.0
	78	+tqdm==4.70.1
	79	+transformers==5.22.1
	80	+truststore==0.10.5
	81	+typer==0.27.3
	82	+typing-extensions==4.16.0
	83	+typing-inspection==0.4.4
	84	+tzdata==2026.6
	85	+umap-learn==0.5.12
	86	+urllib3==2.8.0
	87	+wrapt==2.5.2
	88	+zstandard==0.25.0
	89	+Python 3.12.15
	90	+26.4
	91	+Apple M3 Ultra
	92	+103079215104

added taxonomy/ONTOLOGY.md +673 −0

		`@@ -0,0 +1,673 @@`
	1	+# WP44 Ontology of Computer-Science Research (v1.0, 2026-11-03)
	2	+
	3	+Agent D (Taxonomy Architect). This document describes the extensible hierarchical ontology used to classify every
	4	+work of the WP44 corpus into the 40 leaf categories of `CLAUDE.md` section 4 (multi-label). The mapping itself is
	5	+data: it lives in `taxonomy/src/*.py` (one module per area), is validated and serialised by
	6	+`taxonomy/build_ontology.py` into `taxonomy/ontology.yaml` (the machine-readable ontology) and
	7	+`taxonomy/topic_map.csv` (the OpenAlex-topic audit table). Everything between the two markers below is generated by
	8	+the script and must not be edited by hand; everything outside the markers is written by hand.
	9	+
	10	+## 1. Design
	11	+
	12	+Three levels. Eight top-level areas group the 40 leaves (every leaf belongs to exactly one area); a small set
	13	+of `parent_of` / `child_of` edges records where a leaf is a specialisation of another leaf
	14	+(`llm` and `multimodal_ai` under `foundation_models`; `compilers` under `programming_languages`; `cloud_computing`
	15	+and `edge_computing` under `distributed_computing`; `federated_learning` under `privacy_preserving_computation`;
	16	+`ai_accelerators` under `computer_architecture`); `related` edges record the dense is-related-to graph between
	17	+leaves. The areas are an organisational device for the manuscript (Parts V–VII) and for reporting; classification
	18	+operates on leaves only.
	19	+
	20	+Five signal types, one rule. Each leaf lists weighted signals of five kinds: OpenAlex topics (from any field, not
	21	+only field 17), OpenAlex subfields (coarse fallback), arXiv categories, DBLP venue streams, and keyword regexes
	22	+over title and/or abstract; optional exclusion regexes veto the leaf. The assignment rule is deliberately simple so
	23	+that another agent can audit it: for each signal type the weights of matched signals are summed and capped at 1.0;
	24	+the capped values are summed across types; a work belongs to a leaf if the score is at least 1.0, and the primary
	25	+leaf is the argmax (ties: child before parent, then lower category number). A weight of 1.0 therefore means "this
	26	+signal alone suffices" (e.g. `cs.CV` for `computer_vision`, the regex `large language models?` for `llm`); a weight
	27	+of 0.3–0.6 means "corroborate with another signal type".
	28	+
	29	+Keyword-sufficient categories. Six AI categories that OpenAlex topics cannot separate (LLM, foundation models,
	30	+multimodal, generative AI, agents, AI safety) and seven small categories (federated learning, sustainable computing,
	31	+autonomous scientific discovery, privacy-preserving computation, blockchain, quantum computing, edge computing)
	32	+have at least one keyword pattern of weight 1.0; the build fails otherwise. Patterns use word boundaries, require a
	33	+computing qualifier on ambiguous tokens (`<qualifier> agent`, `<qualifier> accelerator`, `<qualifier> architecture`)
	34	+and never rely on single ambiguous words such as "agent", "model", "cloud", "edge" or "kernel". Where a polysemous
	35	+term is unavoidable, an anchored exclusion of the form `^(?!.<computing term>).<non-computing sense>` vetoes the
	36	+leaf only when no computing term appears anywhere in the text.
	37	+
	38	+Provenance. Every leaf carries a `provenance` note explaining how its mapping was built (which OpenAlex keyword
	39	+lists were inspected, why a venue is partial, which senses are vetoed). Topic weights were set by reading the
	40	+OpenAlex keyword lists of all 302 field-17 topics and of about 120 CS-adjacent topics from Mathematics, Engineering,
	41	+Decision Sciences, Physics, Biochemistry, Social Sciences and Medicine; stream weights by venue purity (a venue that
	42	+publishes only the category gets 1.0; shared venues 0.2–0.8); arXiv weights by the category's correspondence to the
	43	+arXiv taxonomy.
	44	+
	45	+## 2. Known ambiguities (decisions taken)
	46	+
	47	+- LLM vs foundation model vs generative AI vs NLP. `foundation_models` is the parent concept (any modality,
	48	+ adaptation-oriented); `llm` is its language child and is the home of ChatGPT/GPT/LLaMA-era work; `generative_ai`
	49	+ is about the generative model and its outputs (diffusion, GANs, text-to-X, deepfakes), not about text generation
	50	+ by LLMs as such; `nlp` keeps task-framed language work. Multi-label assignment is expected: an instruction-tuning
	51	+ paper scores in `llm` and `nlp`, a diffusion-LLM paper in `llm` and `generative_ai`. The OpenAlex topic T10028
	52	+ ("Topic Modeling") is in fact the host of BERT/pre-trained-LM/RAG work and is weighted 1.0 for `llm`.
	53	+- AI agents vs reinforcement learning vs robotics. Software autonomy (LLM agents, MAS, planning) is `ai_agents`;
	54	+ learning from reward is `reinforcement_learning`; physical embodiment is `robotics`. "Agent" alone never counts;
	55	+ chemical/medical/commercial agents are vetoed.
	56	+- AI safety vs cybersecurity vs ML theory (XAI). Adversarial examples, backdoors and prompt injection score in
	57	+ both `ai_safety` (0.8) and `cybersecurity` (0.8); fairness and governance belong to `ai_safety`; XAI as a
	58	+ statistical method is `ml_theory` (0.5) and as a safety practice `ai_safety` (interpretability of LLMs, 1.0).
	59	+- Cloud vs distributed vs edge. `distributed_computing` is the parent (algorithms, HPC systems, consensus);
	60	+ `cloud_computing` is the service model (virtualisation, serverless, data-centre resource management);
	61	+ `edge_computing` is placement near users/devices (offloading, MEC, on-device inference). IoT topics are shared
	62	+ between `edge_computing` and `computer_networks`.
	63	+- Cryptography vs security vs privacy. Primitives and protocols are `applied_cryptography`; attacks, defences
	64	+ and systems hardening are `cybersecurity`; using cryptography or statistics to protect data is
	65	+ `privacy_preserving_computation`, whose child `federated_learning` has no OpenAlex topic or venue of its own and
	66	+ is keyword-driven. T10764 ("Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data") hosts both the parent (1.0) and the child (0.7).
	67	+- Computer architecture vs AI accelerators vs operating systems. Accelerators are a child of architecture and
	68	+ include efficient-inference systems (vLLM, FlashAttention, quantisation for hardware); OS has no OpenAlex topic
	69	+ and is carried by OSDI/SOSP/EuroSys/ATC/FAST streams, `cs.OS` and kernel/file-system keywords.
	70	+- Quantum computing vs quantum physics. Only computing/information-processing framings count; Physics topics on
	71	+ qubit platforms are weighted 0.2–0.3 and a veto removes quantum-physics texts without any computing term.
	72	+- Scientific computing vs computational biology vs autonomous discovery. Numerical method → scientific
	73	+ computing; biological object → computational biology; AI driving the scientific process itself → autonomous
	74	+ discovery (keyword-driven, with a veto when no AI/automation term is present).
	75	+- Algorithms vs complexity. STOC/FOCS/ICALP are shared; ECCC/ToCT and `cs.CC` are complexity-only; metaheuristics
	76	+ and evolutionary computation are counted as algorithms (0.5–0.6) because the corpus will contain many of them.
	77	+- Education, media and other field-17 residues. OpenAlex places 67 education/media/physics/generic clusters in
	78	+ field 17; 63 of them are deliberately unmapped (listed with reasons below), 4 were mapped at low weight.
	79	+
	80	+## 3. Limitations
	81	+
	82	+The weights are expert priors, not fitted parameters; Phase 2 must validate them on the manually reviewed sample
	83	+(agreement statistics) and may re-weight. Venue weights are per DBLP stream, so workshop volumes sharing a stream
	84	+key with a flagship conference inherit its weight. OpenAlex keyword lists were read in full for the field-17 topics
	85	+and for the CS-adjacent topics named in the modules, but not for the remaining ~4,000 topics; a few relevant topics
	86	+from Medicine or Materials Science may therefore be missing and should be added when the corpus reveals them.
	87	+
	88	+<!-- BEGIN GENERATED -->
	89	+_Generated by `taxonomy/build_ontology.py` on 2026-11-03 from `openalex_topics_2026-10-14.csv` (4,516 topics) and `dblp_streams_2018_2026.csv` (3,569 streams). Do not edit between the markers._
	90	+
	91	+## Areas and leaves
	92	+
	93	+\| Area \| Name \| Leaves \|
	94	+\|---\|---\|---\|
	95	+\| `ai_ml` \| Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning \| `llm`, `foundation_models`, `multimodal_ai`, `generative_ai`, `ai_agents`, `reinforcement_learning`, `ml_theory`, `deep_learning_architectures`, `ai_safety` \|
	96	+\| `perception_interaction` \| Perception, Language, Robotics and Interaction \| `computer_vision`, `nlp`, `speech_audio`, `robotics`, `hci`, `computer_graphics` \|
	97	+\| `software_pl` \| Software, Programming Languages and Formal Methods \| `software_engineering`, `programming_languages`, `compilers`, `formal_verification` \|
	98	+\| `theory` \| Theory of Computation \| `algorithms`, `computational_complexity` \|
	99	+\| `data_distributed` \| Data, Information and Distributed Systems \| `database_systems`, `information_retrieval`, `distributed_computing`, `cloud_computing`, `edge_computing`, `computer_networks` \|
	100	+\| `security_privacy` \| Security, Privacy and Trust \| `cybersecurity`, `applied_cryptography`, `blockchain`, `privacy_preserving_computation`, `federated_learning` \|
	101	+\| `hardware_emerging` \| Hardware, Architecture and Emerging Computing \| `computer_architecture`, `ai_accelerators`, `operating_systems`, `quantum_computing`, `sustainable_computing` \|
	102	+\| `computational_science` \| Computational Science and Discovery \| `scientific_computing`, `computational_biology`, `autonomous_scientific_discovery` \|
	103	+
	104	+## The 40 categories
	105	+
	106	+1. Large Language Models (`llm`, area `ai_ml`)
	107	+Research whose object is a transformer-based language model trained at scale: pre-training, instruction tuning, prompting and in-context learning, reasoning, retrieval augmentation, efficient inference, evaluation and benchmarks of LLMs. Excludes classical NLP tasks solved with small task-specific models (nlp) and non-language foundation models (foundation_models).
	108	+_child of `foundation_models`; related to `foundation_models`, `nlp`, `generative_ai`, `ai_agents`, `ai_safety`._
	109	+
	110	+2. Foundation Models (`foundation_models`, area `ai_ml`)
	111	+Large pre-trained models intended for adaptation to many downstream tasks in any modality: scaling laws, pre-training objectives, self-supervised representation learning at scale, transfer, fine-tuning and adapter methods, model releases and their evaluation. Language-specific work is llm (a child); vision-language work is multimodal_ai (a child).
	112	+_parent of `llm`, `multimodal_ai`; related to `llm`, `multimodal_ai`, `generative_ai`, `deep_learning_architectures`, `ml_theory`._
	113	+
	114	+3. Multimodal AI (`multimodal_ai`, area `ai_ml`)
	115	+Models and systems that jointly process two or more modalities (vision-language, audio-visual, video-text, 3D-language, sensors with language): vision-language models and multimodal LLMs, captioning, visual question answering, cross-modal retrieval and grounding. Unimodal vision is computer_vision; pure speech is speech_audio.
	116	+_child of `foundation_models`; related to `computer_vision`, `nlp`, `llm`, `speech_audio`, `generative_ai`._
	117	+
	118	+4. Generative AI (`generative_ai`, area `ai_ml`)
	119	+Models that synthesise new content (images, video, audio, 3D, text, code, molecules) and their training, sampling, evaluation, detection and misuse: GANs, VAEs, diffusion and flow models, autoregressive generators, text-to-X synthesis, deepfakes and AI-generated-content detection. LLM text generation as such is llm unless the contribution concerns the generative model or its outputs' authenticity.
	120	+_related to `llm`, `multimodal_ai`, `computer_vision`, `computer_graphics`, `foundation_models`, `speech_audio`._
	121	+
	122	+5. AI Agents and Autonomous Systems (`ai_agents`, area `ai_ml`)
	123	+Software agents that perceive, decide and act with some autonomy: LLM-based agents and tool use, multi-agent systems, planning and automated reasoning for acting, agent architectures, negotiation, agentic workflows and benchmarks, embodied agents in simulated environments. Physical robots are robotics; RL algorithms as such are reinforcement_learning.
	124	+_related to `llm`, `reinforcement_learning`, `robotics`, `ai_safety`, `autonomous_scientific_discovery`._
	125	+
	126	+6. Reinforcement Learning (`reinforcement_learning`, area `ai_ml`)
	127	+Learning to act from reward signals: value- and policy-based methods, model-based RL, offline and inverse RL, multi-agent RL, bandits, exploration, reward design, RL from human feedback, and RL theory. Applications to robot control are shared with robotics.
	128	+_related to `ai_agents`, `robotics`, `ml_theory`, `ai_safety`, `llm`._
	129	+
	130	+7. Machine Learning Theory (`ml_theory`, area `ai_ml`)
	131	+Statistical and computational learning theory and principled ML methodology: generalisation and sample complexity, optimisation theory for learning, kernel and Bayesian methods, probabilistic models, causal inference, online learning, PAC learning, interpretability and fairness as formal problems. Architecture engineering is deep_learning_architectures.
	132	+_related to `deep_learning_architectures`, `reinforcement_learning`, `algorithms`, `computational_complexity`, `ai_safety`, `foundation_models`._
	133	+
	134	+8. Deep Learning Architectures (`deep_learning_architectures`, area `ai_ml`)
	135	+Design, training and compression of neural network architectures as such: CNNs, RNNs, transformers and attention, graph neural networks, state-space models, normalisation and optimisers in practice, neural architecture search, pruning, quantisation and distillation, neuromorphic and spiking networks as models. Task-specific results go to the application category; hardware goes to ai_accelerators.
	136	+_related to `ml_theory`, `computer_vision`, `nlp`, `ai_accelerators`, `foundation_models`, `llm`._
	137	+
	138	+9. Computer Vision (`computer_vision`, area `perception_interaction`)
	139	+Extracting information from images, video and 3D data: recognition, detection, segmentation, tracking, pose, depth and 3D reconstruction, image restoration and enhancement, medical and remote-sensing image analysis, visual representation learning. Image synthesis is generative_ai; vision-language is multimodal_ai; rendering is computer_graphics.
	140	+_related to `multimodal_ai`, `computer_graphics`, `robotics`, `deep_learning_architectures`, `generative_ai`, `computational_biology`._
	141	+
	142	+10. Natural Language Processing (`nlp`, area `perception_interaction`)
	143	+Computational processing of human language: machine translation, parsing and tagging, information extraction, sentiment and text classification, summarisation, question answering, dialogue, text mining, computational linguistics, low-resource and multilingual NLP, NLP evaluation and resources. LLM-centred work is llm (also classified here when the task framing dominates).
	144	+_related to `llm`, `speech_audio`, `information_retrieval`, `multimodal_ai`, `computational_biology`._
	145	+
	146	+11. Speech and Audio Computing (`speech_audio`, area `perception_interaction`)
	147	+Processing and generation of speech, music and general audio: speech recognition and synthesis, speaker and language recognition, enhancement and separation, spoken language understanding, music information retrieval and generation, audio event detection, neural audio codecs. Text-only dialogue is nlp.
	148	+_related to `nlp`, `multimodal_ai`, `generative_ai`, `llm`._
	149	+
	150	+12. Robotics (`robotics`, area `perception_interaction`)
	151	+Machines that sense and act in the physical world: manipulation, locomotion, motion and path planning, SLAM and localisation, robot learning, human-robot interaction, autonomous vehicles and drones as robotic systems, soft and swarm robotics, teleoperation. RL algorithms are reinforcement_learning; robotic process automation and surgical-outcome studies are excluded.
	152	+_related to `reinforcement_learning`, `computer_vision`, `ai_agents`, `hci`, `edge_computing`._
	153	+
	154	+13. Human-Computer Interaction (`hci`, area `perception_interaction`)
	155	+Design, evaluation and understanding of interactive systems and their users: user studies and usability, interaction techniques, VR/AR/XR, accessibility and assistive technology, CSCW and social computing, human-AI interaction, ubiquitous and wearable computing, affective computing. Rendering is computer_graphics; physical robots are robotics.
	156	+_related to `computer_graphics`, `robotics`, `ai_safety`, `multimodal_ai`, `software_engineering`, `information_retrieval`._
	157	+
	158	+14. Software Engineering (`software_engineering`, area `software_pl`)
	159	+How software is specified, built, tested, maintained and studied: requirements, architecture, testing and debugging, program repair, mining software repositories, empirical studies of developers, DevOps, model-driven engineering, open-source ecosystems, and AI-assisted software development. Language design is programming_languages; proofs of correctness are formal_verification.
	160	+_related to `programming_languages`, `formal_verification`, `llm`, `hci`, `ai_agents`, `operating_systems`._
	161	+
	162	+15. Programming Languages (`programming_languages`, area `software_pl`)
	163	+Design, semantics, type systems and implementation principles of programming languages: type theory, operational and denotational semantics, functional and logic programming, effects, concurrency models, memory safety, domain-specific languages, program analysis as a language problem. Code generation and optimisation pipelines are compilers (a child); machine-checked correctness is formal_verification.
	164	+_parent of `compilers`; related to `compilers`, `formal_verification`, `software_engineering`, `computational_complexity`._
	165	+
	166	+16. Compilers (`compilers`, area `software_pl`)
	167	+Translation and optimisation of programs for execution: compiler construction, intermediate representations, optimisation passes, code generation, JIT compilation, auto-vectorisation and parallelisation, polyhedral methods, high-level synthesis, and compilers for machine-learning workloads and accelerators. A child of programming_languages.
	168	+_child of `programming_languages`; related to `programming_languages`, `ai_accelerators`, `computer_architecture`, `scientific_computing`, `distributed_computing`._
	169	+
	170	+17. Formal Verification (`formal_verification`, area `software_pl`)
	171	+Mathematically rigorous establishment of system properties: model checking, theorem proving and proof assistants, SAT/SMT solving and automated reasoning, deductive and runtime verification, verified software and hardware, formal semantics as a verification tool, verification of neural networks, smart contracts and protocols, automata and temporal logics. Language semantics as design is programming_languages.
	172	+_related to `programming_languages`, `software_engineering`, `computational_complexity`, `applied_cryptography`, `ai_safety`, `computer_architecture`._
	173	+
	174	+18. Algorithms and Data Structures (`algorithms`, area `theory`)
	175	+Design and analysis of algorithms and data structures: graph, string, geometric, approximation, randomized, online, streaming, parallel and parameterized algorithms, combinatorial optimisation and metaheuristics, algorithmic game theory, algorithm engineering, and the combinatorics that underpins them. Lower bounds and hardness as such are computational_complexity; numerical algorithms are scientific_computing.
	176	+_related to `computational_complexity`, `ml_theory`, `computer_graphics`, `database_systems`, `distributed_computing`, `scientific_computing`._
	177	+
	178	+19. Computational Complexity (`computational_complexity`, area `theory`)
	179	+The intrinsic difficulty of computational problems: complexity classes and their separations, hardness of approximation, circuit, proof, communication and query complexity, fine-grained and parameterized complexity, pseudorandomness and derandomization, computability and automata theory, algebraic complexity, and quantum complexity. Algorithm design is algorithms; cryptographic hardness assumptions are applied_cryptography.
	180	+_related to `algorithms`, `formal_verification`, `quantum_computing`, `applied_cryptography`, `ml_theory`._
	181	+
	182	+20. Database Systems (`database_systems`, area `data_distributed`)
	183	+Storage, querying and management of structured and semi-structured data: query processing and optimisation, transactions and concurrency control, indexing and storage engines, data integration, cleaning and provenance, big-data processing frameworks, data mining as a data-management problem, learned database components, vector and graph databases. Ranking of unstructured documents is information_retrieval.
	184	+_related to `information_retrieval`, `distributed_computing`, `cloud_computing`, `algorithms`, `ml_theory`._
	185	+
	186	+21. Information Retrieval (`information_retrieval`, area `data_distributed`)
	187	+Finding and ranking relevant information for a user need: search engines and ranking models, dense and sparse retrieval, recommender systems, query understanding, evaluation and test collections, web search and mining, scholarly and digital-library retrieval, retrieval components of RAG systems. Structured query processing is database_systems; text understanding tasks are nlp.
	188	+_related to `nlp`, `database_systems`, `llm`, `hci`, `ml_theory`._
	189	+
	190	+22. Distributed Computing (`distributed_computing`, area `data_distributed`)
	191	+Computation across multiple processors or machines: distributed algorithms and consensus, fault tolerance and replication, parallel programming and HPC systems software, cluster and grid resource management, distributed storage and middleware, distributed and parallel ML training systems. Cloud service models are cloud_computing and edge placement is edge_computing (both children).
	192	+_parent of `cloud_computing`, `edge_computing`; related to `cloud_computing`, `edge_computing`, `computer_networks`, `database_systems`, `operating_systems`, `scientific_computing`, `blockchain`, `federated_learning`._
	193	+
	194	+23. Cloud Computing (`cloud_computing`, area `data_distributed`)
	195	+Computing delivered as elastic, multi-tenant, on-demand services: IaaS/PaaS/SaaS and serverless, virtualisation and containers, resource provisioning and auto-scaling, SLAs and pricing, cloud-native architectures, data-centre resource management, cloud security and migration. A child of distributed_computing; placement at the network edge is edge_computing.
	196	+_child of `distributed_computing`; related to `distributed_computing`, `edge_computing`, `operating_systems`, `computer_networks`, `sustainable_computing`, `cybersecurity`._
	197	+
	198	+24. Edge Computing (`edge_computing`, area `data_distributed`)
	199	+Computation placed near data sources and users: edge/fog/MEC architectures, computation offloading, on-device and TinyML inference, edge-cloud collaboration and split computing, IoT platforms as computing substrates, latency-critical edge services, edge caching and orchestration. Radio access and protocols are computer_networks; model compression as such is deep_learning_architectures or ai_accelerators.
	200	+_child of `distributed_computing`; related to `cloud_computing`, `computer_networks`, `federated_learning`, `ai_accelerators`, `sustainable_computing`, `robotics`, `distributed_computing`._
	201	+
	202	+25. Computer Networks (`computer_networks`, area `data_distributed`)
	203	+Design, protocols, measurement and performance of communication networks: Internet architecture and transport, routing, wireless and mobile networks, 5G/6G and software-defined networking, network management, sensor and vehicular networks, content delivery and caching, network coding and information theory applied to networking. Physical-layer signal processing is included only when framed as networking.
	204	+_related to `distributed_computing`, `edge_computing`, `cybersecurity`, `cloud_computing`, `applied_cryptography`._
	205	+
	206	+26. Cybersecurity (`cybersecurity`, area `security_privacy`)
	207	+Protecting computing systems, networks, software and users from attack: vulnerability discovery and exploitation, malware and intrusion detection, authentication and access control, system and hardware security, web and mobile security, digital forensics, security of AI systems, security operations and human factors of security. Cryptographic primitives and protocols are applied_cryptography; data-protection techniques are privacy_preserving_computation.
	208	+_related to `applied_cryptography`, `privacy_preserving_computation`, `computer_networks`, `ai_safety`, `blockchain`, `formal_verification`, `operating_systems`, `software_engineering`._
	209	+
	210	+27. Applied Cryptography (`applied_cryptography`, area `security_privacy`)
	211	+Design, analysis, implementation and deployment of cryptographic primitives and protocols: symmetric and public-key schemes, hash functions, signatures, key exchange, post-quantum cryptography, zero-knowledge proofs, secure multi-party computation and homomorphic encryption as primitives, cryptanalysis, side-channel-resistant implementations, cryptographic hardware, provable security, quantum key distribution. Deployment of these primitives for data protection is privacy_preserving_computation; ledgers are blockchain.
	212	+_related to `cybersecurity`, `privacy_preserving_computation`, `blockchain`, `quantum_computing`, `computational_complexity`, `computer_architecture`._
	213	+
	214	+28. Blockchain Systems (`blockchain`, area `security_privacy`)
	215	+Distributed ledgers and the systems built on them: consensus for permissioned and permissionless chains, smart contracts and their security, scalability (sharding, layer-2, rollups), cryptocurrencies and DeFi mechanisms, blockchain applications and governance, measurement of blockchain ecosystems. Generic BFT consensus theory is shared with distributed_computing; primitives are applied_cryptography.
	216	+_related to `applied_cryptography`, `distributed_computing`, `cybersecurity`, `privacy_preserving_computation`, `computer_networks`._
	217	+
	218	+29. Computer Architecture (`computer_architecture`, area `hardware_emerging`)
	219	+Organisation and design of processors, memory systems and digital hardware: microarchitecture, caches and memory hierarchies, interconnects and networks-on-chip, FPGAs and reconfigurable computing, embedded and real-time systems, hardware/software co-design, electronic design automation, VLSI and low-power design, processing-in-memory. Accelerators specialised for ML are ai_accelerators (a child); kernels are operating_systems.
	220	+_parent of `ai_accelerators`; related to `ai_accelerators`, `operating_systems`, `compilers`, `sustainable_computing`, `quantum_computing`, `distributed_computing`, `cybersecurity`._
	221	+
	222	+30. Accelerators and AI Hardware (`ai_accelerators`, area `hardware_emerging`)
	223	+Hardware and hardware-aware software for efficient machine-learning computation: GPU/TPU/NPU design and programming, ASIC and FPGA DNN accelerators, neuromorphic and spiking hardware, in-memory and analog/photonic computing for AI, quantisation and sparsity exploited by hardware, efficient LLM inference and serving systems, ML compilers' hardware mapping, benchmarks such as MLPerf. A child of computer_architecture.
	224	+_child of `computer_architecture`; related to `computer_architecture`, `deep_learning_architectures`, `compilers`, `edge_computing`, `sustainable_computing`, `distributed_computing`, `llm`._
	225	+
	226	+31. Operating Systems (`operating_systems`, area `hardware_emerging`)
	227	+System software that manages hardware and provides execution abstractions: kernels and drivers, scheduling, memory management, file and storage systems, virtualisation and containers, OS security and isolation, I/O and networking stacks, real-time and embedded OS, systems support for new hardware (persistent memory, CXL, SmartNICs). Distributed coordination is distributed_computing; hardware design is computer_architecture.
	228	+_related to `computer_architecture`, `distributed_computing`, `cloud_computing`, `cybersecurity`, `programming_languages`, `edge_computing`._
	229	+
	230	+32. Quantum Computing (`quantum_computing`, area `hardware_emerging`)
	231	+Computation and information processing exploiting quantum mechanics: quantum algorithms and complexity, quantum error correction and fault tolerance, qubit hardware platforms and control, quantum software, compilers and simulators, variational and NISQ algorithms, quantum machine learning, quantum communication and key distribution, quantum networking. Quantum physics without a computational or information-processing framing is out of scope; post-quantum cryptography is applied_cryptography.
	232	+_related to `applied_cryptography`, `computational_complexity`, `computer_architecture`, `scientific_computing`, `compilers`._
	233	+
	234	+33. Scientific Computing (`scientific_computing`, area `computational_science`)
	235	+Numerical and computational methods and software for mathematical models of science and engineering: numerical linear algebra, discretisation of differential equations, solvers and preconditioners, simulation frameworks, uncertainty quantification, reduced-order and surrogate models, scientific machine learning (PINNs, neural operators), high-performance scientific software and performance portability, mathematical software, computational physics/chemistry/engineering tooling. Domain biology is computational_biology; parallel systems software is distributed_computing.
	236	+_related to `distributed_computing`, `computational_biology`, `algorithms`, `computer_graphics`, `ai_accelerators`, `autonomous_scientific_discovery`, `compilers`, `ml_theory`._
	237	+
	238	+34. Computational Biology (`computational_biology`, area `computational_science`)
	239	+Computational methods for biological and biomedical data: bioinformatics and genomics, protein structure and design, molecular modelling and computational drug discovery, single-cell and multi-omics analysis, systems and synthetic biology, biomedical text mining, computational neuroscience, biomedical and health informatics methods, DNA/molecular computing. Medical image analysis is shared with computer_vision; numerical methods as such are scientific_computing.
	240	+_related to `scientific_computing`, `nlp`, `computer_vision`, `ml_theory`, `autonomous_scientific_discovery`, `privacy_preserving_computation`, `generative_ai`._
	241	+
	242	+35. Computer Graphics (`computer_graphics`, area `perception_interaction`)
	243	+Synthesis and manipulation of visual content from models: rendering, geometry processing and modelling, animation and simulation for graphics, neural rendering and 3D representations, visualisation, procedural content, game and VR engines. Image understanding is computer_vision; pixel-space generative models are generative_ai; user studies of VR are hci.
	244	+_related to `computer_vision`, `hci`, `generative_ai`, `scientific_computing`, `algorithms`._
	245	+
	246	+36. Privacy-Preserving Computation (`privacy_preserving_computation`, area `security_privacy`)
	247	+Computing on, releasing or sharing data while limiting what is learned about individuals: differential privacy, homomorphic encryption, secure multi-party computation and TEEs applied to data analysis and ML, anonymisation and synthetic data, private information retrieval, privacy attacks on models and their defences, machine unlearning, privacy engineering and regulation (GDPR). Federated learning is a child; cryptographic constructions as such are applied_cryptography.
	248	+_parent of `federated_learning`; related to `applied_cryptography`, `cybersecurity`, `ai_safety`, `database_systems`, `blockchain`, `federated_learning`, `ml_theory`._
	249	+
	250	+37. Federated Learning (`federated_learning`, area `security_privacy`)
	251	+Training models across multiple clients or institutions without centralising their raw data: federated averaging and optimisation under heterogeneity, communication efficiency, client selection, personalisation, secure aggregation and privacy of federated systems, robustness to malicious clients, vertical and cross-silo federated learning, federated fine-tuning of foundation models, decentralised/gossip learning. A child of privacy_preserving_computation; also linked to distributed_computing and edge_computing.
	252	+_child of `privacy_preserving_computation`; related to `privacy_preserving_computation`, `distributed_computing`, `edge_computing`, `ml_theory`, `ai_safety`, `foundation_models`._
	253	+
	254	+38. AI Safety and Alignment (`ai_safety`, area `ai_ml`)
	255	+Making AI systems safe, aligned, robust, fair, interpretable and governable: alignment and preference learning framed as a safety problem, red-teaming and jailbreaks, adversarial robustness and backdoors, hallucination and truthfulness, bias and fairness, mechanistic interpretability, evaluation of dangerous capabilities, AI governance and regulation. Generic system security is cybersecurity; XAI as a statistical method only is ml_theory.
	256	+_related to `llm`, `ml_theory`, `cybersecurity`, `privacy_preserving_computation`, `ai_agents`, `hci`, `reinforcement_learning`._
	257	+
	258	+39. Sustainable Computing (`sustainable_computing`, area `hardware_emerging`)
	259	+The energy, carbon, water and material footprint of computing and how to reduce it: energy-efficient and carbon-aware systems, data-centre energy and cooling, Green AI and the cost of training and inference, life-cycle and embodied carbon of hardware, green software engineering and networking, energy harvesting and intermittent computing, computing for sustainability when the object studied is the computing system. Generic low-power circuit design is computer_architecture; energy-efficient communication is computer_networks.
	260	+_related to `cloud_computing`, `computer_architecture`, `ai_accelerators`, `edge_computing`, `distributed_computing`, `computer_networks`, `ai_safety`._
	261	+
	262	+40. Autonomous Scientific Discovery (`autonomous_scientific_discovery`, area `computational_science`)
	263	+AI and automation systems that perform or substantially drive the scientific process: AI scientist and research-agent systems, automated hypothesis generation and literature synthesis, self-driving laboratories and closed-loop experimentation, AI-driven discovery of materials, molecules, equations, algorithms or theorems, autonomous experimental design, benchmarks for research agents, and the epistemology and evaluation of machine-generated science. Using ML inside a scientific pipeline without autonomy is scientific_computing or computational_biology; LLM agents in general are ai_agents.
	264	+_related to `ai_agents`, `llm`, `scientific_computing`, `computational_biology`, `formal_verification`, `algorithms`, `information_retrieval`, `ai_safety`._
	265	+
	266	+## Hierarchy (parent → child edges)
	267	+
	268	+- `foundation_models` → `llm`
	269	+- `foundation_models` → `multimodal_ai`
	270	+- `programming_languages` → `compilers`
	271	+- `distributed_computing` → `cloud_computing`
	272	+- `distributed_computing` → `edge_computing`
	273	+- `computer_architecture` → `ai_accelerators`
	274	+- `privacy_preserving_computation` → `federated_learning`
	275	+
	276	+## Signal counts per category
	277	+
	278	+\| # \| id \| topics \| subfields \| arXiv \| DBLP streams \| keywords \| exclusions \| keyword alone reaches threshold \|
	279	+\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|
	280	+\| 1 \| `llm` \| 6 \| 1 \| 3 \| 12 \| 12 \| 0 \| yes \|
	281	+\| 2 \| `foundation_models` \| 5 \| 1 \| 4 \| 8 \| 10 \| 0 \| yes \|
	282	+\| 3 \| `multimodal_ai` \| 5 \| 1 \| 4 \| 15 \| 9 \| 1 \| yes \|
	283	+\| 4 \| `generative_ai` \| 5 \| 0 \| 6 \| 9 \| 11 \| 2 \| yes \|
	284	+\| 5 \| `ai_agents` \| 5 \| 1 \| 2 \| 12 \| 9 \| 1 \| yes \|
	285	+\| 6 \| `reinforcement_learning` \| 4 \| 0 \| 5 \| 8 \| 9 \| 1 \| yes \|
	286	+\| 7 \| `ml_theory` \| 20 \| 1 \| 4 \| 51 \| 11 \| 0 \| yes \|
	287	+\| 8 \| `deep_learning_architectures` \| 11 \| 1 \| 4 \| 21 \| 12 \| 1 \| yes \|
	288	+\| 9 \| `computer_vision` \| 44 \| 1 \| 2 \| 58 \| 10 \| 0 \| yes \|
	289	+\| 10 \| `nlp` \| 22 \| 1 \| 2 \| 29 \| 8 \| 0 \| yes \|
	290	+\| 11 \| `speech_audio` \| 10 \| 1 \| 4 \| 16 \| 5 \| 0 \| yes \|
	291	+\| 12 \| `robotics` \| 23 \| 0 \| 3 \| 41 \| 4 \| 2 \| yes \|
	292	+\| 13 \| `hci` \| 24 \| 1 \| 3 \| 44 \| 10 \| 0 \| yes \|
	293	+\| 14 \| `software_engineering` \| 20 \| 1 \| 1 \| 39 \| 5 \| 0 \| yes \|
	294	+\| 15 \| `programming_languages` \| 6 \| 0 \| 3 \| 22 \| 6 \| 0 \| yes \|
	295	+\| 16 \| `compilers` \| 4 \| 0 \| 5 \| 25 \| 5 \| 0 \| yes \|
	296	+\| 17 \| `formal_verification` \| 10 \| 0 \| 4 \| 43 \| 7 \| 0 \| yes \|
	297	+\| 18 \| `algorithms` \| 35 \| 1 \| 7 \| 68 \| 10 \| 0 \| yes \|
	298	+\| 19 \| `computational_complexity` \| 9 \| 1 \| 7 \| 28 \| 7 \| 1 \| yes \|
	299	+\| 20 \| `database_systems` \| 21 \| 1 \| 1 \| 36 \| 5 \| 1 \| yes \|
	300	+\| 21 \| `information_retrieval` \| 20 \| 1 \| 3 \| 29 \| 6 \| 0 \| yes \|
	301	+\| 22 \| `distributed_computing` \| 16 \| 1 \| 4 \| 51 \| 7 \| 1 \| yes \|
	302	+\| 23 \| `cloud_computing` \| 11 \| 0 \| 4 \| 29 \| 5 \| 1 \| yes \|
	303	+\| 24 \| `edge_computing` \| 13 \| 0 \| 4 \| 38 \| 5 \| 1 \| yes \|
	304	+\| 25 \| `computer_networks` \| 45 \| 1 \| 4 \| 96 \| 5 \| 0 \| yes \|
	305	+\| 26 \| `cybersecurity` \| 34 \| 0 \| 1 \| 29 \| 6 \| 1 \| yes \|
	306	+\| 27 \| `applied_cryptography` \| 14 \| 0 \| 4 \| 29 \| 6 \| 0 \| yes \|
	307	+\| 28 \| `blockchain` \| 6 \| 0 \| 3 \| 19 \| 4 \| 1 \| yes \|
	308	+\| 29 \| `computer_architecture` \| 21 \| 1 \| 5 \| 59 \| 4 \| 1 \| yes \|
	309	+\| 30 \| `ai_accelerators` \| 11 \| 0 \| 5 \| 44 \| 5 \| 1 \| yes \|
	310	+\| 31 \| `operating_systems` \| 12 \| 0 \| 5 \| 39 \| 4 \| 1 \| yes \|
	311	+\| 32 \| `quantum_computing` \| 16 \| 0 \| 6 \| 27 \| 3 \| 1 \| yes \|
	312	+\| 33 \| `scientific_computing` \| 41 \| 1 \| 6 \| 57 \| 4 \| 0 \| yes \|
	313	+\| 34 \| `computational_biology` \| 34 \| 1 \| 3 \| 60 \| 3 \| 0 \| yes \|
	314	+\| 35 \| `computer_graphics` \| 15 \| 1 \| 4 \| 21 \| 9 \| 0 \| yes \|
	315	+\| 36 \| `privacy_preserving_computation` \| 13 \| 0 \| 4 \| 26 \| 5 \| 1 \| yes \|
	316	+\| 37 \| `federated_learning` \| 4 \| 0 \| 4 \| 15 \| 5 \| 1 \| yes \|
	317	+\| 38 \| `ai_safety` \| 8 \| 0 \| 5 \| 13 \| 14 \| 1 \| yes \|
	318	+\| 39 \| `sustainable_computing` \| 11 \| 0 \| 6 \| 28 \| 4 \| 1 \| yes \|
	319	+\| 40 \| `autonomous_scientific_discovery` \| 12 \| 0 \| 8 \| 26 \| 4 \| 1 \| yes \|
	320	+
	321	+Totals: 646 topic→category weights over 410 distinct topics; 1320 stream→category weights over 771 distinct streams; 273 keyword patterns; 24 exclusion patterns.
	322	+
	323	+## OpenAlex coverage
	324	+
	325	+- Field 17 (Computer Science): 240 of 302 topics mapped (79.5 %); 62 left unmapped with an explicit reason below.
	326	+- Topics mapped from other fields: 170 — 11 Agricultural and Biological Sciences: 1; 12 Arts and Humanities: 5; 13 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology: 18; 14 Business, Management and Accounting: 1; 18 Decision Sciences: 8; 19 Earth and Planetary Sciences: 2; 20 Economics, Econometrics and Finance: 1; 21 Energy: 1; 22 Engineering: 71; 23 Environmental Science: 3; 25 Materials Science: 1; 26 Mathematics: 20; 27 Medicine: 6; 28 Neuroscience: 4; 31 Physics and Astronomy: 15; 32 Psychology: 2; 33 Social Sciences: 10; 36 Health Professions: 1.
	327	+- Topics mapped to more than one category: 146 of 410.
	328	+
	329	+### Mapped CS topics per subfield
	330	+
	331	+\| Subfield \| topics \| mapped \| unmapped \|
	332	+\|---\|---\|---\|---\|
	333	+\| 1702 Artificial Intelligence \| 77 \| 61 \| 16 \|
	334	+\| 1703 Computational Theory and Mathematics \| 24 \| 23 \| 1 \|
	335	+\| 1704 Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design \| 4 \| 3 \| 1 \|
	336	+\| 1705 Computer Networks and Communications \| 43 \| 35 \| 8 \|
	337	+\| 1706 Computer Science Applications \| 10 \| 7 \| 3 \|
	338	+\| 1707 Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition \| 35 \| 35 \| 0 \|
	339	+\| 1708 Hardware and Architecture \| 8 \| 8 \| 0 \|
	340	+\| 1709 Human-Computer Interaction \| 8 \| 8 \| 0 \|
	341	+\| 1710 Information Systems \| 78 \| 45 \| 33 \|
	342	+\| 1711 Signal Processing \| 10 \| 10 \| 0 \|
	343	+\| 1712 Software \| 5 \| 5 \| 0 \|
	344	+
	345	+### Unmapped CS topics (field 17) with reason
	346	+
	347	+\| topic \| name \| subfield \| works \| reason \|
	348	+\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|
	349	+\| T13745 \| Media and Digital Communication \| 1705 \| 204,789 \| Media, communication or cultural studies cluster placed in field 17 by OpenAlex; not computer-science research. (204,789 works: 'Media and Digital Communication', the largest unmapped CS topic.) \|
	350	+\| T14496 \| Educational Technology and E-Learning \| 1710 \| 163,032 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	351	+\| T14516 \| English Language Learning and Teaching \| 1710 \| 107,202 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	352	+\| T14430 \| Higher Education and Teaching Methods \| 1710 \| 103,711 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	353	+\| T12797 \| History of Computing Technologies \| 1706 \| 72,582 \| History of computing technologies (history of science); kept out of the research-category map; could feed Part II background. \|
	354	+\| T12564 \| Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems \| 1705 \| 71,005 \| Physical-science or engineering cluster (no computing contribution) placed in field 17 by OpenAlex. (sensor technology and measurement instrumentation) \|
	355	+\| T11276 \| Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics \| 1702 \| 70,601 \| Physical-science or engineering cluster (no computing contribution) placed in field 17 by OpenAlex. (solar radiation and photovoltaics) \|
	356	+\| T14455 \| Technology and Education Systems \| 1705 \| 70,588 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	357	+\| T12157 \| Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping \| 1702 \| 69,914 \| Physical-science or engineering cluster (no computing contribution) placed in field 17 by OpenAlex. (geochemistry and geologic mapping) \|
	358	+\| T12171 \| Open Education and E-Learning \| 1706 \| 66,332 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	359	+\| T14498 \| Educational Technology in Learning \| 1710 \| 63,096 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	360	+\| T14216 \| Multimedia Learning Systems \| 1710 \| 62,005 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	361	+\| T11187 \| Nonlinear Dynamics and Pattern Formation \| 1705 \| 61,626 \| Physical-science or engineering cluster (no computing contribution) placed in field 17 by OpenAlex. (nonlinear dynamics and pattern formation; mathematical physics) \|
	362	+\| T14103 \| Educational Management and Quality \| 1710 \| 57,729 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	363	+\| T11370 \| Mobile Learning in Education \| 1710 \| 55,961 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	364	+\| T12408 \| Educational Innovations and Challenges \| 1710 \| 53,673 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	365	+\| T12395 \| Educational Innovations and Technology \| 1710 \| 45,138 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	366	+\| T14025 \| Educational Technology and Assessment \| 1710 \| 37,519 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	367	+\| T13602 \| Educational Methods and Media Use \| 1710 \| 35,313 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	368	+\| T13194 \| ICT in Developing Communities \| 1710 \| 32,298 \| ICT for development / digital divide studies (development studies); media, communication or cultural studies cluster placed in field 17 by openalex; not computer-science research. \|
	369	+\| T13615 \| Transportation Systems and Safety \| 1704 \| 26,785 \| Physical-science or engineering cluster (no computing contribution) placed in field 17 by OpenAlex. (transportation systems and safety; traffic engineering) \|
	370	+\| T14215 \| Chemical and Environmental Engineering Research \| 1710 \| 25,315 \| Physical-science or engineering cluster (no computing contribution) placed in field 17 by OpenAlex. (chemical and environmental engineering) \|
	371	+\| T13018 \| Seismology and Earthquake Studies \| 1702 \| 23,104 \| Physical-science or engineering cluster (no computing contribution) placed in field 17 by OpenAlex. (seismology and earthquake studies) \|
	372	+\| T13081 \| Digital Education and Society \| 1710 \| 22,995 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	373	+\| T14029 \| Thoreau and American Literature \| 1710 \| 19,567 \| Literary studies ('Thoreau and American Literature'); media, communication or cultural studies cluster placed in field 17 by openalex; not computer-science research. \|
	374	+\| T13386 \| Educational Methods and Teacher Development \| 1710 \| 19,565 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	375	+\| T14345 \| Scientific Research and Philosophical Inquiry \| 1710 \| 18,505 \| Philosophy of science and research methodology; media, communication or cultural studies cluster placed in field 17 by openalex; not computer-science research. \|
	376	+\| T13016 \| Innovative Educational Technologies \| 1710 \| 16,953 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	377	+\| T13674 \| Computer Science and Engineering \| 1702 \| 16,620 \| Generic, uninformative cluster label (OpenAlex residual topic) whose keyword list has no specific computer-science content; works land in categories via venue, arXiv and keyword signals instead. \|
	378	+\| T13559 \| Edcuational Technology Systems \| 1702 \| 16,507 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	379	+\| T14381 \| Psychiatry, Mental Health, Neuroscience \| 1702 \| 15,800 \| Out-of-scope discipline (psychiatry, economics, healthcare policy, literature, environmental engineering). (psychiatry, mental health, neuroscience) \|
	380	+\| T14519 \| Innovations in Education and Learning Technologies \| 1710 \| 14,509 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	381	+\| T13062 \| Cognitive Computing and Networks \| 1702 \| 13,053 \| Cognitive informatics / brain informatics (concept algebra, abstract intelligence): a small, idiosyncratic cluster with no counterpart in the 40 categories; left unmapped rather than forced into ai_agents. \|
	382	+\| T13867 \| Economic Growth and Development \| 1710 \| 9,780 \| Out-of-scope discipline (psychiatry, economics, healthcare policy, literature, environmental engineering). (economic growth and development) \|
	383	+\| T13898 \| Diverse Interdisciplinary Research Studies \| 1702 \| 6,495 \| Generic, uninformative cluster label (OpenAlex residual topic) whose keyword list has no specific computer-science content; works land in categories via venue, arXiv and keyword signals instead. \|
	384	+\| T14246 \| E-Learning and Knowledge Management \| 1706 \| 6,373 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	385	+\| T13523 \| Mathematics, Computing, and Information Processing \| 1703 \| 6,343 \| Generic, uninformative cluster label (OpenAlex residual topic) whose keyword list has no specific computer-science content; works land in categories via venue, arXiv and keyword signals instead. \|
	386	+\| T12805 \| Cognitive Science and Mapping \| 1702 \| 5,430 \| Cognitive science and mental mapping (psychology/geography); out-of-scope discipline (psychiatry, economics, healthcare policy, literature, environmental engineering). \|
	387	+\| T13935 \| Mathematical Control Systems and Analysis \| 1702 \| 4,409 \| Physical-science or engineering cluster (no computing contribution) placed in field 17 by OpenAlex. (mathematical control systems; control theory without computing content) \|
	388	+\| T14409 \| Educational Systems and Policies \| 1710 \| 3,650 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	389	+\| T13565 \| Education and Learning Interventions \| 1710 \| 2,867 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	390	+\| T14071 \| Healthcare during COVID-19 Pandemic \| 1710 \| 2,218 \| Out-of-scope discipline (psychiatry, economics, healthcare policy, literature, environmental engineering). (healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic) \|
	391	+\| T14403 \| Educational Challenges and Innovations \| 1710 \| 1,150 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	392	+\| T13482 \| Engineering Education and Technology \| 1710 \| 765 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	393	+\| T14351 \| Statistical and Computational Modeling \| 1702 \| 731 \| Generic, uninformative cluster label (OpenAlex residual topic) whose keyword list has no specific computer-science content; works land in categories via venue, arXiv and keyword signals instead. \|
	394	+\| T13932 \| Education, Technology, and Economics \| 1710 \| 577 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	395	+\| T13873 \| Educational Methods and Technology \| 1710 \| 329 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	396	+\| T13676 \| Educational and Technological Research \| 1710 \| 52 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	397	+\| T13345 \| Advanced Technologies and Applied Computing \| 1705 \| 17 \| Generic, uninformative cluster label (OpenAlex residual topic) whose keyword list has no specific computer-science content; works land in categories via venue, arXiv and keyword signals instead. \|
	398	+\| T14387 \| Environmental Engineering and Cultural Studies \| 1710 \| 2 \| Physical-science or engineering cluster (no computing contribution) placed in field 17 by OpenAlex. (environmental engineering and cultural studies, 2 works) \|
	399	+\| T13514 \| Experience-Based Knowledge Management \| 1702 \| 0 \| Residual OpenAlex topic with 0 works in the export; nothing to map. \|
	400	+\| T13567 \| AI and Multimedia in Education \| 1702 \| 0 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	401	+\| T13693 \| Smart Systems and Machine Learning \| 1705 \| 0 \| Residual OpenAlex topic with 0 works in the export; nothing to map. \|
	402	+\| T13748 \| Advanced Statistical Modeling Techniques \| 1705 \| 0 \| Residual OpenAlex topic with 0 works in the export; nothing to map. \|
	403	+\| T13836 \| Educational Research and Pedagogy \| 1705 \| 0 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	404	+\| T13964 \| Educational Technology and Optimization \| 1710 \| 0 \| Education / e-learning research (pedagogy, learning outcomes, teacher development); not a CS research category of CLAUDE.md section 4. Educational technology as software is captured through software_engineering/hci venues and keywords when the contribution is technical. \|
	405	+\| T14064 \| Organizational and Employee Performance \| 1702 \| 0 \| Residual OpenAlex topic with 0 works in the export; nothing to map. \|
	406	+\| T14155 \| Advanced Technology in Applications \| 1710 \| 0 \| Residual OpenAlex topic with 0 works in the export; nothing to map. \|
	407	+\| T14174 \| Artificial Intelligence and Decision Support Systems \| 1710 \| 0 \| Residual OpenAlex topic with 0 works in the export; nothing to map. \|
	408	+\| T14175 \| Intuitionistic Fuzzy Systems Applications \| 1702 \| 0 \| Residual OpenAlex topic with 0 works in the export; nothing to map. \|
	409	+\| T14413 \| Advanced Technologies in Various Fields \| 1702 \| 0 \| Residual OpenAlex topic with 0 works in the export; nothing to map. \|
	410	+\| T14431 \| Diverse Research and Applications \| 1710 \| 0 \| Residual OpenAlex topic with 0 works in the export; nothing to map. \|
	411	+
	412	+## DBLP coverage
	413	+
	414	+- Streams mapped: 771 (any rank); records covered (2018–2026, excluding CoRR): 2,017,910 of 3,319,884 (60.8 %).
	415	+- Of the 599 largest streams (CoRR excluded), 496 are mapped (82.8 %). The 103 unmapped large streams are listed below; they are either out of scope (medicine, geoscience, education, management, electronics) or too generic to be a category signal (IEEE Access, Sensors, Symmetry).
	416	+
	417	+\| stream \| records \| name \|
	418	+\|---\|---\|---\|
	419	+\| `journals/access` \| 108,838 \| IEEE Access \|
	420	+\| `journals/tim` \| 13,470 \| IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. \|
	421	+\| `journals/tie` \| 10,844 \| IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. \|
	422	+\| `conf/hicss` \| 7,816 \| HICSS \|
	423	+\| `conf/iecon` \| 7,727 \| IECON \|
	424	+\| `journals/cea` \| 7,291 \| Comput. Electron. Agric. \|
	425	+\| `conf/smc` \| 6,048 \| SMC \|
	426	+\| `journals/complexity` \| 5,786 \| Complex. \|
	427	+\| `journals/ress` \| 5,732 \| Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. \|
	428	+\| `journals/tac` \| 5,687 \| IEEE Trans. Autom. Control. \|
	429	+\| `journals/information` \| 5,621 \| Inf. \|
	430	+\| `journals/taes` \| 5,543 \| IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. \|
	431	+\| `journals/jfi` \| 5,432 \| J. Frankl. Inst. \|
	432	+\| `journals/ijgi` \| 5,118 \| ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf. \|
	433	+\| `journals/automatica` \| 4,727 \| Autom. \|
	434	+\| `conf/eucc` \| 4,160 \| ECC \|
	435	+\| `conf/iccsa` \| 3,817 \| ICCSA (4) \|
	436	+\| `conf/fie` \| 3,807 \| FIE \|
	437	+\| `conf/amcis` \| 3,798 \| AMCIS \|
	438	+\| `journals/peerj-cs` \| 3,768 \| PeerJ Comput. Sci. \|
	439	+\| `journals/systems` \| 3,667 \| Syst. \|
	440	+\| `journals/csysl` \| 3,647 \| IEEE Control. Syst. Lett. \|
	441	+\| `journals/aei` \| 3,628 \| Adv. Eng. Informatics \|
	442	+\| `journals/ijpr` \| 3,591 \| Int. J. Prod. Res. \|
	443	+\| `journals/sj` \| 3,558 \| IEEE Syst. J. \|
	444	+\| `journals/aeog` \| 3,321 \| Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinformation \|
	445	+\| `conf/icis` \| 3,160 \| ICIS \|
	446	+\| `journals/jksucis` \| 3,122 \| J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci. \|
	447	+\| `conf/i2mtc` \| 2,948 \| I2MTC \|
	448	+\| `journals/chinaf` \| 2,937 \| Sci. China Inf. Sci. \|
	449	+\| `journals/tce` \| 2,830 \| IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron. \|
	450	+\| `conf/gcce` \| 2,686 \| GCCE \|
	451	+\| `journals/tem` \| 2,615 \| IEEE Trans. Engineering Management \|
	452	+\| `journals/tinstmc` \| 2,606 \| Trans. Inst. Meas. Control \|
	453	+\| `conf/siu` \| 2,553 \| SIU \|
	454	+\| `conf/codit` \| 2,552 \| CoDIT \|
	455	+\| `conf/tencon` \| 2,519 \| TENCON \|
	456	+\| `conf/etfa` \| 2,452 \| ETFA \|
	457	+\| `conf/iccel` \| 2,447 \| ICCE \|
	458	+\| `journals/ijet` \| 2,354 \| Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn. \|
	459	+\| `journals/ijbc` \| 2,328 \| Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos \|
	460	+\| `conf/educon` \| 2,323 \| EDUCON \|
	461	+\| `journals/computers` \| 2,263 \| Comput. \|
	462	+\| `conf/ieem` \| 2,249 \| IEEM \|
	463	+\| `conf/ecis` \| 2,214 \| ECIS \|
	464	+\| `conf/mipro` \| 2,189 \| MIPRO \|
	465	+\| `journals/ijcon` \| 2,170 \| Int. J. Control \|
	466	+\| `conf/pacis` \| 2,132 \| PACIS \|
	467	+\| `conf/icce-tw` \| 2,085 \| ICCE-Taiwan \|
	468	+\| `journals/csur` \| 2,045 \| ACM Comput. Surv. \|
	469	+\| `journals/ijsysc` \| 1,969 \| Int. J. Syst. Sci. \|
	470	+\| `conf/aied` \| 1,945 \| AIED (2) \|
	471	+\| `conf/isgteurope` \| 1,920 \| ISGT EUROPE \|
	472	+\| `conf/iasam` \| 1,876 \| IAS \|
	473	+\| `conf/worldcist` \| 1,865 \| WorldCIST (1) \|
	474	+\| `conf/icce` \| 1,804 \| ICCE \|
	475	+\| `journals/informaticaSI` \| 1,796 \| Informatica (Slovenia) \|
	476	+\| `journals/saem` \| 1,760 \| Int. J. Syst. Assur. Eng. Manag. \|
	477	+\| `conf/isie` \| 1,759 \| ISIE \|
	478	+\| `journals/qre` \| 1,723 \| Qual. Reliab. Eng. Int. \|
	479	+\| `journals/ieeejas` \| 1,723 \| IEEE CAA J. Autom. Sinica \|
	480	+\| `conf/fusion` \| 1,707 \| FUSION \|
	481	+\| `journals/jcscoll` \| 1,670 \| J. Comput. Sci. Coll. \|
	482	+\| `journals/jim` \| 1,644 \| J. Intell. Manuf. \|
	483	+\| `conf/IEEEssd` \| 1,637 \| SSD \|
	484	+\| `conf/ccwc` \| 1,627 \| CCWC \|
	485	+\| `journals/kybernetes` \| 1,626 \| Kybernetes \|
	486	+\| `conf/icit2` \| 1,620 \| ICIT \|
	487	+\| `conf/ccta` \| 1,613 \| CCTA \|
	488	+\| `conf/ifip5-7` \| 1,611 \| APMS (3) \|
	489	+\| `journals/tcns` \| 1,596 \| IEEE Trans. Control. Netw. Syst. \|
	490	+\| `conf/ism2` \| 1,553 \| ISM \|
	491	+\| `conf/centeris` \| 1,525 \| CENTERIS/ProjMAN/HCist \|
	492	+\| `conf/csedu` \| 1,521 \| CSEDU (2) \|
	493	+\| `journals/scl` \| 1,510 \| Syst. Control. Lett. \|
	494	+\| `conf/indin` \| 1,502 \| INDIN \|
	495	+\| `journals/cj` \| 1,453 \| Comput. J. \|
	496	+\| `conf/med` \| 1,449 \| MED \|
	497	+\| `journals/rcs` \| 1,437 \| Res. Comput. Sci. \|
	498	+\| `conf/ant` \| 1,413 \| ANT/EDI40 \|
	499	+\| `conf/eitce` \| 1,410 \| EITCE \|
	500	+\| `journals/siamco` \| 1,407 \| SIAM J. Control. Optim. \|
	501	+\| `journals/digearth` \| 1,393 \| Int. J. Digit. Earth \|
	502	+\| `conf/icecet` \| 1,373 \| ICECET \|
	503	+\| `journals/ijoe` \| 1,371 \| Int. J. Online Biomed. Eng. \|
	504	+\| `journals/taasm` \| 1,354 \| Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag. \|
	505	+\| `conf/icaiic` \| 1,333 \| ICAIIC \|
	506	+\| `journals/elektrik` \| 1,320 \| Turkish J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci. \|
	507	+\| `conf/memea` \| 1,280 \| MeMeA \|
	508	+\| `conf/iiaiaai` \| 1,255 \| IIAI-AAI-Winter \|
	509	+\| `conf/csit` \| 1,243 \| CSIT (2) \|
	510	+\| `conf/aiam` \| 1,224 \| AIAM \|
	511	+\| `conf/meco` \| 1,216 \| MECO \|
	512	+\| `conf/ic3i` \| 1,216 \| IC3I \|
	513	+\| `conf/iccnc` \| 1,213 \| ICNC \|
	514	+\| `conf/acit4` \| 1,192 \| ACIT \|
	515	+\| `conf/ccece` \| 1,181 \| CCECE \|
	516	+\| `journals/cys` \| 1,177 \| Computación y Sistemas \|
	517	+\| `conf/iciscae` \| 1,151 \| ICISCAE (IEEE) \|
	518	+\| `journals/fcsc` \| 1,146 \| Frontiers Comput. Sci. \|
	519	+\| `journals/tamm` \| 1,143 \| Am. Math. Mon. \|
	520	+\| `journals/cii` \| 1,137 \| Comput. Ind. \|
	521	+\| `journals/jcal` \| 1,132 \| J. Comput. Assist. Learn. \|
	522	+
	523	+## Topics mapped to several categories (audit list)
	524	+
	525	+\| topic \| name \| categories (weight) \|
	526	+\|---\|---\|---\|
	527	+\| T10054 \| Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques \| `computer_architecture` (0.8), `compilers` (0.6), `distributed_computing` (0.6), `scientific_computing` (0.4), `ai_accelerators` (0.3), `operating_systems` (0.2) \|
	528	+\| T10101 \| Cloud Computing and Resource Management \| `cloud_computing` (1.0), `distributed_computing` (0.4), `operating_systems` (0.3), `database_systems` (0.2), `edge_computing` (0.2), `sustainable_computing` (0.2) \|
	529	+\| T10273 \| IoT and Edge/Fog Computing \| `edge_computing` (1.0), `cloud_computing` (0.4), `distributed_computing` (0.3), `computer_networks` (0.3), `federated_learning` (0.1) \|
	530	+\| T10904 \| Embedded Systems Design Techniques \| `computer_architecture` (1.0), `ai_accelerators` (0.5), `compilers` (0.3), `operating_systems` (0.2), `edge_computing` (0.1) \|
	531	+\| T11181 \| Advanced Data Storage Technologies \| `operating_systems` (0.8), `database_systems` (0.5), `distributed_computing` (0.5), `computer_architecture` (0.5), `cloud_computing` (0.2) \|
	532	+\| T11598 \| Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting \| `computer_networks` (0.5), `cybersecurity` (0.4), `applied_cryptography` (0.2), `blockchain` (0.2), `privacy_preserving_computation` (0.2) \|
	533	+\| T11689 \| Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning \| `ai_safety` (0.6), `cybersecurity` (0.4), `ml_theory` (0.3), `privacy_preserving_computation` (0.2), `federated_learning` (0.1) \|
	534	+\| T11986 \| Scientific Computing and Data Management \| `scientific_computing` (0.6), `software_engineering` (0.4), `computational_biology` (0.4), `distributed_computing` (0.3), `autonomous_scientific_discovery` (0.3) \|
	535	+\| T10028 \| Topic Modeling \| `llm` (1.0), `nlp` (0.6), `foundation_models` (0.3), `information_retrieval` (0.3) \|
	536	+\| T10036 \| Advanced Neural Network Applications \| `computer_vision` (1.0), `deep_learning_architectures` (0.5), `ai_accelerators` (0.3), `foundation_models` (0.2) \|
	537	+\| T10126 \| Logic, programming, and type systems \| `programming_languages` (1.0), `compilers` (0.4), `formal_verification` (0.3), `software_engineering` (0.2) \|
	538	+\| T10502 \| Advanced Memory and Neural Computing \| `ai_accelerators` (1.0), `computer_architecture` (0.6), `deep_learning_architectures` (0.2), `sustainable_computing` (0.1) \|
	539	+\| T10764 \| Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data \| `privacy_preserving_computation` (1.0), `federated_learning` (0.7), `applied_cryptography` (0.3), `blockchain` (0.1) \|
	540	+\| T10772 \| Distributed systems and fault tolerance \| `distributed_computing` (1.0), `database_systems` (0.4), `blockchain` (0.2), `operating_systems` (0.2) \|
	541	+\| T11130 \| Coding theory and cryptography \| `applied_cryptography` (0.9), `computer_networks` (0.3), `computational_complexity` (0.2), `quantum_computing` (0.1) \|
	542	+\| T11614 \| Cloud Data Security Solutions \| `cloud_computing` (0.6), `cybersecurity` (0.6), `applied_cryptography` (0.4), `privacy_preserving_computation` (0.4) \|
	543	+\| T11714 \| Multimodal Machine Learning Applications \| `multimodal_ai` (1.0), `llm` (0.4), `foundation_models` (0.4), `computer_vision` (0.4) \|
	544	+\| T12002 \| Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms \| `computational_complexity` (0.8), `formal_verification` (0.4), `programming_languages` (0.2), `quantum_computing` (0.1) \|
	545	+\| T12127 \| Software System Performance and Reliability \| `software_engineering` (0.7), `cloud_computing` (0.6), `distributed_computing` (0.4), `operating_systems` (0.3) \|
	546	+\| T12611 \| Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing \| `ai_accelerators` (0.8), `deep_learning_architectures` (0.4), `computer_architecture` (0.3), `quantum_computing` (0.2) \|
	547	+\| T10020 \| Quantum Information and Cryptography \| `quantum_computing` (1.0), `applied_cryptography` (0.5), `computational_complexity` (0.1) \|
	548	+\| T10080 \| Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks \| `computer_networks` (0.8), `edge_computing` (0.3), `sustainable_computing` (0.3) \|
	549	+\| T10215 \| Semantic Web and Ontologies \| `nlp` (0.4), `database_systems` (0.4), `information_retrieval` (0.3) \|
	550	+\| T10237 \| Cryptography and Data Security \| `applied_cryptography` (1.0), `cybersecurity` (0.5), `privacy_preserving_computation` (0.3) \|
	551	+\| T10249 \| Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems \| `robotics` (0.5), `ai_agents` (0.3), `distributed_computing` (0.3) \|
	552	+\| T10270 \| Blockchain Technology Applications and Security \| `blockchain` (1.0), `applied_cryptography` (0.3), `cybersecurity` (0.2) \|
	553	+\| T10363 \| Low-power high-performance VLSI design \| `computer_architecture` (0.8), `ai_accelerators` (0.3), `sustainable_computing` (0.3) \|
	554	+\| T10388 \| Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques \| `cybersecurity` (0.6), `computer_vision` (0.3), `generative_ai` (0.2) \|
	555	+\| T10525 \| Human-Automation Interaction and Safety \| `hci` (0.7), `robotics` (0.2), `ai_safety` (0.2) \|
	556	+\| T10627 \| Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques \| `computer_vision` (0.7), `multimodal_ai` (0.4), `information_retrieval` (0.4) \|
	557	+\| T10679 \| Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services \| `software_engineering` (0.7), `cloud_computing` (0.6), `distributed_computing` (0.3) \|
	558	+\| T10742 \| Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies \| `distributed_computing` (0.8), `computer_networks` (0.5), `blockchain` (0.2) \|
	559	+\| T10775 \| Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis \| `generative_ai` (1.0), `computer_vision` (0.3), `computer_graphics` (0.2) \|
	560	+\| T10824 \| Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques \| `computer_vision` (0.8), `information_retrieval` (0.3), `multimodal_ai` (0.2) \|
	561	+\| T10829 \| Interconnection Networks and Systems \| `computer_architecture` (0.6), `distributed_computing` (0.5), `computer_networks` (0.5) \|
	562	+\| T10888 \| Augmented Reality Applications \| `hci` (0.8), `computer_vision` (0.3), `computer_graphics` (0.3) \|
	563	+\| T10933 \| Real-Time Systems Scheduling \| `operating_systems` (0.8), `computer_architecture` (0.5), `sustainable_computing` (0.1) \|
	564	+\| T10963 \| Advanced Optimization Algorithms Research \| `algorithms` (0.4), `ml_theory` (0.3), `scientific_computing` (0.3) \|
	565	+\| T11017 \| Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption \| `applied_cryptography` (0.7), `cybersecurity` (0.3), `computer_vision` (0.2) \|
	566	+\| T11206 \| Model Reduction and Neural Networks \| `scientific_computing` (0.7), `deep_learning_architectures` (0.2), `autonomous_scientific_discovery` (0.2) \|
	567	+\| T11307 \| Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning \| `foundation_models` (0.5), `deep_learning_architectures` (0.3), `federated_learning` (0.1) \|
	568	+\| T11424 \| Security and Verification in Computing \| `cybersecurity` (0.8), `operating_systems` (0.6), `formal_verification` (0.2) \|
	569	+\| T11567 \| semigroups and automata theory \| `computational_complexity` (0.7), `formal_verification` (0.3), `programming_languages` (0.2) \|
	570	+\| T11644 \| Spam and Phishing Detection \| `cybersecurity` (1.0), `nlp` (0.3), `information_retrieval` (0.2) \|
	571	+\| T11727 \| Advanced Algebra and Logic \| `programming_languages` (0.3), `formal_verification` (0.3), `computational_complexity` (0.3) \|
	572	+\| T11800 \| User Authentication and Security Systems \| `cybersecurity` (0.9), `applied_cryptography` (0.3), `privacy_preserving_computation` (0.2) \|
	573	+\| T11937 \| Research Data Management Practices \| `database_systems` (0.3), `autonomous_scientific_discovery` (0.3), `information_retrieval` (0.2) \|
	574	+\| T11948 \| Machine Learning in Materials Science \| `autonomous_scientific_discovery` (0.6), `scientific_computing` (0.3), `computational_biology` (0.2) \|
	575	+\| T12016 \| Web Data Mining and Analysis \| `information_retrieval` (0.5), `database_systems` (0.4), `nlp` (0.3) \|
	576	+\| T12031 \| Speech and dialogue systems \| `nlp` (0.6), `speech_audio` (0.5), `llm` (0.3) \|
	577	+\| T12122 \| Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security \| `cybersecurity` (0.7), `computer_architecture` (0.5), `applied_cryptography` (0.4) \|
	578	+\| T12128 \| AI in Service Interactions \| `hci` (0.4), `llm` (0.3), `ai_agents` (0.2) \|
	579	+\| T12326 \| Network Packet Processing and Optimization \| `computer_networks` (0.9), `operating_systems` (0.5), `computer_architecture` (0.3) \|
	580	+\| T12357 \| Digital Media Forensic Detection \| `generative_ai` (0.5), `cybersecurity` (0.5), `computer_vision` (0.4) \|
	581	+\| T12422 \| Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging \| `computer_vision` (0.5), `computational_biology` (0.3), `foundation_models` (0.2) \|
	582	+\| T12799 \| Mobile and Web Applications \| `software_engineering` (0.6), `cloud_computing` (0.2), `operating_systems` (0.2) \|
	583	+\| T13155 \| Digital Communication and Language \| `hci` (0.4), `nlp` (0.3), `multimodal_ai` (0.2) \|
	584	+\| T13182 \| Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata \| `computer_architecture` (0.6), `quantum_computing` (0.3), `ai_accelerators` (0.2) \|
	585	+\| T13650 \| Computational Physics and Python Applications \| `scientific_computing` (0.8), `software_engineering` (0.3), `compilers` (0.2) \|
	586	+\| T14098 \| Energy Efficiency in Computing \| `sustainable_computing` (1.0), `cloud_computing` (0.4), `computer_architecture` (0.4) \|
	587	+\| T10052 \| Medical Image Segmentation Techniques \| `computer_vision` (0.7), `computational_biology` (0.3) \|
	588	+\| T10100 \| Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research \| `algorithms` (0.5), `reinforcement_learning` (0.1) \|
	589	+\| T10181 \| Natural Language Processing Techniques \| `nlp` (1.0), `llm` (0.3) \|
	590	+\| T10211 \| Computational Drug Discovery Methods \| `computational_biology` (1.0), `autonomous_scientific_discovery` (0.3) \|
	591	+\| T10320 \| Neural Networks and Applications \| `deep_learning_architectures` (1.0), `ai_accelerators` (0.2) \|
	592	+\| T10400 \| Network Security and Intrusion Detection \| `cybersecurity` (1.0), `computer_networks` (0.5) \|
	593	+\| T10429 \| EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces \| `hci` (0.5), `computational_biology` (0.3) \|
	594	+\| T10444 \| Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems \| `computer_vision` (0.6), `hci` (0.3) \|
	595	+\| T10462 \| Reinforcement Learning in Robotics \| `reinforcement_learning` (1.0), `robotics` (0.5) \|
	596	+\| T10533 \| Teaching and Learning Programming \| `software_engineering` (0.4), `programming_languages` (0.2) \|
	597	+\| T10545 \| Optimization and Variational Analysis \| `scientific_computing` (0.4), `algorithms` (0.3) \|
	598	+\| T10648 \| Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts \| `hci` (1.0), `computer_graphics` (0.3) \|
	599	+\| T10664 \| Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining \| `nlp` (1.0), `information_retrieval` (0.2) \|
	600	+\| T10709 \| Social Robot Interaction and HRI \| `robotics` (1.0), `hci` (0.5) \|
	601	+\| T10715 \| Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems \| `distributed_computing` (1.0), `cloud_computing` (0.3) \|
	602	+\| T10719 \| 3D Shape Modeling and Analysis \| `computer_graphics` (0.8), `computer_vision` (0.5) \|
	603	+\| T10720 \| Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs \| `algorithms` (1.0), `computational_complexity` (0.5) \|
	604	+\| T10789 \| Interactive and Immersive Displays \| `hci` (1.0), `computer_graphics` (0.3) \|
	605	+\| T10792 \| Matrix Theory and Algorithms \| `scientific_computing` (0.8), `algorithms` (0.4) \|
	606	+\| T10828 \| Biometric Identification and Security \| `cybersecurity` (0.6), `privacy_preserving_computation` (0.2) \|
	607	+\| T10906 \| AI-based Problem Solving and Planning \| `ai_agents` (0.6), `autonomous_scientific_discovery` (0.1) \|
	608	+\| T10927 \| Access Control and Trust \| `cybersecurity` (0.6), `privacy_preserving_computation` (0.3) \|
	609	+\| T10951 \| Cryptographic Implementations and Security \| `applied_cryptography` (1.0), `cybersecurity` (0.4) \|
	610	+\| T10964 \| Wireless Communication Security Techniques \| `cybersecurity` (0.6), `computer_networks` (0.5) \|
	611	+\| T10996 \| Computational Geometry and Mesh Generation \| `computer_graphics` (0.8), `algorithms` (0.7) \|
	612	+\| T11010 \| Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge \| `formal_verification` (0.4), `nlp` (0.3) \|
	613	+\| T11045 \| Privacy, Security, and Data Protection \| `privacy_preserving_computation` (0.6), `cybersecurity` (0.4) \|
	614	+\| T11106 \| Data Management and Algorithms \| `algorithms` (0.6), `database_systems` (0.5) \|
	615	+\| T11122 \| Online Learning and Analytics \| `hci` (0.2), `information_retrieval` (0.2) \|
	616	+\| T11147 \| Misinformation and Its Impacts \| `nlp` (0.3), `ai_safety` (0.3) \|
	617	+\| T11321 \| Error Correcting Code Techniques \| `computer_networks` (0.5), `applied_cryptography` (0.2) \|
	618	+\| T11349 \| Music Technology and Sound Studies \| `speech_audio` (0.6), `generative_ai` (0.2) \|
	619	+\| T11392 \| Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks \| `computer_networks` (0.5), `sustainable_computing` (0.3) \|
	620	+\| T11398 \| Hand Gesture Recognition Systems \| `hci` (0.7), `computer_vision` (0.5) \|
	621	+\| T11439 \| Video Analysis and Summarization \| `computer_vision` (0.8), `multimodal_ai` (0.2) \|
	622	+\| T11478 \| Caching and Content Delivery \| `computer_networks` (1.0), `distributed_computing` (0.2) \|
	623	+\| T11498 \| Security in Wireless Sensor Networks \| `cybersecurity` (0.7), `computer_networks` (0.6) \|
	624	+\| T11504 \| Advanced Authentication Protocols Security \| `cybersecurity` (0.6), `applied_cryptography` (0.5) \|
	625	+\| T11512 \| Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications \| `ml_theory` (0.6), `cybersecurity` (0.3) \|
	626	+\| T11522 \| VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques \| `computer_architecture` (1.0), `ai_accelerators` (0.3) \|
	627	+\| T11574 \| Artificial Intelligence in Games \| `ai_agents` (0.4), `reinforcement_learning` (0.3) \|
	628	+\| T11596 \| Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization \| `algorithms` (0.6), `formal_verification` (0.4) \|
	629	+\| T11612 \| Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques \| `ml_theory` (0.8), `deep_learning_architectures` (0.3) \|
	630	+\| T11675 \| Open Source Software Innovations \| `software_engineering` (0.8), `operating_systems` (0.3) \|
	631	+\| T11687 \| Teleoperation and Haptic Systems \| `robotics` (0.7), `hci` (0.5) \|
	632	+\| T11693 \| Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic \| `applied_cryptography` (1.0), `privacy_preserving_computation` (0.2) \|
	633	+\| T11697 \| Numerical Methods and Algorithms \| `scientific_computing` (1.0), `algorithms` (0.3) \|
	634	+\| T11704 \| Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing \| `hci` (0.5), `edge_computing` (0.2) \|
	635	+\| T11707 \| Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology \| `hci` (0.8), `computer_vision` (0.4) \|
	636	+\| T11710 \| Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies \| `nlp` (0.8), `computational_biology` (0.6) \|
	637	+\| T11975 \| Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications \| `algorithms` (0.5), `autonomous_scientific_discovery` (0.2) \|
	638	+\| T12026 \| Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) \| `ai_safety` (0.5), `ml_theory` (0.4) \|
	639	+\| T12056 \| Markov Chains and Monte Carlo Methods \| `scientific_computing` (0.4), `algorithms` (0.2) \|
	640	+\| T12079 \| IoT Networks and Protocols \| `computer_networks` (0.8), `edge_computing` (0.4) \|
	641	+\| T12131 \| Wireless Signal Modulation Classification \| `computer_networks` (0.4), `cybersecurity` (0.2) \|
	642	+\| T12162 \| Cellular Automata and Applications \| `algorithms` (0.3), `computational_complexity` (0.2) \|
	643	+\| T12203 \| Mobile Agent-Based Network Management \| `computer_networks` (0.6), `distributed_computing` (0.3) \|
	644	+\| T12205 \| Time Series Analysis and Forecasting \| `ml_theory` (0.3), `deep_learning_architectures` (0.2) \|
	645	+\| T12216 \| Network Time Synchronization Technologies \| `computer_networks` (0.5), `distributed_computing` (0.2) \|
	646	+\| T12238 \| Green IT and Sustainability \| `sustainable_computing` (1.0), `cloud_computing` (0.2) \|
	647	+\| T12262 \| Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection \| `nlp` (0.7), `ai_safety` (0.3) \|
	648	+\| T12303 \| Tensor decomposition and applications \| `scientific_computing` (0.5), `algorithms` (0.3) \|
	649	+\| T12479 \| Web Application Security Vulnerabilities \| `cybersecurity` (1.0), `software_engineering` (0.3) \|
	650	+\| T12536 \| Topological and Geometric Data Analysis \| `ml_theory` (0.4), `algorithms` (0.3) \|
	651	+\| T12601 \| Web Applications and Data Management \| `software_engineering` (0.5), `database_systems` (0.5) \|
	652	+\| T12676 \| Machine Learning and ELM \| `deep_learning_architectures` (0.5), `ml_theory` (0.2) \|
	653	+\| T12761 \| Data Stream Mining Techniques \| `database_systems` (0.6), `ml_theory` (0.3) \|
	654	+\| T12859 \| Cell Image Analysis Techniques \| `computer_vision` (0.5), `computational_biology` (0.5) \|
	655	+\| T12874 \| Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases \| `computer_vision` (0.4), `computational_biology` (0.3) \|
	656	+\| T12879 \| Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms \| `computer_networks` (0.5), `distributed_computing` (0.2) \|
	657	+\| T12941 \| Embedded Systems and FPGA Design \| `computer_architecture` (1.0), `ai_accelerators` (0.3) \|
	658	+\| T12943 \| COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing \| `privacy_preserving_computation` (0.5), `cybersecurity` (0.3) \|
	659	+\| T13197 \| Spreadsheets and End-User Computing \| `software_engineering` (0.8), `programming_languages` (0.2) \|
	660	+\| T13274 \| Expert finding and Q&A systems \| `information_retrieval` (0.8), `nlp` (0.4) \|
	661	+\| T13286 \| Modeling and Simulation Systems \| `scientific_computing` (0.7), `formal_verification` (0.2) \|
	662	+\| T13292 \| Embedded Systems and FPGA Applications \| `computer_architecture` (1.0), `ai_accelerators` (0.3) \|
	663	+\| T13373 \| Data Mining and Machine Learning Applications \| `database_systems` (0.4), `ml_theory` (0.2) \|
	664	+\| T13535 \| Wireless Sensor Networks and IoT \| `computer_networks` (0.6), `edge_computing` (0.3) \|
	665	+\| T13759 \| Medical Imaging and Pathology Studies \| `computer_vision` (0.3), `computational_biology` (0.2) \|
	666	+\| T13874 \| Information Architecture and Usability \| `hci` (0.8), `information_retrieval` (0.2) \|
	667	+\| T13976 \| Web visibility and informetrics \| `information_retrieval` (0.5), `autonomous_scientific_discovery` (0.1) \|
	668	+\| T13999 \| Digital Rights Management and Security \| `cybersecurity` (0.6), `privacy_preserving_computation` (0.2) \|
	669	+\| T14067 \| Cloud Computing and Remote Desktop Technologies \| `cloud_computing` (1.0), `operating_systems` (0.4) \|
	670	+\| T14254 \| Digital Media and Visual Art \| `computer_graphics` (0.3), `generative_ai` (0.2) \|
	671	+\| T14339 \| Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction \| `computer_vision` (1.0), `computer_graphics` (0.4) \|
	672	+\| T14435 \| Information Retrieval and Data Mining \| `information_retrieval` (0.6), `database_systems` (0.4) \|
	673	+<!-- END GENERATED -->

added taxonomy/__init__.py +0 −0

modified taxonomy/classify.py +1 −1

		`@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def score_row(title, abstract, topic_ids, subfield_ids, arxiv_cats, dblp_streams`
47	47	title = title or ""; abstract = abstract or ""; both = title + "\n" + abstract
48	48	out = []
49	49	for c in ONT["cats"]:
50		− st = min(1.0, sum(c["topics"].get(str(t), 0.0) for t in (topic_ids or [])))
	50	+ st = min(1.0, sum(c["topics"].get(str(t), 0.0) for t in set(topic_ids or [])))
51	51	ss = min(1.0, sum(c["subfields"].get(str(s), 0.0) for s in set(subfield_ids or [])))
52	52	sa = min(1.0, sum(c["arxiv"].get(a, 0.0) for a in set(arxiv_cats or [])))
53	53	sd = min(1.0, sum(c["dblp"].get(d, 0.0) for d in set(dblp_streams or [])))

added taxonomy/ontology.yaml +6765 −0

		`@@ -0,0 +1,6765 @@`
	1	+version: '1.0'
	2	+created: '2026-11-03'
	3	+sources:
	4	+ openalex_topics: openalex_topics_2026-10-14.csv
	5	+ dblp_streams: dblp_streams_2018_2026.csv
	6	+ generator: taxonomy/build_ontology.py
	7	+ data_modules: taxonomy/src/*.py
	8	+areas:
	9	+- id: ai_ml
	10	+ name: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
	11	+ description: 'Learning systems and their theory: large language and foundation models, multimodal and generative models, agents, reinforcement learning, learning theory, neural architectures, and AI safety.'
	12	+ leaves:
	13	+ - llm
	14	+ - foundation_models
	15	+ - multimodal_ai
	16	+ - generative_ai
	17	+ - ai_agents
	18	+ - reinforcement_learning
	19	+ - ml_theory
	20	+ - deep_learning_architectures
	21	+ - ai_safety
	22	+- id: perception_interaction
	23	+ name: Perception, Language, Robotics and Interaction
	24	+ description: 'Systems that sense, communicate and act in the physical and human world: vision, natural language, speech and audio, robotics, human-computer interaction, and computer graphics.'
	25	+ leaves:
	26	+ - computer_vision
	27	+ - nlp
	28	+ - speech_audio
	29	+ - robotics
	30	+ - hci
	31	+ - computer_graphics
	32	+- id: software_pl
	33	+ name: Software, Programming Languages and Formal Methods
	34	+ description: 'How software is built, expressed, translated and proved correct: software engineering, programming languages, compilers, and formal verification.'
	35	+ leaves:
	36	+ - software_engineering
	37	+ - programming_languages
	38	+ - compilers
	39	+ - formal_verification
	40	+- id: theory
	41	+ name: Theory of Computation
	42	+ description: Algorithms, data structures and the limits of efficient computation.
	43	+ leaves:
	44	+ - algorithms
	45	+ - computational_complexity
	46	+- id: data_distributed
	47	+ name: Data, Information and Distributed Systems
	48	+ description: 'Storing, retrieving and processing data at scale: databases, information retrieval, distributed, cloud and edge computing, and computer networks.'
	49	+ leaves:
	50	+ - database_systems
	51	+ - information_retrieval
	52	+ - distributed_computing
	53	+ - cloud_computing
	54	+ - edge_computing
	55	+ - computer_networks
	56	+- id: security_privacy
	57	+ name: Security, Privacy and Trust
	58	+ description: 'Protecting systems, data and users: cybersecurity, applied cryptography, blockchain systems, privacy-preserving computation, and federated learning.'
	59	+ leaves:
	60	+ - cybersecurity
	61	+ - applied_cryptography
	62	+ - blockchain
	63	+ - privacy_preserving_computation
	64	+ - federated_learning
	65	+- id: hardware_emerging
	66	+ name: Hardware, Architecture and Emerging Computing
	67	+ description: 'Physical substrates of computation: computer architecture, AI accelerators, operating systems, quantum computing, and sustainable computing.'
	68	+ leaves:
	69	+ - computer_architecture
	70	+ - ai_accelerators
	71	+ - operating_systems
	72	+ - quantum_computing
	73	+ - sustainable_computing
	74	+- id: computational_science
	75	+ name: Computational Science and Discovery
	76	+ description: 'Computing as an instrument of science: scientific computing, computational biology, and autonomous scientific discovery.'
	77	+ leaves:
	78	+ - scientific_computing
	79	+ - computational_biology
	80	+ - autonomous_scientific_discovery
	81	+categories:
	82	+- id: llm
	83	+ number: 1
	84	+ name: Large Language Models
	85	+ area: ai_ml
	86	+ definition: 'Research whose object is a transformer-based language model trained at scale: pre-training, instruction tuning, prompting and in-context learning, reasoning, retrieval augmentation, efficient inference, evaluation and benchmarks of LLMs. Excludes classical NLP tasks solved with small task-specific models (nlp) and non-language foundation models (foundation_models).'
	87	+ openalex_topics:
	88	+ - id: T10028
	89	+ weight: 1.0
	90	+ note: 'OpenAlex cluster hosting BERT / pre-trained LM / RAG / QA work: the de-facto LLM topic'
	91	+ - id: T11714
	92	+ weight: 0.4
	93	+ note: multimodal LLMs and vision-language models
	94	+ - id: T12031
	95	+ weight: 0.3
	96	+ note: dialogue systems, LLM chatbots
	97	+ - id: T10181
	98	+ weight: 0.3
	99	+ note: NLP techniques incl. neural MT and NLG
	100	+ - id: T12128
	101	+ weight: 0.3
	102	+ note: chatbots in service interactions
	103	+ - id: T14414
	104	+ weight: 0.2
	105	+ note: 'AI in education: mostly ChatGPT studies post-2023'
	106	+ openalex_subfields:
	107	+ - id: 1702
	108	+ weight: 0.2
	109	+ arxiv_categories:
	110	+ - id: cs.CL
	111	+ weight: 0.5
	112	+ - id: cs.AI
	113	+ weight: 0.2
	114	+ - id: cs.LG
	115	+ weight: 0.2
	116	+ dblp_streams:
	117	+ - key: conf/acl
	118	+ weight: 0.5
	119	+ - key: conf/emnlp
	120	+ weight: 0.5
	121	+ - key: conf/naacl
	122	+ weight: 0.5
	123	+ - key: conf/eacl
	124	+ weight: 0.4
	125	+ - key: conf/coling
	126	+ weight: 0.4
	127	+ - key: journals/tacl
	128	+ weight: 0.5
	129	+ - key: conf/iclr
	130	+ weight: 0.3
	131	+ - key: conf/nips
	132	+ weight: 0.3
	133	+ - key: conf/icml
	134	+ weight: 0.3
	135	+ - key: journals/tmlr
	136	+ weight: 0.3
	137	+ - key: conf/aaai
	138	+ weight: 0.2
	139	+ - key: conf/nlpcc
	140	+ weight: 0.3
	141	+ keywords:
	142	+ - pattern: (?i)\blarge language models?\b
	143	+ weight: 1.0
	144	+ field: both
	145	+ - pattern: (?i)\bLLMs?\b
	146	+ weight: 1.0
	147	+ field: both
	148	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(ChatGPT\|GPT-?3(\.5)?\|GPT-?4o?\|GPT-?4\.\d\|GPT-?5\|LLaMA\|Llama-? ?[234]\|PaLM\|InstructGPT\|Qwen\|Vicuna\|Mixtral\|DeepSeek-?(V\d\|R1)\|Claude ?[34]\|Gemini ?(Pro\|Ultra\|1\.5\|2))\b
	149	+ weight: 1.0
	150	+ field: both
	151	+ - pattern: (?i)\bpre-?trained language models?\b\|\bPLMs?\b
	152	+ weight: 0.7
	153	+ field: both
	154	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(instruction[- ]tuning\|instruction-?tuned\|in-?context learning\|chain[- ]of[- ]thought\|retrieval[- ]augmented generation\|RAG\b\|prompt (engineering\|tuning\|learning)\|prompting\|RLHF\|supervised fine-?tuning\|SFT\b)\b
	155	+ weight: 0.8
	156	+ field: both
	157	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(masked\|autoregressive\|causal\|decoder-?only\|encoder-?decoder) language model
	158	+ weight: 0.7
	159	+ field: both
	160	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(language model\|transformer) (pre-?training\|scaling\|scaling laws?)\b
	161	+ weight: 0.7
	162	+ field: both
	163	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(parameter-?efficient fine-?tuning\|PEFT\b\|LoRA\b\|adapters? for (language\|LLM))\b
	164	+ weight: 0.6
	165	+ field: both
	166	+ - pattern: (?i)\bBERT\b\|\bRoBERTa\b\|\bT5\b\|\bBART\b
	167	+ weight: 0.6
	168	+ field: both
	169	+ - pattern: (?i)\bhallucinat(ion\|ions\|e\|es\|ing)\b
	170	+ weight: 0.5
	171	+ field: both
	172	+ - pattern: (?i)\blanguage models?\b
	173	+ weight: 0.4
	174	+ field: both
	175	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(tokeni[sz](er\|ation)\|context (window\|length)\|KV[- ]cache\|speculative decoding\|mixture[- ]of[- ]experts)\b
	176	+ weight: 0.4
	177	+ field: both
	178	+ exclusions: []
	179	+ related:
	180	+ - foundation_models
	181	+ - nlp
	182	+ - generative_ai
	183	+ - ai_agents
	184	+ - ai_safety
	185	+ parent_of: []
	186	+ child_of:
	187	+ - foundation_models
	188	+ provenance: 'Topics chosen by inspecting OpenAlex keyword lists (T10028 lists BERT, pre-trained language models, retrieval-augmented generation). Venues: *CL conferences and ML venues at partial weight because LLM work is spread across them. Keyword patterns reach the threshold alone, as required for the six AI categories OpenAlex cannot separate.'
	189	+- id: foundation_models
	190	+ number: 2
	191	+ name: Foundation Models
	192	+ area: ai_ml
	193	+ definition: 'Large pre-trained models intended for adaptation to many downstream tasks in any modality: scaling laws, pre-training objectives, self-supervised representation learning at scale, transfer, fine-tuning and adapter methods, model releases and their evaluation. Language-specific work is llm (a child); vision-language work is multimodal_ai (a child).'
	194	+ openalex_topics:
	195	+ - id: T11307
	196	+ weight: 0.5
	197	+ note: domain adaptation, few-shot, parameter-efficient fine-tuning, continual learning
	198	+ - id: T11714
	199	+ weight: 0.4
	200	+ note: vision-language models / CLIP
	201	+ - id: T10028
	202	+ weight: 0.3
	203	+ note: pre-trained language models
	204	+ - id: T10036
	205	+ weight: 0.2
	206	+ note: backbone networks, model compression
	207	+ - id: T12422
	208	+ weight: 0.2
	209	+ note: foundation models in medical imaging / radiomics
	210	+ openalex_subfields:
	211	+ - id: 1702
	212	+ weight: 0.2
	213	+ arxiv_categories:
	214	+ - id: cs.LG
	215	+ weight: 0.4
	216	+ - id: cs.CV
	217	+ weight: 0.2
	218	+ - id: cs.CL
	219	+ weight: 0.2
	220	+ - id: cs.AI
	221	+ weight: 0.2
	222	+ dblp_streams:
	223	+ - key: conf/nips
	224	+ weight: 0.3
	225	+ - key: conf/icml
	226	+ weight: 0.3
	227	+ - key: conf/iclr
	228	+ weight: 0.3
	229	+ - key: journals/tmlr
	230	+ weight: 0.3
	231	+ - key: conf/cvpr
	232	+ weight: 0.2
	233	+ - key: conf/iccv
	234	+ weight: 0.2
	235	+ - key: conf/eccv
	236	+ weight: 0.2
	237	+ - key: journals/natmi
	238	+ weight: 0.2
	239	+ keywords:
	240	+ - pattern: (?i)\bfoundation models?\b\|\bfoundational models?\b
	241	+ weight: 1.0
	242	+ field: both
	243	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(vision\|visual\|time[- ]series\|protein\|genomic\|geospatial\|medical\|clinical\|weather\|climate\|chemistry\|molecular\|tabular\|graph\|speech\|audio\|robotics?\|world) foundation models?\b
	244	+ weight: 1.0
	245	+ field: both
	246	+ - pattern: (?i)\bscaling laws?\b
	247	+ weight: 0.8
	248	+ field: both
	249	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(self-?supervised\|contrastive\|masked) (pre-?training\|representation learning\|learning at scale)\b
	250	+ weight: 0.7
	251	+ field: both
	252	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(pre-?train(ed\|ing)) (on\|at) (web\|internet\|large\|massive\|billion)[- ]scale
	253	+ weight: 0.7
	254	+ field: both
	255	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(vision transformers?\|ViT-?[BLHG]?\|DINO(v2)?\|segment anything\|SAM ?2\|masked auto-?encoders?\|MAE\b\|CLIP\b\|SigLIP)\b
	256	+ weight: 0.6
	257	+ field: both
	258	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(general-?purpose\|generalist\|universal\|all-?in-?one) (models?\|agents?\|representations?)\b
	259	+ weight: 0.6
	260	+ field: both
	261	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(transfer learning\|fine-?tun(ing\|ed?)\|downstream tasks?\|zero-?shot\|few-?shot)\b
	262	+ weight: 0.4
	263	+ field: both
	264	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(adapters?\|LoRA\|parameter-?efficient\|prompt tuning\|emergent (abilities\|capabilities))\b
	265	+ weight: 0.5
	266	+ field: both
	267	+ - pattern: (?i)\bworld models?\b
	268	+ weight: 0.5
	269	+ field: both
	270	+ exclusions: []
	271	+ related:
	272	+ - llm
	273	+ - multimodal_ai
	274	+ - generative_ai
	275	+ - deep_learning_architectures
	276	+ - ml_theory
	277	+ parent_of:
	278	+ - llm
	279	+ - multimodal_ai
	280	+ child_of: []
	281	+ provenance: No OpenAlex topic isolates foundation models; T11307 (PEFT, few-shot, continual) is the closest methodological host. Keyword patterns carry the category; the generic 'transfer learning/fine-tuning' terms are deliberately below threshold.
	282	+- id: multimodal_ai
	283	+ number: 3
	284	+ name: Multimodal AI
	285	+ area: ai_ml
	286	+ definition: 'Models and systems that jointly process two or more modalities (vision-language, audio-visual, video-text, 3D-language, sensors with language): vision-language models and multimodal LLMs, captioning, visual question answering, cross-modal retrieval and grounding. Unimodal vision is computer_vision; pure speech is speech_audio.'
	287	+ openalex_topics:
	288	+ - id: T11714
	289	+ weight: 1.0
	290	+ note: 'Multimodal Machine Learning Applications: VLMs, MLLMs, VQA, captioning'
	291	+ - id: T10627
	292	+ weight: 0.4
	293	+ note: image and video retrieval incl. cross-modal
	294	+ - id: T11439
	295	+ weight: 0.2
	296	+ note: video analysis and summarization
	297	+ - id: T10824
	298	+ weight: 0.2
	299	+ note: image retrieval and classification
	300	+ - id: T13155
	301	+ weight: 0.2
	302	+ note: digital communication and language (multimodal discourse)
	303	+ openalex_subfields:
	304	+ - id: 1707
	305	+ weight: 0.1
	306	+ arxiv_categories:
	307	+ - id: cs.MM
	308	+ weight: 0.6
	309	+ - id: cs.CV
	310	+ weight: 0.3
	311	+ - id: cs.CL
	312	+ weight: 0.3
	313	+ - id: cs.LG
	314	+ weight: 0.2
	315	+ dblp_streams:
	316	+ - key: conf/mm
	317	+ weight: 0.6
	318	+ - key: journals/tmm
	319	+ weight: 0.6
	320	+ - key: conf/icmi
	321	+ weight: 0.6
	322	+ - key: journals/tomccap
	323	+ weight: 0.5
	324	+ - key: conf/icmcs
	325	+ weight: 0.5
	326	+ - key: conf/mir
	327	+ weight: 0.5
	328	+ - key: journals/mms
	329	+ weight: 0.5
	330	+ - key: journals/mta
	331	+ weight: 0.3
	332	+ - key: conf/mmm
	333	+ weight: 0.5
	334	+ - key: journals/inffus
	335	+ weight: 0.2
	336	+ - key: conf/cvpr
	337	+ weight: 0.2
	338	+ - key: conf/iccv
	339	+ weight: 0.2
	340	+ - key: conf/eccv
	341	+ weight: 0.2
	342	+ - key: conf/acl
	343	+ weight: 0.2
	344	+ - key: conf/emnlp
	345	+ weight: 0.2
	346	+ keywords:
	347	+ - pattern: (?i)\bmulti-?modal(ity)?\b
	348	+ weight: 0.7
	349	+ field: both
	350	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(vision[- ]language\|vision[- ]and[- ]language\|visual[- ]language\|language[- ]vision\|image[- ]text\|video[- ]language\|audio[- ]language\|speech[- ]language\|3D[- ]language\|text[- ]to[- ]3D)[- ]?(models?\|pre-?training\|tasks?\|alignment\|understanding\|learning\|reasoning\|navigation\|action\|retrieval\|generation)?\b
	351	+ weight: 1.0
	352	+ field: both
	353	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(VLMs?\|MLLMs?\|LVLMs?\|LMMs?\|VLAs?)\b
	354	+ weight: 1.0
	355	+ field: both
	356	+ - pattern: (?i)\bvisual question answering\b\|\bVQA\b\|\bvideo question answering\b
	357	+ weight: 1.0
	358	+ field: both
	359	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(image\|video\|dense\|audio) captioning\b
	360	+ weight: 1.0
	361	+ field: both
	362	+ - pattern: (?i)\bcross-?modal(ity)?\b
	363	+ weight: 0.8
	364	+ field: both
	365	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(audio-?visual\|visual grounding\|referring expression\|visual dialog\|visual reasoning\|visual instruction tuning\|LLaVA\|BLIP-?2?\|Flamingo\|GPT-?4V\|CLIP\|ALIGN\b\|CoCa)\b
	366	+ weight: 0.8
	367	+ field: both
	368	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(text-to-image\|text-to-video\|image-to-text\|text-image\|image-text) (retrieval\|alignment\|matching\|generation\|models?)\b
	369	+ weight: 0.8
	370	+ field: both
	371	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(modalit(y\|ies) (fusion\|alignment\|gap)\|(early\|late\|intermediate) fusion of\|sensor fusion with language)\b
	372	+ weight: 0.7
	373	+ field: both
	374	+ exclusions:
	375	+ - (?i)\bmultimodal (therapy\|analgesi\|treatment\|intervention\|pain\|anesthesi\|anaesthesi\|imaging biomarkers?\|prehabilitation\|transport)\b
	376	+ related:
	377	+ - computer_vision
	378	+ - nlp
	379	+ - llm
	380	+ - speech_audio
	381	+ - generative_ai
	382	+ parent_of: []
	383	+ child_of:
	384	+ - foundation_models
	385	+ provenance: T11714 is the only OpenAlex topic centred on vision-language learning. Multimedia venues at partial weight (they also host unimodal media work). Medical 'multimodal' senses are vetoed.
	386	+- id: generative_ai
	387	+ number: 4
	388	+ name: Generative AI
	389	+ area: ai_ml
	390	+ definition: 'Models that synthesise new content (images, video, audio, 3D, text, code, molecules) and their training, sampling, evaluation, detection and misuse: GANs, VAEs, diffusion and flow models, autoregressive generators, text-to-X synthesis, deepfakes and AI-generated-content detection. LLM text generation as such is llm unless the contribution concerns the generative model or its outputs'' authenticity.'
	391	+ openalex_topics:
	392	+ - id: T10775
	393	+ weight: 1.0
	394	+ note: GANs, diffusion models, image/video generation
	395	+ - id: T12357
	396	+ weight: 0.5
	397	+ note: 'digital media forensics: deepfake detection'
	398	+ - id: T11349
	399	+ weight: 0.2
	400	+ note: music technology (music generation)
	401	+ - id: T10388
	402	+ weight: 0.2
	403	+ note: steganography / watermarking (of generated content)
	404	+ - id: T14254
	405	+ weight: 0.2
	406	+ note: digital media and visual art (AI art)
	407	+ openalex_subfields: []
	408	+ arxiv_categories:
	409	+ - id: cs.CV
	410	+ weight: 0.2
	411	+ - id: cs.LG
	412	+ weight: 0.3
	413	+ - id: cs.GR
	414	+ weight: 0.2
	415	+ - id: cs.SD
	416	+ weight: 0.1
	417	+ - id: cs.AI
	418	+ weight: 0.1
	419	+ - id: cs.MM
	420	+ weight: 0.1
	421	+ dblp_streams:
	422	+ - key: conf/nips
	423	+ weight: 0.2
	424	+ - key: conf/icml
	425	+ weight: 0.2
	426	+ - key: conf/iclr
	427	+ weight: 0.2
	428	+ - key: conf/cvpr
	429	+ weight: 0.2
	430	+ - key: conf/iccv
	431	+ weight: 0.2
	432	+ - key: conf/eccv
	433	+ weight: 0.2
	434	+ - key: conf/siggraph
	435	+ weight: 0.2
	436	+ - key: conf/siggrapha
	437	+ weight: 0.2
	438	+ - key: journals/tog
	439	+ weight: 0.1
	440	+ keywords:
	441	+ - pattern: (?i)\bgenerative (AI\|artificial intelligence\|models?\|modell?ing\|adversarial networks?\|pre-?trained\|design\|art)\b\|\bGenAI\b\|\bAIGC\b
	442	+ weight: 1.0
	443	+ field: both
	444	+ - pattern: (?i)\bGANs?\b\|\b(conditional\|cycle\|style\|Wasserstein)GAN\b\|\bStyleGAN\w*\b
	445	+ weight: 0.9
	446	+ field: both
	447	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(denoising diffusion\|latent diffusion\|stable diffusion\|diffusion transformers?\|DDPM\|DDIM\|score-?based generative\|score matching\|flow[- ]matching\|rectified flow\|normali[sz]ing flows?\|consistency models?)\b
	448	+ weight: 1.0
	449	+ field: both
	450	+ - pattern: (?i)\bdiffusion models?\b
	451	+ weight: 0.8
	452	+ field: both
	453	+ - pattern: (?i)\btext-?to-?(image\|video\|3D\|audio\|speech\|music\|motion\|SVG\|scene)\b
	454	+ weight: 1.0
	455	+ field: both
	456	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(image\|video\|music\|audio\|speech\|3D\|motion\|molecule\|molecular\|code\|scene\|face\|avatar\|talking[- ]head\|layout\|texture\|graph) (generation\|synthesis)\b
	457	+ weight: 0.7
	458	+ field: both
	459	+ - pattern: (?i)\bdeep-?fakes?\b\|\bface swap(ping)?\b\|\bsynthetic media\b
	460	+ weight: 1.0
	461	+ field: both
	462	+ - pattern: (?i)\bvariational auto-?encoders?\b\|\bVAEs?\b\|\bVQ-?VAE\b\|\bVQGAN\b
	463	+ weight: 0.7
	464	+ field: both
	465	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(AI-?generated\|machine-?generated\|synthetic(ally)?[- ]generated\|LLM-?generated) (content\|images?\|text\|data\|videos?\|audio\|art\|code\|faces)\b
	466	+ weight: 0.8
	467	+ field: both
	468	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(image (inpainting\|outpainting\|editing\|to-image translation)\|style transfer\|super-?resolution\|image restoration\|controllable generation\|ControlNet\|DreamBooth\|textual inversion\|classifier-?free guidance\|Midjourney\|DALL-?E\|Imagen\|Sora)\b
	469	+ weight: 0.6
	470	+ field: both
	471	+ - pattern: (?i)\bautoregressive (models?\|generation\|image\|video)\b
	472	+ weight: 0.5
	473	+ field: both
	474	+ exclusions:
	475	+ - (?is)^(?!.(generative\|GANs?\b\|synthesis\|generation\|deepfake\|VAE\|AI-?generated)).\b(drug\|gas\|molecular\|thermal\|anomalous\|reaction-?\|water\|heat\|ion\|oxygen\|particle\|turbulent\|surface\|solute\|vapou?r) diffusion\b
	476	+ - (?is)^(?!.(generative\|GANs?\b\|synthesis\|generation\|deepfake\|VAE\|AI-?generated)).\bdiffusion (coefficients?\|tensor\|MRI\|weighted\|equations?\|process(es)?\|of innovations?\|limited)\b
	477	+ related:
	478	+ - llm
	479	+ - multimodal_ai
	480	+ - computer_vision
	481	+ - computer_graphics
	482	+ - foundation_models
	483	+ - speech_audio
	484	+ parent_of: []
	485	+ child_of: []
	486	+ provenance: T10775 keywords explicitly list GANs, diffusion models, Stable Diffusion, text-to-image. Physics/finance senses of 'diffusion' are vetoed only when no generative-modelling term is present.
	487	+- id: ai_agents
	488	+ number: 5
	489	+ name: AI Agents and Autonomous Systems
	490	+ area: ai_ml
	491	+ definition: 'Software agents that perceive, decide and act with some autonomy: LLM-based agents and tool use, multi-agent systems, planning and automated reasoning for acting, agent architectures, negotiation, agentic workflows and benchmarks, embodied agents in simulated environments. Physical robots are robotics; RL algorithms as such are reinforcement_learning.'
	492	+ openalex_topics:
	493	+ - id: T10456
	494	+ weight: 1.0
	495	+ note: 'Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation: BDI, agent architectures, argumentation'
	496	+ - id: T10906
	497	+ weight: 0.6
	498	+ note: AI-based problem solving and planning (PDDL, multi-agent planning)
	499	+ - id: T11574
	500	+ weight: 0.4
	501	+ note: AI in games (game-playing agents)
	502	+ - id: T10249
	503	+ weight: 0.3
	504	+ note: distributed control of multi-agent systems (control-theoretic MAS)
	505	+ - id: T12128
	506	+ weight: 0.2
	507	+ note: chatbots and service agents
	508	+ openalex_subfields:
	509	+ - id: 1702
	510	+ weight: 0.1
	511	+ arxiv_categories:
	512	+ - id: cs.MA
	513	+ weight: 1.0
	514	+ - id: cs.AI
	515	+ weight: 0.4
	516	+ dblp_streams:
	517	+ - key: conf/atal
	518	+ weight: 1.0
	519	+ - key: conf/ifaamas
	520	+ weight: 1.0
	521	+ - key: journals/aamas
	522	+ weight: 1.0
	523	+ - key: conf/icaart
	524	+ weight: 0.6
	525	+ - key: conf/aaai
	526	+ weight: 0.2
	527	+ - key: conf/ijcai
	528	+ weight: 0.2
	529	+ - key: journals/jair
	530	+ weight: 0.2
	531	+ - key: journals/ai
	532	+ weight: 0.2
	533	+ - key: conf/kr
	534	+ weight: 0.2
	535	+ - key: conf/ecai
	536	+ weight: 0.3
	537	+ - key: conf/ecai2
	538	+ weight: 0.3
	539	+ - key: conf/ictai
	540	+ weight: 0.2
	541	+ keywords:
	542	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(LLM\|language[- ]model\|AI\|autonomous\|intelligent\|embodied\|conversational\|software\|web\|GUI\|coding\|browsing\|tool-?using\|generative\|multi-?step\|computer-?use\|research\|planning)[- ](based \|powered \|driven )?agents?\b
	543	+ weight: 1.0
	544	+ field: both
	545	+ - pattern: (?i)\bagentic\b\|\bagent-?based (LLM\|AI\|systems?\|frameworks?\|workflows?)\b
	546	+ weight: 1.0
	547	+ field: both
	548	+ - pattern: (?i)\bmulti-?agent (systems?\|reinforcement\|collaboration\|coordination\|negotiation\|planning\|simulation\|frameworks?\|debate\|learning\|path finding\|communication\|environments?)\b\|\bMAS\b\|\bMARL\b
	549	+ weight: 1.0
	550	+ field: both
	551	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(tool (use\|using\|learning\|calling\|augmented\|integration)\|function calling\|API calling\|ReAct\|AutoGPT\|AutoGen\|LangChain\|LangGraph\|CrewAI\|MetaGPT\|SWE-?agent\|SWE-?bench\|WebArena\|AgentBench\|OSWorld\|Model Context Protocol\|MCP servers?)\b
	552	+ weight: 1.0
	553	+ field: both
	554	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(BDI\|belief-?desire-?intention) (agents?\|architectures?\|models?)\b\|\bagent-?oriented (programming\|software engineering)\b
	555	+ weight: 1.0
	556	+ field: both
	557	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(automated\|classical\|hierarchical\|task\|AI\|temporal\|epistemic) planning\b\|\bPDDL\b\|\btask (decomposition\|and motion planning)\b
	558	+ weight: 0.7
	559	+ field: both
	560	+ - pattern: (?i)\bagent-?based (model(ing\|s)?\|simulations?)\b\|\bABM\b
	561	+ weight: 0.6
	562	+ field: both
	563	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(autonomous systems?\|autonomy\|self-?driving\|self-?improving\|self-?evolving\|long-?horizon (tasks?\|planning)\|memory (module\|mechanism\|augmented) (for\|in) agents?)\b
	564	+ weight: 0.5
	565	+ field: both
	566	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(game[- ]playing\|general game\|AlphaGo\|AlphaZero\|MuZero\|OpenAI Five\|AlphaStar\|CICERO\|Diplomacy)\b
	567	+ weight: 0.6
	568	+ field: both
	569	+ exclusions:
	570	+ - (?i)\b(reagents?\|chemical\|contrast\|therapeutic\|antimicrobial\|chelating\|reducing\|oxidi[sz]ing\|pharmacological\|anti-?cancer\|infectious\|causative\|etiologic(al)?\|biological\|pathogenic\|anesthetic\|anaesthetic\|alkylating\|cross-?linking\|blowing\|surface-?active\|wetting\|coupling\|cytotoxic\|antiviral\|antibacterial\|antifungal\|bleaching\|dispersing\|sweetening\|flavou?ring\|leavening\|real estate\|travel\|insurance\|customs\|shipping\|sports\|literary\|secret\|double\|free\|special) agents?\b
	571	+ related:
	572	+ - llm
	573	+ - reinforcement_learning
	574	+ - robotics
	575	+ - ai_safety
	576	+ - autonomous_scientific_discovery
	577	+ parent_of: []
	578	+ child_of: []
	579	+ provenance: T10456 is the classical MAS host; the LLM-agent wave has no OpenAlex topic yet, so keyword patterns on 'X agent' (with the qualifier restricted to computing senses) and agent frameworks/benchmarks carry it. Chemical/medical/commercial senses of 'agent' are vetoed.
	580	+- id: reinforcement_learning
	581	+ number: 6
	582	+ name: Reinforcement Learning
	583	+ area: ai_ml
	584	+ definition: 'Learning to act from reward signals: value- and policy-based methods, model-based RL, offline and inverse RL, multi-agent RL, bandits, exploration, reward design, RL from human feedback, and RL theory. Applications to robot control are shared with robotics.'
	585	+ openalex_topics:
	586	+ - id: T10462
	587	+ weight: 1.0
	588	+ note: 'Reinforcement Learning in Robotics: Q-learning, PPO, offline RL, imitation learning'
	589	+ - id: T12794
	590	+ weight: 0.5
	591	+ note: adaptive dynamic programming control
	592	+ - id: T11574
	593	+ weight: 0.3
	594	+ note: AI in games
	595	+ - id: T10100
	596	+ weight: 0.1
	597	+ note: metaheuristic optimisation (RL-based hyper-heuristics)
	598	+ openalex_subfields: []
	599	+ arxiv_categories:
	600	+ - id: cs.LG
	601	+ weight: 0.3
	602	+ - id: cs.AI
	603	+ weight: 0.2
	604	+ - id: cs.RO
	605	+ weight: 0.1
	606	+ - id: eess.SY
	607	+ weight: 0.1
	608	+ - id: cs.MA
	609	+ weight: 0.1
	610	+ dblp_streams:
	611	+ - key: conf/nips
	612	+ weight: 0.2
	613	+ - key: conf/icml
	614	+ weight: 0.2
	615	+ - key: conf/iclr
	616	+ weight: 0.2
	617	+ - key: conf/corl
	618	+ weight: 0.3
	619	+ - key: conf/aaai
	620	+ weight: 0.1
	621	+ - key: journals/jmlr
	622	+ weight: 0.1
	623	+ - key: conf/atal
	624	+ weight: 0.2
	625	+ - key: journals/tnn
	626	+ weight: 0.1
	627	+ keywords:
	628	+ - pattern: (?i)\breinforcement learning\b
	629	+ weight: 1.0
	630	+ field: both
	631	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(deep\|multi-?agent\|offline\|online\|inverse\|model-?based\|model-?free\|safe\|hierarchical\|meta\|batch\|distributional\|constrained\|goal-?conditioned\|preference-?based\|federated\|quantum)[- ]RL\b
	632	+ weight: 1.0
	633	+ field: both
	634	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(Q-?learning\|DQN\|double DQN\|Rainbow DQN\|PPO\|proximal policy optimi[sz]ation\|TRPO\|actor-?critic\|A3C\|A2C\|SAC\b\|soft actor-?critic\|TD3\|DDPG\|policy gradients?\|REINFORCE\|AlphaZero\|MuZero\|Dreamer(V\d)?\|decision transformers?\|world models? for (control\|RL\|planning))\b
	635	+ weight: 1.0
	636	+ field: both
	637	+ - pattern: (?i)\bMarkov decision process(es)?\b\|\bMDPs?\b\|\bPOMDPs?\b\|\bsemi-?MDP\b\|\bDec-?POMDP\b
	638	+ weight: 0.8
	639	+ field: both
	640	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(reward (functions?\|shaping\|models?\|hacking\|design\|learning\|signals?)\|sparse rewards?\|exploration[- ]exploitation\|intrinsic (motivation\|rewards?)\|curiosity-?driven\|multi-?armed bandits?\|contextual bandits?\|credit assignment\|experience replay\|sim-?to-?real)\b
	641	+ weight: 0.8
	642	+ field: both
	643	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(imitation learning\|behavio(u)?r(al)? cloning\|learning from demonstrations?\|inverse reinforcement\|apprenticeship learning\|offline (policy\|data) (evaluation\|learning))\b
	644	+ weight: 0.8
	645	+ field: both
	646	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(RLHF\|RLAIF\|reinforcement learning from (human\|AI) feedback\|GRPO\|DPO\b\|direct preference optimi[sz]ation\|RLVR\|reasoning models? trained with\|verifiable rewards?)\b
	647	+ weight: 0.8
	648	+ field: both
	649	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(temporal[- ]difference\|value (functions?\|iteration)\|policy (iteration\|evaluation\|optimi[sz]ation\|learning)\|Bellman\|dynamic programming for control\|optimal control via learning\|regret bounds? for (MDP\|RL))\b
	650	+ weight: 0.6
	651	+ field: both
	652	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(agents?\|policies\|policy\|environments?\|episodes?\|rollouts?)\b
	653	+ weight: 0.2
	654	+ field: both
	655	+ exclusions:
	656	+ - (?i)\breinforcement (of\|in\|for) (concrete\|steel\|soil\|composites?\|polymers?\|fib(er\|re)s?\|masonry\|beams?\|slabs?\|pavements?)\b(?!.*reinforcement learning)
	657	+ related:
	658	+ - ai_agents
	659	+ - robotics
	660	+ - ml_theory
	661	+ - ai_safety
	662	+ - llm
	663	+ parent_of: []
	664	+ child_of: []
	665	+ provenance: T10462 is the RL topic (its keywords list MARL, Q-learning, PPO, offline RL). Algorithm names reach the threshold alone.
	666	+- id: ml_theory
	667	+ number: 7
	668	+ name: Machine Learning Theory
	669	+ area: ai_ml
	670	+ definition: 'Statistical and computational learning theory and principled ML methodology: generalisation and sample complexity, optimisation theory for learning, kernel and Bayesian methods, probabilistic models, causal inference, online learning, PAC learning, interpretability and fairness as formal problems. Architecture engineering is deep_learning_architectures.'
	671	+ openalex_topics:
	672	+ - id: T12072
	673	+ weight: 1.0
	674	+ note: 'Machine Learning and Algorithms: PAC learning, generalisation bounds, VC dimension'
	675	+ - id: T11612
	676	+ weight: 0.8
	677	+ note: stochastic gradient optimisation, NTK, implicit regularisation
	678	+ - id: T12814
	679	+ weight: 0.7
	680	+ note: Gaussian processes and Bayesian inference
	681	+ - id: T11303
	682	+ weight: 0.6
	683	+ note: Bayesian modelling and causal inference
	684	+ - id: T10845
	685	+ weight: 0.5
	686	+ note: advanced causal inference techniques
	687	+ - id: T11901
	688	+ weight: 0.5
	689	+ note: Bayesian methods and mixture models
	690	+ - id: T12535
	691	+ weight: 0.4
	692	+ note: ML and data classification (SVM, ensembles)
	693	+ - id: T10637
	694	+ weight: 0.4
	695	+ note: clustering algorithms
	696	+ - id: T12026
	697	+ weight: 0.4
	698	+ note: explainable AI
	699	+ - id: T12536
	700	+ weight: 0.4
	701	+ note: topological and geometric data analysis
	702	+ - id: T11652
	703	+ weight: 0.3
	704	+ note: imbalanced classification
	705	+ - id: T11689
	706	+ weight: 0.3
	707	+ note: adversarial robustness (certified robustness)
	708	+ - id: T10963
	709	+ weight: 0.3
	710	+ note: advanced optimisation algorithms
	711	+ - id: T12761
	712	+ weight: 0.3
	713	+ note: data stream mining (concept drift)
	714	+ - id: T12205
	715	+ weight: 0.3
	716	+ note: time series forecasting
	717	+ - id: T13373
	718	+ weight: 0.2
	719	+ note: data mining and ML applications
	720	+ - id: T12676
	721	+ weight: 0.2
	722	+ note: extreme learning machines
	723	+ - id: T11512
	724	+ weight: 0.6
	725	+ note: anomaly detection techniques and applications
	726	+ - id: T10820
	727	+ weight: 0.3
	728	+ note: fuzzy logic and control systems (soft computing)
	729	+ - id: T11063
	730	+ weight: 0.3
	731	+ note: rough sets and fuzzy logic (granular computing, feature selection)
	732	+ openalex_subfields:
	733	+ - id: 1702
	734	+ weight: 0.3
	735	+ arxiv_categories:
	736	+ - id: stat.ML
	737	+ weight: 0.8
	738	+ - id: cs.LG
	739	+ weight: 0.4
	740	+ - id: math.ST
	741	+ weight: 0.3
	742	+ - id: math.OC
	743	+ weight: 0.2
	744	+ dblp_streams:
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	828	+ weight: 0.3
	829	+ - key: journals/ijfs
	830	+ weight: 0.3
	831	+ - key: journals/jifs
	832	+ weight: 0.2
	833	+ - key: journals/ijis
	834	+ weight: 0.3
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	836	+ weight: 0.3
	837	+ - key: journals/comintsys
	838	+ weight: 0.3
	839	+ - key: journals/es
	840	+ weight: 0.3
	841	+ - key: journals/iasc
	842	+ weight: 0.2
	843	+ - key: journals/inffus
	844	+ weight: 0.3
	845	+ - key: journals/eaai
	846	+ weight: 0.2
	847	+ keywords:
	848	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(generali[sz]ation (bounds?\|error\|gap\|theory)\|sample complexity\|regret (bounds?\|minimi[sz]ation\|analysis)\|minimax (rates?\|optimal\|lower)\|PAC(-Bayes(ian)?)?( learning\| bounds?)?\|Rademacher\|VC[- ]dimension\|convergence (rates?\|guarantees?\|analysis)\|statistical learning theory\|computational learning theory\|learnability\|uniform convergence\|excess risk)\b
	849	+ weight: 0.9
	850	+ field: both
	851	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(kernel (methods?\|machines?\|ridge\|mean embedding)\|reproducing kernel\|RKHS\|Gaussian process(es)?\|variational inference\|Bayesian (optimi[sz]ation\|neural networks?\|inference\|deep learning\|nonparametric)\|probabilistic (models?\|programming\|graphical)\|graphical models?\|expectation[- ]maximi[sz]ation\|Markov chain Monte Carlo\|MCMC\|Hamiltonian Monte Carlo\|normali[sz]ing flows? for inference\|conformal prediction\|calibration)\b
	852	+ weight: 0.8
	853	+ field: both
	854	+ - pattern: (?i)\bcausal (inference\|discovery\|representation learning\|effect estimation\|structure learning\|machine learning)\b\|\bcounterfactual (reasoning\|inference\|fairness)\b\|\bstructural causal models?\b\|\btreatment effect\b
	855	+ weight: 0.8
	856	+ field: both
	857	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(online learning\|bandits?\|stochastic (gradient\|optimi[sz]ation\|approximation)\|non-?convex optimi[sz]ation\|convex optimi[sz]ation for learning\|implicit (bias\|regulari[sz]ation)\|gradient (descent\|flow) dynamics\|saddle points?\|loss landscapes?\|mirror descent\|optimal transport\|Wasserstein)\b
	858	+ weight: 0.6
	859	+ field: both
	860	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(double descent\|neural tangent kernel\|NTK\b\|lottery ticket\|over-?parameteri[sz](ed\|ation)\|benign overfitting\|grokking\|feature learning (regime\|theory)\|mean-?field (limit\|theory) of neural\|infinite-?width\|random features?)\b
	861	+ weight: 1.0
	862	+ field: both
	863	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(interpretab(le\|ility)\|explainab(le\|ility)) (machine learning\|AI\|models?\|methods?)\b\|\bXAI\b\|\bSHAP\b\|\bLIME\b\|\bfeature attribution\b\|\bsaliency maps? for\b
	864	+ weight: 0.5
	865	+ field: both
	866	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(fairness (constraints?\|metrics?\|in machine learning)\|algorithmic fairness\|demographic parity\|equali[sz]ed odds\|fair (classification\|representation))\b
	867	+ weight: 0.5
	868	+ field: both
	869	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(semi-?supervised\|self-?supervised\|unsupervised\|active\|transfer\|meta\|continual\|lifelong\|few-?shot\|zero-?shot\|multi-?task\|weakly[- ]supervised\|positive-?unlabeled\|contrastive\|representation\|manifold\|metric\|dictionary\|ensemble\|boosting\|bagging) learning\b
	870	+ weight: 0.4
	871	+ field: both
	872	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(distribution shift\|out-?of-?distribution\|domain generali[sz]ation\|covariate shift\|label noise\|robust(ness)? (to\|under\|against) (noise\|shift\|corruption)\|concept drift\|anomaly detection\|outlier detection\|imbalanced (data\|learning\|classification)\|dimensionality reduction\|matrix (completion\|factori[sz]ation)\|tensor (decomposition\|methods?)\|sparse (coding\|recovery)\|compressed sensing)\b
	873	+ weight: 0.5
	874	+ field: both
	875	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(support vector machines?\|SVMs?\|random forests?\|gradient boosting\|XGBoost\|LightGBM\|k-?means\|spectral clustering\|Gaussian mixture\|hidden Markov models?\|HMMs?\|logistic regression\|decision trees?\|nearest neighbou?rs?\|kNN)\b
	876	+ weight: 0.5
	877	+ field: both
	878	+ - pattern: (?i)\bmachine learning\b\|\bstatistical learning\b\|\blearning theory\b
	879	+ weight: 0.4
	880	+ field: both
	881	+ exclusions: []
	882	+ related:
	883	+ - deep_learning_architectures
	884	+ - reinforcement_learning
	885	+ - algorithms
	886	+ - computational_complexity
	887	+ - ai_safety
	888	+ - foundation_models
	889	+ parent_of: []
	890	+ child_of: []
	891	+ provenance: 'Hosts classical ML and its theory: OpenAlex splits them across T12072 (learning theory), T11612 (optimisation), T12814/T11303/T11901 (Bayesian), T12535/T10637 (classical methods). Venue weights follow venue purity (COLT/ALT/JMLR/AISTATS/UAI strong; NeurIPS/ICML partial).'
	892	+- id: deep_learning_architectures
	893	+ number: 8
	894	+ name: Deep Learning Architectures
	895	+ area: ai_ml
	896	+ definition: 'Design, training and compression of neural network architectures as such: CNNs, RNNs, transformers and attention, graph neural networks, state-space models, normalisation and optimisers in practice, neural architecture search, pruning, quantisation and distillation, neuromorphic and spiking networks as models. Task-specific results go to the application category; hardware goes to ai_accelerators.'
	897	+ openalex_topics:
	898	+ - id: T10320
	899	+ weight: 1.0
	900	+ note: 'Neural Networks and Applications: training, architectures, activation functions'
	901	+ - id: T11273
	902	+ weight: 1.0
	903	+ note: Advanced Graph Neural Networks
	904	+ - id: T10036
	905	+ weight: 0.5
	906	+ note: 'Advanced Neural Network Applications: YOLO, lightweight networks, model compression'
	907	+ - id: T12676
	908	+ weight: 0.5
	909	+ note: extreme learning machines
	910	+ - id: T12611
	911	+ weight: 0.4
	912	+ note: reservoir computing / echo state networks
	913	+ - id: T11612
	914	+ weight: 0.3
	915	+ note: DNN training optimisation
	916	+ - id: T11347
	917	+ weight: 0.3
	918	+ note: neural network stability and synchronisation
	919	+ - id: T11307
	920	+ weight: 0.3
	921	+ note: PEFT and continual learning for deep nets
	922	+ - id: T12205
	923	+ weight: 0.2
	924	+ note: time-series forecasting with deep nets
	925	+ - id: T10502
	926	+ weight: 0.2
	927	+ note: neuromorphic computing (spiking models)
	928	+ - id: T11206
	929	+ weight: 0.2
	930	+ note: model reduction and neural networks
	931	+ openalex_subfields:
	932	+ - id: 1702
	933	+ weight: 0.3
	934	+ arxiv_categories:
	935	+ - id: cs.NE
	936	+ weight: 1.0
	937	+ - id: cs.LG
	938	+ weight: 0.5
	939	+ - id: cs.CV
	940	+ weight: 0.1
	941	+ - id: cs.AI
	942	+ weight: 0.1
	943	+ dblp_streams:
	944	+ - key: conf/iclr
	945	+ weight: 0.5
	946	+ - key: conf/nips
	947	+ weight: 0.4
	948	+ - key: conf/icml
	949	+ weight: 0.4
	950	+ - key: journals/tnn
	951	+ weight: 0.6
	952	+ - key: journals/nn
	953	+ weight: 0.6
	954	+ - key: conf/ijcnn
	955	+ weight: 0.6
	956	+ - key: journals/ijon
	957	+ weight: 0.5
	958	+ - key: journals/nca
	959	+ weight: 0.5
	960	+ - key: conf/icann
	961	+ weight: 0.6
	962	+ - key: conf/iconip
	963	+ weight: 0.5
	964	+ - key: journals/npl
	965	+ weight: 0.5
	966	+ - key: conf/esann
	967	+ weight: 0.5
	968	+ - key: journals/tmlr
	969	+ weight: 0.3
	970	+ - key: journals/pami
	971	+ weight: 0.2
	972	+ - key: journals/cin
	973	+ weight: 0.3
	974	+ - key: journals/tetci
	975	+ weight: 0.3
	976	+ - key: journals/tai
	977	+ weight: 0.3
	978	+ - key: journals/ficn
	979	+ weight: 0.2
	980	+ - key: journals/cogcom
	981	+ weight: 0.2
	982	+ - key: journals/aisy
	983	+ weight: 0.1
	984	+ - key: conf/aaai
	985	+ weight: 0.1
	986	+ keywords:
	987	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(deep\|convolutional\|recurrent\|graph\|spiking\|artificial\|feed-?forward\|residual\|siamese\|capsule\|physics-?informed\|liquid\|binary\|quanti[sz]ed\|Hopfield\|Kolmogorov-?Arnold) neural networks?\b
	988	+ weight: 0.8
	989	+ field: both
	990	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(CNNs?\|RNNs?\|LSTMs?\|GRUs?\|GNNs?\|GCNs?\|GATs?\|SNNs?\|MLPs?\|DNNs?\|ANNs?\|KANs?\|ResNets?\|DenseNet\|EfficientNet\|MobileNet\|U-?Net\|ViTs?\|Swin)\b
	991	+ weight: 0.7
	992	+ field: both
	993	+ - pattern: (?i)\btransformers?\b
	994	+ weight: 0.5
	995	+ field: both
	996	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(self-?\|cross-?\|multi-?head \|sparse \|linear \|flash)?attention (mechanisms?\|heads?\|layers?\|maps?\|weights)\b\|\battention is all\b
	997	+ weight: 0.7
	998	+ field: both
	999	+ - pattern: (?i)\bneural architecture search\b\|\bNAS\b.*\b(architecture\|search space\|supernet)\b\|\bdifferentiable architecture search\b\|\bgraph neural networks?\b\|\bnetwork architectures? (design\|for deep learning)\b\|\barchitectures? of (deep\|convolutional\|recurrent) neural\b\|\bdeep (neural )?network (architectures?\|design\|compression)\b
	1000	+ weight: 1.0
	1001	+ field: both
	1002	+ - pattern: (?i)\bAutoML\b\|\bhyper-?parameter optimi[sz]ation\b
	1003	+ weight: 0.6
	1004	+ field: both
	1005	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(model compression\|knowledge distillation\|network pruning\|structured pruning\|unstructured pruning\|post-?training quanti[sz]ation\|quanti[sz]ation-?aware training\|low-?rank (factori[sz]ation\|approximation) of (weights\|layers)\|weight sharing\|parameter sharing\|lightweight (networks?\|architectures?\|models?)\|efficient (architectures?\|networks?\|transformers?))\b
	1006	+ weight: 0.8
	1007	+ field: both
	1008	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(batch\|layer\|group\|instance\|weight\|spectral) normali[sz]ation\b\|\bdropout\b\|\bresidual (connections?\|learning\|blocks?)\b\|\bskip connections?\b\|\bactivation functions?\b\|\bReLU\b\|\bGELU\b\|\bSwiGLU\b\|\bsoftmax\b
	1009	+ weight: 0.7
	1010	+ field: both
	1011	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(mixture[- ]of[- ]experts\|MoE\b\|state[- ]space models?\|SSMs?\b\|Mamba\|S4\b\|RWKV\|Hyena\|linear (RNNs?\|transformers?)\|positional (encodings?\|embeddings?)\|RoPE\|rotary\|hypernetworks?\|neural ODEs?\|implicit (layers\|neural representations?)\|capsule networks?\|equivariant (networks?\|neural)\|geometric deep learning\|message passing (neural\|networks?)\|graph (convolution\|attention\|transformers?\|pooling)\|over-?smoothing)\b
	1012	+ weight: 0.9
	1013	+ field: both
	1014	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(backpropagation\|back-?prop\|gradient (vanishing\|exploding)\|learning rate (schedul\|warm-?up)\|Adam(W)?\b\|optimi[sz]ers? for (deep\|neural)\|weight (decay\|initiali[sz]ation)\|training (dynamics\|instabilit)\|loss functions? for\|curriculum learning\|data augmentation\|mixup\|CutMix\|label smoothing\|early stopping\|hyper-?parameter (tuning\|optimi[sz]ation))\b
	1015	+ weight: 0.7
	1016	+ field: both
	1017	+ - pattern: (?i)\bdeep learning\b\|\bneural networks?\b\|\bneural nets?\b
	1018	+ weight: 0.5
	1019	+ field: both
	1020	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(spiking\|neuromorphic\|reservoir computing\|echo state\|extreme learning machines?\|ELM\b)\b
	1021	+ weight: 0.5
	1022	+ field: both
	1023	+ exclusions:
	1024	+ - (?is)^(?!.(neural\|deep learning\|attention\|language model\|vision\|encoder\|decoder)).\b(power\|distribution\|current\|voltage\|instrument\|high-?voltage\|dry-?type\|oil-?immersed\|pulse\|flyback\|isolation\|phase-?shifting\|step-?(up\|down)) transformers?\b
	1025	+ related:
	1026	+ - ml_theory
	1027	+ - computer_vision
	1028	+ - nlp
	1029	+ - ai_accelerators
	1030	+ - foundation_models
	1031	+ - llm
	1032	+ parent_of: []
	1033	+ child_of: []
	1034	+ provenance: T10320 and T11273 are architecture-centred OpenAlex topics; cs.NE is the arXiv home of neural and evolutionary computation. 'Transformer' alone is weak and electrical senses are vetoed when no learning term co-occurs.
	1035	+- id: computer_vision
	1036	+ number: 9
	1037	+ name: Computer Vision
	1038	+ area: perception_interaction
	1039	+ definition: 'Extracting information from images, video and 3D data: recognition, detection, segmentation, tracking, pose, depth and 3D reconstruction, image restoration and enhancement, medical and remote-sensing image analysis, visual representation learning. Image synthesis is generative_ai; vision-language is multimodal_ai; rendering is computer_graphics.'
	1040	+ openalex_topics:
	1041	+ - id: T10036
	1042	+ weight: 1.0
	1043	+ note: object detection, segmentation, YOLO
	1044	+ - id: T10531
	1045	+ weight: 1.0
	1046	+ note: advanced vision and imaging
	1047	+ - id: T10331
	1048	+ weight: 1.0
	1049	+ note: video surveillance and tracking
	1050	+ - id: T11448
	1051	+ weight: 1.0
	1052	+ note: face recognition
	1053	+ - id: T10057
	1054	+ weight: 1.0
	1055	+ note: face and expression recognition
	1056	+ - id: T10812
	1057	+ weight: 1.0
	1058	+ note: human pose and action recognition
	1059	+ - id: T12549
	1060	+ weight: 1.0
	1061	+ note: image and object detection
	1062	+ - id: T11605
	1063	+ weight: 1.0
	1064	+ note: visual attention and saliency
	1065	+ - id: T14339
	1066	+ weight: 1.0
	1067	+ note: image processing and 3D reconstruction
	1068	+ - id: T10601
	1069	+ weight: 0.8
	1070	+ note: handwritten text recognition
	1071	+ - id: T10824
	1072	+ weight: 0.8
	1073	+ note: image retrieval and classification
	1074	+ - id: T11019
	1075	+ weight: 0.8
	1076	+ note: image enhancement
	1077	+ - id: T11105
	1078	+ weight: 0.8
	1079	+ note: advanced image processing
	1080	+ - id: T11439
	1081	+ weight: 0.8
	1082	+ note: video analysis and summarization
	1083	+ - id: T12923
	1084	+ weight: 0.8
	1085	+ note: digital image processing
	1086	+ - id: T13579
	1087	+ weight: 0.8
	1088	+ note: image and video stabilization
	1089	+ - id: T12111
	1090	+ weight: 0.8
	1091	+ note: industrial vision and defect detection
	1092	+ - id: T10052
	1093	+ weight: 0.7
	1094	+ note: medical image segmentation
	1095	+ - id: T10688
	1096	+ weight: 0.7
	1097	+ note: image and signal denoising
	1098	+ - id: T10627
	1099	+ weight: 0.7
	1100	+ note: image and video retrieval
	1101	+ - id: T11165
	1102	+ weight: 0.7
	1103	+ note: image and video quality assessment
	1104	+ - id: T13114
	1105	+ weight: 0.7
	1106	+ note: image processing techniques
	1107	+ - id: T10444
	1108	+ weight: 0.6
	1109	+ note: context-aware activity recognition
	1110	+ - id: T10689
	1111	+ weight: 0.6
	1112	+ note: remote-sensing image classification
	1113	+ - id: T11659
	1114	+ weight: 0.6
	1115	+ note: image fusion
	1116	+ - id: T12422
	1117	+ weight: 0.5
	1118	+ note: radiomics and ML in medical imaging
	1119	+ - id: T12983
	1120	+ weight: 0.5
	1121	+ note: satellite image processing and photogrammetry
	1122	+ - id: T12859
	1123	+ weight: 0.5
	1124	+ note: cell image analysis
	1125	+ - id: T10719
	1126	+ weight: 0.5
	1127	+ note: 3D shape modeling and analysis
	1128	+ - id: T11398
	1129	+ weight: 0.5
	1130	+ note: hand gesture recognition
	1131	+ - id: T14319
	1132	+ weight: 0.5
	1133	+ note: currency recognition
	1134	+ - id: T10522
	1135	+ weight: 0.4
	1136	+ note: medical imaging techniques
	1137	+ - id: T12357
	1138	+ weight: 0.4
	1139	+ note: digital media forensics
	1140	+ - id: T11714
	1141	+ weight: 0.4
	1142	+ note: multimodal (vision-language)
	1143	+ - id: T11707
	1144	+ weight: 0.4
	1145	+ note: gaze tracking
	1146	+ - id: T10775
	1147	+ weight: 0.3
	1148	+ note: GANs and image synthesis
	1149	+ - id: T10888
	1150	+ weight: 0.3
	1151	+ note: augmented reality
	1152	+ - id: T10901
	1153	+ weight: 0.3
	1154	+ note: advanced data compression (image)
	1155	+ - id: T10741
	1156	+ weight: 0.3
	1157	+ note: video coding
	1158	+ - id: T10388
	1159	+ weight: 0.3
	1160	+ note: steganography and watermarking
	1161	+ - id: T11017
	1162	+ weight: 0.2
	1163	+ note: chaos-based image encryption
	1164	+ - id: T12874
	1165	+ weight: 0.4
	1166	+ note: digital imaging for blood diseases
	1167	+ - id: T10638
	1168	+ weight: 0.2
	1169	+ note: optical measurement and interference
	1170	+ - id: T13759
	1171	+ weight: 0.3
	1172	+ note: medical imaging and pathology
	1173	+ openalex_subfields:
	1174	+ - id: 1707
	1175	+ weight: 0.5
	1176	+ arxiv_categories:
	1177	+ - id: cs.CV
	1178	+ weight: 1.0
	1179	+ - id: eess.IV
	1180	+ weight: 0.6
	1181	+ dblp_streams:
	1182	+ - key: conf/cvpr
	1183	+ weight: 1.0
	1184	+ - key: conf/iccv
	1185	+ weight: 1.0
	1186	+ - key: conf/eccv
	1187	+ weight: 1.0
	1188	+ - key: conf/wacv
	1189	+ weight: 1.0
	1190	+ - key: conf/bmvc
	1191	+ weight: 1.0
	1192	+ - key: conf/accv
	1193	+ weight: 1.0
	1194	+ - key: conf/iccvw
	1195	+ weight: 1.0
	1196	+ - key: conf/fgr
	1197	+ weight: 1.0
	1198	+ - key: conf/3dim
	1199	+ weight: 1.0
	1200	+ - key: journals/ijcv
	1201	+ weight: 1.0
	1202	+ - key: journals/cviu
	1203	+ weight: 1.0
	1204	+ - key: journals/ivc
	1205	+ weight: 1.0
	1206	+ - key: journals/mva
	1207	+ weight: 1.0
	1208	+ - key: journals/pami
	1209	+ weight: 0.8
	1210	+ - key: journals/tip
	1211	+ weight: 0.8
	1212	+ - key: conf/icip
	1213	+ weight: 0.8
	1214	+ - key: conf/icpr
	1215	+ weight: 0.8
	1216	+ - key: conf/icdar
	1217	+ weight: 0.8
	1218	+ - key: conf/visapp
	1219	+ weight: 0.8
	1220	+ - key: conf/prcv
	1221	+ weight: 0.8
	1222	+ - key: journals/tcsv
	1223	+ weight: 0.7
	1224	+ - key: journals/iet-ipr
	1225	+ weight: 0.7
	1226	+ - key: journals/jrtip
	1227	+ weight: 0.7
	1228	+ - key: journals/pr
	1229	+ weight: 0.6
	1230	+ - key: journals/prl
	1231	+ weight: 0.6
	1232	+ - key: journals/jvcir
	1233	+ weight: 0.6
	1234	+ - key: journals/sivp
	1235	+ weight: 0.6
	1236	+ - key: journals/jimaging
	1237	+ weight: 0.6
	1238	+ - key: conf/miccai
	1239	+ weight: 0.6
	1240	+ - key: journals/mia
	1241	+ weight: 0.6
	1242	+ - key: journals/tmi
	1243	+ weight: 0.5
	1244	+ - key: conf/isbi
	1245	+ weight: 0.5
	1246	+ - key: journals/paa
	1247	+ weight: 0.5
	1248	+ - key: journals/tci
	1249	+ weight: 0.5
	1250	+ - key: journals/imst
	1251	+ weight: 0.5
	1252	+ - key: journals/cmig
	1253	+ weight: 0.5
	1254	+ - key: journals/spic
	1255	+ weight: 0.5
	1256	+ - key: journals/jei
	1257	+ weight: 0.5
	1258	+ - key: journals/cars
	1259	+ weight: 0.4
	1260	+ - key: journals/bmcmi
	1261	+ weight: 0.4
	1262	+ - key: journals/ijprai
	1263	+ weight: 0.5
	1264	+ - key: journals/tgrs
	1265	+ weight: 0.3
	1266	+ - key: conf/igarss
	1267	+ weight: 0.2
	1268	+ - key: journals/remotesensing
	1269	+ weight: 0.2
	1270	+ - key: journals/lgrs
	1271	+ weight: 0.3
	1272	+ - key: journals/staeors
	1273	+ weight: 0.2
	1274	+ - key: conf/vcip
	1275	+ weight: 0.6
	1276	+ - key: conf/icmcs
	1277	+ weight: 0.3
	1278	+ - key: conf/mm
	1279	+ weight: 0.2
	1280	+ - key: journals/mta
	1281	+ weight: 0.3
	1282	+ - key: conf/ivs
	1283	+ weight: 0.3
	1284	+ - key: journals/tits
	1285	+ weight: 0.1
	1286	+ - key: journals/jdi
	1287	+ weight: 0.3
	1288	+ - key: journals/jmihi
	1289	+ weight: 0.3
	1290	+ - key: conf/bmei
	1291	+ weight: 0.4
	1292	+ - key: journals/displays
	1293	+ weight: 0.2
	1294	+ - key: conf/icpram
	1295	+ weight: 0.5
	1296	+ - key: journals/cg
	1297	+ weight: 0.2
	1298	+ keywords:
	1299	+ - pattern: (?i)\bcomputer vision\b\|\bmachine vision\b\|\bvision (models?\|transformers?\|tasks?\|backbones?\|systems?)\b
	1300	+ weight: 1.0
	1301	+ field: both
	1302	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(object\|face\|facial\|pedestrian\|vehicle\|action\|activity\|pose\|gesture\|scene\|visual\|image\|video\|person\|text\|lane\|landmark\|anomaly in video\|salient object) (detection\|recognition\|tracking\|re-?identification\|classification\|segmentation\|understanding\|retrieval\|estimation\|parsing\|captioning\|matting)\b
	1303	+ weight: 0.8
	1304	+ field: both
	1305	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(semantic\|instance\|panoptic\|medical image\|image\|video\|3D\|point[- ]cloud\|interactive\|few-?shot\|open-?vocabulary) segmentation\b
	1306	+ weight: 1.0
	1307	+ field: both
	1308	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(point clouds?\|optical flow\|depth (estimation\|completion)\|stereo (matching\|vision)\|3D reconstruction\|structure[- ]from[- ]motion\|SfM\b\|multi-?view (stereo\|geometry)\|NeRF\|neural radiance fields?\|Gaussian splatting\|visual (SLAM\|odometry\|localization)\|camera (pose\|calibration)\|epipolar\|homography\|feature (matching\|descriptors?)\|SIFT\|keypoints?)\b
	1309	+ weight: 1.0
	1310	+ field: both
	1311	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(image\|video) (processing\|enhancement\|denoising\|restoration\|deblurring\|dehazing\|super-?resolution\|quality assessment\|registration\|retrieval\|classification\|synthesis\|inpainting\|compression\|coding\|forensics\|fusion\|stitching\|matting\|colori[sz]ation\|harmoni[sz]ation)\b\|\bvideo (surveillance\|understanding\|analysis\|summari[sz]ation\|prediction\|anomaly)\b
	1312	+ weight: 0.8
	1313	+ field: both
	1314	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(convolutional neural networks?\|CNNs?\|YOLO\w*\|R-?CNN\|Mask R-?CNN\|DETR\|U-?Net\|ViTs?\|vision transformers?\|Swin\|ResNet\|VGG\|backbone networks?\|feature pyramid\|anchor-?free\|non-?maximum suppression\|IoU\b\|mAP\b\|COCO\|ImageNet\|Pascal VOC\|KITTI\|nuScenes\|Cityscapes\|ADE20K)\b
	1315	+ weight: 0.6
	1316	+ field: both
	1317	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(medical imag(e\|es\|ing)\|radiomics\|histopatholog\|whole-?slide\|retinal (image\|fundus)\|OCT (image\|scan)\|MRI\|CT (scans?\|images?)\|X-?ray (images?\|classification)\|ultrasound (image\|video)\|mammogra\|dermoscop\|endoscop\|colonoscop\|microscopy images?)\b
	1318	+ weight: 0.5
	1319	+ field: both
	1320	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(saliency\|visual attention\|OCR\|optical character recognition\|handwrit\|scene text\|document (image\|layout\|understanding)\|license plate\|biometrics?\|iris recognition\|fingerprint\|gait recognition\|crowd counting\|human parsing\|6-?DoF pose\|hand pose\|body pose\|facial (landmarks?\|expression\|attributes?)\|deepfake detection\|face anti-?spoofing\|remote sensing (images?\|scene)\|hyperspectral (image\|classification)\|SAR (images?\|target)\|change detection in\|aerial imag\|satellite imag\|UAV imag)\b
	1321	+ weight: 0.8
	1322	+ field: both
	1323	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(self-?supervised visual\|contrastive visual\|visual representation\|visual features?\|image embeddings?\|visual recognition\|visual perception\|pixel-?wise\|pixel-?level\|bounding box(es)?\|RGB-?D\|LiDAR (point\|perception\|segmentation\|detection)\|BEV (perception\|features?\|segmentation)\|bird'?s-?eye view\|autonomous driving perception\|3D (object detection\|detection\|perception\|vision\|human))\b
	1324	+ weight: 0.8
	1325	+ field: both
	1326	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(images?\|visual\|pixels?\|cameras?\|videos?)\b
	1327	+ weight: 0.2
	1328	+ field: both
	1329	+ exclusions: []
	1330	+ related:
	1331	+ - multimodal_ai
	1332	+ - computer_graphics
	1333	+ - robotics
	1334	+ - deep_learning_architectures
	1335	+ - generative_ai
	1336	+ - computational_biology
	1337	+ parent_of: []
	1338	+ child_of: []
	1339	+ provenance: All 35 topics of OpenAlex subfield 1707 reviewed; those that are image/video-centred receive 0.5-1.0, media/compression/encryption topics are shared at low weight; relevant Engineering (22) remote-sensing topics and Medicine imaging topics added at partial weight. cs.CV is a sufficient signal.
	1340	+- id: nlp
	1341	+ number: 10
	1342	+ name: Natural Language Processing
	1343	+ area: perception_interaction
	1344	+ definition: 'Computational processing of human language: machine translation, parsing and tagging, information extraction, sentiment and text classification, summarisation, question answering, dialogue, text mining, computational linguistics, low-resource and multilingual NLP, NLP evaluation and resources. LLM-centred work is llm (also classified here when the task framing dominates).'
	1345	+ openalex_topics:
	1346	+ - id: T10181
	1347	+ weight: 1.0
	1348	+ note: 'NLP techniques: MT, parsing, NLU/NLG'
	1349	+ - id: T10664
	1350	+ weight: 1.0
	1351	+ note: sentiment analysis and opinion mining
	1352	+ - id: T11550
	1353	+ weight: 1.0
	1354	+ note: text and document classification
	1355	+ - id: T13629
	1356	+ weight: 1.0
	1357	+ note: text readability and simplification
	1358	+ - id: T13083
	1359	+ weight: 0.8
	1360	+ note: advanced text analysis
	1361	+ - id: T12380
	1362	+ weight: 0.8
	1363	+ note: authorship attribution and profiling
	1364	+ - id: T11710
	1365	+ weight: 0.8
	1366	+ note: biomedical text mining and ontologies
	1367	+ - id: T12262
	1368	+ weight: 0.7
	1369	+ note: hate speech detection
	1370	+ - id: T10028
	1371	+ weight: 0.6
	1372	+ note: topic modeling / pre-trained LMs
	1373	+ - id: T12031
	1374	+ weight: 0.6
	1375	+ note: speech and dialogue systems
	1376	+ - id: T13910
	1377	+ weight: 0.5
	1378	+ note: computational and text analysis methods
	1379	+ - id: T13623
	1380	+ weight: 0.4
	1381	+ note: linguistic studies and language acquisition
	1382	+ - id: T10215
	1383	+ weight: 0.4
	1384	+ note: semantic web and ontologies
	1385	+ - id: T13274
	1386	+ weight: 0.4
	1387	+ note: expert finding and Q&A
	1388	+ - id: T11010
	1389	+ weight: 0.3
	1390	+ note: logic, reasoning and knowledge representation
	1391	+ - id: T10034
	1392	+ weight: 0.3
	1393	+ note: syntax, semantics, linguistic variation
	1394	+ - id: T11644
	1395	+ weight: 0.3
	1396	+ note: spam and phishing detection (text)
	1397	+ - id: T11147
	1398	+ weight: 0.3
	1399	+ note: misinformation
	1400	+ - id: T12016
	1401	+ weight: 0.3
	1402	+ note: web data mining and analysis
	1403	+ - id: T13155
	1404	+ weight: 0.3
	1405	+ note: digital communication and language
	1406	+ - id: T12353
	1407	+ weight: 0.2
	1408	+ note: lexicography and language studies
	1409	+ - id: T13310
	1410	+ weight: 0.2
	1411	+ note: subtitles and audiovisual media
	1412	+ openalex_subfields:
	1413	+ - id: 1702
	1414	+ weight: 0.1
	1415	+ arxiv_categories:
	1416	+ - id: cs.CL
	1417	+ weight: 1.0
	1418	+ - id: cs.IR
	1419	+ weight: 0.1
	1420	+ dblp_streams:
	1421	+ - key: conf/acl
	1422	+ weight: 1.0
	1423	+ - key: conf/emnlp
	1424	+ weight: 1.0
	1425	+ - key: conf/naacl
	1426	+ weight: 1.0
	1427	+ - key: conf/eacl
	1428	+ weight: 1.0
	1429	+ - key: conf/coling
	1430	+ weight: 1.0
	1431	+ - key: journals/tacl
	1432	+ weight: 1.0
	1433	+ - key: journals/coling
	1434	+ weight: 1.0
	1435	+ - key: conf/lrec
	1436	+ weight: 1.0
	1437	+ - key: conf/semeval
	1438	+ weight: 1.0
	1439	+ - key: conf/wmt
	1440	+ weight: 1.0
	1441	+ - key: conf/nlpcc
	1442	+ weight: 1.0
	1443	+ - key: journals/talip
	1444	+ weight: 1.0
	1445	+ - key: conf/wassa
	1446	+ weight: 1.0
	1447	+ - key: conf/sepln
	1448	+ weight: 0.8
	1449	+ - key: journals/csl
	1450	+ weight: 0.6
	1451	+ - key: journals/taslp
	1452	+ weight: 0.5
	1453	+ - key: conf/clef
	1454	+ weight: 0.5
	1455	+ - key: journals/ipm
	1456	+ weight: 0.3
	1457	+ - key: conf/dihu
	1458	+ weight: 0.3
	1459	+ - key: conf/dhd
	1460	+ weight: 0.3
	1461	+ - key: conf/interspeech
	1462	+ weight: 0.2
	1463	+ - key: conf/aaai
	1464	+ weight: 0.1
	1465	+ - key: conf/ijcai
	1466	+ weight: 0.1
	1467	+ - key: journals/kbs
	1468	+ weight: 0.1
	1469	+ - key: journals/eswa
	1470	+ weight: 0.1
	1471	+ - key: conf/cikm
	1472	+ weight: 0.2
	1473	+ - key: conf/www
	1474	+ weight: 0.1
	1475	+ - key: journals/jasis
	1476	+ weight: 0.2
	1477	+ - key: conf/cogsci
	1478	+ weight: 0.2
	1479	+ keywords:
	1480	+ - pattern: (?i)\bnatural language (processing\|understanding\|generation\|inference\|interfaces?)\b\|\bNLP\b\|\bNLU\b\|\bNLG\b\|\bNLI\b
	1481	+ weight: 1.0
	1482	+ field: both
	1483	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(machine translation\|neural machine translation\|NMT\b\|named entity recognition\|NER\b\|part-?of-?speech\|POS tagging\|dependency parsing\|constituency parsing\|coreference resolution\|word embeddings?\|word2vec\|GloVe\|sentiment analysis\|opinion mining\|aspect-?based sentiment\|text (classification\|summari[sz]ation\|generation\|mining\|simplification\|normali[sz]ation\|clustering\|retrieval)\|abstractive summari[sz]ation\|extractive summari[sz]ation\|question answering\|reading comprehension\|relation extraction\|event extraction\|information extraction\|semantic (parsing\|role labeling\|similarity\|textual similarity)\|textual entailment\|language identification\|tokeni[sz]ation\|lemmati[sz]ation\|stemming\|word sense disambiguation\|grammatical error correction\|spell(ing)? correction\|discourse (parsing\|analysis)\|argument mining\|keyphrase extraction\|topic model(ing\|s)\|LDA\b\|latent Dirichlet)\b
	1484	+ weight: 1.0
	1485	+ field: both
	1486	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(computational linguistics\|corpus linguistics\|treebanks?\|low-?resource languages?\|multilingual\|cross-?lingual\|code-?switching\|morpholog(y\|ical) (analysis\|segmentation)\|lexical (semantics\|resources?)\|WordNet\|language resources?\|annotated corp(us\|ora)\|inter-?annotator)\b
	1487	+ weight: 0.8
	1488	+ field: both
	1489	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(dialogue (systems?\|state tracking\|generation\|management\|acts?)\|task-?oriented dialogue\|open-?domain dialogue\|chatbots?\|conversational (AI\|agents?\|systems?\|search))\b
	1490	+ weight: 0.7
	1491	+ field: both
	1492	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(hate speech\|fake news\|misinformation\|rumou?r\|stance\|sarcasm\|irony\|emotion\|humou?r\|offensive language\|toxic(ity)?\|propaganda\|clickbait\|authorship) (detection\|classification\|identification\|recognition\|attribution\|analysis)\b
	1493	+ weight: 0.8
	1494	+ field: both
	1495	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(language models?\|BERT\|GPT\|transformers?\|sequence-?to-?sequence\|seq2seq\|encoder-?decoder\|attention)\b
	1496	+ weight: 0.3
	1497	+ field: both
	1498	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(knowledge graph\|ontolog(y\|ies)\|semantic web\|entity linking\|knowledge base) (completion\|embedding\|construction\|population\|question answering\|alignment\|learning)?\b
	1499	+ weight: 0.4
	1500	+ field: both
	1501	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(text\|texts\|textual\|linguistic\|lexical\|syntactic\|semantic\|sentences?\|words?\|documents?\|corpus\|corpora\|language)\b
	1502	+ weight: 0.2
	1503	+ field: both
	1504	+ exclusions: []
	1505	+ related:
	1506	+ - llm
	1507	+ - speech_audio
	1508	+ - information_retrieval
	1509	+ - multimodal_ai
	1510	+ - computational_biology
	1511	+ parent_of: []
	1512	+ child_of: []
	1513	+ provenance: OpenAlex 1702 language topics (T10181, T10664, T11550, T13083, T12380, T13629, T12262) plus biomedical text mining (field 13) and social-science text topics. *CL venues are the strongest venue signal in the whole ontology (ACL Anthology coverage).
	1514	+- id: speech_audio
	1515	+ number: 11
	1516	+ name: Speech and Audio Computing
	1517	+ area: perception_interaction
	1518	+ definition: 'Processing and generation of speech, music and general audio: speech recognition and synthesis, speaker and language recognition, enhancement and separation, spoken language understanding, music information retrieval and generation, audio event detection, neural audio codecs. Text-only dialogue is nlp.'
	1519	+ openalex_topics:
	1520	+ - id: T10201
	1521	+ weight: 1.0
	1522	+ note: speech recognition and synthesis
	1523	+ - id: T10860
	1524	+ weight: 1.0
	1525	+ note: speech and audio processing
	1526	+ - id: T11309
	1527	+ weight: 1.0
	1528	+ note: music and audio processing
	1529	+ - id: T11349
	1530	+ weight: 0.6
	1531	+ note: music technology and sound studies
	1532	+ - id: T11447
	1533	+ weight: 0.6
	1534	+ note: blind source separation
	1535	+ - id: T12031
	1536	+ weight: 0.5
	1537	+ note: speech and dialogue systems
	1538	+ - id: T10863
	1539	+ weight: 0.3
	1540	+ note: voice and speech disorders
	1541	+ - id: T11034
	1542	+ weight: 0.2
	1543	+ note: digital filter design
	1544	+ - id: T10931
	1545	+ weight: 0.2
	1546	+ note: direction-of-arrival estimation (microphone arrays)
	1547	+ - id: T10941
	1548	+ weight: 0.1
	1549	+ note: musicology
	1550	+ openalex_subfields:
	1551	+ - id: 1711
	1552	+ weight: 0.2
	1553	+ arxiv_categories:
	1554	+ - id: eess.AS
	1555	+ weight: 1.0
	1556	+ - id: cs.SD
	1557	+ weight: 1.0
	1558	+ - id: cs.CL
	1559	+ weight: 0.1
	1560	+ - id: eess.SP
	1561	+ weight: 0.1
	1562	+ dblp_streams:
	1563	+ - key: conf/interspeech
	1564	+ weight: 1.0
	1565	+ - key: journals/taslp
	1566	+ weight: 1.0
	1567	+ - key: journals/speech
	1568	+ weight: 1.0
	1569	+ - key: conf/slt
	1570	+ weight: 1.0
	1571	+ - key: conf/asru
	1572	+ weight: 1.0
	1573	+ - key: journals/csl
	1574	+ weight: 0.8
	1575	+ - key: conf/icassp
	1576	+ weight: 0.5
	1577	+ - key: conf/apsipa
	1578	+ weight: 0.3
	1579	+ - key: conf/eusipco
	1580	+ weight: 0.3
	1581	+ - key: journals/spl
	1582	+ weight: 0.2
	1583	+ - key: journals/sigpro
	1584	+ weight: 0.2
	1585	+ - key: journals/dsp
	1586	+ weight: 0.2
	1587	+ - key: journals/jstsp
	1588	+ weight: 0.2
	1589	+ - key: journals/cssp
	1590	+ weight: 0.1
	1591	+ - key: conf/mm
	1592	+ weight: 0.1
	1593	+ - key: journals/tmm
	1594	+ weight: 0.1
	1595	+ keywords:
	1596	+ - pattern: (?i)\bspeech (recognition\|synthesis\|enhancement\|separation\|processing\|emotion\|translation\|coding\|to text\|to speech\|language models?\|foundation models?\|representations?\|technolog(y\|ies)\|signals?\|corpus\|corpora\|data)\b\|\btext-?to-?speech\b\|\bTTS\b\|\bASR\b\|\bspeech-?to-?text\b
	1597	+ weight: 1.0
	1598	+ field: both
	1599	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(automatic speech\|spoken (language\|dialogue\|term\|question)\|speaker (recognition\|verification\|identification\|diarization\|embeddings?\|adaptation)\|voice (conversion\|cloning\|assistants?\|activity detection\|biometrics\|synthesis)\|keyword spotting\|wake[- ]word\|acoustic (model(s\|ing)?\|scene\|event\|features?\|echo)\|phonemes?\|phonetic\|prosod(y\|ic)\|intonation\|lip[- ]reading\|audio-?visual speech\|dysarthri\|pathological speech\|whisper(ed)? speech)\b
	1600	+ weight: 1.0
	1601	+ field: both
	1602	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(audio\|music\|sound\|acoustic) (classification\|generation\|synthesis\|tagging\|retrieval\|processing\|understanding\|event detection\|source separation\|representation\|captioning\|language models?\|foundation models?\|codecs?\|signals?\|features?\|embeddings?)\b
	1603	+ weight: 1.0
	1604	+ field: both
	1605	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(music information retrieval\|MIR\b\|music (transcription\|recommendation\|generation\|genre\|emotion\|structure\|similarity)\|singing voice\|beat tracking\|chord (recognition\|estimation)\|melody extraction\|symbolic music\|MIDI\|audio (signal\|watermark\|deepfake\|anti-?spoofing)\|microphone arrays?\|beamforming for speech\|hearing aids?\|cochlear\|room (impulse\|acoustics)\|reverberation\|dereverberation\|noise suppression\|sound event\|environmental sound\|bird (song\|call) (detection\|classification)\|bioacoustic\|wav2vec\|Whisper\b\|HuBERT\|WavLM\|WaveNet\|vocoders?\|HiFi-?GAN\|spectrograms?\|mel[- ]spectrogram\|MFCCs?\|EnCodec\|SoundStream)\b
	1606	+ weight: 0.9
	1607	+ field: both
	1608	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(speech\|audio\|acoustic\|speaker\|music\|voice\|sound\|auditory\|phonological)\b
	1609	+ weight: 0.3
	1610	+ field: both
	1611	+ exclusions: []
	1612	+ related:
	1613	+ - nlp
	1614	+ - multimodal_ai
	1615	+ - generative_ai
	1616	+ - llm
	1617	+ parent_of: []
	1618	+ child_of: []
	1619	+ provenance: OpenAlex T10201/T10860/T11309 and the eess.AS/cs.SD arXiv pair; INTERSPEECH/TASLP strong, ICASSP partial (shared with signal processing).
	1620	+- id: robotics
	1621	+ number: 12
	1622	+ name: Robotics
	1623	+ area: perception_interaction
	1624	+ definition: 'Machines that sense and act in the physical world: manipulation, locomotion, motion and path planning, SLAM and localisation, robot learning, human-robot interaction, autonomous vehicles and drones as robotic systems, soft and swarm robotics, teleoperation. RL algorithms are reinforcement_learning; robotic process automation and surgical-outcome studies are excluded.'
	1625	+ openalex_topics:
	1626	+ - id: T10586
	1627	+ weight: 1.0
	1628	+ note: robotic path planning
	1629	+ - id: T10653
	1630	+ weight: 1.0
	1631	+ note: robot manipulation and learning
	1632	+ - id: T10191
	1633	+ weight: 1.0
	1634	+ note: robotics and sensor-based localization
	1635	+ - id: T10709
	1636	+ weight: 1.0
	1637	+ note: social robot interaction and HRI
	1638	+ - id: T10879
	1639	+ weight: 1.0
	1640	+ note: robotic locomotion and control
	1641	+ - id: T11615
	1642	+ weight: 1.0
	1643	+ note: control and dynamics of mobile robots
	1644	+ - id: T10571
	1645	+ weight: 0.8
	1646	+ note: robotic mechanisms and dynamics
	1647	+ - id: T10868
	1648	+ weight: 0.8
	1649	+ note: soft robotics
	1650	+ - id: T13382
	1651	+ weight: 0.8
	1652	+ note: robotics and automated systems
	1653	+ - id: T12784
	1654	+ weight: 0.8
	1655	+ note: modular robots and swarm intelligence
	1656	+ - id: T11687
	1657	+ weight: 0.7
	1658	+ note: teleoperation and haptic systems
	1659	+ - id: T11099
	1660	+ weight: 0.7
	1661	+ note: autonomous vehicle technology and safety
	1662	+ - id: T11023
	1663	+ weight: 0.6
	1664	+ note: prosthetics and rehabilitation robotics
	1665	+ - id: T11133
	1666	+ weight: 0.6
	1667	+ note: UAV applications
	1668	+ - id: T10462
	1669	+ weight: 0.5
	1670	+ note: reinforcement learning in robotics
	1671	+ - id: T10249
	1672	+ weight: 0.5
	1673	+ note: distributed control multi-agent (multi-robot)
	1674	+ - id: T14335
	1675	+ weight: 0.5
	1676	+ note: educational robotics
	1677	+ - id: T11486
	1678	+ weight: 0.5
	1679	+ note: micro and nano robotics
	1680	+ - id: T11325
	1681	+ weight: 0.4
	1682	+ note: inertial sensor and navigation
	1683	+ - id: T12158
	1684	+ weight: 0.3
	1685	+ note: guidance and control systems
	1686	+ - id: T10805
	1687	+ weight: 0.2
	1688	+ note: vehicle dynamics and control
	1689	+ - id: T11192
	1690	+ weight: 0.3
	1691	+ note: underwater vehicles
	1692	+ - id: T10525
	1693	+ weight: 0.2
	1694	+ note: human-automation interaction
	1695	+ openalex_subfields: []
	1696	+ arxiv_categories:
	1697	+ - id: cs.RO
	1698	+ weight: 1.0
	1699	+ - id: eess.SY
	1700	+ weight: 0.2
	1701	+ - id: cs.SY
	1702	+ weight: 0.2
	1703	+ dblp_streams:
	1704	+ - key: conf/icra
	1705	+ weight: 1.0
	1706	+ - key: conf/iros
	1707	+ weight: 1.0
	1708	+ - key: journals/ral
	1709	+ weight: 1.0
	1710	+ - key: conf/rss
	1711	+ weight: 1.0
	1712	+ - key: conf/corl
	1713	+ weight: 1.0
	1714	+ - key: journals/trob
	1715	+ weight: 1.0
	1716	+ - key: journals/ijrr
	1717	+ weight: 1.0
	1718	+ - key: journals/arobots
	1719	+ weight: 1.0
	1720	+ - key: journals/ras
	1721	+ weight: 1.0
	1722	+ - key: journals/jirs
	1723	+ weight: 1.0
	1724	+ - key: journals/robotica
	1725	+ weight: 1.0
	1726	+ - key: journals/jfr
	1727	+ weight: 1.0
	1728	+ - key: conf/humanoids
	1729	+ weight: 1.0
	1730	+ - key: conf/robio
	1731	+ weight: 1.0
	1732	+ - key: conf/hri
	1733	+ weight: 1.0
	1734	+ - key: journals/ijsr
	1735	+ weight: 1.0
	1736	+ - key: conf/ro-man
	1737	+ weight: 1.0
	1738	+ - key: conf/icira
	1739	+ weight: 1.0
	1740	+ - key: journals/firai
	1741	+ weight: 1.0
	1742	+ - key: journals/finr
	1743	+ weight: 1.0
	1744	+ - key: journals/robotics
	1745	+ weight: 1.0
	1746	+ - key: journals/ar
	1747	+ weight: 1.0
	1748	+ - key: journals/jrm
	1749	+ weight: 1.0
	1750	+ - key: conf/rcar
	1751	+ weight: 1.0
	1752	+ - key: conf/icarm
	1753	+ weight: 1.0
	1754	+ - key: conf/biorob
	1755	+ weight: 1.0
	1756	+ - key: conf/robosoft
	1757	+ weight: 1.0
	1758	+ - key: conf/aimech
	1759	+ weight: 0.8
	1760	+ - key: conf/sii
	1761	+ weight: 0.8
	1762	+ - key: conf/case
	1763	+ weight: 0.6
	1764	+ - key: conf/icarcv
	1765	+ weight: 0.6
	1766	+ - key: journals/rcim
	1767	+ weight: 0.6
	1768	+ - key: conf/icinco
	1769	+ weight: 0.6
	1770	+ - key: journals/tiv
	1771	+ weight: 0.5
	1772	+ - key: conf/ivs
	1773	+ weight: 0.5
	1774	+ - key: journals/tase
	1775	+ weight: 0.5
	1776	+ - key: conf/itsc
	1777	+ weight: 0.3
	1778	+ - key: journals/tits
	1779	+ weight: 0.2
	1780	+ - key: conf/cdc
	1781	+ weight: 0.1
	1782	+ - key: journals/tcst
	1783	+ weight: 0.1
	1784	+ - key: conf/amcc
	1785	+ weight: 0.1
	1786	+ keywords:
	1787	+ - pattern: (?i)\brobot(s\|ic\|ics\|ically)?\b\|\bcobots?\b
	1788	+ weight: 1.0
	1789	+ field: both
	1790	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(manipulat(ion\|ors?)\|grasp(ing\|s)?\|dexterous\|motion planning\|path planning\|trajectory (planning\|optimi[sz]ation)\|SLAM\b\|simultaneous locali[sz]ation\|visual servoing\|legged\|quadrupeds?\|bipeds?\|humanoids?\|exoskeletons?\|end-?effectors?\|teleoperation\|telerobot\|kinematics\|inverse dynamics\|whole-?body control\|locomotion)\b
	1791	+ weight: 0.8
	1792	+ field: both
	1793	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(autonomous (driving\|vehicles?\|navigation\|systems?\|mobile\|underwater\|aerial\|ground)\|self-?driving\|UAVs?\|UGVs?\|AUVs?\|drones?\|quadrotors?\|quadcopters?\|unmanned (aerial\|ground\|surface\|underwater)\|multi-?robot\|swarm robot)\b
	1794	+ weight: 0.7
	1795	+ field: both
	1796	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(human-?robot\|embodied (AI\|agents?\|intelligence\|learning)\|sim-?to-?real\|imitation learning\|learning from demonstration\|vision-?language-?action\|VLA models?\|robot(ic)? foundation models?\|RT-?[12]\b\|Open-?X Embodiment\|diffusion polic(y\|ies)\|affordance\|tactile sensing\|force control\|compliance control\|soft (actuators?\|grippers?))\b
	1797	+ weight: 0.8
	1798	+ field: both
	1799	+ exclusions:
	1800	+ - (?i)\brobotic process automation\b\|\bRPA\b
	1801	+ - (?is)^(?!.(algorithm\|control\|planning\|learning\|sensor\|kinematic\|autonom\|simulation\|software\|system design)).\brobot(ic)?-?assisted (surgery\|prostatectomy\|hysterectomy\|laparoscop\w+\|thoracic\|radical\|gastrectomy\|colectomy\|nephrectomy\|cystectomy)\b
	1802	+ related:
	1803	+ - reinforcement_learning
	1804	+ - computer_vision
	1805	+ - ai_agents
	1806	+ - hci
	1807	+ - edge_computing
	1808	+ parent_of: []
	1809	+ child_of: []
	1810	+ provenance: OpenAlex spreads robotics over CS 1707 (path planning), Engineering 2202/2204/2207 (manipulation, locomotion, mobile robots) and Psychology 3207 (HRI); all reviewed. 'robot' is unambiguous enough to be a 1.0 keyword.
	1811	+- id: hci
	1812	+ number: 13
	1813	+ name: Human-Computer Interaction
	1814	+ area: perception_interaction
	1815	+ definition: 'Design, evaluation and understanding of interactive systems and their users: user studies and usability, interaction techniques, VR/AR/XR, accessibility and assistive technology, CSCW and social computing, human-AI interaction, ubiquitous and wearable computing, affective computing. Rendering is computer_graphics; physical robots are robotics.'
	1816	+ openalex_topics:
	1817	+ - id: T10470
	1818	+ weight: 1.0
	1819	+ note: usability and user interface design
	1820	+ - id: T10648
	1821	+ weight: 1.0
	1822	+ note: virtual reality applications
	1823	+ - id: T10789
	1824	+ weight: 1.0
	1825	+ note: interactive and immersive displays
	1826	+ - id: T10803
	1827	+ weight: 1.0
	1828	+ note: innovative human-technology interaction
	1829	+ - id: T11707
	1830	+ weight: 0.8
	1831	+ note: gaze tracking and assistive technology
	1832	+ - id: T14074
	1833	+ weight: 0.8
	1834	+ note: persona design
	1835	+ - id: T10888
	1836	+ weight: 0.8
	1837	+ note: augmented reality applications
	1838	+ - id: T13874
	1839	+ weight: 0.8
	1840	+ note: information architecture and usability
	1841	+ - id: T11398
	1842	+ weight: 0.7
	1843	+ note: hand gesture recognition
	1844	+ - id: T10525
	1845	+ weight: 0.7
	1846	+ note: human-automation interaction and safety
	1847	+ - id: T10709
	1848	+ weight: 0.5
	1849	+ note: social robot interaction
	1850	+ - id: T11704
	1851	+ weight: 0.5
	1852	+ note: mobile crowdsensing and crowdsourcing
	1853	+ - id: T11687
	1854	+ weight: 0.5
	1855	+ note: teleoperation and haptics
	1856	+ - id: T10429
	1857	+ weight: 0.5
	1858	+ note: EEG and brain-computer interfaces
	1859	+ - id: T12128
	1860	+ weight: 0.4
	1861	+ note: AI in service interactions (chatbot UX)
	1862	+ - id: T13155
	1863	+ weight: 0.4
	1864	+ note: digital communication and language
	1865	+ - id: T10914
	1866	+ weight: 0.3
	1867	+ note: tactile and sensory interactions
	1868	+ - id: T11902
	1869	+ weight: 0.3
	1870	+ note: intelligent tutoring systems
	1871	+ - id: T10444
	1872	+ weight: 0.3
	1873	+ note: context-aware activity recognition (ubicomp)
	1874	+ - id: T12260
	1875	+ weight: 0.2
	1876	+ note: educational technology
	1877	+ - id: T11122
	1878	+ weight: 0.2
	1879	+ note: online learning and analytics
	1880	+ - id: T13807
	1881	+ weight: 0.2
	1882	+ note: cultural insights and digital impacts
	1883	+ - id: T12338
	1884	+ weight: 0.2
	1885	+ note: digital literacy
	1886	+ - id: T14114
	1887	+ weight: 0.2
	1888	+ note: digital media and philosophy
	1889	+ openalex_subfields:
	1890	+ - id: 1709
	1891	+ weight: 0.6
	1892	+ arxiv_categories:
	1893	+ - id: cs.HC
	1894	+ weight: 1.0
	1895	+ - id: cs.CY
	1896	+ weight: 0.2
	1897	+ - id: cs.SI
	1898	+ weight: 0.1
	1899	+ dblp_streams:
	1900	+ - key: conf/chi
	1901	+ weight: 1.0
	1902	+ - key: conf/uist
	1903	+ weight: 1.0
	1904	+ - key: conf/cscw
	1905	+ weight: 1.0
	1906	+ - key: journals/pacmhci
	1907	+ weight: 1.0
	1908	+ - key: journals/tochi
	1909	+ weight: 1.0
	1910	+ - key: journals/ijmms
	1911	+ weight: 1.0
	1912	+ - key: journals/ijhci
	1913	+ weight: 1.0
	1914	+ - key: conf/iui
	1915	+ weight: 1.0
	1916	+ - key: conf/ACMdis
	1917	+ weight: 1.0
	1918	+ - key: conf/vr
	1919	+ weight: 1.0
	1920	+ - key: conf/ismar
	1921	+ weight: 1.0
	1922	+ - key: journals/vr
	1923	+ weight: 1.0
	1924	+ - key: conf/huc
	1925	+ weight: 1.0
	1926	+ - key: journals/imwut
	1927	+ weight: 1.0
	1928	+ - key: conf/assets
	1929	+ weight: 1.0
	1930	+ - key: conf/interact
	1931	+ weight: 1.0
	1932	+ - key: conf/mc
	1933	+ weight: 1.0
	1934	+ - key: conf/tei
	1935	+ weight: 1.0
	1936	+ - key: conf/acmidc
	1937	+ weight: 1.0
	1938	+ - key: conf/etra
	1939	+ weight: 1.0
	1940	+ - key: journals/behaviourIT
	1941	+ weight: 1.0
	1942	+ - key: journals/interactions
	1943	+ weight: 1.0
	1944	+ - key: conf/hci
	1945	+ weight: 0.8
	1946	+ - key: journals/chb
	1947	+ weight: 0.6
	1948	+ - key: conf/ahfe
	1949	+ weight: 0.6
	1950	+ - key: conf/icmi
	1951	+ weight: 0.6
	1952	+ - key: journals/taffco
	1953	+ weight: 0.6
	1954	+ - key: journals/displays
	1955	+ weight: 0.5
	1956	+ - key: journals/cbsn
	1957	+ weight: 0.4
	1958	+ - key: journals/nms
	1959	+ weight: 0.3
	1960	+ - key: conf/hri
	1961	+ weight: 0.3
	1962	+ - key: journals/ile
	1963	+ weight: 0.3
	1964	+ - key: journals/tvcg
	1965	+ weight: 0.2
	1966	+ - key: journals/ce
	1967	+ weight: 0.2
	1968	+ - key: journals/eait
	1969	+ weight: 0.2
	1970	+ - key: conf/um
	1971	+ weight: 0.3
	1972	+ - key: journals/entcom
	1973	+ weight: 0.5
	1974	+ - key: conf/cig
	1975	+ weight: 0.3
	1976	+ - key: journals/tele
	1977	+ weight: 0.2
	1978	+ - key: conf/icwsm
	1979	+ weight: 0.3
	1980	+ - key: journals/ijim
	1981	+ weight: 0.3
	1982	+ - key: journals/jaihc
	1983	+ weight: 0.2
	1984	+ - key: conf/percom
	1985	+ weight: 0.3
	1986	+ - key: conf/cscwd
	1987	+ weight: 0.3
	1988	+ keywords:
	1989	+ - pattern: (?i)\bhuman-?computer interaction\b\|\bHCI\b\|\bCSCW\b\|\bcomputer-?supported cooperative\b\|\buser-?centered design\b\|\bhuman factors\b
	1990	+ weight: 1.0
	1991	+ field: both
	1992	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(user (study\|studies\|experience\|interfaces?\|engagement\|perception\|acceptance\|needs\|research\|testing\|feedback)\|usability (study\|testing\|evaluation)?\|UX\b\|UI (design\|components)\|participatory design\|co-?design\|design (fiction\|probes?\|implications\|space\|guidelines)\|think-?aloud\|Wizard[- ]of[- ]Oz\|formative (study\|evaluation)\|within-?subjects?\|between-?subjects?\|Likert\|System Usability Scale\|SUS\b\|NASA-?TLX)\b
	1993	+ weight: 0.8
	1994	+ field: both
	1995	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(virtual\|augmented\|mixed\|extended) reality\b\|\bVR\b\|\bXR\b\|\bhead-?mounted\b\|\bimmersive\b\|\bmetaverse\b\|\bHMDs?\b\|\btelepresence\b\|\bcybersickness\b\|\bpresence (in\|and) VR\b
	1996	+ weight: 0.8
	1997	+ field: both
	1998	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(accessibilit(y\|ies)\|assistive technolog(y\|ies)\|eye[- ]tracking\|gaze(-based)?\|gestures?\|gestural\|haptics?\|tangible\|wearables?\|smart ?watch\|brain-?computer interfaces?\|BCI\b\|affective computing\|emotion recognition for interaction\|screen readers?\|blind (users\|people)\|visually impaired\|older adults\|children'?s? (interaction\|technology)\|neurodivergent)\b
	1999	+ weight: 0.7
	2000	+ field: both
	2001	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(human-?AI (interaction\|collaboration\|teaming\|co-?creation)\|human-?in-?the-?loop\|human-?centered AI\|explanation interfaces?\|conversational (user )?interfaces?\|voice (user )?interfaces?\|chatbot (design\|user)\|interactive machine learning\|mixed-?initiative\|AI-?assisted (writing\|design\|creativity)\|trust in (AI\|automation\|robots))\b
	2002	+ weight: 0.8
	2003	+ field: both
	2004	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(interaction (design\|techniques?\|paradigms?\|modalit)\|interactive (systems?\|visuali[sz]ation\|prototypes?\|installations?)\|user interfaces?\|GUIs?\b\|touch(screen\| input\| interaction)\|pen input\|mid-?air\|gaze input\|input (devices?\|techniques?)\|text entry\|target acquisition\|Fitts)\b
	2005	+ weight: 0.8
	2006	+ field: both
	2007	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(ubiquitous computing\|pervasive computing\|ubicomp\|context-?aware(ness)?\|smart (homes?\|environments?)\|ambient (intelligence\|assisted)\|activity recognition (from\|using\|with) (wearable\|smartphone\|sensors?)\|mobile (interaction\|HCI\|users?)\|notifications?\|digital well-?being\|persuasive technolog\|serious games?\|gamification\|player experience\|game (design\|user research))\b
	2008	+ weight: 0.7
	2009	+ field: both
	2010	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(social computing\|social media (use\|users\|platforms?)\|online communit(y\|ies)\|crowdsourcing\|crowd ?workers?\|Mechanical Turk\|content creators?\|misinformation (on\|and) (social\|platforms)\|online harassment\|moderation practices\|collaborative (work\|writing\|tools)\|remote (work\|collaboration)\|computer-?mediated communication)\b
	2011	+ weight: 0.6
	2012	+ field: both
	2013	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(qualitative (study\|analysis\|interviews?)\|interview study\|semi-?structured interviews?\|thematic analysis\|grounded theory\|focus groups?\|diary study\|ethnograph\|participants (reported\|described\|were recruited)\|N\s?=\s?\d+ participants)\b
	2014	+ weight: 0.5
	2015	+ field: both
	2016	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(users?\|participants?\|interaction\|interactive\|interfaces?\|design)\b
	2017	+ weight: 0.2
	2018	+ field: both
	2019	+ exclusions: []
	2020	+ related:
	2021	+ - computer_graphics
	2022	+ - robotics
	2023	+ - ai_safety
	2024	+ - multimodal_ai
	2025	+ - software_engineering
	2026	+ - information_retrieval
	2027	+ parent_of: []
	2028	+ child_of: []
	2029	+ provenance: All 8 topics of OpenAlex subfield 1709 mapped; supporting topics from Psychology (human-automation), Neuroscience (BCI) and education technology at low weight. CHI/UIST/CSCW/PACM HCI/TOCHI are near-pure venues.
	2030	+- id: software_engineering
	2031	+ number: 14
	2032	+ name: Software Engineering
	2033	+ area: software_pl
	2034	+ definition: 'How software is specified, built, tested, maintained and studied: requirements, architecture, testing and debugging, program repair, mining software repositories, empirical studies of developers, DevOps, model-driven engineering, open-source ecosystems, and AI-assisted software development. Language design is programming_languages; proofs of correctness are formal_verification.'
	2035	+ openalex_topics:
	2036	+ - id: T10430
	2037	+ weight: 1.0
	2038	+ note: software engineering techniques and practices
	2039	+ - id: T10260
	2040	+ weight: 1.0
	2041	+ note: software engineering research
	2042	+ - id: T10639
	2043	+ weight: 1.0
	2044	+ note: advanced software engineering methodologies
	2045	+ - id: T10743
	2046	+ weight: 1.0
	2047	+ note: software testing and debugging
	2048	+ - id: T11450
	2049	+ weight: 1.0
	2050	+ note: model-driven software engineering
	2051	+ - id: T12423
	2052	+ weight: 1.0
	2053	+ note: software reliability and analysis
	2054	+ - id: T12490
	2055	+ weight: 1.0
	2056	+ note: software engineering and design patterns
	2057	+ - id: T11675
	2058	+ weight: 0.8
	2059	+ note: open source software
	2060	+ - id: T13197
	2061	+ weight: 0.8
	2062	+ note: spreadsheets and end-user computing
	2063	+ - id: T12127
	2064	+ weight: 0.7
	2065	+ note: software system performance, microservices, AIOps
	2066	+ - id: T10679
	2067	+ weight: 0.7
	2068	+ note: service-oriented architecture and web services
	2069	+ - id: T12799
	2070	+ weight: 0.6
	2071	+ note: mobile and web applications
	2072	+ - id: T12601
	2073	+ weight: 0.5
	2074	+ note: web applications and data management
	2075	+ - id: T10533
	2076	+ weight: 0.4
	2077	+ note: teaching and learning programming
	2078	+ - id: T11986
	2079	+ weight: 0.4
	2080	+ note: research software and scientific workflows
	2081	+ - id: T12479
	2082	+ weight: 0.3
	2083	+ note: web application security vulnerabilities
	2084	+ - id: T13650
	2085	+ weight: 0.3
	2086	+ note: Python scientific programming
	2087	+ - id: T10126
	2088	+ weight: 0.2
	2089	+ note: logic, programming and type systems
	2090	+ - id: T13034
	2091	+ weight: 0.2
	2092	+ note: information systems education and curriculum
	2093	+ - id: T13681
	2094	+ weight: 0.1
	2095	+ note: engineering and information technology
	2096	+ openalex_subfields:
	2097	+ - id: 1712
	2098	+ weight: 0.5
	2099	+ arxiv_categories:
	2100	+ - id: cs.SE
	2101	+ weight: 1.0
	2102	+ dblp_streams:
	2103	+ - key: conf/icse
	2104	+ weight: 1.0
	2105	+ - key: conf/sigsoft
	2106	+ weight: 1.0
	2107	+ - key: conf/kbse
	2108	+ weight: 1.0
	2109	+ - key: conf/issta
	2110	+ weight: 1.0
	2111	+ - key: conf/msr
	2112	+ weight: 1.0
	2113	+ - key: conf/icst
	2114	+ weight: 1.0
	2115	+ - key: conf/saner
	2116	+ weight: 1.0
	2117	+ - key: journals/tse
	2118	+ weight: 1.0
	2119	+ - key: journals/tosem
	2120	+ weight: 1.0
	2121	+ - key: journals/ese
	2122	+ weight: 1.0
	2123	+ - key: journals/jss
	2124	+ weight: 1.0
	2125	+ - key: journals/infsof
	2126	+ weight: 1.0
	2127	+ - key: conf/re
	2128	+ weight: 1.0
	2129	+ - key: conf/models
	2130	+ weight: 1.0
	2131	+ - key: conf/issre
	2132	+ weight: 1.0
	2133	+ - key: conf/qrs
	2134	+ weight: 1.0
	2135	+ - key: journals/spe
	2136	+ weight: 1.0
	2137	+ - key: journals/software
	2138	+ weight: 1.0
	2139	+ - key: conf/caise
	2140	+ weight: 0.6
	2141	+ - key: conf/compsac
	2142	+ weight: 0.6
	2143	+ - key: journals/jossw
	2144	+ weight: 0.5
	2145	+ - key: journals/softx
	2146	+ weight: 0.5
	2147	+ - key: journals/aes
	2148	+ weight: 0.5
	2149	+ - key: journals/csse
	2150	+ weight: 0.4
	2151	+ - key: journals/tr
	2152	+ weight: 0.3
	2153	+ - key: conf/dsn
	2154	+ weight: 0.3
	2155	+ - key: journals/computing
	2156	+ weight: 0.3
	2157	+ - key: conf/sac
	2158	+ weight: 0.2
	2159	+ - key: journals/cacm
	2160	+ weight: 0.1
	2161	+ - key: journals/computer
	2162	+ weight: 0.1
	2163	+ - key: conf/icws
	2164	+ weight: 0.3
	2165	+ - key: journals/tsc
	2166	+ weight: 0.3
	2167	+ - key: conf/fedcsis
	2168	+ weight: 0.2
	2169	+ - key: conf/gi
	2170	+ weight: 0.2
	2171	+ - key: journals/ieicetd
	2172	+ weight: 0.1
	2173	+ - key: journals/jsjkx
	2174	+ weight: 0.1
	2175	+ - key: conf/iceis
	2176	+ weight: 0.3
	2177	+ - key: conf/sigcse
	2178	+ weight: 0.2
	2179	+ - key: conf/iticse
	2180	+ weight: 0.2
	2181	+ keywords:
	2182	+ - pattern: (?i)\bsoftware (engineering\|development\|testing\|maintenance\|evolution\|quality\|defects?\|bugs?\|repositor(y\|ies)\|architectures?\|design\|reuse\|process(es)?\|product lines?\|projects?\|metrics\|vulnerabilit(y\|ies)\|ecosystems?\|supply chains?\|requirements?\|documentation\|analytics\|practitioners?\|developers?\|teams?\|artifacts?\|systems? engineering\|verification and validation\|reliability\|security practices\|refactoring\|modernization\|migration\|libraries\|dependencies)\b
	2183	+ weight: 1.0
	2184	+ field: both
	2185	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(code (review\|generation\|completion\|smells?\|clones?\|search\|summari[sz]ation\|comprehension\|quality\|coverage\|readability\|translation\|refactoring\|LLMs?)\|program (repair\|comprehension\|synthesis\|analysis\|slicing)\|bug (locali[sz]ation\|fixing\|reports?\|prediction\|detection\|triage)\|defect prediction\|fault locali[sz]ation\|test (generation\|cases?\|suites?\|oracles?\|flakiness\|automation\|prioriti[sz]ation\|amplification)\|unit tests?\|fuzz(ing\|ers?)\|mutation testing\|regression testing\|continuous (integration\|delivery\|deployment)\|DevOps\|CI/CD\|technical debt\|refactoring\|static analysis\|dynamic analysis\|GitHub\|open[- ]source (projects?\|software\|development\|communities)\|Stack Overflow\|pull requests?\|commit (messages?\|histor)\|issue (tracking\|reports?)\|mining software\|API (usage\|misuse\|evolution\|documentation\|recommendation)\|build (systems?\|failures?)\|configuration (errors?\|management)\|infrastructure as code\|logging practices\|AIOps\|incident management)\b
	2186	+ weight: 1.0
	2187	+ field: both
	2188	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(agile\|Scrum\|Kanban\|requirements engineering\|user stories\|model-?driven\|MDE\b\|UML\b\|SysML\|domain-?specific modeling\|microservices?\|monolith\|low-?code\|no-?code\|end-?user (programming\|development)\|spreadsheets?\|pair programming\|code ownership\|onboarding\|developer (productivity\|experience\|tools\|surveys?)\|programmers?' )\b
	2189	+ weight: 0.8
	2190	+ field: both
	2191	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(LLM\|AI\|automated\|neural\|learning)-?(based\|assisted\|powered\|driven)? (software engineering\|code generation\|programming\|program repair\|test generation\|code review\|debugging)\b\|\b(code\|coding) (LLMs?\|assistants?\|models?\|agents?)\b\|\bCopilot\b\|\bvibe coding\b\|\bLLMs? for (code\|software\|programming\|testing)\b\|\bAI pair programm\w+\b\|\bCodex\b\|\bStarCoder\b\|\bCodeLlama\b\|\bHumanEval\b\|\bMBPP\b\|\bSWE-?bench\b
	2192	+ weight: 1.0
	2193	+ field: both
	2194	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(developers?\|programmers?\|software\|codebase\|source code\|programs?\|debugging\|testing\|maintainab)\b
	2195	+ weight: 0.3
	2196	+ field: both
	2197	+ exclusions: []
	2198	+ related:
	2199	+ - programming_languages
	2200	+ - formal_verification
	2201	+ - llm
	2202	+ - hci
	2203	+ - ai_agents
	2204	+ - operating_systems
	2205	+ parent_of: []
	2206	+ child_of: []
	2207	+ provenance: All 5 topics of OpenAlex subfield 1712 plus SE topics in 1702/1710 (T10639, T10430, T10260) and Social Sciences (T12490); ICSE/FSE/ASE/TSE/TOSEM/EMSE are the core venues; cs.SE suffices alone.
	2208	+- id: programming_languages
	2209	+ number: 15
	2210	+ name: Programming Languages
	2211	+ area: software_pl
	2212	+ definition: 'Design, semantics, type systems and implementation principles of programming languages: type theory, operational and denotational semantics, functional and logic programming, effects, concurrency models, memory safety, domain-specific languages, program analysis as a language problem. Code generation and optimisation pipelines are compilers (a child); machine-checked correctness is formal_verification.'
	2213	+ openalex_topics:
	2214	+ - id: T10126
	2215	+ weight: 1.0
	2216	+ note: logic, programming and type systems
	2217	+ - id: T11727
	2218	+ weight: 0.3
	2219	+ note: advanced algebra and logic
	2220	+ - id: T11567
	2221	+ weight: 0.2
	2222	+ note: formal languages and automata
	2223	+ - id: T12002
	2224	+ weight: 0.2
	2225	+ note: computability and logic
	2226	+ - id: T10533
	2227	+ weight: 0.2
	2228	+ note: teaching and learning programming
	2229	+ - id: T13197
	2230	+ weight: 0.2
	2231	+ note: end-user programming
	2232	+ openalex_subfields: []
	2233	+ arxiv_categories:
	2234	+ - id: cs.PL
	2235	+ weight: 1.0
	2236	+ - id: cs.LO
	2237	+ weight: 0.3
	2238	+ - id: cs.FL
	2239	+ weight: 0.2
	2240	+ dblp_streams:
	2241	+ - key: journals/pacmpl
	2242	+ weight: 1.0
	2243	+ - key: conf/pldi
	2244	+ weight: 1.0
	2245	+ - key: conf/oopsla
	2246	+ weight: 1.0
	2247	+ - key: conf/esop
	2248	+ weight: 1.0
	2249	+ - key: journals/toplas
	2250	+ weight: 1.0
	2251	+ - key: journals/jfp
	2252	+ weight: 1.0
	2253	+ - key: conf/fscd
	2254	+ weight: 0.8
	2255	+ - key: conf/sas
	2256	+ weight: 0.6
	2257	+ - key: journals/mscs
	2258	+ weight: 0.5
	2259	+ - key: conf/ppopp
	2260	+ weight: 0.5
	2261	+ - key: conf/concur
	2262	+ weight: 0.4
	2263	+ - key: conf/csl
	2264	+ weight: 0.3
	2265	+ - key: conf/lics
	2266	+ weight: 0.3
	2267	+ - key: journals/lmcs
	2268	+ weight: 0.3
	2269	+ - key: conf/cgo
	2270	+ weight: 0.3
	2271	+ - key: conf/cc
	2272	+ weight: 0.3
	2273	+ - key: journals/acta
	2274	+ weight: 0.3
	2275	+ - key: conf/birthday
	2276	+ weight: 0.1
	2277	+ - key: journals/tcs
	2278	+ weight: 0.1
	2279	+ - key: journals/spe
	2280	+ weight: 0.2
	2281	+ - key: journals/computing
	2282	+ weight: 0.1
	2283	+ - key: conf/sigcse
	2284	+ weight: 0.1
	2285	+ keywords:
	2286	+ - pattern: (?i)\bprogramming languages?\b\|\blanguage (design\|semantics\|implementation\|features?\|constructs?\|runtimes?)\b\|\bPL (research\|community\|theory)\b
	2287	+ weight: 1.0
	2288	+ field: both
	2289	+ - pattern: (?i)\btype (systems?\|theory\|inference\|checking\|safety\|soundness\|classes\|errors?\|annotations?\|directed)\b\|\b(dependent\|gradual\|refinement\|session\|linear\|affine\|effect\|ownership\|intersection\|union\|algebraic data\|polymorphic\|higher-?kinded\|substructural) types?\b\|\b(statically\|dynamically)[- ]typed\b\|\btyped (lambda\|functional\|assembly\|languages?)\b
	2290	+ weight: 1.0
	2291	+ field: both
	2292	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(lambda[- ]calculus\|pi-?calculus\|operational semantics\|denotational semantics\|axiomatic semantics\|program semantics\|abstract interpretation\|separation logic\|Hoare logic\|category theory\|monads?\|monadic\|algebraic effects\|effect handlers\|continuations?\|CPS\b\|Curry-?Howard\|homotopy type theory\|cubical\|normali[sz]ation by evaluation\|bidirectional typing\|subtyping\|parametricity\|logical relations\|step-?indexed\|coinduction\|abstract machines?)\b
	2293	+ weight: 1.0
	2294	+ field: both
	2295	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(functional programming\|logic programming\|constraint logic programming\|answer set programming\|probabilistic programming languages?\|reactive programming\|dataflow programming\|array programming\|Haskell\|OCaml\|Standard ML\|Scheme\|Racket\|Clojure\|Erlang\|Elixir\|Scala\|Prolog\|Datalog\|Coq\|Agda\|Idris\|Lean 4\|Rust\|WebAssembly\|Wasm\|Kotlin\|Swift\|Julia\|domain-?specific languages?\|DSLs?\|embedded DSL\|metaprogramming\|macros?\|staging\|multi-?stage programming\|garbage collect(ion\|ors?)\|memory safety\|unsafe (code\|Rust)\|borrow checker\|ownership (types?\|model)\|smart contracts? languages?\|language (interoperability\|workbench)\|parser (combinators?\|generators?)\|grammars? (for\|of) programming)\b
	2296	+ weight: 0.9
	2297	+ field: both
	2298	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(program (synthesis\|analysis\|verification\|transformation\|equivalence\|slicing\|refinement\|calculation)\|static analysis\|dataflow analysis\|points?-?to analysis\|alias analysis\|taint analysis\|symbolic execution\|partial evaluation\|interpreters?\|virtual machines? for\|bytecode\|intermediate language\|runtime systems?\|concurrency (primitives\|models\|bugs)\|memory models?\|weak memory\|data races?\|deadlock (detection\|freedom)\|software transactional memory\|actors? model\|async/await\|coroutines?\|exceptions? handling\|gradual verification)\b
	2299	+ weight: 0.6
	2300	+ field: both
	2301	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(syntax\|semantics\|compil\w+\|interpret\w+\|languages?\|programs?\|programming)\b
	2302	+ weight: 0.2
	2303	+ field: both
	2304	+ exclusions: []
	2305	+ related:
	2306	+ - compilers
	2307	+ - formal_verification
	2308	+ - software_engineering
	2309	+ - computational_complexity
	2310	+ parent_of:
	2311	+ - compilers
	2312	+ child_of: []
	2313	+ provenance: T10126 is the single OpenAlex PL topic (types, logic, programming); PACMPL (POPL/OOPSLA/ICFP/PLDI) is the dominant venue stream in DBLP; conf/popl and conf/icfp have no separate stream over the window.
	2314	+- id: compilers
	2315	+ number: 16
	2316	+ name: Compilers
	2317	+ area: software_pl
	2318	+ definition: 'Translation and optimisation of programs for execution: compiler construction, intermediate representations, optimisation passes, code generation, JIT compilation, auto-vectorisation and parallelisation, polyhedral methods, high-level synthesis, and compilers for machine-learning workloads and accelerators. A child of programming_languages.'
	2319	+ openalex_topics:
	2320	+ - id: T10054
	2321	+ weight: 0.6
	2322	+ note: 'parallel computing: compiler optimization, OpenMP, CUDA'
	2323	+ - id: T10126
	2324	+ weight: 0.4
	2325	+ note: logic, programming and type systems
	2326	+ - id: T10904
	2327	+ weight: 0.3
	2328	+ note: 'embedded systems design: high-level synthesis'
	2329	+ - id: T13650
	2330	+ weight: 0.2
	2331	+ note: Python scientific programming (JIT, NumPy)
	2332	+ openalex_subfields: []
	2333	+ arxiv_categories:
	2334	+ - id: cs.PL
	2335	+ weight: 0.5
	2336	+ - id: cs.DC
	2337	+ weight: 0.1
	2338	+ - id: cs.AR
	2339	+ weight: 0.1
	2340	+ - id: cs.MS
	2341	+ weight: 0.1
	2342	+ - id: cs.PF
	2343	+ weight: 0.1
	2344	+ dblp_streams:
	2345	+ - key: conf/cgo
	2346	+ weight: 1.0
	2347	+ - key: conf/cc
	2348	+ weight: 1.0
	2349	+ - key: conf/pact
	2350	+ weight: 0.8
	2351	+ - key: conf/pldi
	2352	+ weight: 0.6
	2353	+ - key: journals/taco
	2354	+ weight: 0.6
	2355	+ - key: conf/ppopp
	2356	+ weight: 0.5
	2357	+ - key: conf/asplos
	2358	+ weight: 0.4
	2359	+ - key: conf/mlsys
	2360	+ weight: 0.4
	2361	+ - key: journals/pacmpl
	2362	+ weight: 0.3
	2363	+ - key: journals/toplas
	2364	+ weight: 0.3
	2365	+ - key: conf/ics
	2366	+ weight: 0.3
	2367	+ - key: conf/sc
	2368	+ weight: 0.2
	2369	+ - key: conf/micro
	2370	+ weight: 0.2
	2371	+ - key: journals/tecs
	2372	+ weight: 0.2
	2373	+ - key: conf/europar
	2374	+ weight: 0.2
	2375	+ - key: journals/tpds
	2376	+ weight: 0.1
	2377	+ - key: conf/ipps
	2378	+ weight: 0.1
	2379	+ - key: journals/jpdc
	2380	+ weight: 0.1
	2381	+ - key: conf/esop
	2382	+ weight: 0.2
	2383	+ - key: conf/sas
	2384	+ weight: 0.2
	2385	+ - key: journals/spe
	2386	+ weight: 0.2
	2387	+ - key: conf/date
	2388	+ weight: 0.1
	2389	+ - key: conf/dac
	2390	+ weight: 0.1
	2391	+ - key: conf/fccm
	2392	+ weight: 0.2
	2393	+ - key: conf/fpga
	2394	+ weight: 0.2
	2395	+ keywords:
	2396	+ - pattern: (?i)\bcompilers?\b\|\bcompilation\b\|\bcompiler (optimi[sz]ation\|design\|infrastructure\|passes\|back-?ends?\|front-?ends?\|frameworks?\|construction\|bugs?\|testing\|fuzzing\|verification\|correctness)\b\|\bcompiling\b
	2397	+ weight: 1.0
	2398	+ field: both
	2399	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(LLVM\|MLIR\|GCC\|Clang\|TVM\|XLA\|Halide\|TensorRT\|polyhedral\|auto-?tuning\|auto-?vectori[sz]ation\|vectori[sz]ation\|loop (tiling\|fusion\|unrolling\|interchange\|transformations?\|nests?\|optimi[sz]ations?)\|register allocation\|instruction (scheduling\|selection)\|intermediate representations?\|IR\b.*\b(lowering\|optimi[sz]ation)\|just-?in-?time\|JIT\b\|ahead-?of-?time\|AOT\b\|code generation (for\|targeting)\|binary (translation\|rewriting\|optimi[sz]ation)\|decompil\w+\|superoptimi[sz]\w+\|peephole\|tensor compilers?\|kernel (generation\|fusion\|compilers?)\|operator fusion\|graph (compilers?\|lowering\|rewriting for)\|schedule (search\|space)\|cost models? for (compilers?\|code))\b
	2400	+ weight: 1.0
	2401	+ field: both
	2402	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(high-?level synthesis\|HLS\b\|OpenMP\|OpenCL\|OpenACC\|CUDA (kernels?\|code\|programming)\|SYCL\|parallelizing\|auto-?parallel\|program transformation\|link-?time optimi[sz]ation\|profile-?guided\|whole-?program\|inlining\|dead code\|constant (propagation\|folding)\|SSA\b\|static single assignment\|control-?flow graphs?\|data-?flow (analysis\|graphs?)\|alias analysis\|escape analysis\|garbage collector (design\|implementation)\|managed runtimes?\|interpreters? (design\|performance)\|bytecode (optimi[sz]ation\|interpreters?)\|WebAssembly compil\|transpil\w+\|source-?to-?source)\b
	2403	+ weight: 0.7
	2404	+ field: both
	2405	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(machine learning\|deep learning\|ML\|DL\|AI\|neural network\|DNN\|tensor\|quantum\|domain-?specific\|hardware\|FPGA\|GPU\|accelerator\|verified\|certified) compilers?\b\|\bcompilers? for (machine learning\|deep learning\|neural networks?\|accelerators?\|GPUs?\|FPGAs?\|quantum)\b
	2406	+ weight: 1.0
	2407	+ field: both
	2408	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(Triton\|CUTLASS\|cuDNN\|oneDNN\|XNNPACK\|ONNX\|TorchInductor\|torch\.compile\|TorchScript\|Glow\|nGraph\|IREE\|Tiramisu\|AutoTVM\|Ansor\|CompCert\|CakeML\|Cranelift\|V8\|HotSpot\|GraalVM\|Numba\|JAX (compilation\|tracing)\|Mojo)\b
	2409	+ weight: 0.8
	2410	+ field: both
	2411	+ exclusions: []
	2412	+ related:
	2413	+ - programming_languages
	2414	+ - ai_accelerators
	2415	+ - computer_architecture
	2416	+ - scientific_computing
	2417	+ - distributed_computing
	2418	+ parent_of: []
	2419	+ child_of:
	2420	+ - programming_languages
	2421	+ provenance: 'No dedicated OpenAlex topic: compiler optimisation sits inside T10054 (keywords list ''compiler optimization'') and T10126. CGO/CC/PACT/TACO are the dedicated streams; keyword patterns (compiler, LLVM, MLIR, polyhedral...) carry the category.'
	2422	+- id: formal_verification
	2423	+ number: 17
	2424	+ name: Formal Verification
	2425	+ area: software_pl
	2426	+ definition: 'Mathematically rigorous establishment of system properties: model checking, theorem proving and proof assistants, SAT/SMT solving and automated reasoning, deductive and runtime verification, verified software and hardware, formal semantics as a verification tool, verification of neural networks, smart contracts and protocols, automata and temporal logics. Language semantics as design is programming_languages.'
	2427	+ openalex_topics:
	2428	+ - id: T10142
	2429	+ weight: 1.0
	2430	+ note: formal methods in verification
	2431	+ - id: T11125
	2432	+ weight: 0.8
	2433	+ note: Petri nets in system modeling
	2434	+ - id: T12002
	2435	+ weight: 0.4
	2436	+ note: computability, logic and AI algorithms
	2437	+ - id: T11010
	2438	+ weight: 0.4
	2439	+ note: logic, reasoning and knowledge
	2440	+ - id: T11596
	2441	+ weight: 0.4
	2442	+ note: constraint satisfaction and optimization (SAT/CSP)
	2443	+ - id: T11727
	2444	+ weight: 0.3
	2445	+ note: advanced algebra and logic
	2446	+ - id: T11567
	2447	+ weight: 0.3
	2448	+ note: automata theory
	2449	+ - id: T10126
	2450	+ weight: 0.3
	2451	+ note: logic, programming and type systems
	2452	+ - id: T11424
	2453	+ weight: 0.2
	2454	+ note: security and verification in computing
	2455	+ - id: T13286
	2456	+ weight: 0.2
	2457	+ note: modeling and simulation systems
	2458	+ openalex_subfields: []
	2459	+ arxiv_categories:
	2460	+ - id: cs.LO
	2461	+ weight: 1.0
	2462	+ - id: cs.FL
	2463	+ weight: 0.6
	2464	+ - id: cs.PL
	2465	+ weight: 0.2
	2466	+ - id: cs.SE
	2467	+ weight: 0.1
	2468	+ dblp_streams:
	2469	+ - key: conf/cav
	2470	+ weight: 1.0
	2471	+ - key: conf/tacas
	2472	+ weight: 1.0
	2473	+ - key: conf/fm
	2474	+ weight: 1.0
	2475	+ - key: conf/cade
	2476	+ weight: 1.0
	2477	+ - key: conf/itp
	2478	+ weight: 1.0
	2479	+ - key: conf/cpp
	2480	+ weight: 1.0
	2481	+ - key: conf/fmcad
	2482	+ weight: 1.0
	2483	+ - key: conf/vmcai
	2484	+ weight: 1.0
	2485	+ - key: journals/fmsd
	2486	+ weight: 1.0
	2487	+ - key: journals/jar
	2488	+ weight: 1.0
	2489	+ - key: journals/tocl
	2490	+ weight: 0.8
	2491	+ - key: conf/sat
	2492	+ weight: 0.8
	2493	+ - key: conf/lpar
	2494	+ weight: 0.8
	2495	+ - key: conf/lics
	2496	+ weight: 0.6
	2497	+ - key: conf/csl
	2498	+ weight: 0.6
	2499	+ - key: journals/lmcs
	2500	+ weight: 0.6
	2501	+ - key: conf/concur
	2502	+ weight: 0.6
	2503	+ - key: conf/cp
	2504	+ weight: 0.5
	2505	+ - key: conf/fossacs
	2506	+ weight: 0.5
	2507	+ - key: journals/constraints
	2508	+ weight: 0.4
	2509	+ - key: journals/acta
	2510	+ weight: 0.4
	2511	+ - key: conf/sas
	2512	+ weight: 0.4
	2513	+ - key: journals/apal
	2514	+ weight: 0.3
	2515	+ - key: journals/iandc
	2516	+ weight: 0.3
	2517	+ - key: conf/jelia
	2518	+ weight: 0.3
	2519	+ - key: conf/aiml
	2520	+ weight: 0.3
	2521	+ - key: conf/kr
	2522	+ weight: 0.3
	2523	+ - key: journals/mscs
	2524	+ weight: 0.3
	2525	+ - key: conf/fscd
	2526	+ weight: 0.3
	2527	+ - key: conf/dlt
	2528	+ weight: 0.3
	2529	+ - key: conf/birthday
	2530	+ weight: 0.2
	2531	+ - key: journals/tcs
	2532	+ weight: 0.2
	2533	+ - key: conf/dsn
	2534	+ weight: 0.1
	2535	+ - key: journals/tse
	2536	+ weight: 0.1
	2537	+ - key: conf/icse
	2538	+ weight: 0.05
	2539	+ - key: journals/pacmpl
	2540	+ weight: 0.2
	2541	+ - key: conf/pldi
	2542	+ weight: 0.2
	2543	+ - key: conf/esop
	2544	+ weight: 0.3
	2545	+ - key: conf/models
	2546	+ weight: 0.2
	2547	+ - key: conf/rtss
	2548	+ weight: 0.1
	2549	+ - key: journals/tcad
	2550	+ weight: 0.1
	2551	+ - key: conf/date
	2552	+ weight: 0.1
	2553	+ - key: conf/dac
	2554	+ weight: 0.1
	2555	+ keywords:
	2556	+ - pattern: (?i)\bformal (verification\|methods?\|specification\|semantics\|proofs?\|analysis\|modell?ing\|reasoning\|guarantees)\b\|\bformally (verified\|proved\|proven\|specified)\b
	2557	+ weight: 1.0
	2558	+ field: both
	2559	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(model check(ing\|ers?)\|theorem prov(ing\|ers?)\|proof assistants?\|interactive theorem\|automated (reasoning\|theorem\|deduction)\|SMT (solvers?\|solving)\|SAT (solvers?\|solving)\|satisfiability modulo\|bounded model checking\|symbolic model checking\|abstraction refinement\|CEGAR\|IC3\|PDR\b\|k-?induction\|temporal logics?\|LTL\b\|CTL\b\|TCTL\|mu-?calculus\|Büchi\|timed automata\|hybrid automata\|probabilistic model checking\|PRISM model\|refinement (calculus\|checking)\|TLA\+\|Isabelle\|Coq\|Rocq\|Lean (prover\|4\|theorem)\|Agda\|Dafny\|Why3\|Frama-?C\|SPARK Ada\|Z3\|CVC[45]\|Alloy\|Event-?B\|Petri nets?\|process (algebras?\|calculi)\|bisimulation\|rewriting logic\|Maude\|B method\|VDM\b)\b
	2560	+ weight: 1.0
	2561	+ field: both
	2562	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(verified (compilers?\|software\|implementations?\|kernels?\|systems?\|cryptograph\w+\|parsers?\|libraries)\|certified (programming\|software\|compilers?)\|mechani[sz]ed (proofs?\|semantics\|metatheory\|formali[sz]ation)\|machine-?checked\|proof of correctness\|correct-?by-?construction\|deductive verification\|invariant (synthesis\|generation\|inference)\|loop invariants?\|runtime verification\|runtime monitoring\|contract-?based\|design by contract\|refinement types for verification\|termination (analysis\|proofs?)\|verification conditions?\|weakest precondition\|proof (obligations?\|engineering\|repair\|automation))\b
	2563	+ weight: 1.0
	2564	+ field: both
	2565	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(neural network verification\|verif(y\|ying\|ication of) (neural\|deep\|DNN\|smart contracts?\|cryptographic protocols?\|distributed (protocols?\|systems?)\|hardware\|RTL\|hybrid systems?\|cyber-?physical\|autonomous\|learning-?enabled)\|safety verification\|reachability analysis\|abstract domains?\|barrier certificates?\|symbolic reasoning about\|equivalence checking\|hardware verification\|formal hardware)\b
	2566	+ weight: 1.0
	2567	+ field: both
	2568	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(automata\|decidab(le\|ility)\|undecidab\|satisfiab(le\|ility)\|unsatisfiable core\|constraint solving\|first-?order logic\|higher-?order logic\|modal logic\|separation logic\|Hoare logic\|dynamic logic\|description logics?\|answer set\|logic programming for verification\|proof (search\|systems?\|theory\|nets)\|sequent calculus\|resolution (proving\|refutation)\|superposition\|E prover\|Vampire)\b
	2569	+ weight: 0.7
	2570	+ field: both
	2571	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(autoformali[sz]ation\|formal (mathematics\|theorem proving) (with\|using\|via) (LLMs?\|language models?\|neural)\|neural theorem proving\|LLM-?based (theorem\|proof)\|Lean (proofs?\|theorems?\|mathlib)\|miniF2F\|ProofNet\|AlphaProof\|DeepSeek-?Prover\|proof (generation\|synthesis) (with\|using) (LLMs?\|language models?))\b
	2572	+ weight: 1.0
	2573	+ field: both
	2574	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(verification\|verified\|correctness\|soundness\|completeness\|specification\|logic\|proofs?)\b
	2575	+ weight: 0.2
	2576	+ field: both
	2577	+ exclusions: []
	2578	+ related:
	2579	+ - programming_languages
	2580	+ - software_engineering
	2581	+ - computational_complexity
	2582	+ - applied_cryptography
	2583	+ - ai_safety
	2584	+ - computer_architecture
	2585	+ parent_of: []
	2586	+ child_of: []
	2587	+ provenance: T10142 is the OpenAlex formal-methods topic; logic/automata topics of 1703 (T12002, T11567, T11727) and Petri nets (T11125) support it. CAV/TACAS/FM/CADE/ITP/CPP/FMCAD/VMCAI/JAR/FMSD are dedicated streams; cs.LO suffices alone.
	2588	+- id: algorithms
	2589	+ number: 18
	2590	+ name: Algorithms and Data Structures
	2591	+ area: theory
	2592	+ definition: 'Design and analysis of algorithms and data structures: graph, string, geometric, approximation, randomized, online, streaming, parallel and parameterized algorithms, combinatorial optimisation and metaheuristics, algorithmic game theory, algorithm engineering, and the combinatorics that underpins them. Lower bounds and hardness as such are computational_complexity; numerical algorithms are scientific_computing.'
	2593	+ openalex_topics:
	2594	+ - id: T10720
	2595	+ weight: 1.0
	2596	+ note: complexity and algorithms in graphs (approximation, shortest paths, flows)
	2597	+ - id: T11269
	2598	+ weight: 1.0
	2599	+ note: algorithms and data compression (strings, sorting, succinct structures)
	2600	+ - id: T10374
	2601	+ weight: 0.8
	2602	+ note: advanced graph theory research
	2603	+ - id: T12292
	2604	+ weight: 0.8
	2605	+ note: graph theory and algorithms
	2606	+ - id: T10996
	2607	+ weight: 0.7
	2608	+ note: computational geometry and mesh generation
	2609	+ - id: T12541
	2610	+ weight: 0.6
	2611	+ note: graph labeling and dimension problems
	2612	+ - id: T12288
	2613	+ weight: 0.6
	2614	+ note: optimization and search problems
	2615	+ - id: T11596
	2616	+ weight: 0.6
	2617	+ note: constraint satisfaction and optimization
	2618	+ - id: T11476
	2619	+ weight: 0.6
	2620	+ note: graph theory and applications
	2621	+ - id: T11106
	2622	+ weight: 0.6
	2623	+ note: data management and algorithms
	2624	+ - id: T10100
	2625	+ weight: 0.5
	2626	+ note: metaheuristic optimization algorithms
	2627	+ - id: T11975
	2628	+ weight: 0.5
	2629	+ note: evolutionary algorithms
	2630	+ - id: T10948
	2631	+ weight: 0.5
	2632	+ note: advanced combinatorial mathematics
	2633	+ - id: T10551
	2634	+ weight: 0.5
	2635	+ note: scheduling and optimization algorithms
	2636	+ - id: T12176
	2637	+ weight: 0.5
	2638	+ note: optimization and packing problems
	2639	+ - id: T10792
	2640	+ weight: 0.4
	2641	+ note: matrix theory and algorithms
	2642	+ - id: T11329
	2643	+ weight: 0.4
	2644	+ note: limits and structures in graph theory
	2645	+ - id: T10963
	2646	+ weight: 0.4
	2647	+ note: advanced optimization algorithms
	2648	+ - id: T12401
	2649	+ weight: 0.4
	2650	+ note: scheduling and timetabling
	2651	+ - id: T10848
	2652	+ weight: 0.3
	2653	+ note: multi-objective optimization algorithms
	2654	+ - id: T10545
	2655	+ weight: 0.3
	2656	+ note: optimization and variational analysis
	2657	+ - id: T11697
	2658	+ weight: 0.3
	2659	+ note: numerical methods and algorithms
	2660	+ - id: T12162
	2661	+ weight: 0.3
	2662	+ note: cellular automata
	2663	+ - id: T12536
	2664	+ weight: 0.3
	2665	+ note: topological data analysis
	2666	+ - id: T10567
	2667	+ weight: 0.3
	2668	+ note: vehicle routing optimization
	2669	+ - id: T12709
	2670	+ weight: 0.3
	2671	+ note: optimization and mathematical programming
	2672	+ - id: T12303
	2673	+ weight: 0.3
	2674	+ note: tensor decomposition
	2675	+ - id: T11031
	2676	+ weight: 0.3
	2677	+ note: game theory and applications
	2678	+ - id: T10991
	2679	+ weight: 0.3
	2680	+ note: game theory and voting systems
	2681	+ - id: T11182
	2682	+ weight: 0.2
	2683	+ note: auction theory
	2684	+ - id: T10287
	2685	+ weight: 0.2
	2686	+ note: algebraic structures and combinatorial models
	2687	+ - id: T12056
	2688	+ weight: 0.2
	2689	+ note: Markov chains and Monte Carlo
	2690	+ - id: T11716
	2691	+ weight: 0.2
	2692	+ note: random matrices
	2693	+ - id: T12177
	2694	+ weight: 0.2
	2695	+ note: resource-constrained project scheduling
	2696	+ - id: T11252
	2697	+ weight: 0.2
	2698	+ note: evolutionary game theory and cooperation
	2699	+ openalex_subfields:
	2700	+ - id: 1703
	2701	+ weight: 0.3
	2702	+ arxiv_categories:
	2703	+ - id: cs.DS
	2704	+ weight: 1.0
	2705	+ - id: cs.DM
	2706	+ weight: 0.8
	2707	+ - id: cs.CG
	2708	+ weight: 0.8
	2709	+ - id: cs.GT
	2710	+ weight: 0.5
	2711	+ - id: cs.CC
	2712	+ weight: 0.2
	2713	+ - id: math.OC
	2714	+ weight: 0.3
	2715	+ - id: cs.NE
	2716	+ weight: 0.3
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	2718	+ - key: conf/soda
	2719	+ weight: 1.0
	2720	+ - key: conf/esa
	2721	+ weight: 1.0
	2722	+ - key: journals/algorithmica
	2723	+ weight: 1.0
	2724	+ - key: journals/talg
	2725	+ weight: 1.0
	2726	+ - key: conf/wads
	2727	+ weight: 1.0
	2728	+ - key: conf/isaac
	2729	+ weight: 1.0
	2730	+ - key: conf/swat
	2731	+ weight: 1.0
	2732	+ - key: conf/alenex
	2733	+ weight: 1.0
	2734	+ - key: conf/wea
	2735	+ weight: 1.0
	2736	+ - key: conf/icalp
	2737	+ weight: 0.8
	2738	+ - key: conf/latin
	2739	+ weight: 0.8
	2740	+ - key: journals/jco
	2741	+ weight: 0.8
	2742	+ - key: journals/algorithms
	2743	+ weight: 0.8
	2744	+ - key: journals/dmaa
	2745	+ weight: 0.8
	2746	+ - key: conf/cccg
	2747	+ weight: 0.8
	2748	+ - key: conf/stacs
	2749	+ weight: 0.7
	2750	+ - key: conf/mfcs
	2751	+ weight: 0.7
	2752	+ - key: journals/ipl
	2753	+ weight: 0.7
	2754	+ - key: journals/dam
	2755	+ weight: 0.7
	2756	+ - key: journals/dcg
	2757	+ weight: 0.7
	2758	+ - key: conf/approx
	2759	+ weight: 0.7
	2760	+ - key: conf/stoc
	2761	+ weight: 0.6
	2762	+ - key: conf/focs
	2763	+ weight: 0.6
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	2765	+ weight: 0.6
	2766	+ - key: journals/tcs
	2767	+ weight: 0.6
	2768	+ - key: journals/siamdm
	2769	+ weight: 0.6
	2770	+ - key: conf/fsttcs
	2771	+ weight: 0.6
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	2775	+ weight: 0.6
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	2803	+ weight: 0.4
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	2815	+ weight: 0.3
	2816	+ - key: journals/jctb
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	2819	+ weight: 0.3
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	2821	+ weight: 0.3
	2822	+ - key: journals/rairo
	2823	+ weight: 0.3
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	2825	+ weight: 0.2
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	2827	+ weight: 0.2
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	2829	+ weight: 0.2
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	2831	+ weight: 0.2
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	2833	+ weight: 0.2
	2834	+ - key: journals/mansci
	2835	+ weight: 0.1
	2836	+ - key: journals/jet
	2837	+ weight: 0.1
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	2839	+ weight: 0.2
	2840	+ - key: journals/ffa
	2841	+ weight: 0.2
	2842	+ - key: journals/candie
	2843	+ weight: 0.2
	2844	+ - key: journals/asc
	2845	+ weight: 0.2
	2846	+ - key: journals/soco
	2847	+ weight: 0.2
	2848	+ - key: journals/evi
	2849	+ weight: 0.4
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	2851	+ weight: 0.2
	2852	+ - key: journals/siamam
	2853	+ weight: 0.1
	2854	+ keywords:
	2855	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(approximation\|randomi[sz]ed\|online\|streaming\|sublinear\|parameteri[sz]ed\|exact\|combinatorial\|graph\|geometric\|parallel\|distributed\|dynamic\|external[- ]memory\|cache-?oblivious\|greedy\|divide-?and-?conquer\|branch-?and-?bound\|exponential-?time\|polynomial-?time\|efficient\|fast\|optimal\|linear-?time\|near-?linear\|quantum\|string\|matching\|sorting\|search\|enumeration\|sampling\|sketching\|learning-?augmented) algorithms?\b
	2856	+ weight: 1.0
	2857	+ field: both
	2858	+ - pattern: (?i)\bdata structures?\b\|\balgorithm (design\|analysis\|engineering\|theory)\b\|\balgorithmic\b
	2859	+ weight: 1.0
	2860	+ field: both
	2861	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(time complexity\|running time\|worst-?case\|amorti[sz]ed\|competitive ratio\|approximation (ratio\|factor\|scheme)\|PTAS\|FPTAS\|NP-?hard\|NP-?complete\|polynomial[- ]time\|FPT\b\|fixed-?parameter\|kernelization\|treewidth\|lower bounds?\|upper bounds?\|O\(n (log\|\^)\|tight bounds?\|conditional lower bounds?)\b
	2862	+ weight: 0.7
	2863	+ field: both
	2864	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(shortest paths?\|(maximum\|max)[- ]flow\|(minimum\|min)[- ]cut\|spanning trees?\|vertex cover\|independent sets?\|dominating sets?\|graph colou?ring\|cliques?\|Steiner trees?\|knapsack\|bin packing\|TSP\b\|travell?ing salesman\|scheduling problems?\|vehicle routing\|facility location\|set cover\|matchings?\|matroids?\|submodular\|(linear\|integer\|semidefinite) programming\|cutting planes?\|primal-?dual\|LP (relaxation\|rounding)\|network flows?\|spanners?\|reachability\|dynamic graphs?\|distance oracles?)\b
	2865	+ weight: 0.7
	2866	+ field: both
	2867	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(sorting\|searching\|hashing\|hash (tables?\|functions? for)\|suffix (trees?\|arrays?)\|string (matching\|algorithms?\|indexing)\|pattern matching\|succinct\|compressed (indexes?\|data structures?)\|sketch(es\|ing)\|locality[- ]sensitive hashing\|Bloom filters?\|priority queues?\|heaps?\|balanced (trees?\|search)\|B-?trees?\|tries?\|range (queries\|searching\|minimum)\|nearest neighbou?r search\|k-?d trees?\|persistent data\|dynamic (connectivity\|trees)\|union-?find\|disjoint sets?\|skip lists?\|cuckoo hashing\|streaming (algorithms?\|model)\|sketch(ing)? algorithms?\|sublinear)\b
	2868	+ weight: 0.8
	2869	+ field: both
	2870	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(metaheuristics?\|evolutionary (algorithms?\|computation)\|genetic algorithms?\|particle swarm\|ant colony\|simulated annealing\|tabu search\|local search\|differential evolution\|swarm intelligence\|memetic\|hyper-?heuristics?\|combinatorial optimi[sz]ation\|constraint (programming\|satisfaction\|propagation)\|SAT-?based\|MaxSAT\|mixed-?integer\|branch-?and-?(bound\|cut\|price)\|column generation\|Lagrangian relaxation\|multi-?objective optimi[sz]ation\|Pareto (front\|optimal))\b
	2871	+ weight: 0.6
	2872	+ field: both
	2873	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(computational geometry\|Voronoi\|Delaunay\|convex hull\|triangulations?\|arrangements? of\|range searching\|point location\|motion planning (complexity\|algorithms)\|polygon\|visibility graphs?\|geometric (optimi[sz]ation\|intersection\|approximation)\|kinetic data)\b
	2874	+ weight: 0.8
	2875	+ field: both
	2876	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(algorithmic game theory\|mechanism design\|price of anarchy\|Nash equilibri(a\|um)\|equilibrium computation\|fair division\|cake cutting\|matching markets\|stable matching\|auction (design\|theory)\|social choice\|voting rules?\|computational social choice\|incentive compatib)\b
	2877	+ weight: 0.7
	2878	+ field: both
	2879	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(graph theory\|planar graphs?\|chromatic\|Hamiltonian\|Ramsey\|extremal (graph\|combinatorics)\|combinatorics\|combinatorial (designs?\|structures?)\|enumerative\|Latin squares?\|permutations? (patterns?\|statistics)\|hypergraphs?\|digraphs?\|tournaments?\|graph (minors?\|decompositions?\|embeddings?\|homomorphisms?\|isomorphism))\b
	2880	+ weight: 0.6
	2881	+ field: both
	2882	+ - pattern: (?i)\balgorithms?\b\|\bcomplexity\b\|\bheuristics?\b\|\boptimi[sz]ation\b\|\bgraphs?\b
	2883	+ weight: 0.3
	2884	+ field: both
	2885	+ exclusions: []
	2886	+ related:
	2887	+ - computational_complexity
	2888	+ - ml_theory
	2889	+ - computer_graphics
	2890	+ - database_systems
	2891	+ - distributed_computing
	2892	+ - scientific_computing
	2893	+ parent_of: []
	2894	+ child_of: []
	2895	+ provenance: Core topics T10720/T11269 (1703, 1702) plus graph-theory, geometry, combinatorial-optimisation and metaheuristic topics of fields 17, 26 and 22; SODA/ESA/Algorithmica/TALG are the pure venues, STOC/FOCS shared with complexity.
	2896	+- id: computational_complexity
	2897	+ number: 19
	2898	+ name: Computational Complexity
	2899	+ area: theory
	2900	+ definition: 'The intrinsic difficulty of computational problems: complexity classes and their separations, hardness of approximation, circuit, proof, communication and query complexity, fine-grained and parameterized complexity, pseudorandomness and derandomization, computability and automata theory, algebraic complexity, and quantum complexity. Algorithm design is algorithms; cryptographic hardness assumptions are applied_cryptography.'
	2901	+ openalex_topics:
	2902	+ - id: T12002
	2903	+ weight: 0.8
	2904	+ note: computability, logic and AI algorithms (Turing machines, Kolmogorov complexity)
	2905	+ - id: T11567
	2906	+ weight: 0.7
	2907	+ note: semigroups and automata theory
	2908	+ - id: T10720
	2909	+ weight: 0.5
	2910	+ note: complexity and algorithms in graphs (P vs NP, complexity classes)
	2911	+ - id: T11435
	2912	+ weight: 0.5
	2913	+ note: polynomial and algebraic computation
	2914	+ - id: T11727
	2915	+ weight: 0.3
	2916	+ note: advanced algebra and logic
	2917	+ - id: T11130
	2918	+ weight: 0.2
	2919	+ note: coding theory and cryptography
	2920	+ - id: T12162
	2921	+ weight: 0.2
	2922	+ note: cellular automata
	2923	+ - id: T10020
	2924	+ weight: 0.1
	2925	+ note: quantum information (quantum complexity)
	2926	+ - id: T12469
	2927	+ weight: 0.1
	2928	+ note: chaos, complexity and education
	2929	+ openalex_subfields:
	2930	+ - id: 1703
	2931	+ weight: 0.2
	2932	+ arxiv_categories:
	2933	+ - id: cs.CC
	2934	+ weight: 1.0
	2935	+ - id: cs.FL
	2936	+ weight: 0.5
	2937	+ - id: cs.LO
	2938	+ weight: 0.2
	2939	+ - id: cs.DS
	2940	+ weight: 0.2
	2941	+ - id: quant-ph
	2942	+ weight: 0.1
	2943	+ - id: cs.IT
	2944	+ weight: 0.1
	2945	+ - id: math.IT
	2946	+ weight: 0.1
	2947	+ dblp_streams:
	2948	+ - key: journals/eccc
	2949	+ weight: 1.0
	2950	+ - key: journals/toct
	2951	+ weight: 1.0
	2952	+ - key: conf/stoc
	2953	+ weight: 0.8
	2954	+ - key: conf/focs
	2955	+ weight: 0.8
	2956	+ - key: conf/csr
	2957	+ weight: 0.6
	2958	+ - key: conf/dlt
	2959	+ weight: 0.6
	2960	+ - key: conf/icalp
	2961	+ weight: 0.5
	2962	+ - key: conf/stacs
	2963	+ weight: 0.5
	2964	+ - key: conf/mfcs
	2965	+ weight: 0.5
	2966	+ - key: journals/siamcomp
	2967	+ weight: 0.5
	2968	+ - key: journals/jcss
	2969	+ weight: 0.5
	2970	+ - key: journals/iandc
	2971	+ weight: 0.5
	2972	+ - key: journals/jacm
	2973	+ weight: 0.4
	2974	+ - key: conf/approx
	2975	+ weight: 0.4
	2976	+ - key: conf/fsttcs
	2977	+ weight: 0.4
	2978	+ - key: journals/tcs
	2979	+ weight: 0.3
	2980	+ - key: conf/sofsem
	2981	+ weight: 0.3
	2982	+ - key: journals/ipl
	2983	+ weight: 0.2
	2984	+ - key: conf/lics
	2985	+ weight: 0.2
	2986	+ - key: journals/lmcs
	2987	+ weight: 0.2
	2988	+ - key: conf/soda
	2989	+ weight: 0.2
	2990	+ - key: journals/apal
	2991	+ weight: 0.2
	2992	+ - key: journals/mscs
	2993	+ weight: 0.2
	2994	+ - key: journals/algorithmica
	2995	+ weight: 0.1
	2996	+ - key: journals/talg
	2997	+ weight: 0.1
	2998	+ - key: conf/csl
	2999	+ weight: 0.1
	3000	+ - key: journals/acta
	3001	+ weight: 0.2
	3002	+ - key: conf/sat
	3003	+ weight: 0.2
	3004	+ keywords:
	3005	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(computational\|circuit\|communication\|proof\|query\|descriptive\|parameteri[sz]ed\|fine-?grained\|average-?case\|Kolmogorov\|algorithmic\|quantum\|structural\|space\|time\|arithmetic\|algebraic\|Boolean\|counting\|streaming\|information) complexity\b
	3006	+ weight: 1.0
	3007	+ field: both
	3008	+ - pattern: (?i)\bcomplexity (theory\|class(es)?\|lower bounds?\|separations?\|dichotom(y\|ies)\|hierarch(y\|ies))\b\|\bcomplexity-?theoretic\b
	3009	+ weight: 1.0
	3010	+ field: both
	3011	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(P (vs\.?\|versus\|=\|≠\|!=) ?NP\|NP-?complete(ness)?\|NP-?hard(ness)?\|coNP\|PSPACE\|EXPTIME\|NEXP\|#P\b\|BPP\b\|BQP\b\|QMA\b\|MIP\*?\b\|PH\b\|polynomial(-time)? hierarchy\|AC\^?0\|NC\^?[01]\|TC\^?0\|ACC\^?0\|NL\b\|L\b vs\|P/poly\|NP ∩ coNP\|ZPP\|RP\b\|PP\b\|PPAD\|PLS\b\|TFNP\|W\[1\]\|W\[2\]\|XP\b\|para-?NP)\b
	3012	+ weight: 1.0
	3013	+ field: both
	3014	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(hardness of approximation\|inapproximab\|PCP theorem\|probabilistically checkable\|unique games\|exponential[- ]time hypothesis\|SETH\b\|ETH\b\|orthogonal vectors\|3-?SUM\|APSP (hardness\|conjecture)\|derandomi[sz]ation\|pseudorandom(ness)? (generators?\|functions?\|for)\|hardness (amplification\|vs\.? randomness\|magnification\|escalation)\|natural proofs\|lifting theorems?\|arithmetic circuits?\|algebraic (complexity\|circuits)\|VP (vs\|versus\|≠) VNP\|matrix multiplication exponent\|omega $ω$\|Boolean (circuits?\|functions?) (lower\|complexity\|size)\|circuit lower bounds?\|formula (size\|lower bounds?)\|decision tree complexity\|sensitivity conjecture\|constraint satisfaction problems? dichotomy\|CSP dichotomy\|counting complexity\|holographic algorithms\|interactive proofs?\|zero-?knowledge complexity\|Arthur-?Merlin\|relativi[sz]ation\|oracle separations?\|time-?space trade-?offs?\|catalytic\|meta-?complexity\|MCSP\|minimum circuit size)\b
	3015	+ weight: 1.0
	3016	+ field: both
	3017	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(computability\|decidability\|undecidab\|Turing machines?\|halting problem\|recursion theory\|recursively enumerable\|computably enumerable\|Turing degrees\|automata theory\|formal languages?\|regular languages?\|context-?free (languages?\|grammars?)\|pushdown automata\|finite automata\|cellular automata\|descriptional complexity\|state complexity\|Rice'?s theorem\|reductions? (between\|from\|to)\|Kolmogorov\|algorithmic (randomness\|information)\|reverse mathematics\|Büchi automata\|tree automata\|weighted automata\|transducers?\|ω-?regular)\b
	3018	+ weight: 0.8
	3019	+ field: both
	3020	+ - pattern: (?i)\bproof complexity\b\|\bresolution (lower bounds?\|refutations?\|width\|size)\b\|\bcutting planes proofs?\b\|\bFrege\b\|\bbounded arithmetic\b
	3021	+ weight: 1.0
	3022	+ field: both
	3023	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(hardness\|intractab(le\|ility)\|lower bounds?\|reductions?\|separations?)\b
	3024	+ weight: 0.4
	3025	+ field: both
	3026	+ exclusions:
	3027	+ - (?is)^(?!.(complexity (class\|theory)\|NP\|PSPACE\|lower bound\|hardness\|computab\|automata\|Turing\|circuit\|reduction\|decidab)).\b(complexity of (care\|disease\|life\|organi[sz]ations\|the (world\|environment\|problem))\|complex systems?\|complexity science\|chaos)\b
	3028	+ related:
	3029	+ - algorithms
	3030	+ - formal_verification
	3031	+ - quantum_computing
	3032	+ - applied_cryptography
	3033	+ - ml_theory
	3034	+ parent_of: []
	3035	+ child_of: []
	3036	+ provenance: 'OpenAlex has no pure complexity topic: it mixes classes into T10720 and computability into T12002/T11567. ECCC and ToCT are the pure streams; STOC/FOCS shared with algorithms; cs.CC alone suffices.'
	3037	+- id: database_systems
	3038	+ number: 20
	3039	+ name: Database Systems
	3040	+ area: data_distributed
	3041	+ definition: 'Storage, querying and management of structured and semi-structured data: query processing and optimisation, transactions and concurrency control, indexing and storage engines, data integration, cleaning and provenance, big-data processing frameworks, data mining as a data-management problem, learned database components, vector and graph databases. Ranking of unstructured documents is information_retrieval.'
	3042	+ openalex_topics:
	3043	+ - id: T10317
	3044	+ weight: 1.0
	3045	+ note: advanced database systems and queries
	3046	+ - id: T12761
	3047	+ weight: 0.6
	3048	+ note: data stream mining
	3049	+ - id: T11719
	3050	+ weight: 0.6
	3051	+ note: data quality and management
	3052	+ - id: T14280
	3053	+ weight: 0.6
	3054	+ note: big data technologies and applications
	3055	+ - id: T10538
	3056	+ weight: 0.5
	3057	+ note: data mining algorithms and applications
	3058	+ - id: T11181
	3059	+ weight: 0.5
	3060	+ note: advanced data storage technologies
	3061	+ - id: T12601
	3062	+ weight: 0.5
	3063	+ note: web applications and data management
	3064	+ - id: T11106
	3065	+ weight: 0.5
	3066	+ note: data management and algorithms
	3067	+ - id: T10772
	3068	+ weight: 0.4
	3069	+ note: distributed systems and fault tolerance (distributed databases, transactions)
	3070	+ - id: T13373
	3071	+ weight: 0.4
	3072	+ note: data mining and ML applications
	3073	+ - id: T11891
	3074	+ weight: 0.4
	3075	+ note: big data and business intelligence
	3076	+ - id: T10215
	3077	+ weight: 0.4
	3078	+ note: semantic web and ontologies (RDF, SPARQL)
	3079	+ - id: T12016
	3080	+ weight: 0.4
	3081	+ note: web data mining
	3082	+ - id: T14435
	3083	+ weight: 0.4
	3084	+ note: information retrieval and data mining
	3085	+ - id: T11937
	3086	+ weight: 0.3
	3087	+ note: research data management
	3088	+ - id: T13647
	3089	+ weight: 0.3
	3090	+ note: AI and big data applications
	3091	+ - id: T14347
	3092	+ weight: 0.2
	3093	+ note: big data and digital economy
	3094	+ - id: T10101
	3095	+ weight: 0.2
	3096	+ note: cloud computing (MapReduce, Hadoop)
	3097	+ - id: T10757
	3098	+ weight: 0.2
	3099	+ note: geographic information systems
	3100	+ - id: T13832
	3101	+ weight: 0.2
	3102	+ note: advanced decision-making techniques (DSS)
	3103	+ - id: T14484
	3104	+ weight: 0.2
	3105	+ note: technology and data analysis
	3106	+ openalex_subfields:
	3107	+ - id: 1710
	3108	+ weight: 0.1
	3109	+ arxiv_categories:
	3110	+ - id: cs.DB
	3111	+ weight: 1.0
	3112	+ dblp_streams:
	3113	+ - key: conf/sigmod
	3114	+ weight: 1.0
	3115	+ - key: journals/pvldb
	3116	+ weight: 1.0
	3117	+ - key: journals/pacmmod
	3118	+ weight: 1.0
	3119	+ - key: conf/icde
	3120	+ weight: 1.0
	3121	+ - key: conf/edbt
	3122	+ weight: 1.0
	3123	+ - key: conf/pods
	3124	+ weight: 1.0
	3125	+ - key: journals/tods
	3126	+ weight: 1.0
	3127	+ - key: journals/vldb
	3128	+ weight: 1.0
	3129	+ - key: conf/dasfaa
	3130	+ weight: 1.0
	3131	+ - key: conf/vldb
	3132	+ weight: 0.8
	3133	+ - key: journals/tkde
	3134	+ weight: 0.8
	3135	+ - key: journals/tbd
	3136	+ weight: 0.6
	3137	+ - key: conf/apweb
	3138	+ weight: 0.6
	3139	+ - key: conf/icdm
	3140	+ weight: 0.5
	3141	+ - key: conf/pakdd
	3142	+ weight: 0.5
	3143	+ - key: journals/tkdd
	3144	+ weight: 0.5
	3145	+ - key: journals/kais
	3146	+ weight: 0.5
	3147	+ - key: conf/bigdataconf
	3148	+ weight: 0.5
	3149	+ - key: journals/jbd
	3150	+ weight: 0.5
	3151	+ - key: conf/gis
	3152	+ weight: 0.5
	3153	+ - key: conf/cikm
	3154	+ weight: 0.4
	3155	+ - key: conf/kdd
	3156	+ weight: 0.4
	3157	+ - key: journals/ijdsa
	3158	+ weight: 0.4
	3159	+ - key: journals/data
	3160	+ weight: 0.4
	3161	+ - key: conf/pkdd
	3162	+ weight: 0.3
	3163	+ - key: journals/www
	3164	+ weight: 0.3
	3165	+ - key: journals/tgis
	3166	+ weight: 0.3
	3167	+ - key: journals/gis
	3168	+ weight: 0.3
	3169	+ - key: journals/biodb
	3170	+ weight: 0.3
	3171	+ - key: conf/semweb
	3172	+ weight: 0.3
	3173	+ - key: conf/esws
	3174	+ weight: 0.3
	3175	+ - key: journals/dss
	3176	+ weight: 0.2
	3177	+ - key: journals/isf
	3178	+ weight: 0.1
	3179	+ - key: journals/tist
	3180	+ weight: 0.2
	3181	+ - key: journals/kbs
	3182	+ weight: 0.1
	3183	+ - key: conf/ksem
	3184	+ weight: 0.2
	3185	+ keywords:
	3186	+ - pattern: (?i)\bdatabases?\b\|\bDBMSs?\b\|\bRDBMSs?\b\|\bdatabase (systems?\|management\|engines?\|design\|theory\|queries\|tuning\|research)\b
	3187	+ weight: 0.8
	3188	+ field: both
	3189	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(query (processing\|optimi[sz]ation\|execution\|languages?\|engines?\|compilation\|plans?\|rewriting\|answering over)\|SQL\b\|NoSQL\|NewSQL\|relational (model\|algebra\|databases?\|queries\|tables?)\|transaction(al)? (processing\|management\|systems?)\|ACID\b\|OLTP\|OLAP\|HTAP\|index(ing\|es) (structures?\|for\|techniques)\|B\+?-?trees?\|learned (index(es)?\|cardinality\|query optimi[sz]ers?\|database)\|key-?value stores?\|column(ar)? (stores?\|storage\|formats?)\|data (warehous(e\|es\|ing)\|lakes?\|lakehouses?\|integration\|cleaning\|quality\|provenance\|lineage\|wrangling\|catalogs?\|cubes?\|partitioning\|versioning\|discovery\|marketplaces?)\|schema (matching\|evolution\|mapping\|inference)\|entity (resolution\|matching)\|record linkage\|join (algorithms?\|processing\|ordering\|optimi[sz]ation)\|cardinality estimation\|selectivity estimation\|data management\|graph databases?\|property graphs?\|spatial (databases?\|indexing\|queries\|joins?)\|spatio-?temporal (databases?\|queries\|indexing)\|time[- ]series databases?\|vector (databases?\|search
	3190	+ engines?\|indexes?)\|approximate nearest neighbou?r search\|similarity search\|top-?k queries\|skyline queries\|query by example\|data lakes?\|metadata management\|Datalog engines?)\b
	3191	+ weight: 1.0
	3192	+ field: both
	3193	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(data mining\|frequent (patterns?\|itemsets?\|subgraphs?)\|association rules?\|knowledge discovery in databases\|KDD\b\|sequential pattern mining\|stream (processing\|mining)\|data streams?\|sliding windows?\|big data (analytics\|processing\|systems?\|platforms?\|frameworks?\|management)\|Hadoop\|HDFS\|Apache Spark\|Spark SQL\|MapReduce\|Flink\|Hive\|Presto\|Trino\|Kafka\|ETL\b\|ELT\b\|text-?to-?SQL\|NL2SQL\|natural language interfaces? to databases?\|NLIDB\|LLMs? for (data\|databases?\|SQL\|tables?)\|table (question answering\|understanding\|representation))\b
	3194	+ weight: 0.7
	3195	+ field: both
	3196	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(PostgreSQL\|Postgres\|MySQL\|SQLite\|DuckDB\|MongoDB\|Cassandra\|RocksDB\|LevelDB\|Neo4j\|ClickHouse\|Snowflake\|BigQuery\|Redshift\|TiDB\|CockroachDB\|Spanner\|DynamoDB\|LSM-?trees?\|storage engines?\|buffer (pool\|management)\|concurrency control\|MVCC\|multi-?version\|crash recovery\|write-?ahead log(ging)?\|WAL\b\|checkpointing in databases\|isolation levels?\|serializab(le\|ility)\|snapshot isolation\|two-?phase (locking\|commit)\|optimistic concurrency\|deterministic databases?\|in-?memory databases?\|main-?memory databases?\|disaggregated (storage\|memory) for databases?\|cloud(-?native)? databases?\|database-?as-?a-?service\|DBaaS\|multi-?model databases?\|time-?travel queries\|temporal databases?)\b
	3197	+ weight: 1.0
	3198	+ field: both
	3199	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(data\|queries\|query\|tables?\|records?\|tuples?\|schemas?\|indexes\|indices)\b
	3200	+ weight: 0.2
	3201	+ field: both
	3202	+ exclusions:
	3203	+ - (?is)^(?!.(query processing\|SQL\|transaction\|index(ing)?\|storage engine\|DBMS\|data management\|data integration\|schema\|NoSQL\|query optimi)).\b(PubMed\|Embase\|Scopus\|Web of Science\|Cochrane\|MEDLINE\|CINAHL\|PsycINFO) (databases?\|were searched\|search)\b
	3204	+ related:
	3205	+ - information_retrieval
	3206	+ - distributed_computing
	3207	+ - cloud_computing
	3208	+ - algorithms
	3209	+ - ml_theory
	3210	+ parent_of: []
	3211	+ child_of: []
	3212	+ provenance: T10317 is the OpenAlex database topic; data-mining and big-data topics (1710, 1711, 18xx) shared at 0.4-0.6. SIGMOD/PVLDB/PACMMOD/ICDE/EDBT/PODS/TODS/VLDBJ pure; CIKM/KDD shared with IR and ML. Systematic-review mentions of bibliographic databases are vetoed when no DB-systems term co-occurs.
	3213	+- id: information_retrieval
	3214	+ number: 21
	3215	+ name: Information Retrieval
	3216	+ area: data_distributed
	3217	+ definition: 'Finding and ranking relevant information for a user need: search engines and ranking models, dense and sparse retrieval, recommender systems, query understanding, evaluation and test collections, web search and mining, scholarly and digital-library retrieval, retrieval components of RAG systems. Structured query processing is database_systems; text understanding tasks are nlp.'
	3218	+ openalex_topics:
	3219	+ - id: T10286
	3220	+ weight: 1.0
	3221	+ note: information retrieval and search behavior
	3222	+ - id: T10203
	3223	+ weight: 1.0
	3224	+ note: recommender systems
	3225	+ - id: T13274
	3226	+ weight: 0.8
	3227	+ note: expert finding and Q&A systems
	3228	+ - id: T14435
	3229	+ weight: 0.6
	3230	+ note: information retrieval and data mining
	3231	+ - id: T13976
	3232	+ weight: 0.5
	3233	+ note: web visibility and informetrics
	3234	+ - id: T12016
	3235	+ weight: 0.5
	3236	+ note: web data mining and analysis
	3237	+ - id: T10627
	3238	+ weight: 0.4
	3239	+ note: advanced image and video retrieval
	3240	+ - id: T10824
	3241	+ weight: 0.3
	3242	+ note: image retrieval and classification
	3243	+ - id: T10028
	3244	+ weight: 0.3
	3245	+ note: topic modeling / RAG / sentence retrieval
	3246	+ - id: T10215
	3247	+ weight: 0.3
	3248	+ note: semantic web and ontologies
	3249	+ - id: T13673
	3250	+ weight: 0.2
	3251	+ note: library science and information
	3252	+ - id: T11937
	3253	+ weight: 0.2
	3254	+ note: research data management
	3255	+ - id: T11813
	3256	+ weight: 0.2
	3257	+ note: library collection development and digital resources
	3258	+ - id: T12863
	3259	+ weight: 0.2
	3260	+ note: web and library services
	3261	+ - id: T10664
	3262	+ weight: 0.2
	3263	+ note: sentiment analysis and opinion mining
	3264	+ - id: T11644
	3265	+ weight: 0.2
	3266	+ note: spam and phishing detection
	3267	+ - id: T14330
	3268	+ weight: 0.2
	3269	+ note: library science and information systems
	3270	+ - id: T13166
	3271	+ weight: 0.2
	3272	+ note: information science and libraries
	3273	+ - id: T13874
	3274	+ weight: 0.2
	3275	+ note: information architecture and usability
	3276	+ - id: T11122
	3277	+ weight: 0.2
	3278	+ note: online learning and analytics (recommendation)
	3279	+ openalex_subfields:
	3280	+ - id: 1710
	3281	+ weight: 0.1
	3282	+ arxiv_categories:
	3283	+ - id: cs.IR
	3284	+ weight: 1.0
	3285	+ - id: cs.DL
	3286	+ weight: 0.6
	3287	+ - id: cs.SI
	3288	+ weight: 0.3
	3289	+ dblp_streams:
	3290	+ - key: conf/sigir
	3291	+ weight: 1.0
	3292	+ - key: conf/wsdm
	3293	+ weight: 1.0
	3294	+ - key: conf/ecir
	3295	+ weight: 1.0
	3296	+ - key: conf/recsys
	3297	+ weight: 1.0
	3298	+ - key: journals/tois
	3299	+ weight: 1.0
	3300	+ - key: journals/ipm
	3301	+ weight: 0.8
	3302	+ - key: conf/clef
	3303	+ weight: 0.8
	3304	+ - key: conf/jcdl
	3305	+ weight: 0.8
	3306	+ - key: conf/um
	3307	+ weight: 0.8
	3308	+ - key: conf/cikm
	3309	+ weight: 0.6
	3310	+ - key: conf/www
	3311	+ weight: 0.6
	3312	+ - key: journals/www
	3313	+ weight: 0.6
	3314	+ - key: journals/jasis
	3315	+ weight: 0.6
	3316	+ - key: conf/asist
	3317	+ weight: 0.6
	3318	+ - key: journals/scientometrics
	3319	+ weight: 0.5
	3320	+ - key: conf/semweb
	3321	+ weight: 0.5
	3322	+ - key: conf/esws
	3323	+ weight: 0.5
	3324	+ - key: conf/webi
	3325	+ weight: 0.5
	3326	+ - key: journals/kais
	3327	+ weight: 0.3
	3328	+ - key: conf/kdd
	3329	+ weight: 0.3
	3330	+ - key: conf/icwsm
	3331	+ weight: 0.3
	3332	+ - key: journals/tist
	3333	+ weight: 0.3
	3334	+ - key: journals/tkde
	3335	+ weight: 0.2
	3336	+ - key: journals/snam
	3337	+ weight: 0.2
	3338	+ - key: conf/asunam
	3339	+ weight: 0.2
	3340	+ - key: journals/tcss
	3341	+ weight: 0.1
	3342	+ - key: journals/ijinfoman
	3343	+ weight: 0.2
	3344	+ - key: journals/jkm
	3345	+ weight: 0.1
	3346	+ - key: journals/iam
	3347	+ weight: 0.1
	3348	+ keywords:
	3349	+ - pattern: (?i)\binformation retrieval\b\|\bIR (systems?\|models?\|evaluation\|research\|community)\b\|\bad[- ]hoc retrieval\b\|\bretrieval (models?\|systems?\|effectiveness\|augmented)\b
	3350	+ weight: 1.0
	3351	+ field: both
	3352	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(search engines?\|web search\|enterprise search\|product search\|query (expansion\|reformulation\|understanding\|suggestion\|logs?\|auto-?completion\|intent)\|ranking (models?\|functions?\|losses?\|metrics)\|learning[- ]to[- ]rank\|LTR\b\|dense (retrieval\|passage retrieval\|retrievers?)\|sparse retrieval\|lexical retrieval\|hybrid retrieval\|BM25\|TF-?IDF\|neural (retrieval\|rankers?\|IR\|re-?ranking)\|re-?rank(ing\|ers?)\|cross-?encoders?\|bi-?encoders?\|dual encoders?\|ColBERT\|late interaction\|SPLADE\|DPR\b\|document (ranking\|retrieval\|expansion)\|passage (ranking\|retrieval)\|relevance (judgments?\|feedback\|assessment\|modeling)\|click (models?\|logs?\|through)\|conversational search\|interactive (IR\|retrieval)\|session search\|evaluation (campaigns?\|measures?)\|nDCG\|MRR\b\|mean reciprocal rank\|MAP@\|test collections?\|TREC\b\|MS ?MARCO\|BEIR\|pooling bias\|query performance prediction\|retrieval-?augmented\|RAG (systems?\|pipelines?)\|retriever\|generative (retrieval\|recommendation))\b
	3353	+ weight: 1.0
	3354	+ field: both
	3355	+ - pattern: (?i)\brecommend(er\|ation) (systems?\|models?\|algorithms?\|engines?\|tasks?\|lists?\|quality)\b\|\brecommenders?\b\|\bcollaborative filtering\b\|\b(sequential\|session-?based\|conversational\|cross-?domain\|cold-?start\|news\|music\|point-?of-?interest\|POI\|job\|group\|bundle\|LLM-?based\|explainable\|fair\|multi-?stakeholder) recommendation\b\|\bclick-?through rate\b\|\bCTR prediction\b\|\bimplicit feedback\b\|\buser (modeling\|preferences?\|interests?) (for\|in) recommendation\b\|\bmatrix factori[sz]ation\b\|\bitem (embeddings?\|cold start)\b\|\bMovieLens\b\|\bNetflix Prize\b
	3356	+ weight: 1.0
	3357	+ field: both
	3358	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(knowledge graphs?\|entity linking\|entity search\|semantic web\|linked (open )?data\|SPARQL\|RDF\b\|ontolog(y\|ies) (matching\|alignment\|engineering)\|schema\.org\|Wikidata\|DBpedia\|question answering over knowledge)\b
	3359	+ weight: 0.5
	3360	+ field: both
	3361	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(digital librar(y\|ies)\|scholarly (search\|recommendation\|data\|documents?\|knowledge graphs?)\|citation (analysis\|networks?\|recommendation\|counts?\|indexing)\|bibliometric\|scientometric\|altmetric\|h-?index\|peer[- ]review (process\|quality)\|web (crawl(ing\|ers?)\|archiv(es?\|ing)\|mining)\|social media (mining\|analytics\|retrieval)\|hashtags?\|microblog\|user-?generated content\|community question answering\|CQA\b\|expert finding\|e-?commerce search\|sponsored search\|computational advertising\|ad (auctions?\|ranking))\b
	3362	+ weight: 0.6
	3363	+ field: both
	3364	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(retrieval\|search\|ranking\|recommendation\|relevance\|queries\|query\|users?' (information\|search))\b
	3365	+ weight: 0.3
	3366	+ field: both
	3367	+ exclusions: []
	3368	+ related:
	3369	+ - nlp
	3370	+ - database_systems
	3371	+ - llm
	3372	+ - hci
	3373	+ - ml_theory
	3374	+ parent_of: []
	3375	+ child_of: []
	3376	+ provenance: T10286 (search behaviour) and T10203 (recommenders) are the OpenAlex IR hosts; library/information-science topics of 1710 included at 0.2 because they share venues (JASIST, ASIS&T). SIGIR/WSDM/ECIR/RecSys/TOIS pure.
	3377	+- id: distributed_computing
	3378	+ number: 22
	3379	+ name: Distributed Computing
	3380	+ area: data_distributed
	3381	+ definition: 'Computation across multiple processors or machines: distributed algorithms and consensus, fault tolerance and replication, parallel programming and HPC systems software, cluster and grid resource management, distributed storage and middleware, distributed and parallel ML training systems. Cloud service models are cloud_computing and edge placement is edge_computing (both children).'
	3382	+ openalex_topics:
	3383	+ - id: T10715
	3384	+ weight: 1.0
	3385	+ note: distributed and parallel computing systems (grid, cluster, scheduling)
	3386	+ - id: T10772
	3387	+ weight: 1.0
	3388	+ note: distributed systems and fault tolerance (consensus, replication, transactions)
	3389	+ - id: T10742
	3390	+ weight: 0.8
	3391	+ note: peer-to-peer network technologies
	3392	+ - id: T10054
	3393	+ weight: 0.6
	3394	+ note: parallel computing (HPC, MPI, GPU)
	3395	+ - id: T10829
	3396	+ weight: 0.5
	3397	+ note: interconnection networks and systems
	3398	+ - id: T11181
	3399	+ weight: 0.5
	3400	+ note: advanced data storage technologies
	3401	+ - id: T10101
	3402	+ weight: 0.4
	3403	+ note: cloud computing and resource management
	3404	+ - id: T12127
	3405	+ weight: 0.4
	3406	+ note: software system performance and reliability
	3407	+ - id: T10679
	3408	+ weight: 0.3
	3409	+ note: service-oriented architecture
	3410	+ - id: T10273
	3411	+ weight: 0.3
	3412	+ note: IoT and edge/fog computing
	3413	+ - id: T10249
	3414	+ weight: 0.3
	3415	+ note: distributed control multi-agent systems
	3416	+ - id: T12203
	3417	+ weight: 0.3
	3418	+ note: mobile agent-based network management
	3419	+ - id: T11986
	3420	+ weight: 0.3
	3421	+ note: scientific workflows
	3422	+ - id: T12879
	3423	+ weight: 0.2
	3424	+ note: distributed sensor networks and detection
	3425	+ - id: T12216
	3426	+ weight: 0.2
	3427	+ note: network time synchronization
	3428	+ - id: T11478
	3429	+ weight: 0.2
	3430	+ note: caching and content delivery
	3431	+ openalex_subfields:
	3432	+ - id: 1705
	3433	+ weight: 0.1
	3434	+ arxiv_categories:
	3435	+ - id: cs.DC
	3436	+ weight: 1.0
	3437	+ - id: cs.PF
	3438	+ weight: 0.5
	3439	+ - id: cs.OS
	3440	+ weight: 0.2
	3441	+ - id: cs.NI
	3442	+ weight: 0.1
	3443	+ dblp_streams:
	3444	+ - key: journals/tpds
	3445	+ weight: 1.0
	3446	+ - key: journals/jpdc
	3447	+ weight: 1.0
	3448	+ - key: conf/ipps
	3449	+ weight: 1.0
	3450	+ - key: conf/podc
	3451	+ weight: 1.0
	3452	+ - key: conf/spaa
	3453	+ weight: 1.0
	3454	+ - key: conf/opodis
	3455	+ weight: 1.0
	3456	+ - key: conf/europar
	3457	+ weight: 1.0
	3458	+ - key: conf/ics
	3459	+ weight: 1.0
	3460	+ - key: conf/hpdc
	3461	+ weight: 1.0
	3462	+ - key: conf/icdcs
	3463	+ weight: 1.0
	3464	+ - key: conf/middleware
	3465	+ weight: 1.0
	3466	+ - key: conf/cluster
	3467	+ weight: 1.0
	3468	+ - key: conf/icpads
	3469	+ weight: 1.0
	3470	+ - key: conf/ica3pp
	3471	+ weight: 1.0
	3472	+ - key: conf/ispa
	3473	+ weight: 1.0
	3474	+ - key: conf/sc
	3475	+ weight: 0.8
	3476	+ - key: conf/ccgrid
	3477	+ weight: 0.8
	3478	+ - key: conf/hpcc
	3479	+ weight: 0.8
	3480	+ - key: conf/ppopp
	3481	+ weight: 0.8
	3482	+ - key: journals/concurrency
	3483	+ weight: 0.8
	3484	+ - key: journals/tjs
	3485	+ weight: 0.8
	3486	+ - key: journals/cluster
	3487	+ weight: 0.8
	3488	+ - key: journals/ijhpca
	3489	+ weight: 0.8
	3490	+ - key: journals/scpe
	3491	+ weight: 0.8
	3492	+ - key: journals/fgcs
	3493	+ weight: 0.6
	3494	+ - key: conf/eurosys
	3495	+ weight: 0.6
	3496	+ - key: journals/ppna
	3497	+ weight: 0.6
	3498	+ - key: conf/aina
	3499	+ weight: 0.6
	3500	+ - key: conf/nsdi
	3501	+ weight: 0.5
	3502	+ - key: conf/dsn
	3503	+ weight: 0.5
	3504	+ - key: conf/socc
	3505	+ weight: 0.5
	3506	+ - key: conf/cloud
	3507	+ weight: 0.5
	3508	+ - key: journals/tos
	3509	+ weight: 0.5
	3510	+ - key: conf/fast
	3511	+ weight: 0.5
	3512	+ - key: conf/osdi
	3513	+ weight: 0.4
	3514	+ - key: conf/sosp
	3515	+ weight: 0.4
	3516	+ - key: journals/tc
	3517	+ weight: 0.4
	3518	+ - key: journals/sp
	3519	+ weight: 0.4
	3520	+ - key: conf/mlsys
	3521	+ weight: 0.4
	3522	+ - key: conf/ucc
	3523	+ weight: 0.4
	3524	+ - key: journals/tcc
	3525	+ weight: 0.3
	3526	+ - key: journals/jsa
	3527	+ weight: 0.3
	3528	+ - key: journals/computing
	3529	+ weight: 0.3
	3530	+ - key: journals/tnsm
	3531	+ weight: 0.2
	3532	+ - key: conf/xsede
	3533	+ weight: 0.4
	3534	+ - key: conf/pact
	3535	+ weight: 0.2
	3536	+ - key: journals/taco
	3537	+ weight: 0.1
	3538	+ - key: journals/tnse
	3539	+ weight: 0.2
	3540	+ - key: journals/jnca
	3541	+ weight: 0.2
	3542	+ - key: conf/isca
	3543	+ weight: 0.1
	3544	+ - key: journals/ieicetd
	3545	+ weight: 0.1
	3546	+ keywords:
	3547	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(distributed\|parallel\|concurrent) (systems?\|computing\|algorithms?\|programming\|processing\|storage\|file systems?\|transactions?\|consensus\|ledgers?\|training\|inference\|machine learning\|deep learning\|graph processing\|databases?\|data processing\|simulation\|applications?\|execution\|runtime\|scheduling\|snapshots?\|shared memory\|memory\|protocols?\|optimi[sz]ation\|SGD\|stochastic)\b
	3548	+ weight: 1.0
	3549	+ field: both
	3550	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(consensus (protocols?\|algorithms?)\|Paxos\|Raft\b\|Byzantine\|fault[- ]toleran(t\|ce)\|replication\|state machine replication\|linearizab(le\|ility)\|serializab\|eventual consistency\|strong consistency\|consistency models?\|CRDTs?\|conflict-?free replicated\|vector clocks?\|logical clocks?\|leader election\|gossip protocols?\|epidemic protocols?\|distributed (hash tables?\|locks?\|snapshots?\|tracing\|ledger\|shared)\|two-?phase commit\|atomic (broadcast\|commit)\|failure detectors?\|self-?stabili[sz]\|population protocols?\|LOCAL model\|CONGEST\|message complexity\|round complexity\|asynchronous (systems?\|networks?\|model))\b
	3551	+ weight: 1.0
	3552	+ field: both
	3553	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(high[- ]performance computing\|HPC\b\|supercomput\w+\|exascale\|petascale\|MPI\b\|OpenMP\|message passing\|load balancing\|job scheduling\|workflow (scheduling\|management\|engines?)\|resource (allocation\|management\|scheduling) (in\|for\|on\|across) (clusters?\|grids?\|data ?cent(er\|re)s?\|HPC\|supercomputers?)\|scalab(le\|ility) (to\|on\|across) \d[\d,]* (nodes\|cores\|GPUs\|processors)\|multi-?GPU\|GPU clusters?\|data[- ]parallel(ism)?\|model[- ]parallel(ism)?\|pipeline[- ]parallel(ism)?\|tensor[- ]parallel(ism)?\|expert parallelism\|all-?reduce\|all-?to-?all\|parameter servers?\|collective communication\|NCCL\|ZeRO\b\|FSDP\|DeepSpeed\|Megatron\|Horovod\|gradient (synchroni[sz]ation\|accumulation across)\|stragglers?\|checkpoint(ing)? (for\|of\|in) (training\|HPC)\|large-?scale training\|training (at scale\|on \d+ GPUs)\|distributed (LLM\|DNN) (training\|inference\|serving)\|cluster schedul(ers?\|ing)\|Slurm\|Kubernetes schedul\|Borg\|YARN\|Mesos)\b
	3554	+ weight: 1.0
	3555	+ field: both
	3556	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(middleware\|publish[- ]subscribe\|pub/sub\|message (queues?\|brokers?)\|Kafka\|RabbitMQ\|actor model\|service mesh\|stream processing (engines?\|systems?\|frameworks?)\|Apache (Spark\|Flink\|Storm\|Beam\|Hadoop)\|MapReduce\|Ray\b\|Dask\|dataflow (systems?\|engines?)\|serverless (workflows?\|computing)\|microservices? (architecture\|performance\|systems?)\|RPC\b\|remote procedure\|gRPC\|RDMA\|interconnects?\|InfiniBand\|network-?on-?chip)\b
	3557	+ weight: 0.7
	3558	+ field: both
	3559	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(peer-?to-?peer\|P2P\b\|overlay networks?\|volunteer computing\|grid computing\|cluster computing\|utility computing\|desktop grid\|BOINC\|BitTorrent\|DHTs?\b\|Chord\|Kademlia\|gossip-?based)\b
	3560	+ weight: 0.8
	3561	+ field: both
	3562	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(multi-?core\|many-?core\|multi-?threaded\|multithreading\|lock-?free\|wait-?free\|non-?blocking (data structures?\|algorithms?)\|transactional memory\|synchroni[sz]ation primitives\|mutex(es)?\|spin-?locks?\|barriers?\|work[- ]stealing\|parallel(i[sz]ation\|ism\|izing)\|task (parallel\|graphs?)\|speedup\|Amdahl\|strong scaling\|weak scaling\|parallel efficiency\|SIMD parallel\|GPU (computing\|programming\|acceleration)\|CUDA\b\|OpenCL\|heterogeneous computing)\b
	3563	+ weight: 0.8
	3564	+ field: both
	3565	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(nodes?\|clusters?\|scalab(le\|ility)\|parallel\|distributed\|concurrency\|replicas?\|throughput\|latency)\b
	3566	+ weight: 0.2
	3567	+ field: both
	3568	+ exclusions:
	3569	+ - (?is)^(?!.(comput\|system\|algorithm\|protocol\|network\|server\|cluster\|node\|GPU\|processor\|storage\|training\|software)).\b(distributed (generation\|energy resources?\|lag\|fibre\|fiber\|acoustic\|temperature\|parameter\|load\|element\|order\|delay\|control of (power\|microgrid\|vehicles?\|robots?)\|leadership\|cognition\|practice\|manufacturing))\b
	3570	+ related:
	3571	+ - cloud_computing
	3572	+ - edge_computing
	3573	+ - computer_networks
	3574	+ - database_systems
	3575	+ - operating_systems
	3576	+ - scientific_computing
	3577	+ - blockchain
	3578	+ - federated_learning
	3579	+ parent_of:
	3580	+ - cloud_computing
	3581	+ - edge_computing
	3582	+ child_of: []
	3583	+ provenance: T10715 and T10772 (subfield 1705) are the OpenAlex hosts; T10054 (parallel/HPC) is shared with architecture and scientific computing. TPDS/JPDC/IPDPS/PODC/SPAA/Euro-Par/ICS/HPDC/ICDCS/Middleware are the pure venues; cs.DC suffices.
	3584	+- id: cloud_computing
	3585	+ number: 23
	3586	+ name: Cloud Computing
	3587	+ area: data_distributed
	3588	+ definition: 'Computing delivered as elastic, multi-tenant, on-demand services: IaaS/PaaS/SaaS and serverless, virtualisation and containers, resource provisioning and auto-scaling, SLAs and pricing, cloud-native architectures, data-centre resource management, cloud security and migration. A child of distributed_computing; placement at the network edge is edge_computing.'
	3589	+ openalex_topics:
	3590	+ - id: T10101
	3591	+ weight: 1.0
	3592	+ note: cloud computing and resource management (VMs, serverless, data centres)
	3593	+ - id: T14067
	3594	+ weight: 1.0
	3595	+ note: cloud computing and remote desktop technologies
	3596	+ - id: T11614
	3597	+ weight: 0.6
	3598	+ note: cloud data security solutions
	3599	+ - id: T12127
	3600	+ weight: 0.6
	3601	+ note: software system performance (microservices, cloud-native, AIOps)
	3602	+ - id: T10679
	3603	+ weight: 0.6
	3604	+ note: service-oriented architecture and web services
	3605	+ - id: T10273
	3606	+ weight: 0.4
	3607	+ note: IoT and edge/fog (cloud-edge)
	3608	+ - id: T14098
	3609	+ weight: 0.4
	3610	+ note: energy efficiency in computing (data centres)
	3611	+ - id: T10715
	3612	+ weight: 0.3
	3613	+ note: distributed and parallel computing (grid)
	3614	+ - id: T11181
	3615	+ weight: 0.2
	3616	+ note: data storage technologies
	3617	+ - id: T12799
	3618	+ weight: 0.2
	3619	+ note: mobile and web applications
	3620	+ - id: T12238
	3621	+ weight: 0.2
	3622	+ note: green IT (green data centres)
	3623	+ openalex_subfields: []
	3624	+ arxiv_categories:
	3625	+ - id: cs.DC
	3626	+ weight: 0.6
	3627	+ - id: cs.NI
	3628	+ weight: 0.1
	3629	+ - id: cs.SE
	3630	+ weight: 0.1
	3631	+ - id: cs.PF
	3632	+ weight: 0.2
	3633	+ dblp_streams:
	3634	+ - key: journals/tcc
	3635	+ weight: 1.0
	3636	+ - key: conf/cloud
	3637	+ weight: 1.0
	3638	+ - key: conf/socc
	3639	+ weight: 1.0
	3640	+ - key: conf/ucc
	3641	+ weight: 1.0
	3642	+ - key: conf/ic2e
	3643	+ weight: 1.0
	3644	+ - key: journals/tsc
	3645	+ weight: 0.8
	3646	+ - key: conf/icws
	3647	+ weight: 0.8
	3648	+ - key: conf/ccgrid
	3649	+ weight: 0.6
	3650	+ - key: journals/fgcs
	3651	+ weight: 0.5
	3652	+ - key: journals/cluster
	3653	+ weight: 0.5
	3654	+ - key: journals/tnsm
	3655	+ weight: 0.4
	3656	+ - key: conf/eurosys
	3657	+ weight: 0.4
	3658	+ - key: conf/nsdi
	3659	+ weight: 0.4
	3660	+ - key: conf/usenix
	3661	+ weight: 0.4
	3662	+ - key: conf/middleware
	3663	+ weight: 0.4
	3664	+ - key: journals/jnca
	3665	+ weight: 0.4
	3666	+ - key: conf/osdi
	3667	+ weight: 0.3
	3668	+ - key: conf/hpcc
	3669	+ weight: 0.3
	3670	+ - key: journals/tjs
	3671	+ weight: 0.3
	3672	+ - key: journals/concurrency
	3673	+ weight: 0.3
	3674	+ - key: journals/scpe
	3675	+ weight: 0.3
	3676	+ - key: journals/tsusc
	3677	+ weight: 0.3
	3678	+ - key: journals/suscom
	3679	+ weight: 0.3
	3680	+ - key: journals/tpds
	3681	+ weight: 0.2
	3682	+ - key: journals/jsa
	3683	+ weight: 0.2
	3684	+ - key: conf/icdcs
	3685	+ weight: 0.2
	3686	+ - key: conf/sc
	3687	+ weight: 0.1
	3688	+ - key: journals/computing
	3689	+ weight: 0.2
	3690	+ - key: conf/aina
	3691	+ weight: 0.3
	3692	+ keywords:
	3693	+ - pattern: (?i)\bcloud(-?based\|-?native\| computing\| services?\| providers?\| infrastructures?\| platforms?\| data ?cent(er\|re)s?\| storage\| resources?\| workloads?\| environments?\| applications?\| deployments?\| migration\| security\| gaming\| robotics\| servers?\| tenants?\| customers?\| costs?\| pricing\| offloading\| continuum\| vendors?\| APIs?\| regions?\| instances?\| orchestration\| bursting\| federation\| brokers?)\b
	3694	+ weight: 1.0
	3695	+ field: both
	3696	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(serverless\|function-?as-?a-?service\|FaaS\b\|infrastructure-?as-?a-?service\|IaaS\b\|platform-?as-?a-?service\|PaaS\b\|software-?as-?a-?service\|SaaS\b\|multi-?cloud\|hybrid cloud\|cloud-?edge\|edge-?cloud\|virtual machines?\|VMs?\b\|virtuali[sz]ation\|hypervisors?\|containers?\|containeri[sz]ed\|Docker\|Kubernetes\|K8s\|container orchestration\|auto-?scaling\|autoscal\w+\|elastic(ity)? (provisioning\|scaling\|resources?)\|service[- ]level (agreements?\|objectives?)\|SLAs?\b\|SLOs?\b\|multi-?tenan(t\|cy)\|resource provisioning\|VM (placement\|consolidation\|migration\|scheduling\|allocation)\|live migration\|workload (prediction\|consolidation\|characteri[sz]ation\|placement)\|spot instances?\|cloud (cost\|FinOps)\|pay-?as-?you-?go\|data ?cent(er\|re) (scheduling\|networks?\|resource\|management\|operators?\|utili[sz]ation))\b
	3697	+ weight: 1.0
	3698	+ field: both
	3699	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(AWS\|Amazon (EC2\|S3\|Lambda\|Web Services)\|Microsoft Azure\|Google Cloud\|GCP\b\|OpenStack\|CloudSim\|web services?\|service-?oriented (architecture\|computing)\|service (composition\|selection\|discovery\|mesh)\|SOA\b\|microservices?\|cloud-?computing\|Infrastructure as Code\|Terraform\|DevOps for cloud\|cloud-?native (applications?\|systems?))\b
	3700	+ weight: 0.7
	3701	+ field: both
	3702	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(data ?cent(er\|re)s?\|hyperscal(e\|ers?)\|warehouse-?scale)\b
	3703	+ weight: 0.6
	3704	+ field: both
	3705	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(virtuali[sz]ed\|hosted\|on-?demand\|elastic\|scalable services?\|tenants?)\b
	3706	+ weight: 0.2
	3707	+ field: both
	3708	+ exclusions:
	3709	+ - (?is)^(?!.(computing\|comput\|server\|data ?cent\|virtual\|service\|storage\|infrastructure\|platform\|deployment\|workload\|software)).\b(point clouds?\|cloud (cover\|droplets?\|condensation\|physics\|microphysics\|radiative\|albedo\|forcing\|seeding\|chamber\|water\|base\|top\|height\|fraction\|layers?\|types?\|formation)\|molecular cloud\|electron cloud\|Oort cloud\|dust cloud\|cloud(s)? (and\|in) (climate\|atmosphere\|precipitation))\b
	3710	+ related:
	3711	+ - distributed_computing
	3712	+ - edge_computing
	3713	+ - operating_systems
	3714	+ - computer_networks
	3715	+ - sustainable_computing
	3716	+ - cybersecurity
	3717	+ parent_of: []
	3718	+ child_of:
	3719	+ - distributed_computing
	3720	+ provenance: T10101 keywords list cloud computing, virtualization, serverless, SLAs, data centers. TCC/SoCC/UCC/IC2E pure; systems venues partial. Meteorological and point-cloud senses of 'cloud' are vetoed when no computing term co-occurs.
	3721	+- id: edge_computing
	3722	+ number: 24
	3723	+ name: Edge Computing
	3724	+ area: data_distributed
	3725	+ definition: 'Computation placed near data sources and users: edge/fog/MEC architectures, computation offloading, on-device and TinyML inference, edge-cloud collaboration and split computing, IoT platforms as computing substrates, latency-critical edge services, edge caching and orchestration. Radio access and protocols are computer_networks; model compression as such is deep_learning_architectures or ai_accelerators.'
	3726	+ openalex_topics:
	3727	+ - id: T10273
	3728	+ weight: 1.0
	3729	+ note: IoT and edge/fog computing (offloading, MEC, edge AI)
	3730	+ - id: T13038
	3731	+ weight: 0.6
	3732	+ note: Internet of Things and AI
	3733	+ - id: T12079
	3734	+ weight: 0.4
	3735	+ note: IoT networks and protocols
	3736	+ - id: T13420
	3737	+ weight: 0.3
	3738	+ note: Arduino and IoT applications
	3739	+ - id: T13535
	3740	+ weight: 0.3
	3741	+ note: wireless sensor networks and IoT
	3742	+ - id: T13541
	3743	+ weight: 0.3
	3744	+ note: IoT-based control systems
	3745	+ - id: T13924
	3746	+ weight: 0.3
	3747	+ note: IoT and social network interactions
	3748	+ - id: T10080
	3749	+ weight: 0.3
	3750	+ note: energy-efficient wireless sensor networks
	3751	+ - id: T10101
	3752	+ weight: 0.2
	3753	+ note: cloud computing (cloud-edge)
	3754	+ - id: T12406
	3755	+ weight: 0.2
	3756	+ note: IoT and GPS vehicle safety
	3757	+ - id: T10904
	3758	+ weight: 0.1
	3759	+ note: embedded systems design
	3760	+ - id: T13918
	3761	+ weight: 0.3
	3762	+ note: advanced data and IoT technologies
	3763	+ - id: T11704
	3764	+ weight: 0.2
	3765	+ note: mobile crowdsensing
	3766	+ openalex_subfields: []
	3767	+ arxiv_categories:
	3768	+ - id: cs.DC
	3769	+ weight: 0.4
	3770	+ - id: cs.NI
	3771	+ weight: 0.4
	3772	+ - id: eess.SP
	3773	+ weight: 0.1
	3774	+ - id: cs.AR
	3775	+ weight: 0.1
	3776	+ dblp_streams:
	3777	+ - key: conf/sec
	3778	+ weight: 1.0
	3779	+ - key: conf/iotdi
	3780	+ weight: 0.8
	3781	+ - key: journals/iotj
	3782	+ weight: 0.6
	3783	+ - key: journals/iot
	3784	+ weight: 0.6
	3785	+ - key: conf/percom
	3786	+ weight: 0.6
	3787	+ - key: conf/wf-iot
	3788	+ weight: 0.6
	3789	+ - key: conf/ithings
	3790	+ weight: 0.5
	3791	+ - key: conf/uic
	3792	+ weight: 0.4
	3793	+ - key: conf/mobisys
	3794	+ weight: 0.4
	3795	+ - key: conf/sensys
	3796	+ weight: 0.4
	3797	+ - key: conf/ipsn
	3798	+ weight: 0.4
	3799	+ - key: conf/ewsn
	3800	+ weight: 0.4
	3801	+ - key: journals/ijdsn
	3802	+ weight: 0.4
	3803	+ - key: conf/dasc
	3804	+ weight: 0.3
	3805	+ - key: journals/tmc
	3806	+ weight: 0.3
	3807	+ - key: journals/tcc
	3808	+ weight: 0.3
	3809	+ - key: journals/fgcs
	3810	+ weight: 0.3
	3811	+ - key: journals/ett
	3812	+ weight: 0.3
	3813	+ - key: journals/jnca
	3814	+ weight: 0.3
	3815	+ - key: journals/tecs
	3816	+ weight: 0.3
	3817	+ - key: conf/aina
	3818	+ weight: 0.3
	3819	+ - key: conf/infocom
	3820	+ weight: 0.2
	3821	+ - key: journals/tnsm
	3822	+ weight: 0.2
	3823	+ - key: journals/tii
	3824	+ weight: 0.2
	3825	+ - key: conf/icdcs
	3826	+ weight: 0.2
	3827	+ - key: conf/hpcc
	3828	+ weight: 0.2
	3829	+ - key: conf/ispa
	3830	+ weight: 0.2
	3831	+ - key: journals/tvt
	3832	+ weight: 0.1
	3833	+ - key: journals/jsac
	3834	+ weight: 0.1
	3835	+ - key: journals/ton
	3836	+ weight: 0.1
	3837	+ - key: conf/ieeesensors
	3838	+ weight: 0.1
	3839	+ - key: journals/sensors
	3840	+ weight: 0.1
	3841	+ - key: journals/tgcn
	3842	+ weight: 0.2
	3843	+ - key: journals/tccn
	3844	+ weight: 0.1
	3845	+ - key: journals/wc
	3846	+ weight: 0.2
	3847	+ - key: journals/network
	3848	+ weight: 0.2
	3849	+ - key: conf/metroi
	3850	+ weight: 0.3
	3851	+ - key: journals/tnse
	3852	+ weight: 0.1
	3853	+ keywords:
	3854	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(edge\|fog\|mist\|mobile[- ]edge\|multi-?access edge\|edge-?cloud\|cloud-?edge\|device-?edge-?cloud\|edge-?to-?cloud\|far[- ]edge\|cloudlet\|vehicular edge\|satellite edge\|serverless edge) (computing\|intelligence\|AI\|inference\|servers?\|nodes?\|devices?\|deployment\|caching\|offloading\|learning\|networks?\|resources?\|orchestration\|analytics\|clusters?\|platforms?\|services?\|applications?\|continuum\|infrastructures?\|data ?cent(er\|re)s?\|scheduling\|placement\|training\|LLMs?)\b\|\bMEC\b\|\bcloudlets?\b
	3855	+ weight: 1.0
	3856	+ field: both
	3857	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(computation(al)?\|task\|workload\|service\|DNN\|inference\|model\|function) offloading\b\|\boffloading (decisions?\|strategies\|policies\|schemes?)\b
	3858	+ weight: 1.0
	3859	+ field: both
	3860	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(on-?device (AI\|inference\|learning\|training\|machine learning\|deep learning\|LLMs?\|language models?\|processing)\|TinyML\|microcontrollers?\|MCUs?\b\|resource-?constrained (devices?\|IoT\|hardware\|environments?)\|embedded (AI\|inference\|deep learning\|machine learning\|neural)\|IoT (devices?\|edge\|gateways?\|platforms?\|architectures?\|applications?\|systems?\|analytics\|middleware)\|Internet of (Things\|Vehicles\|Medical Things\|Everything)\|IIoT\|cyber-?physical systems?\|CPS\b\|digital twins?\|smart (cities\|homes?\|factor(y\|ies)\|grids?\|manufacturing\|agriculture\|buildings?\|campus)\|Industry 4\.0\|AIoT)\b
	3861	+ weight: 0.7
	3862	+ field: both
	3863	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(latency-?sensitive\|latency-?critical\|ultra-?low latency\|edge-?native\|edge (AI\|ML)\|split (computing\|inference\|learning)\|early[- ]exit\|model partitioning\|DNN partitioning\|collaborative (inference\|edge)\|device-?cloud (collaboration\|synergy)\|edge-?assisted\|edge-?enabled\|near-?user\|in-?network computing\|in-?situ processing\|data locality at the edge\|mobile cloud computing\|MCC\b\|cloudlets?\|micro ?data ?cent(er\|re)s?\|service placement\|application placement\|container orchestration at the edge\|KubeEdge\|OpenFaaS\|edge orchestrat)\b
	3864	+ weight: 0.8
	3865	+ field: both
	3866	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(fog\|edge\|IoT\|offload\w*\|devices?\|sensors?\|gateways?)\b
	3867	+ weight: 0.3
	3868	+ field: both
	3869	+ exclusions:
	3870	+ - (?is)^(?!.(comput\|offload\|inference\|IoT\|device\|server\|latency\|cloud\|network\|processing\|deployment)).\b(edge (detection\|states?\|modes?\|effects?\|dislocations?\|plasma\|localized\|of (the\|a) (wafer\|chaos\|cliff\|forest\|field\|table\|sample\|crack\|blade\|flange))\|band edge\|leading edge\|trailing edge\|cutting-?edge\|knife-?edge\|edge (finishing\|trimming\|cracks?))\b
	3871	+ related:
	3872	+ - cloud_computing
	3873	+ - computer_networks
	3874	+ - federated_learning
	3875	+ - ai_accelerators
	3876	+ - sustainable_computing
	3877	+ - robotics
	3878	+ - distributed_computing
	3879	+ parent_of: []
	3880	+ child_of:
	3881	+ - distributed_computing
	3882	+ provenance: T10273 keywords list edge computing, fog computing, MEC, task offloading, edge AI; IoT topics (1705, 1710, 2208) included at 0.3-0.6 because IoT papers often treat edge placement. SEC and IoTDI are the dedicated streams; IoT-J and PerCom partial. Geometric/physics senses of 'edge' vetoed when no computing term co-occurs.
	3883	+- id: computer_networks
	3884	+ number: 25
	3885	+ name: Computer Networks
	3886	+ area: data_distributed
	3887	+ definition: 'Design, protocols, measurement and performance of communication networks: Internet architecture and transport, routing, wireless and mobile networks, 5G/6G and software-defined networking, network management, sensor and vehicular networks, content delivery and caching, network coding and information theory applied to networking. Physical-layer signal processing is included only when framed as networking.'
	3888	+ openalex_topics:
	3889	+ - id: T10138
	3890	+ weight: 1.0
	3891	+ note: network traffic and congestion control
	3892	+ - id: T10246
	3893	+ weight: 1.0
	3894	+ note: mobile ad hoc networks
	3895	+ - id: T10575
	3896	+ weight: 1.0
	3897	+ note: wireless communication networks research
	3898	+ - id: T10714
	3899	+ weight: 1.0
	3900	+ note: software-defined networks and 5G
	3901	+ - id: T11158
	3902	+ weight: 1.0
	3903	+ note: wireless networks and protocols
	3904	+ - id: T11478
	3905	+ weight: 1.0
	3906	+ note: caching and content delivery
	3907	+ - id: T11896
	3908	+ weight: 1.0
	3909	+ note: opportunistic and delay-tolerant networks
	3910	+ - id: T13553
	3911	+ weight: 1.0
	3912	+ note: age of information optimization
	3913	+ - id: T10761
	3914	+ weight: 1.0
	3915	+ note: vehicular ad hoc networks
	3916	+ - id: T12326
	3917	+ weight: 0.9
	3918	+ note: network packet processing
	3919	+ - id: T10651
	3920	+ weight: 0.9
	3921	+ note: IPv6, mobility, handover, networks, security
	3922	+ - id: T10080
	3923	+ weight: 0.8
	3924	+ note: energy-efficient wireless sensor networks
	3925	+ - id: T10579
	3926	+ weight: 0.8
	3927	+ note: cognitive radio networks and spectrum sensing
	3928	+ - id: T10796
	3929	+ weight: 0.8
	3930	+ note: cooperative communication and network coding
	3931	+ - id: T12801
	3932	+ weight: 0.8
	3933	+ note: Bluetooth and wireless technologies
	3934	+ - id: T11409
	3935	+ weight: 0.8
	3936	+ note: advanced wireless network optimization
	3937	+ - id: T12079
	3938	+ weight: 0.8
	3939	+ note: IoT networks and protocols
	3940	+ - id: T10232
	3941	+ weight: 0.7
	3942	+ note: optical network technologies
	3943	+ - id: T10847
	3944	+ weight: 0.7
	3945	+ note: advanced optical network technologies
	3946	+ - id: T12203
	3947	+ weight: 0.6
	3948	+ note: mobile agent-based network management
	3949	+ - id: T11498
	3950	+ weight: 0.6
	3951	+ note: security in wireless sensor networks
	3952	+ - id: T10125
	3953	+ weight: 0.6
	3954	+ note: advanced wireless communication techniques
	3955	+ - id: T11932
	3956	+ weight: 0.6
	3957	+ note: wireless body area networks
	3958	+ - id: T13535
	3959	+ weight: 0.6
	3960	+ note: wireless sensor networks and IoT
	3961	+ - id: T10400
	3962	+ weight: 0.5
	3963	+ note: network security and intrusion detection
	3964	+ - id: T10829
	3965	+ weight: 0.5
	3966	+ note: interconnection networks
	3967	+ - id: T10742
	3968	+ weight: 0.5
	3969	+ note: peer-to-peer networks
	3970	+ - id: T12879
	3971	+ weight: 0.5
	3972	+ note: distributed sensor networks and detection
	3973	+ - id: T14353
	3974	+ weight: 0.5
	3975	+ note: wireless sensor networks for data analysis
	3976	+ - id: T12216
	3977	+ weight: 0.5
	3978	+ note: network time synchronization
	3979	+ - id: T11598
	3980	+ weight: 0.5
	3981	+ note: Internet traffic analysis
	3982	+ - id: T12042
	3983	+ weight: 0.5
	3984	+ note: satellite communication systems
	3985	+ - id: T11321
	3986	+ weight: 0.5
	3987	+ note: error-correcting code techniques
	3988	+ - id: T11458
	3989	+ weight: 0.5
	3990	+ note: advanced wireless communication technologies
	3991	+ - id: T11392
	3992	+ weight: 0.5
	3993	+ note: energy harvesting in wireless networks
	3994	+ - id: T12791
	3995	+ weight: 0.5
	3996	+ note: full-duplex wireless
	3997	+ - id: T10964
	3998	+ weight: 0.5
	3999	+ note: wireless communication security
	4000	+ - id: T10148
	4001	+ weight: 0.4
	4002	+ note: advanced MIMO systems
	4003	+ - id: T10851
	4004	+ weight: 0.4
	4005	+ note: optical wireless communication
	4006	+ - id: T12131
	4007	+ weight: 0.4
	4008	+ note: wireless signal modulation classification
	4009	+ - id: T11130
	4010	+ weight: 0.3
	4011	+ note: coding theory and cryptography
	4012	+ - id: T10711
	4013	+ weight: 0.3
	4014	+ note: target tracking and data fusion in sensor networks
	4015	+ - id: T10273
	4016	+ weight: 0.3
	4017	+ note: IoT and edge/fog computing
	4018	+ - id: T11797
	4019	+ weight: 0.3
	4020	+ note: graph theory and CDMA systems
	4021	+ - id: T10767
	4022	+ weight: 0.3
	4023	+ note: advanced photonic communication systems
	4024	+ openalex_subfields:
	4025	+ - id: 1705
	4026	+ weight: 0.3
	4027	+ arxiv_categories:
	4028	+ - id: cs.NI
	4029	+ weight: 1.0
	4030	+ - id: cs.IT
	4031	+ weight: 0.5
	4032	+ - id: math.IT
	4033	+ weight: 0.5
	4034	+ - id: eess.SP
	4035	+ weight: 0.3
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	4228	+ weight: 0.2
	4229	+ keywords:
	4230	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(computer\|wireless\|mobile\|cellular\|vehicular\|sensor\|ad[- ]hoc\|mesh\|satellite\|optical\|software-?defined\|data ?cent(er\|re)\|core\|access\|backbone\|overlay\|delay-?tolerant\|body area\|underwater\|LoRa(WAN)?\|5G\|6G\|NB-?IoT\|LTE\|Wi-?Fi\|IP\|content-?centric\|named data\|information-?centric\|non-?terrestrial\|integrated\|heterogeneous\|programmable\|intent-?based\|self-?driving\|zero-?touch\|open radio access\|radio access\|time-?sensitive\|deterministic\|in-?vehicle\|home\|campus\|enterprise\|wide area\|local area\|personal area\|low-?power wide\|multi-?hop\|peer-?to-?peer) networks?\b\|\bnetworking\b
	4231	+ weight: 1.0
	4232	+ field: both
	4233	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(TCP\|UDP\|QUIC\|BGP\|OSPF\|IPv[46]\|MPTCP\|routing (protocols?\|algorithms?\|tables?)\|congestion control\|packet (loss\|scheduling\|processing\|classification\|forwarding\|switching\|headers?)\|MAC (protocols?\|layer)\|medium access control\|network (protocols?\|topolog(y\|ies)\|slicing\|function virtuali[sz]ation\|measurement\|traffic\|management\|coding\|calculus\|simulation\|emulation\|performance\|planning\|operators?\|infrastructure\|stack\|layers?\|devices?\|interfaces?\|cards?\|services?\|automation\|digital twins?\|telemetry\|monitoring\|tomography\|utility\|economics)\|NFV\b\|SDN\b\|OpenFlow\|P4\b\|programmable (switches\|data planes?)\|data plane\|control plane\|traffic (engineering\|classification\|prediction\|shaping\|analysis)\|quality of service\|QoS\b\|QoE\b\|throughput\|end-?to-?end (delay\|latency)\|bandwidth allocation\|spectrum (sharing\|allocation\|sensing\|management)\|channel (allocation\|assignment\|access)\|beamforming\|MIMO\|massive MIMO\|OFDM(A)?\|NOMA\|RIS-?(aided\|assisted)\|reconfigurable intelligent surfaces?\|mmWave\|millimeter[-
	4234	+ ]wave\|THz communications?\|channel estimation\|resource allocation (in\|for) (wireless\|cellular\|5G\|6G\|networks?)\|handover\|handoff\|base stations?\|small cells\|user equipment\|O-?RAN\|Open RAN\|RAN\b\|Wi-?Fi\|802\.11\|802\.15\|Bluetooth\|BLE\b\|Zigbee\|LTE\|5G NR\|NR\b\|age of information\|AoI\b\|URLLC\|eMBB\|mMTC\|network (densification\|coverage)\|cell-?free\|D2D\b\|device-?to-?device\|V2X\|V2V\|vehicular communications?\|CDN\b\|content delivery\|edge caching\|multicast\|anycast\|DNS\b\|CDNs?\|middleboxes?\|NAT\b\|firewalls? (rules\|placement)\|DDoS mitigation at\|interdomain\|AS-?level\|Internet (measurement\|topology\|routing\|architecture\|protocols?\|traffic\|outages?\|censorship\|of Things)\|RTT\b\|jitter\|bufferbloat\|active queue management\|flow (scheduling\|completion time\|tables?)\|load balancing in (data ?cent\|networks?)\|RDMA networks?\|InfiniBand\|optical (networks?\|switching\|transport\|access)\|PON\b\|passive optical\|wavelength (division\|assignment)\|WDM\|free-?space optical\|visible light communication\|VLC\b\|LiFi\|underwater (acoustic\|communication)\|satellite
	4235	+ (networks?\|communications?\|constellations?)\|LEO (satellite\|constellation)\|UAV (networks?\|communications?\|relays?)\|network (security\|intrusion) in\|wireless (security\|jamming\|eavesdropping)\|physical layer security\|cross-?layer\|protocol (design\|stack\|verification))\b
	4236	+ weight: 0.9
	4237	+ field: both
	4238	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(information theory\|channel capacity\|coding theorem\|error[- ]correcting codes?\|channel codes?\|LDPC\|polar codes?\|turbo codes?\|rate-?distortion\|source coding\|network coding\|index coding\|coded caching\|compressed sensing for\|Shannon\|mutual information bounds\|outage probability\|ergodic capacity\|secrecy capacity\|wiretap)\b
	4239	+ weight: 0.6
	4240	+ field: both
	4241	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(intrusion detection\|DDoS\|network security\|anomaly detection in network\|botnets?\|traffic anomaly)\b
	4242	+ weight: 0.4
	4243	+ field: both
	4244	+ - pattern: (?i)(?<!neural )(?<!Neural )(?<!social )(?<!Social )(?<!citation )(?<!graph neural )(?<!Bayesian )(?<!bayesian )(?<!regulatory )(?<!gene )(?<!road )(?<!power )(?<!supply )(?<!transport )(?<!transportation )(?<!water )(?<!brain )\b(networks?\|Internet\|wireless\|protocols?\|routing\|packets?\|latency\|bandwidth\|antennas?\|transceivers?\|links?\|channels?\|relays?)\b
	4245	+ weight: 0.2
	4246	+ field: both
	4247	+ exclusions: []
	4248	+ related:
	4249	+ - distributed_computing
	4250	+ - edge_computing
	4251	+ - cybersecurity
	4252	+ - cloud_computing
	4253	+ - applied_cryptography
	4254	+ parent_of: []
	4255	+ child_of: []
	4256	+ provenance: 43 topics of OpenAlex subfield 1705 reviewed (networking ones at 0.5-1.0, non-networking ones such as T13745 media studies or T11187 nonlinear dynamics left unmapped) plus Engineering 2208 wireless/optical topics at 0.3-0.8. ToN/CN/TMC/INFOCOM/SIGCOMM/CoNEXT/IMC/MobiHoc pure; ICC/GLOBECOM/WCNC/PIMRC counted as networking venues although they also carry physical-layer work.
	4257	+- id: cybersecurity
	4258	+ number: 26
	4259	+ name: Cybersecurity
	4260	+ area: security_privacy
	4261	+ definition: 'Protecting computing systems, networks, software and users from attack: vulnerability discovery and exploitation, malware and intrusion detection, authentication and access control, system and hardware security, web and mobile security, digital forensics, security of AI systems, security operations and human factors of security. Cryptographic primitives and protocols are applied_cryptography; data-protection techniques are privacy_preserving_computation.'
	4262	+ openalex_topics:
	4263	+ - id: T10400
	4264	+ weight: 1.0
	4265	+ note: network security and intrusion detection
	4266	+ - id: T10734
	4267	+ weight: 1.0
	4268	+ note: information and cyber security
	4269	+ - id: T13983
	4270	+ weight: 1.0
	4271	+ note: cybersecurity and information systems
	4272	+ - id: T11241
	4273	+ weight: 1.0
	4274	+ note: advanced malware detection
	4275	+ - id: T11644
	4276	+ weight: 1.0
	4277	+ note: spam and phishing detection
	4278	+ - id: T12479
	4279	+ weight: 1.0
	4280	+ note: web application security vulnerabilities
	4281	+ - id: T12034
	4282	+ weight: 1.0
	4283	+ note: digital and cyber forensics
	4284	+ - id: T11800
	4285	+ weight: 0.9
	4286	+ note: user authentication and security systems
	4287	+ - id: T11424
	4288	+ weight: 0.8
	4289	+ note: security and verification in computing (TEEs, OS security)
	4290	+ - id: T12519
	4291	+ weight: 0.8
	4292	+ note: cybercrime and law enforcement
	4293	+ - id: T12122
	4294	+ weight: 0.7
	4295	+ note: PUFs and hardware security
	4296	+ - id: T11498
	4297	+ weight: 0.7
	4298	+ note: security in wireless sensor networks
	4299	+ - id: T12221
	4300	+ weight: 0.7
	4301	+ note: cybersecurity and cyber warfare studies
	4302	+ - id: T11504
	4303	+ weight: 0.6
	4304	+ note: advanced authentication protocols
	4305	+ - id: T11614
	4306	+ weight: 0.6
	4307	+ note: cloud data security
	4308	+ - id: T10388
	4309	+ weight: 0.6
	4310	+ note: steganography and watermarking
	4311	+ - id: T10917
	4312	+ weight: 0.6
	4313	+ note: smart grid security and resilience
	4314	+ - id: T10964
	4315	+ weight: 0.6
	4316	+ note: wireless communication security
	4317	+ - id: T13999
	4318	+ weight: 0.6
	4319	+ note: digital rights management
	4320	+ - id: T10828
	4321	+ weight: 0.6
	4322	+ note: biometric identification and security
	4323	+ - id: T10927
	4324	+ weight: 0.6
	4325	+ note: access control and trust
	4326	+ - id: T10237
	4327	+ weight: 0.5
	4328	+ note: cryptography and data security
	4329	+ - id: T12357
	4330	+ weight: 0.5
	4331	+ note: digital media forensic detection
	4332	+ - id: T14042
	4333	+ weight: 0.5
	4334	+ note: technology and security systems
	4335	+ - id: T11689
	4336	+ weight: 0.4
	4337	+ note: adversarial robustness (ML security)
	4338	+ - id: T11045
	4339	+ weight: 0.4
	4340	+ note: privacy, security and data protection
	4341	+ - id: T11598
	4342	+ weight: 0.4
	4343	+ note: Internet traffic analysis and secure e-voting
	4344	+ - id: T10951
	4345	+ weight: 0.4
	4346	+ note: cryptographic implementations (side channels)
	4347	+ - id: T11017
	4348	+ weight: 0.3
	4349	+ note: chaos-based image encryption
	4350	+ - id: T12943
	4351	+ weight: 0.3
	4352	+ note: COVID-19 contact tracing
	4353	+ - id: T13270
	4354	+ weight: 0.2
	4355	+ note: QR code applications
	4356	+ - id: T10270
	4357	+ weight: 0.2
	4358	+ note: blockchain security
	4359	+ - id: T12131
	4360	+ weight: 0.2
	4361	+ note: wireless signal modulation classification (spectrum security)
	4362	+ - id: T11512
	4363	+ weight: 0.3
	4364	+ note: anomaly detection techniques (intrusion/fraud detection)
	4365	+ openalex_subfields: []
	4366	+ arxiv_categories:
	4367	+ - id: cs.CR
	4368	+ weight: 1.0
	4369	+ dblp_streams:
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	4387	+ weight: 1.0
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	4389	+ weight: 1.0
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	4391	+ weight: 1.0
	4392	+ - key: journals/scn
	4393	+ weight: 1.0
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	4395	+ weight: 1.0
	4396	+ - key: conf/eurosp
	4397	+ weight: 1.0
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	4399	+ weight: 1.0
	4400	+ - key: conf/pst
	4401	+ weight: 1.0
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	4403	+ weight: 0.9
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	4405	+ weight: 0.9
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	4407	+ weight: 0.8
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	4409	+ weight: 0.6
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	4426	+ - key: journals/tr
	4427	+ weight: 0.1
	4428	+ keywords:
	4429	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(cyber-?security\|information security\|computer security\|network security\|systems? security\|software security\|web security\|hardware security\|mobile security\|IoT security\|cloud security\|application security\|security (vulnerabilit(y\|ies)\|analysis\|evaluation\|assessment\|threats?\|attacks?\|flaws?\|breaches?\|incidents?\|monitoring\|operations?\|awareness\|polic(y\|ies)\|engineering\|testing\|protocols?\|mechanisms?\|guarantees\|properties\|controls?\|risks?\|requirements\|patches?\|advisories\|researchers?\|practitioners?\|tools?\|audits?\|hardening\|posture)\|secure (systems?\|software\|coding\|boot\|enclaves?\|hardware\|communication\|channels?\|protocols?\|messaging\|design\|by design\|updates?\|storage\|execution))\b
	4430	+ weight: 1.0
	4431	+ field: both
	4432	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(malware\|ransomware\|botnets?\|phishing\|spam (detection\|filtering)\|intrusion (detection\|prevention\|response)\|IDS\b\|IPS\b\|NIDS\|HIDS\|DDoS\|denial[- ]of[- ]service\|exploits?\|exploitation\|zero-?day\|vulnerabilit(y\|ies)\|CVE-?\d+\|CWE\b\|buffer overflows?\|memory (safety\|corruption\|errors?) (bugs?\|vulnerabilit)\|use-?after-?free\|ROP\b\|return-?oriented\|control-?flow (integrity\|hijack)\|CFI\b\|side-?channel\|Spectre\|Meltdown\|Rowhammer\|cache (timing\|attacks?)\|fault injection attacks?\|glitching\|penetration testing\|pentest\|red team\|blue team\|threat (intelligence\|hunting\|model(ing\|s)?\|actors?\|landscape)\|attack (surface\|graphs?\|vectors?\|trees?\|scenarios?\|detection\|campaigns?)\|APTs?\b\|advanced persistent threats?\|cyber-?attacks?\|cyber ?threats?\|cyber ?defen[cs]e\|cyber ?warfare\|cyber ?crime\|cyber ?resilience\|cyber ?range\|forensics?\|honeypots?\|honeynets?\|sandbox(ing)? (analysis\|evasion)\|binary (analysis\|rewriting\|hardening\|lifting)\|reverse engineering\|firmware (analysis\|security\|rehosting)\|supply[-
	4433	+ ]chain (attacks?\|security)\|SBOM\|software bill of materials\|dependency confusion\|typosquatting\|code injection\|SQL injection\|XSS\b\|cross-?site\|CSRF\|clickjacking\|browser (security\|fingerprinting)\|web tracking\|ad fraud\|click fraud\|credential (stuffing\|theft)\|password (cracking\|managers?\|policies\|strength)\|account (takeover\|hijacking)\|SIM swap\|social engineering\|security (information and event\|operations center)\|SIEM\|SOC\b\|EDR\b\|XDR\b\|log-?based detection\|anomaly-?based detection\|signature-?based\|evasion attacks?\|obfuscation\|packers?\|deobfuscation\|anti-?virus\|endpoint (protection\|security)\|patch(ing)? (management\|latency)\|bug bount(y\|ies)\|responsible disclosure\|CTF\b\|capture the flag\|ethical hacking\|vulnerability (scanning\|assessment\|management\|disclosure\|discovery\|detection\|prediction)\|exploit (generation\|mitigation)\|ASLR\|stack canaries\|secure (compilation\|compilers?)\|moving target defense\|deception technology\|cyber (insurance\|risk)\|ICS security\|SCADA security\|OT security\|automotive security\|CAN
	4434	+ bus (attacks?\|intrusion)\|drone (security\|hijacking)\|GPS spoofing\|medical device security\|smart contract (vulnerabilit\|exploits?\|attacks?)\|DeFi (attacks?\|exploits?)\|rug pull\|flash loan attacks?)\b
	4435	+ weight: 1.0
	4436	+ field: both
	4437	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(authentication\|access control\|authori[sz]ation\|identity (management\|and access)\|biometric (authentication\|security\|spoofing)\|password(s\|-based)?\|multi-?factor\|two-?factor\|2FA\|MFA\b\|CAPTCHA\|single sign-?on\|SSO\b\|OAuth\|OpenID\|FIDO2?\|WebAuthn\|passkeys?\|zero[- ]trust\|trusted execution environments?\|TEEs?\b\|SGX\b\|TrustZone\|SEV\b\|TDX\b\|confidential computing\|remote attestation\|PUFs?\b\|physical(ly)? unclonable\|hardware (trojans?\|root of trust\|security modules?)\|HSMs?\b\|TPM\b\|secure (boot\|element)\|anti-?tamper\|logic locking\|IC (piracy\|counterfeit)\|RBAC\|ABAC\|capability-?based security\|information flow (control\|security)\|non-?interference\|sandboxing\|isolation (mechanisms\|boundaries)\|privilege (escalation\|separation)\|least privilege\|Android (permissions?\|malware\|security)\|iOS security\|app (permissions?\|vetting\|stores? security)\|mobile (malware\|banking trojans?))\b
	4438	+ weight: 0.8
	4439	+ field: both
	4440	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(adversarial (attacks?\|examples?\|machine learning\|ML)\|backdoor(s\|ed)?\|trojan(ed\|ing)? (models?\|neural)\|data poisoning\|model (stealing\|inversion\|extraction\|hijacking)\|membership inference\|prompt injection\|jailbreak(s\|ing)?\|LLM (security\|attacks?)\|AI security\|security of (LLMs?\|AI\|machine learning\|ML models?\|deep learning)\|ML-?based (intrusion\|malware\|anomaly) detection\|deep learning for (security\|malware\|intrusion)\|adversarial malware\|evasion of (classifiers\|detectors)\|deepfake (detection\|attacks?)\|AI-?generated (phishing\|malware)\|LLM-?generated attacks?\|agent (security\|hijacking)\|MCP security\|tool poisoning)\b
	4441	+ weight: 0.8
	4442	+ field: both
	4443	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(steganograph(y\|ic)\|steganalysis\|watermark(ing\|s)?\|digital forensics?\|memory forensics\|disk forensics\|network forensics\|mobile forensics\|anti-?forensics?\|tamper(ing)? detection\|image (forgery\|manipulation) detection\|provenance of media\|C2PA\|content authenticity\|e-?voting security\|election security\|secure voting)\b
	4444	+ weight: 0.7
	4445	+ field: both
	4446	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(security\|secure\|privacy\|attack(s\|ers?)?\|adversar(y\|ies\|ial)\|threats?\|vulnerab\w+\|malicious\|exploit\w*\|defen[cs]es?\|mitigations?\|detection of (attacks\|intrusions)\|trust(ed\|worthy)?)\b
	4447	+ weight: 0.3
	4448	+ field: both
	4449	+ exclusions:
	4450	+ - (?is)^(?!.(cyber\|computer\|network\|software\|information security\|system security\|attack\|malware\|vulnerab\|intrusion\|authentication\|cryptograph\|encryption\|access control\|threat model)).\b(food\|energy\|water\|national\|social\|border\|maritime\|job\|economic\|financial\|human\|global\|regional\|international\|homeland\|tenure\|livelihood\|nutritional\|health\|supply\|income\|employment\|housing\|seed\|climate\|environmental\|ontological\|emotional\|attachment\|collective\|state\|public\|private\|military\|defence\|defense) security\b
	4451	+ related:
	4452	+ - applied_cryptography
	4453	+ - privacy_preserving_computation
	4454	+ - computer_networks
	4455	+ - ai_safety
	4456	+ - blockchain
	4457	+ - formal_verification
	4458	+ - operating_systems
	4459	+ - software_engineering
	4460	+ parent_of: []
	4461	+ child_of: []
	4462	+ provenance: '33 OpenAlex topics mapped: security topics of 1702, 1705, 1710, 1711, 1708 plus Social Sciences cyber-warfare, access control and data-protection topics at reduced weight. CCS/USENIX Security/S&P/NDSS/ESORICS/RAID/ACSAC/TDSC/Computers & Security pure; TIFS 0.9 (also media forensics); IACR ePrint 0.3 (mostly cryptography). The 1.0 keyword patterns require a computing qualifier; bare ''security'' is 0.3 and non-computing senses are vetoed when no computing term co-occurs.'
	4463	+- id: applied_cryptography
	4464	+ number: 27
	4465	+ name: Applied Cryptography
	4466	+ area: security_privacy
	4467	+ definition: 'Design, analysis, implementation and deployment of cryptographic primitives and protocols: symmetric and public-key schemes, hash functions, signatures, key exchange, post-quantum cryptography, zero-knowledge proofs, secure multi-party computation and homomorphic encryption as primitives, cryptanalysis, side-channel-resistant implementations, cryptographic hardware, provable security, quantum key distribution. Deployment of these primitives for data protection is privacy_preserving_computation; ledgers are blockchain.'
	4468	+ openalex_topics:
	4469	+ - id: T10237
	4470	+ weight: 1.0
	4471	+ note: cryptography and data security
	4472	+ - id: T10951
	4473	+ weight: 1.0
	4474	+ note: cryptographic implementations and security
	4475	+ - id: T11693
	4476	+ weight: 1.0
	4477	+ note: cryptography and residue arithmetic
	4478	+ - id: T11130
	4479	+ weight: 0.9
	4480	+ note: coding theory and cryptography
	4481	+ - id: T11017
	4482	+ weight: 0.7
	4483	+ note: chaos-based image/signal encryption
	4484	+ - id: T10020
	4485	+ weight: 0.5
	4486	+ note: quantum information and cryptography
	4487	+ - id: T11504
	4488	+ weight: 0.5
	4489	+ note: advanced authentication protocols
	4490	+ - id: T11614
	4491	+ weight: 0.4
	4492	+ note: cloud data security (encrypted outsourcing)
	4493	+ - id: T12122
	4494	+ weight: 0.4
	4495	+ note: PUFs and hardware security
	4496	+ - id: T10764
	4497	+ weight: 0.3
	4498	+ note: privacy-preserving technologies (SMPC, HE)
	4499	+ - id: T10270
	4500	+ weight: 0.3
	4501	+ note: blockchain technology
	4502	+ - id: T11800
	4503	+ weight: 0.3
	4504	+ note: user authentication
	4505	+ - id: T11321
	4506	+ weight: 0.2
	4507	+ note: error-correcting codes
	4508	+ - id: T11598
	4509	+ weight: 0.2
	4510	+ note: secure e-voting
	4511	+ openalex_subfields: []
	4512	+ arxiv_categories:
	4513	+ - id: cs.CR
	4514	+ weight: 0.5
	4515	+ - id: cs.IT
	4516	+ weight: 0.2
	4517	+ - id: math.IT
	4518	+ weight: 0.2
	4519	+ - id: quant-ph
	4520	+ weight: 0.1
	4521	+ dblp_streams:
	4522	+ - key: journals/iacr
	4523	+ weight: 1.0
	4524	+ - key: conf/crypto
	4525	+ weight: 1.0
	4526	+ - key: conf/eurocrypt
	4527	+ weight: 1.0
	4528	+ - key: conf/asiacrypt
	4529	+ weight: 1.0
	4530	+ - key: conf/tcc
	4531	+ weight: 1.0
	4532	+ - key: conf/pkc
	4533	+ weight: 1.0
	4534	+ - key: journals/joc
	4535	+ weight: 1.0
	4536	+ - key: journals/tches
	4537	+ weight: 1.0
	4538	+ - key: journals/dcc
	4539	+ weight: 1.0
	4540	+ - key: conf/fc
	4541	+ weight: 0.6
	4542	+ - key: conf/ccs
	4543	+ weight: 0.4
	4544	+ - key: conf/esorics
	4545	+ weight: 0.4
	4546	+ - key: conf/uss
	4547	+ weight: 0.3
	4548	+ - key: conf/sp
	4549	+ weight: 0.3
	4550	+ - key: conf/ndss
	4551	+ weight: 0.3
	4552	+ - key: journals/tifs
	4553	+ weight: 0.3
	4554	+ - key: journals/ffa
	4555	+ weight: 0.3
	4556	+ - key: journals/ijisec
	4557	+ weight: 0.3
	4558	+ - key: journals/scn
	4559	+ weight: 0.3
	4560	+ - key: journals/istr
	4561	+ weight: 0.3
	4562	+ - key: journals/tit
	4563	+ weight: 0.2
	4564	+ - key: journals/qip
	4565	+ weight: 0.2
	4566	+ - key: journals/compsec
	4567	+ weight: 0.2
	4568	+ - key: journals/cr
	4569	+ weight: 0.1
	4570	+ - key: conf/isit
	4571	+ weight: 0.1
	4572	+ - key: conf/eurosp
	4573	+ weight: 0.3
	4574	+ - key: journals/tdsc
	4575	+ weight: 0.3
	4576	+ - key: conf/IEEEares
	4577	+ weight: 0.2
	4578	+ - key: conf/trustcom
	4579	+ weight: 0.2
	4580	+ keywords:
	4581	+ - pattern: (?i)\bcryptograph(y\|ic\|ically\|ers?)\b\|\bcryptosystems?\b\|\bcryptanaly(sis\|tic\|ses\|ze\|se)\b\|\bcrypto(graphic)? (primitives?\|schemes?\|protocols?\|libraries\|implementations?\|hardware\|agility\|standards?)\b
	4582	+ weight: 1.0
	4583	+ field: both
	4584	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(encryption\|decryption\|encrypted\|ciphers?\|ciphertexts?\|plaintexts?\|digital signatures?\|signature schemes?\|public[- ]key\|private[- ]key\|secret[- ]key\|symmetric[- ]key\|asymmetric (encryption\|cryptograph)\|key (exchange\|agreement\|encapsulation\|management\|derivation\|generation\|distribution\|recovery\|schedule)\|hash functions?\|SHA-?(2\|3\|256\|512)\|BLAKE\|AES\b\|RSA\b\|ECC\b\|elliptic[- ]curves?\|ECDSA\|EdDSA\|Ed25519\|Curve25519\|Diffie-?Hellman\|discrete logarithm\|lattice-?based\|LWE\b\|learning with errors\|ring-?LWE\|module-?LWE\|NTRU\|code-?based\|McEliece\|hash-?based signatures?\|multivariate cryptograph\|isogen(y\|ies)\|SIKE\|CSIDH\|post-?quantum\|quantum-?resistant\|quantum-?safe\|PQC\b\|Kyber\|ML-?KEM\|Dilithium\|ML-?DSA\|Falcon\|SPHINCS\|homomorphic\|FHE\b\|HE schemes?\|zero-?knowledge\|ZKPs?\b\|zk-?SNARKs?\|zk-?STARKs?\|Bulletproofs\|Groth16\|PLONK\|succinct (arguments?\|proofs?)\|secure multi-?party\|MPC\b\|secret sharing\|Shamir\|oblivious (transfer\|RAM\|PRF)\|garbled circuits?\|private set intersection\|PSI\b\|commitment
	4585	+ schemes?\|identity-?based encryption\|IBE\b\|attribute-?based encryption\|ABE\b\|functional encryption\|searchable encryption\|proxy re-?encryption\|authenticated encryption\|AEAD\|GCM\b\|ChaCha20\|Poly1305\|MACs?\b\|message authentication codes?\|HMAC\|block ciphers?\|stream ciphers?\|S-?boxes?\|Feistel\|substitution-?permutation\|differential cryptanalysis\|linear cryptanalysis\|algebraic attacks?\|meet-?in-?the-?middle\|side-?channel (resistant\|resistance\|countermeasures?\|attacks? on)\|masking (schemes?\|countermeasures?)\|constant-?time\|timing attacks? on\|power analysis\|DPA\b\|CPA\b\|electromagnetic analysis\|fault attacks?\|random oracle\|standard model\|provable security\|security (proofs?\|reductions?)\|IND-?CCA\|IND-?CPA\|EUF-?CMA\|UC (framework\|security)\|universal composability\|cryptographic (protocols?\|hardware\|accelerators?)\|TLS (1\.3)?\|SSL\b\|Signal protocol\|double ratchet\|end-?to-?end encrypt(ed\|ion)\|E2EE\|secure messaging\|password-?authenticated\|PAKE\|threshold (signatures?\|cryptography\|ECDSA\|encryption)\|multi-?signatures?\|blind
	4586	+ signatures?\|ring signatures?\|group signatures?\|verifiable (random functions?\|delay functions?\|computation\|secret sharing\|encryption)\|VRFs?\b\|VDFs?\b\|PRFs?\b\|pseudorandom (functions?\|generators?\|permutations?\|number generators?)\|TRNG\|true random number\|entropy source\|key (escrow\|rotation)\|certificates?\|PKI\b\|certificate (transparency\|authorities)\|X\.509\|HSM\|white-?box cryptograph\|lightweight cryptograph\|ASCON\|PRESENT cipher\|SIMON\|SPECK\|cryptocurrency (wallets?\|signatures?)\|Schnorr\|BLS signatures?\|pairing-?based\|bilinear pairings?\|supersingular\|format-?preserving\|order-?preserving\|deterministic encryption\|tokeni[sz]ation of data)\b
	4587	+ weight: 1.0
	4588	+ field: both
	4589	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(quantum key distribution\|QKD\b\|quantum cryptograph\w*\|BB84\|E91\|quantum random number\|quantum-?secure\|device-?independent\|quantum (money\|signatures?\|commitment\|oblivious))\b
	4590	+ weight: 0.8
	4591	+ field: both
	4592	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(finite fields?\|Galois fields?\|GF\(2\^\|number[- ]theoretic\|modular (arithmetic\|exponentiation\|multiplication\|reduction)\|Montgomery (multiplication\|ladder\|reduction)\|residue number systems?\|RNS\b\|polynomial multiplication (for\|in) (lattice\|crypto\|NTT)\|NTT\b\|number theoretic transform\|Boolean functions? (nonlinearity\|bent)\|bent functions?\|S-?box (design\|construction)\|coding theory\|linear codes?\|cyclic codes?\|BCH\|Reed-?Solomon\|MDS codes?\|secret sharing schemes?)\b
	4593	+ weight: 0.5
	4594	+ field: both
	4595	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(chaotic\|chaos-?based\|hyper-?chaotic\|DNA-?based) (image \|signal \|video \|audio \|data )?encryption\b\|\bimage encryption\b\|\bimage (scrambling\|ciphering)\b
	4596	+ weight: 1.0
	4597	+ field: both
	4598	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(encrypt\w\|decrypt\w\|keys?\|signatures?\|ciphers?\|hashing\|hashes\|secrecy\|confidentiality\|integrity)\b
	4599	+ weight: 0.2
	4600	+ field: both
	4601	+ exclusions: []
	4602	+ related:
	4603	+ - cybersecurity
	4604	+ - privacy_preserving_computation
	4605	+ - blockchain
	4606	+ - quantum_computing
	4607	+ - computational_complexity
	4608	+ - computer_architecture
	4609	+ parent_of: []
	4610	+ child_of: []
	4611	+ provenance: T10237/T10951/T11693/T11130 are the OpenAlex cryptography hosts; chaos-based image encryption (T11017) is a large applied sub-literature. IACR ePrint, CRYPTO/EUROCRYPT/ASIACRYPT/TCC/PKC, JoC, TCHES and DCC are pure venues.
	4612	+- id: blockchain
	4613	+ number: 28
	4614	+ name: Blockchain Systems
	4615	+ area: security_privacy
	4616	+ definition: 'Distributed ledgers and the systems built on them: consensus for permissioned and permissionless chains, smart contracts and their security, scalability (sharding, layer-2, rollups), cryptocurrencies and DeFi mechanisms, blockchain applications and governance, measurement of blockchain ecosystems. Generic BFT consensus theory is shared with distributed_computing; primitives are applied_cryptography.'
	4617	+ openalex_topics:
	4618	+ - id: T10270
	4619	+ weight: 1.0
	4620	+ note: blockchain technology applications and security
	4621	+ - id: T13913
	4622	+ weight: 0.8
	4623	+ note: blockchain in education and learning
	4624	+ - id: T10742
	4625	+ weight: 0.2
	4626	+ note: peer-to-peer networks
	4627	+ - id: T10772
	4628	+ weight: 0.2
	4629	+ note: distributed systems and fault tolerance (BFT)
	4630	+ - id: T11598
	4631	+ weight: 0.2
	4632	+ note: secure e-voting
	4633	+ - id: T10764
	4634	+ weight: 0.1
	4635	+ note: privacy-preserving technologies
	4636	+ openalex_subfields: []
	4637	+ arxiv_categories:
	4638	+ - id: cs.CR
	4639	+ weight: 0.2
	4640	+ - id: cs.DC
	4641	+ weight: 0.2
	4642	+ - id: cs.GT
	4643	+ weight: 0.1
	4644	+ dblp_streams:
	4645	+ - key: conf/blockchain
	4646	+ weight: 1.0
	4647	+ - key: conf/icbc
	4648	+ weight: 1.0
	4649	+ - key: conf/aft
	4650	+ weight: 1.0
	4651	+ - key: conf/fc
	4652	+ weight: 0.7
	4653	+ - key: conf/bpm
	4654	+ weight: 0.3
	4655	+ - key: journals/jtaer
	4656	+ weight: 0.2
	4657	+ - key: journals/fi
	4658	+ weight: 0.2
	4659	+ - key: journals/ppna
	4660	+ weight: 0.2
	4661	+ - key: conf/ccs
	4662	+ weight: 0.1
	4663	+ - key: journals/tifs
	4664	+ weight: 0.1
	4665	+ - key: journals/tdsc
	4666	+ weight: 0.1
	4667	+ - key: journals/tnsm
	4668	+ weight: 0.1
	4669	+ - key: journals/tsc
	4670	+ weight: 0.1
	4671	+ - key: journals/tcss
	4672	+ weight: 0.1
	4673	+ - key: journals/compsec
	4674	+ weight: 0.1
	4675	+ - key: journals/itiis
	4676	+ weight: 0.1
	4677	+ - key: journals/iotj
	4678	+ weight: 0.05
	4679	+ - key: journals/tnse
	4680	+ weight: 0.1
	4681	+ - key: conf/trustcom
	4682	+ weight: 0.2
	4683	+ keywords:
	4684	+ - pattern: (?i)\bblock-?chains?\b\|\bblockchain-?(based\|enabled\|powered)\b
	4685	+ weight: 1.0
	4686	+ field: both
	4687	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(smart contracts?\|distributed ledgers?\|DLT\b\|crypto-?currenc(y\|ies)\|Bitcoin\|Ethereum\|Solidity\|EVM\b\|Ethereum Virtual Machine\|Hyperledger( Fabric)?\|decentrali[sz]ed finance\|DeFi\b\|NFTs?\b\|non-?fungible tokens?\|proof[- ]of[- ](work\|stake\|authority\|space\|elapsed time\|history\|replication)\|PoW\b\|PoS\b\|mining pools?\|miners?\|sharding (in\|for\|of) blockchain\|layer[- ]2\|rollups?\|optimistic rollup\|payment channels?\|Lightning Network\|cross-?chain\|atomic swaps?\|bridges? (between\|across) (chains\|blockchains)\|decentrali[sz]ed (applications?\|exchanges?\|autonomous organi[sz]ations?\|identity\|storage networks?)\|dApps?\b\|DAOs?\b\|Web3\|tokenomics\|token (economics\|design)\|MEV\b\|maximal extractable value\|front-?running\|stablecoins?\|central bank digital currenc\|CBDCs?\|zk-?rollups?\|consensus (mechanisms?\|protocols?\|algorithms?) (for\|in\|of) (blockchain\|permissioned\|permissionless\|ledgers?)\|double-?spending\|51% attacks?\|selfish mining\|transaction fees? (market\|mechanism)\|EIP-?1559\|gas (fees?\|optimi[sz]ation\|costs?)\|Merkle
	4688	+ (trees?\|proofs?) for ledgers?\|UTXO\|wallets?\|private keys? management for\|oracles? (problem\|for blockchain\|networks?)\|Chainlink\|IPFS\|Filecoin\|Solana\|Cardano\|Polkadot\|Cosmos SDK\|Tendermint\|Avalanche consensus\|Algorand\|Libra\|Diem\|Monero\|Zcash\|privacy coins?)\b
	4689	+ weight: 1.0
	4690	+ field: both
	4691	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(Byzantine (fault[- ]toleran(t\|ce)\|agreement\|consensus\|generals)\|BFT\b\|PBFT\|HotStuff\|Nakamoto consensus\|longest-?chain\|GHOST protocol\|DAG-?based (consensus\|ledgers?)\|hashgraph\|IOTA\|Tangle)\b
	4692	+ weight: 0.8
	4693	+ field: both
	4694	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(decentrali[sz]ed\|decentrali[sz]ation\|immutable (ledgers?\|records?)\|tamper-?proof\|tamper-?evident\|trustless\|permissioned\|permissionless\|ledgers?\|tokens?\|crypto(-?assets?)?)\b
	4695	+ weight: 0.4
	4696	+ field: both
	4697	+ exclusions:
	4698	+ - (?is)^(?!.(blockchain\|ledger\|smart contract\|cryptocurrenc\|Bitcoin\|Ethereum\|consensus\|decentrali)).\b(block chains? of\|blocks? of (amino\|residues\|carbon\|polymers?))\b
	4699	+ related:
	4700	+ - applied_cryptography
	4701	+ - distributed_computing
	4702	+ - cybersecurity
	4703	+ - privacy_preserving_computation
	4704	+ - computer_networks
	4705	+ parent_of: []
	4706	+ child_of: []
	4707	+ provenance: T10270 (168k works) is the OpenAlex blockchain topic and is sufficient alone; T13913 covers educational applications. BLOCKCHAIN/ICBC/AFT pure, FC 0.7; 'blockchain' is an unambiguous 1.0 keyword.
	4708	+- id: computer_architecture
	4709	+ number: 29
	4710	+ name: Computer Architecture
	4711	+ area: hardware_emerging
	4712	+ definition: 'Organisation and design of processors, memory systems and digital hardware: microarchitecture, caches and memory hierarchies, interconnects and networks-on-chip, FPGAs and reconfigurable computing, embedded and real-time systems, hardware/software co-design, electronic design automation, VLSI and low-power design, processing-in-memory. Accelerators specialised for ML are ai_accelerators (a child); kernels are operating_systems.'
	4713	+ openalex_topics:
	4714	+ - id: T10904
	4715	+ weight: 1.0
	4716	+ note: 'embedded systems design: FPGA, HLS, SoC, co-design'
	4717	+ - id: T11522
	4718	+ weight: 1.0
	4719	+ note: VLSI and FPGA design techniques
	4720	+ - id: T12941
	4721	+ weight: 1.0
	4722	+ note: embedded systems and FPGA design
	4723	+ - id: T13292
	4724	+ weight: 1.0
	4725	+ note: embedded systems and FPGA applications
	4726	+ - id: T10054
	4727	+ weight: 0.8
	4728	+ note: parallel computing and optimization (multi-core, GPU, processor architecture)
	4729	+ - id: T10363
	4730	+ weight: 0.8
	4731	+ note: low-power high-performance VLSI design
	4732	+ - id: T11527
	4733	+ weight: 0.8
	4734	+ note: 3D IC and TSV technologies
	4735	+ - id: T11032
	4736	+ weight: 0.6
	4737	+ note: VLSI and analog circuit testing
	4738	+ - id: T10829
	4739	+ weight: 0.6
	4740	+ note: interconnection networks and systems
	4741	+ - id: T10502
	4742	+ weight: 0.6
	4743	+ note: advanced memory and neural computing (RRAM, in-memory computing)
	4744	+ - id: T13182
	4745	+ weight: 0.6
	4746	+ note: quantum-dot cellular automata
	4747	+ - id: T10933
	4748	+ weight: 0.5
	4749	+ note: real-time systems scheduling
	4750	+ - id: T12122
	4751	+ weight: 0.5
	4752	+ note: PUFs and hardware security
	4753	+ - id: T11181
	4754	+ weight: 0.5
	4755	+ note: advanced data storage technologies (SSD, NVM)
	4756	+ - id: T14098
	4757	+ weight: 0.4
	4758	+ note: energy efficiency in computing
	4759	+ - id: T10558
	4760	+ weight: 0.4
	4761	+ note: semiconductor devices and circuit design
	4762	+ - id: T14117
	4763	+ weight: 0.4
	4764	+ note: IC and semiconductor failure analysis
	4765	+ - id: T12326
	4766	+ weight: 0.3
	4767	+ note: network packet processing (NICs, hardware)
	4768	+ - id: T10323
	4769	+ weight: 0.3
	4770	+ note: analog and mixed-signal circuit design
	4771	+ - id: T12611
	4772	+ weight: 0.3
	4773	+ note: reservoir and optical computing hardware
	4774	+ - id: T10187
	4775	+ weight: 0.1
	4776	+ note: RF integrated circuit design
	4777	+ openalex_subfields:
	4778	+ - id: 1708
	4779	+ weight: 0.6
	4780	+ arxiv_categories:
	4781	+ - id: cs.AR
	4782	+ weight: 1.0
	4783	+ - id: cs.ET
	4784	+ weight: 0.3
	4785	+ - id: cs.PF
	4786	+ weight: 0.3
	4787	+ - id: cs.DC
	4788	+ weight: 0.1
	4789	+ - id: cs.OS
	4790	+ weight: 0.1
	4791	+ dblp_streams:
	4792	+ - key: conf/isca
	4793	+ weight: 1.0
	4794	+ - key: conf/micro
	4795	+ weight: 1.0
	4796	+ - key: conf/hpca
	4797	+ weight: 1.0
	4798	+ - key: conf/asplos
	4799	+ weight: 1.0
	4800	+ - key: journals/taco
	4801	+ weight: 1.0
	4802	+ - key: conf/hotchips
	4803	+ weight: 1.0
	4804	+ - key: journals/tc
	4805	+ weight: 0.8
	4806	+ - key: journals/tcad
	4807	+ weight: 0.8
	4808	+ - key: journals/tvlsi
	4809	+ weight: 0.8
	4810	+ - key: conf/dac
	4811	+ weight: 0.8
	4812	+ - key: conf/date
	4813	+ weight: 0.8
	4814	+ - key: conf/iccad
	4815	+ weight: 0.8
	4816	+ - key: conf/iccad2
	4817	+ weight: 0.8
	4818	+ - key: conf/aspdac
	4819	+ weight: 0.8
	4820	+ - key: journals/jsa
	4821	+ weight: 0.8
	4822	+ - key: journals/mam
	4823	+ weight: 0.8
	4824	+ - key: journals/tecs
	4825	+ weight: 0.8
	4826	+ - key: conf/fccm
	4827	+ weight: 0.8
	4828	+ - key: conf/fpga
	4829	+ weight: 0.8
	4830	+ - key: conf/fpl
	4831	+ weight: 0.8
	4832	+ - key: conf/fpt
	4833	+ weight: 0.8
	4834	+ - key: journals/trets
	4835	+ weight: 0.8
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	4837	+ weight: 0.8
	4838	+ - key: conf/glvlsi
	4839	+ weight: 0.8
	4840	+ - key: conf/rtss
	4841	+ weight: 0.7
	4842	+ - key: conf/rtas
	4843	+ weight: 0.7
	4844	+ - key: journals/integration
	4845	+ weight: 0.7
	4846	+ - key: conf/isocc
	4847	+ weight: 0.6
	4848	+ - key: journals/jssc
	4849	+ weight: 0.5
	4850	+ - key: conf/isscc
	4851	+ weight: 0.5
	4852	+ - key: journals/jcsc
	4853	+ weight: 0.5
	4854	+ - key: journals/mj
	4855	+ weight: 0.4
	4856	+ - key: conf/cicc
	4857	+ weight: 0.4
	4858	+ - key: journals/tetc
	4859	+ weight: 0.4
	4860	+ - key: conf/mlsys
	4861	+ weight: 0.4
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	4863	+ weight: 0.3
	4864	+ - key: journals/tcasI
	4865	+ weight: 0.3
	4866	+ - key: journals/tcasII
	4867	+ weight: 0.3
	4868	+ - key: journals/tcas
	4869	+ weight: 0.3
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	4871	+ weight: 0.3
	4872	+ - key: conf/newcas
	4873	+ weight: 0.3
	4874	+ - key: conf/irps
	4875	+ weight: 0.3
	4876	+ - key: journals/ieiceee
	4877	+ weight: 0.3
	4878	+ - key: conf/apccas
	4879	+ weight: 0.3
	4880	+ - key: conf/icecsys
	4881	+ weight: 0.3
	4882	+ - key: journals/tr
	4883	+ weight: 0.2
	4884	+ - key: journals/tbcas
	4885	+ weight: 0.2
	4886	+ - key: conf/sc
	4887	+ weight: 0.2
	4888	+ - key: conf/ipps
	4889	+ weight: 0.2
	4890	+ - key: journals/tpds
	4891	+ weight: 0.2
	4892	+ - key: conf/ppopp
	4893	+ weight: 0.2
	4894	+ - key: journals/ieicetd
	4895	+ weight: 0.2
	4896	+ - key: journals/ieiceta
	4897	+ weight: 0.2
	4898	+ - key: journals/tsusc
	4899	+ weight: 0.1
	4900	+ - key: conf/dsn
	4901	+ weight: 0.2
	4902	+ - key: journals/tetci
	4903	+ weight: 0.1
	4904	+ - key: conf/biocas
	4905	+ weight: 0.2
	4906	+ - key: journals/cee
	4907	+ weight: 0.2
	4908	+ - key: journals/ijcta
	4909	+ weight: 0.2
	4910	+ keywords:
	4911	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(computer\|processor\|micro-?\|system\|memory\|cache\|chip\|hardware\|GPU\|CPU\|accelerator\|multi-?core\|many-?core\|heterogeneous\|domain-?specific\|RISC-?V\|dataflow\|von Neumann\|non-?von-?Neumann\|SIMD\|vector\|VLIW\|superscalar\|in-?order\|out-?of-?order\|chiplet\|reconfigurable\|FPGA\|SoC\|NoC\|storage\|SSD\|DRAM\|NVM\|server\|cluster\|interconnect\|network-?on-?chip\|tiled\|spatial\|CGRA\|TPU\|NPU\|neuromorphic\|quantum computer\|instruction[- ]set\|ISA\|microprocessor\|embedded\|real-?time\|automotive\|avionics\|safety-?critical) architectures?\b\|\bmicro-?architectur\w*\b\|\barchitectural (support\|simulation\|exploration\|design\|vulnerabilit\|side)\b
	4912	+ weight: 1.0
	4913	+ field: both
	4914	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(branch predict(ion\|ors?)\|out-?of-?order (execution\|cores?)\|speculative execution\|instruction[- ]level parallelism\|ILP\b\|SIMD\b\|vector (processors?\|extensions?\|units?\|ISAs?)\|AVX-?\d*\|SVE\b\|pipelin(ing\|ed) (processors?\|datapaths?)\|cache (hierarch(y\|ies)\|coherence\|replacement\|partitioning\|misses?\|side[- ]channels?\|compression\|prefetch)\|prefetch(ing\|ers?)\|memory (hierarch(y\|ies)\|controllers?\|bandwidth\|subsystems?\|consistency\|wall\|disaggregation\|expansion\|pooling\|compression\|encryption hardware\|scheduling)\|DRAM\|HBM\d?\b\|high-?bandwidth memory\|NVM\b\|non-?volatile memor(y\|ies)\|persistent memory\|Optane\|processing-?in-?memory\|PIM\b\|near-?(data\|memory) (processing\|computing)\|in-?memory computing\|compute-?in-?memory\|CIM\b\|network-?on-?chip\|NoCs?\b\|on-?chip (networks?\|interconnects?\|memory)\|interconnects?\|chiplets?\|3D (ICs?\|stacking\|integration)\|2\.5D\|TSVs?\b\|FPGAs?\b\|field-?programmable gate\|reconfigurable (computing\|hardware\|architectures?\|logic)\|CGRAs?\b\|coarse-?grained reconfigurable\|high-?level
	4915	+ synthesis\|HLS\b\|hardware/software co-?design\|hardware-?software co-?design\|HW/SW\|RTL\b\|register-?transfer level\|Verilog\|SystemVerilog\|VHDL\|SystemC\|Chisel\|Bluespec\|logic synthesis\|physical design\|placement and routing\|place[- ]and[- ]route\|floorplan\|timing (analysis\|closure)\|clock (tree\|domain\|gating)\|design space exploration\|DSE\b\|system-?on-?chip\|SoCs?\b\|MPSoCs?\|ASICs?\b\|VLSI\|CMOS (design\|circuits?\|scaling)\|low-?power (design\|architectures?\|processors?)\|DVFS\|dynamic voltage\|power gating\|thermal (management\|throttling)\|dark silicon\|RISC-?V\|x86\|ARM (Cortex\|processors?\|cores?\|architecture)\|AArch64\|ISA (extensions?\|design)\|instruction set\|custom instructions?\|gem5\|SimpleScalar\|cycle-?accurate\|performance (counters?\|modeling\|evaluation\|analysis) of (processors?\|architectures?\|hardware\|GPUs?)\|roofline\|memory-?bound\|compute-?bound\|TLB\b\|virtual memory hardware\|page walks?\|hardware (prefetch\|transactional\|accelerat\|support for\|implementation\|design\|description\|security\|trojans?\|verification\|emulation\|simulation)\|GPU
	4916	+ (architecture\|microarchitecture\|warps?\|SMs?\|streaming multiprocessors?)\|warp scheduling\|tensor cores?\|SRAM\|eDRAM\|scratchpad\|systolic\|dataflow (architectures?\|accelerators?\|execution)\|spatial (architectures?\|accelerators?)\|wafer-?scale\|photonic interconnects?\|optical interconnects?\|silicon photonics for computing\|superconducting (logic\|electronics\|computing)\|cryogenic (CMOS\|computing)\|stochastic computing\|approximate (computing\|arithmetic\|adders?\|multipliers?)\|arithmetic (units?\|circuits?)\|floating-?point units?\|FPUs?\b\|multipliers?\|adders?\|ALUs?\b\|bit-?serial\|number (formats?\|representations?) for hardware\|posit arithmetic\|bfloat16\|logic (gates?\|circuits?) design\|fault-?tolerant (hardware\|architectures?)\|soft errors?\|radiation-?hardened\|ECC memory\|chip (design\|multiprocessors?\|area\|yield)\|die (area\|size)\|tape-?out\|foundry\|EDA\b\|electronic design automation\|hardware (fuzzing\|verification\|testing)\|design for test\|DFT\b\|scan chains?\|built-?in self-?test\|BIST\b\|ATPG\|hardware emulation\|prototyping
	4917	+ on FPGA)\b
	4918	+ weight: 1.0
	4919	+ field: both
	4920	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(embedded systems?\|real-?time (systems?\|scheduling\|operating\|embedded\|tasks?\|guarantees)\|worst-?case execution time\|WCET\|schedulability\|cyber-?physical\|automotive (software\|systems\|ECUs?\|electronics)\|avionics\|mixed-?criticality\|time-?triggered\|AUTOSAR\|microcontrollers?\|MCUs?\b\|SoC (design\|integration)\|firmware\|bare-?metal\|energy harvesting (devices\|systems\|computing)\|intermittent computing\|wearable (electronics\|hardware)\|sensor nodes? (hardware\|design))\b
	4921	+ weight: 0.8
	4922	+ field: both
	4923	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(hardware\|chips?\|processors?\|CPUs?\|GPUs?\|silicon\|circuits?\|transistors?\|semiconductors?\|cores?\|caches?\|memory\|latency\|throughput\|energy efficiency\|power consumption\|area overhead)\b
	4924	+ weight: 0.3
	4925	+ field: both
	4926	+ exclusions:
	4927	+ - (?is)^(?!.(processor\|chip\|hardware\|FPGA\|VLSI\|circuit\|memory\|cache\|silicon\|microarchitect\|embedded\|SoC\|ASIC\|CMOS\|GPU\|CPU\|RISC\|instruction)).\b(software\|enterprise\|information\|network\|service-?oriented\|microservices?\|cloud\|data\|security\|landscape\|naval\|urban\|building\|brand\|organi[sz]ational\|business\|blockchain\|neural network\|transformer\|model\|protocol\|Internet\|web\|application\|system\|solution\|reference\|deep learning\|learning\|algorithm\|choice\|financial\|market) architectures?\b
	4928	+ related:
	4929	+ - ai_accelerators
	4930	+ - operating_systems
	4931	+ - compilers
	4932	+ - sustainable_computing
	4933	+ - quantum_computing
	4934	+ - distributed_computing
	4935	+ - cybersecurity
	4936	+ parent_of:
	4937	+ - ai_accelerators
	4938	+ child_of: []
	4939	+ provenance: OpenAlex 1708 (Hardware and Architecture) has 8 topics, all reviewed; architecture work also lives in Engineering 2207/2208 (FPGA, VLSI, 3D IC) and T10054. ISCA/MICRO/HPCA/ASPLOS/TACO/Hot Chips pure; EDA venues 0.8; circuits venues 0.3-0.5. Non-hardware senses of 'architecture' are vetoed when no hardware term co-occurs.
	4940	+- id: ai_accelerators
	4941	+ number: 30
	4942	+ name: Accelerators and AI Hardware
	4943	+ area: hardware_emerging
	4944	+ definition: 'Hardware and hardware-aware software for efficient machine-learning computation: GPU/TPU/NPU design and programming, ASIC and FPGA DNN accelerators, neuromorphic and spiking hardware, in-memory and analog/photonic computing for AI, quantisation and sparsity exploited by hardware, efficient LLM inference and serving systems, ML compilers'' hardware mapping, benchmarks such as MLPerf. A child of computer_architecture.'
	4945	+ openalex_topics:
	4946	+ - id: T10502
	4947	+ weight: 1.0
	4948	+ note: 'advanced memory and neural computing: memristors, neuromorphic hardware, in-memory computing'
	4949	+ - id: T12611
	4950	+ weight: 0.8
	4951	+ note: 'neural networks and reservoir computing: optical/photonic neural networks'
	4952	+ - id: T10904
	4953	+ weight: 0.5
	4954	+ note: 'embedded systems design: hardware accelerators, HLS'
	4955	+ - id: T10054
	4956	+ weight: 0.3
	4957	+ note: 'parallel computing: GPU computing, CUDA'
	4958	+ - id: T10036
	4959	+ weight: 0.3
	4960	+ note: 'advanced neural network applications: model compression, lightweight networks'
	4961	+ - id: T11522
	4962	+ weight: 0.3
	4963	+ note: VLSI and FPGA design
	4964	+ - id: T12941
	4965	+ weight: 0.3
	4966	+ note: embedded systems and FPGA design
	4967	+ - id: T13292
	4968	+ weight: 0.3
	4969	+ note: embedded systems and FPGA applications
	4970	+ - id: T10363
	4971	+ weight: 0.3
	4972	+ note: low-power VLSI design
	4973	+ - id: T13182
	4974	+ weight: 0.2
	4975	+ note: quantum-dot cellular automata
	4976	+ - id: T10320
	4977	+ weight: 0.2
	4978	+ note: neural networks (hardware implementation)
	4979	+ openalex_subfields: []
	4980	+ arxiv_categories:
	4981	+ - id: cs.AR
	4982	+ weight: 0.6
	4983	+ - id: cs.ET
	4984	+ weight: 0.5
	4985	+ - id: cs.NE
	4986	+ weight: 0.2
	4987	+ - id: cs.LG
	4988	+ weight: 0.1
	4989	+ - id: cs.DC
	4990	+ weight: 0.1
	4991	+ dblp_streams:
	4992	+ - key: conf/mlsys
	4993	+ weight: 1.0
	4994	+ - key: conf/hotchips
	4995	+ weight: 0.6
	4996	+ - key: conf/isca
	4997	+ weight: 0.5
	4998	+ - key: conf/micro
	4999	+ weight: 0.5
	5000	+ - key: conf/hpca
	5001	+ weight: 0.5
	5002	+ - key: conf/fccm
	5003	+ weight: 0.5
	5004	+ - key: conf/fpga
	5005	+ weight: 0.5
	5006	+ - key: conf/asplos
	5007	+ weight: 0.4
	5008	+ - key: conf/dac
	5009	+ weight: 0.4
	5010	+ - key: conf/iccad
	5011	+ weight: 0.4
	5012	+ - key: conf/iccad2
	5013	+ weight: 0.4
	5014	+ - key: conf/fpl
	5015	+ weight: 0.4
	5016	+ - key: journals/taco
	5017	+ weight: 0.4
	5018	+ - key: conf/isscc
	5019	+ weight: 0.4
	5020	+ - key: conf/islped
	5021	+ weight: 0.4
	5022	+ - key: journals/trets
	5023	+ weight: 0.4
	5024	+ - key: conf/date
	5025	+ weight: 0.3
	5026	+ - key: journals/tcad
	5027	+ weight: 0.3
	5028	+ - key: journals/tvlsi
	5029	+ weight: 0.3
	5030	+ - key: journals/tc
	5031	+ weight: 0.3
	5032	+ - key: journals/tecs
	5033	+ weight: 0.3
	5034	+ - key: journals/jsa
	5035	+ weight: 0.3
	5036	+ - key: journals/jssc
	5037	+ weight: 0.3
	5038	+ - key: conf/aspdac
	5039	+ weight: 0.3
	5040	+ - key: journals/mam
	5041	+ weight: 0.3
	5042	+ - key: journals/tetc
	5043	+ weight: 0.3
	5044	+ - key: conf/glvlsi
	5045	+ weight: 0.3
	5046	+ - key: conf/biocas
	5047	+ weight: 0.3
	5048	+ - key: conf/sc
	5049	+ weight: 0.3
	5050	+ - key: journals/tetci
	5051	+ weight: 0.2
	5052	+ - key: journals/tcasI
	5053	+ weight: 0.2
	5054	+ - key: journals/tbcas
	5055	+ weight: 0.2
	5056	+ - key: conf/iscas
	5057	+ weight: 0.2
	5058	+ - key: conf/ipps
	5059	+ weight: 0.2
	5060	+ - key: conf/ppopp
	5061	+ weight: 0.2
	5062	+ - key: journals/tpds
	5063	+ weight: 0.2
	5064	+ - key: journals/aisy
	5065	+ weight: 0.1
	5066	+ - key: journals/natmi
	5067	+ weight: 0.1
	5068	+ - key: journals/tnn
	5069	+ weight: 0.1
	5070	+ - key: journals/jpdc
	5071	+ weight: 0.1
	5072	+ - key: journals/ieiceee
	5073	+ weight: 0.1
	5074	+ - key: conf/isocc
	5075	+ weight: 0.3
	5076	+ - key: journals/integration
	5077	+ weight: 0.2
	5078	+ - key: journals/ncs
	5079	+ weight: 0.1
	5080	+ keywords:
	5081	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(AI\|DNN\|CNN\|GNN\|RNN\|LSTM\|neural[- ]network\|deep[- ]learning\|machine[- ]learning\|ML\|DL\|inference\|training\|transformer\|LLM\|attention\|tensor\|matrix\|GEMM\|sparse\|SNN\|spiking\|neuromorphic\|photonic\|optical\|analog\|in-?memory\|PIM\|RRAM\|memristor\|FPGA\|ASIC\|hardware\|domain-?specific\|systolic\|dataflow\|edge\|energy-?efficient\|low-?power\|reconfigurable\|custom\|dedicated\|specialized\|GPU\|convolution\|graph processing\|recommendation\|embedding\|vision\|NLP\|diffusion\|generative) accelerat(or\|ors\|ion)\b\|\baccelerator (design\|architectures?\|chips?)\b
	5082	+ weight: 1.0
	5083	+ field: both
	5084	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(TPUs?\b\|tensor processing units?\|NPUs?\b\|neural processing units?\|IPUs?\b\|systolic arrays?\|tensor cores?\|GPU (kernels?\|programming\|utili[sz]ation\|clusters? for (training\|inference)\|scheduling for (DNN\|ML\|inference)\|memory for (training\|LLM))\|CUDA (kernels?\|cores?\|programming\|implementation\|graphs?)\|H100\|H200\|B200\|A100\|V100\|GH200\|GB200\|NVIDIA (GPUs?\|Hopper\|Ampere\|Blackwell\|Volta\|Jetson)\|AMD (MI\d+\|Instinct\|ROCm)\|Cerebras\|Groq\|Graphcore\|Gaudi\|Trainium\|Inferentia\|Apple Neural Engine\|Jetson (Nano\|Orin\|Xavier)\|Coral TPU\|Edge TPU\|Movidius\|Loihi\|TrueNorth\|SpiNNaker\|BrainScaleS\|Tianjic\|Eyeriss\|DianNao\|Cambricon\|Hailo\|Mythic\|Lightmatter\|Tenstorrent\|SambaNova\|Ascend 910\|Kunlun\|Hanguang)\b
	5085	+ weight: 1.0
	5086	+ field: both
	5087	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(neuromorphic (computing\|hardware\|chips?\|processors?\|systems?\|engineering\|devices?\|architectures?)\|spiking neural networks? (hardware\|accelerat\|on-?chip\|processors?\|implementation)\|SNN (hardware\|accelerat\|processors?)\|memristive\|memristors?\|RRAM\|ReRAM\|PCM-?based (computing\|synapses?)\|FeFET\|MRAM-?based computing\|crossbar (arrays?\|architectures?)\|compute-?in-?memory\|in-?memory computing\|processing-?in-?memory\|analog (computing\|in-?memory\|neural network hardware\|AI chips?)\|mixed-?signal (neural\|AI)\|photonic (computing\|neural networks?\|accelerat\|processors?\|tensor)\|optical (neural networks?\|computing\|accelerat)\|diffractive (neural\|optical)\|reservoir computing hardware\|stochastic computing for neural\|approximate computing for (neural\|DNN)\|quanti[sz]ation-?aware\|mixed-?precision (training\|inference\|arithmetic)\|FP8\|FP4\|INT8\|INT4\|W4A16\|W8A8\|4-?bit (quanti[sz]ation\|weights)\|bit-?serial\|binary neural networks?\|BNNs?\b\|XNOR-?net\|ternary (weights\|networks)\|sparsity (exploitation\|acceleration\|support)\|structured
	5088	+ sparsity\|2:4 sparsity\|pruning for hardware\|hardware-?aware (NAS\|neural architecture\|pruning\|quanti[sz]ation\|training\|design)\|hardware-?efficient\|model compression for (deployment\|edge\|hardware)\|efficient (inference\|transformers?\|attention\|LLM (inference\|serving\|deployment))\|LLM (serving\|inference) (systems?\|engines?\|optimi[sz]ation\|efficiency\|acceleration\|on (edge\|mobile\|CPU\|GPU))\|inference (serving\|engines?\|latency\|throughput\|acceleration\|optimi[sz]ation)\|serving systems?\|KV[- ]cache (compression\|quanti[sz]ation\|management\|eviction)\|FlashAttention\|PagedAttention\|vLLM\|TensorRT-?LLM\|SGLang\|TGI\b\|llama\.cpp\|speculative decoding\|continuous batching\|weight-?only quanti[sz]ation\|GPTQ\|AWQ\|SmoothQuant\|LLM\.int8\|QLoRA\|kernel fusion\|operator fusion\|roofline\|MLPerf\|DNN (inference\|training) (on\|for) (FPGA\|edge\|mobile\|GPU\|ASIC)\|FPGA-?based (CNN\|DNN\|neural\|accelerat\|inference)\|ASIC (for\|design for) (neural\|DNN\|CNN\|AI)\|DNN (accelerat\|hardware\|dataflow\|mapping)\|accelerator (mapping\|scheduling\|compilers?)\|dataflow
	5089	+ (mapping\|optimi[sz]ation) for (DNN\|CNN)\|loop (tiling\|unrolling) for (CNN\|DNN\|accelerat)\|weight stationary\|output stationary\|on-?chip (buffers?\|memory) for (DNN\|CNN)\|AI (chips?\|hardware\|silicon\|processors?)\|deep learning (hardware\|chips?\|processors?\|accelerat)\|machine learning (hardware\|chips?\|accelerat)\|training (hardware\|chips?\|accelerat)\|wafer-?scale (engine\|AI)\|AI (super)?computers?\|GPU (clusters?\|pods?) for (training\|LLM)\|multi-?GPU (training\|inference)\|tensor (parallel\|slicing) on (GPUs?\|accelerators?)\|NVLink\|NVSwitch\|interconnects? for (AI\|GPU\|accelerators?)\|HBM for (AI\|accelerators?)\|memory wall (in\|for) (AI\|DNN\|LLM)\|energy (per\|efficiency of) inference\|TOPS/W\|TOPS\b\|GOPS/W\|pJ/MAC\|MAC (units?\|arrays?\|utili[sz]ation)\|multiply-?accumulate)\b
	5090	+ weight: 1.0
	5091	+ field: both
	5092	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(energy efficiency\|throughput\|latency\|FLOPS\|utili[sz]ation\|speedup) (of\|for\|on\|over) (the )?(accelerators?\|hardware\|FPGAs?\|GPUs?\|chips?\|inference\|TPUs?\|NPUs?\|edge devices?)\b
	5093	+ weight: 0.8
	5094	+ field: both
	5095	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(hardware\|FPGA\|ASIC\|GPU\|chip\|silicon\|accelerat\w+\|on-?chip\|CMOS\|energy-?efficient\|low-?power\|edge devices?)\b
	5096	+ weight: 0.3
	5097	+ field: both
	5098	+ exclusions:
	5099	+ - (?is)^(?!.(neural\|DNN\|CNN\|deep learning\|machine learning\|AI\b\|inference\|LLM\|transformer\|training\|GPU\|FPGA\|ASIC\|hardware\|chip\|neuromorphic\|memristor\|in-?memory\|photonic)).\b(particle accelerators?\|linear accelerators?\|LINAC\|accelerator (physics\|beam\|cavity\|magnets?\|pedal)\|accelerated (aging\|weathering\|corrosion\|degradation\|testing\|approval\|rehabilitation\|healing)\|hardware (store\|retail))\b
	5100	+ related:
	5101	+ - computer_architecture
	5102	+ - deep_learning_architectures
	5103	+ - compilers
	5104	+ - edge_computing
	5105	+ - sustainable_computing
	5106	+ - distributed_computing
	5107	+ - llm
	5108	+ parent_of: []
	5109	+ child_of:
	5110	+ - computer_architecture
	5111	+ provenance: No OpenAlex topic isolates ML accelerators; T10502 (memristors/neuromorphic/in-memory, Engineering 2208) and T12611 (photonic NNs) are the closest; GPU/FPGA accelerator work sits in T10904/T10054/T11522. MLSys is the only near-dedicated stream; architecture venues at 0.4-0.5. Keyword patterns on 'X accelerator', chip names and efficient-inference systems carry the category; particle-accelerator senses are vetoed.
	5112	+- id: operating_systems
	5113	+ number: 31
	5114	+ name: Operating Systems
	5115	+ area: hardware_emerging
	5116	+ definition: 'System software that manages hardware and provides execution abstractions: kernels and drivers, scheduling, memory management, file and storage systems, virtualisation and containers, OS security and isolation, I/O and networking stacks, real-time and embedded OS, systems support for new hardware (persistent memory, CXL, SmartNICs). Distributed coordination is distributed_computing; hardware design is computer_architecture.'
	5117	+ openalex_topics:
	5118	+ - id: T11181
	5119	+ weight: 0.8
	5120	+ note: 'advanced data storage technologies: file systems, SSDs, I/O'
	5121	+ - id: T10933
	5122	+ weight: 0.8
	5123	+ note: real-time systems scheduling
	5124	+ - id: T11424
	5125	+ weight: 0.6
	5126	+ note: 'security and verification in computing: OS security, hypervisors, TEEs'
	5127	+ - id: T12326
	5128	+ weight: 0.5
	5129	+ note: network packet processing (kernel bypass)
	5130	+ - id: T14067
	5131	+ weight: 0.4
	5132	+ note: virtual desktops, remote desktop
	5133	+ - id: T10101
	5134	+ weight: 0.3
	5135	+ note: 'cloud computing: virtualization, VMs'
	5136	+ - id: T12127
	5137	+ weight: 0.3
	5138	+ note: system performance and reliability, logs
	5139	+ - id: T11675
	5140	+ weight: 0.3
	5141	+ note: open source software (Linux)
	5142	+ - id: T10904
	5143	+ weight: 0.2
	5144	+ note: embedded systems design
	5145	+ - id: T10772
	5146	+ weight: 0.2
	5147	+ note: distributed systems and fault tolerance
	5148	+ - id: T12799
	5149	+ weight: 0.2
	5150	+ note: mobile applications (Android)
	5151	+ - id: T10054
	5152	+ weight: 0.2
	5153	+ note: parallel computing (multi-core runtimes)
	5154	+ openalex_subfields: []
	5155	+ arxiv_categories:
	5156	+ - id: cs.OS
	5157	+ weight: 1.0
	5158	+ - id: cs.DC
	5159	+ weight: 0.2
	5160	+ - id: cs.PF
	5161	+ weight: 0.2
	5162	+ - id: cs.AR
	5163	+ weight: 0.1
	5164	+ - id: cs.CR
	5165	+ weight: 0.05
	5166	+ dblp_streams:
	5167	+ - key: conf/osdi
	5168	+ weight: 1.0
	5169	+ - key: conf/sosp
	5170	+ weight: 1.0
	5171	+ - key: conf/eurosys
	5172	+ weight: 1.0
	5173	+ - key: conf/usenix
	5174	+ weight: 1.0
	5175	+ - key: conf/fast
	5176	+ weight: 1.0
	5177	+ - key: journals/tos
	5178	+ weight: 1.0
	5179	+ - key: conf/asplos
	5180	+ weight: 0.6
	5181	+ - key: conf/rtss
	5182	+ weight: 0.6
	5183	+ - key: conf/rtas
	5184	+ weight: 0.6
	5185	+ - key: conf/mobisys
	5186	+ weight: 0.4
	5187	+ - key: conf/middleware
	5188	+ weight: 0.3
	5189	+ - key: journals/tecs
	5190	+ weight: 0.3
	5191	+ - key: journals/jsa
	5192	+ weight: 0.3
	5193	+ - key: conf/nsdi
	5194	+ weight: 0.3
	5195	+ - key: conf/dsn
	5196	+ weight: 0.3
	5197	+ - key: journals/spe
	5198	+ weight: 0.3
	5199	+ - key: journals/mam
	5200	+ weight: 0.3
	5201	+ - key: conf/socc
	5202	+ weight: 0.3
	5203	+ - key: conf/cloud
	5204	+ weight: 0.3
	5205	+ - key: conf/hpdc
	5206	+ weight: 0.2
	5207	+ - key: journals/tc
	5208	+ weight: 0.2
	5209	+ - key: journals/tpds
	5210	+ weight: 0.2
	5211	+ - key: conf/mlsys
	5212	+ weight: 0.2
	5213	+ - key: journals/computing
	5214	+ weight: 0.2
	5215	+ - key: conf/icdcs
	5216	+ weight: 0.1
	5217	+ - key: journals/tcc
	5218	+ weight: 0.1
	5219	+ - key: conf/ipps
	5220	+ weight: 0.1
	5221	+ - key: conf/isca
	5222	+ weight: 0.1
	5223	+ - key: conf/micro
	5224	+ weight: 0.1
	5225	+ - key: conf/hpca
	5226	+ weight: 0.1
	5227	+ - key: journals/taco
	5228	+ weight: 0.1
	5229	+ - key: conf/sec
	5230	+ weight: 0.1
	5231	+ - key: conf/percom
	5232	+ weight: 0.1
	5233	+ - key: journals/jss
	5234	+ weight: 0.1
	5235	+ - key: conf/uss
	5236	+ weight: 0.1
	5237	+ - key: conf/sp
	5238	+ weight: 0.05
	5239	+ - key: conf/ccs
	5240	+ weight: 0.05
	5241	+ - key: journals/tdsc
	5242	+ weight: 0.1
	5243	+ - key: conf/sigcomm
	5244	+ weight: 0.1
	5245	+ keywords:
	5246	+ - pattern: (?i)\boperating systems?\b\|\bOS (kernels?\|design\|support\|level\|services\|scheduler\|virtuali[sz]ation\|security\|abstractions?\|research\|noise\|jitter\|interfaces?)\b\|\bOSes\b\|\bsystems software\b
	5247	+ weight: 1.0
	5248	+ field: both
	5249	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(Linux (kernel\|scheduler\|drivers?\|namespaces\|cgroups\|systems?)\|kernel (modules?\|bypass\|extensions?\|development\|schedulers?\|space\|drivers?\|bugs?\|fuzzing\|vulnerabilit\|hardening\|isolation\|concurrency\|verification\|crashes\|panics\|patches\|APIs?\|data structures)\|eBPF\|BPF programs?\|device drivers?\|system calls?\|syscalls?\|user ?space\|microkernels?\|unikernels?\|monolithic kernels?\|exokernel\|library OS\|seL4\|Fuchsia\|Zephyr\|FreeRTOS\|RTOS\b\|real-?time operating\|Android (framework\|runtime\|kernel\|OS\|binder)\|Windows (kernel\|drivers?)\|macOS kernel\|XNU\|file systems?\|filesystems?\|FS\b\|ext4\|Btrfs\|ZFS\|F2FS\|XFS\|journaling\|log-?structured\|copy-?on-?write\|page cache\|buffer cache\|virtual memory\|page (tables?\|faults?\|replacement\|migration)\|TLB\b\|memory (management\|allocation\|allocators?\|mapping\|paging\|swapping\|deduplication\|tiering\|disaggregation\|compaction\|reclamation\|safety in kernels?\|bandwidth management)\|huge pages\|transparent huge\|NUMA (awareness\|placement\|balancing)\|process (scheduling\|isolation\|management\|migration)\|thread
	5250	+ scheduling\|CPU scheduling\|schedulers? (for\|in) (Linux\|kernels?\|multicore\|data ?cent\|heterogeneous)\|CFS\b\|EEVDF\|interrupt (handling\|latency\|coalescing)\|I/O (stacks?\|scheduling\|virtuali[sz]ation\|paths?\|performance\|schedulers?)\|io_uring\|NVMe (SSDs?\|drivers?\|over fabrics)\|SSDs?\b\|flash (storage\|translation layer\|memory management)\|FTL\b\|zoned (namespaces\|storage)\|ZNS\|persistent memory (programming\|file systems?\|allocators?)\|PMEM\|CXL\b\|compute express link\|memory expanders?\|far memory\|virtual machine monitors?\|VMMs?\b\|hypervisors?\|Xen\|KVM\|QEMU\|VMware\|Hyper-?V\|Firecracker\|gVisor\|microVMs?\|containers? (isolation\|runtimes?\|security\|images?\|startup)\|namespaces and cgroups\|cgroups\|Docker (runtime\|engine\|containers?)\|OCI (runtime\|images?)\|containerd\|runc\|sandbox(ing\|es)\|WebAssembly (runtime\|system interface\|WASI)\|boot(ing\|loaders?\|strap)\|firmware (updates?\|interfaces?)\|BIOS\|UEFI\|trusted (boot\|computing base)\|TCB\b\|crash (consistency\|recovery\|dumps?)\|fault (isolation\|containment) in (OS\|kernel)\|Rust
	5251	+ (for Linux\|in the kernel\|OS)\|seccomp\|capabilit(y\|ies)-?based (OS\|security\|systems)\|CHERI\|address space (isolation\|layout)\|ASLR\|kernel (integrity\|protection\|exploits?)\|privilege (levels?\|rings?)\|ring 0\|supervisor mode\|system (daemons?\|services) management\|init systems?\|systemd\|power management (in\|for) (OS\|Linux\|mobile)\|energy-?aware scheduling\|DVFS governors?\|thermal throttling in\|mobile OS\|smartphone (OS\|kernel\|power)\|wearable OS\|IoT (OS\|operating)\|TinyOS\|Contiki\|RIOT OS\|embedded (Linux\|OS\|runtimes?)\|hardware (abstraction\|virtuali[sz]ation)\|paravirtuali[sz]\|nested virtuali[sz]ation\|live (migration\|patching\|update)\|hot-?patching\|checkpoint/restore\|CRIU\|fork\|exec\|POSIX\|system (configuration\|administration)\|package managers?\|Nix(OS)?\|reproducible builds)\b
	5252	+ weight: 1.0
	5253	+ field: both
	5254	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(storage systems?\|distributed file systems?\|key-?value stores?\|object storage\|block storage\|storage (stacks?\|engines?\|disaggregation\|tiering\|class memory)\|RDMA\|DPDK\|SR-?IOV\|SmartNICs?\|DPUs?\b\|data processing units?\|IPUs?\b\|kernel-?bypass\|user-?space networking\|TCP (stack\|offload)\|network stacks?\|serverless (runtimes?\|platforms?\|cold starts?)\|cold starts?\|function (isolation\|sandboxes?)\|lightweight (virtuali[sz]ation\|isolation\|VMs?)\|confidential VMs?\|enclaves? (OS\|runtime)\|TEE (OS\|runtime)\|GPU (drivers?\|virtuali[sz]ation\|scheduling in OS\|memory management)\|accelerator (OS\|virtuali[sz]ation\|management)\|resource (isolation\|contention\|management in (OS\|kernels?))\|tail latency\|performance isolation\|noisy neighbou?rs?\|QoS in (OS\|kernels?)\|workload (consolidation\|co-?location\|interference))\b
	5255	+ weight: 0.6
	5256	+ field: both
	5257	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(kernels?\|runtimes?\|schedulers?\|scheduling\|virtuali[sz]ation\|concurrency\|threads?\|locks?\|synchroni[sz]ation\|I/O\|storage\|drivers?\|isolation\|hypervisor\|containers?\|processes\|memory)\b
	5258	+ weight: 0.3
	5259	+ field: both
	5260	+ exclusions:
	5261	+ - (?is)^(?!.(operating system\|kernel\|Linux\|file system\|virtual\|hypervisor\|scheduler\|driver\|memory management\|syscall\|I/O\|storage\|container\|runtime\|boot\|firmware)).\b(kernel (methods?\|machines?\|ridge\|density\|trick\|functions?\|SVM\|PCA\|regression\|smoothing\|estimation\|mean embedding\|Hilbert\|convolution kernels?\|size\|regularization\|alignment)\|convolution(al)? kernels?\|GPU kernels? for (matrix\|stencil)\|wheat kernels?\|corn kernels?\|palm kernels?\|heat kernel\|Gaussian kernel)\b
	5262	+ related:
	5263	+ - computer_architecture
	5264	+ - distributed_computing
	5265	+ - cloud_computing
	5266	+ - cybersecurity
	5267	+ - programming_languages
	5268	+ - edge_computing
	5269	+ parent_of: []
	5270	+ child_of: []
	5271	+ provenance: 'No OpenAlex topic is OS-centred: storage (T11181), real-time scheduling (T10933), OS security/hypervisors (T11424) and virtualization (T10101) are the hosts, so each is partial. OSDI/SOSP/EuroSys/USENIX ATC/FAST/TOS are pure streams (cs.OS alone suffices on arXiv). Kernel-method senses of ''kernel'' are vetoed when no OS term co-occurs.'
	5272	+- id: quantum_computing
	5273	+ number: 32
	5274	+ name: Quantum Computing
	5275	+ area: hardware_emerging
	5276	+ definition: 'Computation and information processing exploiting quantum mechanics: quantum algorithms and complexity, quantum error correction and fault tolerance, qubit hardware platforms and control, quantum software, compilers and simulators, variational and NISQ algorithms, quantum machine learning, quantum communication and key distribution, quantum networking. Quantum physics without a computational or information-processing framing is out of scope; post-quantum cryptography is applied_cryptography.'
	5277	+ openalex_topics:
	5278	+ - id: T10020
	5279	+ weight: 1.0
	5280	+ note: quantum information and cryptography
	5281	+ - id: T10682
	5282	+ weight: 1.0
	5283	+ note: quantum computing algorithms and architecture
	5284	+ - id: T10622
	5285	+ weight: 0.3
	5286	+ note: quantum mechanics and applications
	5287	+ - id: T11803
	5288	+ weight: 0.3
	5289	+ note: superconducting and THz device technology
	5290	+ - id: T11804
	5291	+ weight: 0.3
	5292	+ note: quantum many-body systems
	5293	+ - id: T11414
	5294	+ weight: 0.3
	5295	+ note: quantum optics and atomic interactions
	5296	+ - id: T13182
	5297	+ weight: 0.3
	5298	+ note: quantum-dot cellular automata
	5299	+ - id: T10382
	5300	+ weight: 0.2
	5301	+ note: quantum and electron transport phenomena
	5302	+ - id: T10425
	5303	+ weight: 0.2
	5304	+ note: cold atom physics
	5305	+ - id: T10657
	5306	+ weight: 0.2
	5307	+ note: topological materials
	5308	+ - id: T12611
	5309	+ weight: 0.2
	5310	+ note: quantum reservoir computing
	5311	+ - id: T11261
	5312	+ weight: 0.2
	5313	+ note: quantum chaos and dynamical systems
	5314	+ - id: T10022
	5315	+ weight: 0.2
	5316	+ note: semiconductor quantum structures and devices
	5317	+ - id: T11130
	5318	+ weight: 0.1
	5319	+ note: coding theory (quantum codes)
	5320	+ - id: T12002
	5321	+ weight: 0.1
	5322	+ note: computability (quantum complexity)
	5323	+ - id: T11262
	5324	+ weight: 0.1
	5325	+ note: quantum mechanics and non-Hermitian physics
	5326	+ openalex_subfields: []
	5327	+ arxiv_categories:
	5328	+ - id: quant-ph
	5329	+ weight: 1.0
	5330	+ - id: cs.ET
	5331	+ weight: 0.3
	5332	+ - id: cs.CC
	5333	+ weight: 0.1
	5334	+ - id: cs.IT
	5335	+ weight: 0.1
	5336	+ - id: math.IT
	5337	+ weight: 0.1
	5338	+ - id: physics.comp-ph
	5339	+ weight: 0.1
	5340	+ dblp_streams:
	5341	+ - key: journals/quantum
	5342	+ weight: 1.0
	5343	+ - key: journals/qip
	5344	+ weight: 1.0
	5345	+ - key: conf/qce
	5346	+ weight: 1.0
	5347	+ - key: conf/tqc
	5348	+ weight: 1.0
	5349	+ - key: journals/entropy
	5350	+ weight: 0.2
	5351	+ - key: journals/tit
	5352	+ weight: 0.1
	5353	+ - key: conf/isit
	5354	+ weight: 0.1
	5355	+ - key: journals/iacr
	5356	+ weight: 0.1
	5357	+ - key: journals/tcad
	5358	+ weight: 0.1
	5359	+ - key: conf/dac
	5360	+ weight: 0.1
	5361	+ - key: conf/date
	5362	+ weight: 0.1
	5363	+ - key: journals/tc
	5364	+ weight: 0.1
	5365	+ - key: conf/isca
	5366	+ weight: 0.1
	5367	+ - key: conf/micro
	5368	+ weight: 0.1
	5369	+ - key: conf/hpca
	5370	+ weight: 0.1
	5371	+ - key: conf/asplos
	5372	+ weight: 0.1
	5373	+ - key: journals/jcphy
	5374	+ weight: 0.1
	5375	+ - key: journals/cphysics
	5376	+ weight: 0.1
	5377	+ - key: journals/symmetry
	5378	+ weight: 0.1
	5379	+ - key: conf/stoc
	5380	+ weight: 0.1
	5381	+ - key: conf/focs
	5382	+ weight: 0.1
	5383	+ - key: journals/natmi
	5384	+ weight: 0.05
	5385	+ - key: journals/ncs
	5386	+ weight: 0.1
	5387	+ - key: journals/mlst
	5388	+ weight: 0.1
	5389	+ - key: conf/sc
	5390	+ weight: 0.1
	5391	+ - key: journals/tpds
	5392	+ weight: 0.05
	5393	+ - key: conf/ipps
	5394	+ weight: 0.05
	5395	+ keywords:
	5396	+ - pattern: (?i)\bquantum (comput(ing\|ers?\|ation\|ational)\|algorithms?\|circuits?\|gates?\|processors?\|hardware\|supremacy\|advantage\|error[- ]correct(ion\|ing)\|error mitigation\|codes?\|annealing\|annealers?\|machine learning\|neural networks?\|kernels?\|simulation\|simulators?\|emulat\w+\|information\|key distribution\|cryptograph\w\|communication\|internet\|networks?\|networking\|teleportation\|entanglement distribution\|repeaters?\|memor(y\|ies)\|sensing\|metrology\|software\|programming\|compil(ers?\|ation\|ing)\|control\|optimi[sz]ation\|chemistry (simulation\|algorithms?\|on quantum)\|walks?\|Fourier\|phase estimation\|approximate optimi[sz]ation\|variational\|bits?\|speed-?ups?\|volume\|random (circuits?\|sampling)\|dots? (for\|as) qubits?\|devices? for computing\|technolog(y\|ies)\|instruction sets?\|transpil\w+\|benchmark\w\|cloud\|service\|workflows?\|HPC\|data (centers?\|loading)\|RAM\|QRAM\|generative\|reinforcement\|transformers?\|Boltzmann\|support vector\|convolutional\|federated\|language models?\|LLMs?\|finance\|chemistry\|many-?body simulation
	5397	+ on\|advantage experiments?\|readout\|crosstalk\|calibration\|characteri[sz]ation\|tomography\|process tomography\|state preparation\|amplitude (amplification\|estimation\|encoding)\|linear (systems?\|algebra) algorithms?\|singular value\|eigensolvers?\|dynamics simulation\|Monte Carlo (acceleration\|algorithms)\|game theory\|secret sharing\|money\|signatures?\|commitment\|oblivious\|zero-?knowledge\|interactive proofs?\|complexity\|Turing\|cellular automata\|dot cellular automata\|LDPC\|surface codes?\|resource (estimation\|theory for computing)\|logic synthesis\|layout synthesis\|mapping\|routing (for\|of) qubits?\|qubit (mapping\|routing\|allocation))\b
	5398	+ weight: 1.0
	5399	+ field: both
	5400	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(qubits?\|qudits?\|QAOA\|VQE\b\|variational quantum\|VQAs?\b\|NISQ\|surface codes?\|colou?r codes?\|stabili[sz]er codes?\|toric codes?\|CSS codes?\|qLDPC\|quantum LDPC\|magic state\|T-?gates?\|T-?count\|Clifford\+T\|fault-?tolerant quantum\|logical qubits?\|physical qubits?\|transmons?\|superconducting qubits?\|flux(onium)? qubits?\|trapped[- ]ions?\|ion[- ]traps?\|neutral atoms?\|Rydberg (atoms?\|arrays?\|blockade)\|photonic (qubits?\|quantum)\|boson sampling\|Gaussian boson\|spin qubits?\|silicon qubits?\|quantum dots? qubits?\|NV cent(er\|re)s? qubits?\|Majorana (zero modes\|qubits?\|fermions for)\|topological (qubits?\|quantum comput)\|anyons? (for\|in) (computing\|braiding)\|braiding\|Shor'?s algorithm\|Grover'?s? (algorithm\|search)\|HHL\b\|Harrow-?Hassidim\|quantum Fourier transform\|QFT\b\|Hamiltonian simulation\|Trotteri[sz]ation\|Trotter (steps?\|error)\|qubitization\|block encoding\|LCU\b\|linear combination of unitaries\|QSVT\|quantum signal processing\|amplitude amplification\|QKD\b\|BB84\|E91\|B92\|decoy state\|measurement-?device-?independent\|entanglement
	5401	+ (swapping\|purification\|distillation\|witnesses?\|entropy)\|Bell (states?\|inequalit(y\|ies)\|tests?\|pairs?)\|GHZ states?\|cluster states?\|measurement-?based quantum\|one-?way quantum\|decoherence\|dephasing\|T1\b\|T2\b\|coherence times?\|gate fidelit(y\|ies)\|two-?qubit gates?\|CNOT\|CZ gates?\|iSWAP\|Toffoli\|randomized benchmarking\|cross-?entropy benchmarking\|XEB\b\|gate set tomography\|quantum (noise\|channels?\|Shannon\|capacity\|discord\|coherence resource\|error channels?)\|depolarizing (noise\|channel)\|Pauli (noise\|twirling\|frames?)\|post-?quantum\|quantum-?safe\|Qiskit\|Cirq\|PennyLane\|QuTiP\|OpenQASM\|QASM\|Q#\b\|Quipper\|Silq\|Braket\|tket\|Quantinuum\|IonQ\|Rigetti\|D-?Wave\|IBM Quantum\|Google Sycamore\|Sycamore\|Zuchongzhi\|Jiuzhang\|Quantum Volume\|CLOPS\|cross-?resonance\|ZZ (coupling\|crosstalk)\|tunable couplers?\|Josephson (junctions?\|parametric)\|dilution refrigerator (for\|and) (qubits?\|quantum)\|cryo-?CMOS\|cryogenic control\|quantum-?classical (hybrid\|interface\|co-?design)\|hybrid quantum\|tensor networks? (simulation\|contraction\|methods?)
	5402	+ (of\|for) quantum (circuits?\|computing)\|matrix product states? (for\|and) quantum (circuits?\|computing)\|Schrödinger-?Feynman\|stabili[sz]er simulation\|Clifford (circuits?\|gates?\|group\|simulation)\|Ising machines?\|coherent Ising\|quantum-?inspired\|annealing (schedules?\|hardware)\|adiabatic quantum\|QUBO\b\|quadratic unconstrained binary)\b
	5403	+ weight: 1.0
	5404	+ field: both
	5405	+ - pattern: (?i)\bquantum\b\|\bentangle(d\|ment)\b\|\bsuperposition\b\|\bHamiltonian\b\|\bunitar(y\|ies)\b
	5406	+ weight: 0.4
	5407	+ field: both
	5408	+ exclusions:
	5409	+ - (?is)^(?!.(qubits?\|quantum (comput\w\|algorithms?\|error\|circuits?\|gates?\|information\|annealing\|key distribution\|cryptograph\|machine learning\|simulat\w+\|advantage\|supremacy\|communication\|internet\|networks?\|sensing\|metrology\|software\|programming\|walks?\|processors?\|hardware\|codes?\|teleportation\|repeaters?\|memory)\|QKD\|NISQ\|QAOA\|VQE\|post-?quantum)).*\b(quantum (dots?\|chemistry\|mechanics\|mechanical\|field theory\|gravity\|Hall\|wells?\|cascade lasers?\|efficiency\|yield\|chemical\|Monte Carlo\|phase transitions?\|criticality\|spin liquids?\|materials?\|optics\|electrodynamics\|fluids?\|anomalous\|oscillations?\|confinement\|transport\|many-?body (physics\|localization)\|biology\|cosmology)\|quantum-?confined\|quantum (defects\|emitters) in)\b
	5410	+ related:
	5411	+ - applied_cryptography
	5412	+ - computational_complexity
	5413	+ - computer_architecture
	5414	+ - scientific_computing
	5415	+ - compilers
	5416	+ parent_of: []
	5417	+ child_of: []
	5418	+ provenance: T10020 and T10682 (both CS 1702) are the OpenAlex hosts; Physics 31 topics on qubit platforms (superconducting, cold atoms, many-body, quantum optics) mapped at 0.2-0.3 because only a fraction of their works concern computing. Quantum, QIP, QCE, TQC pure streams; quant-ph alone suffices. Quantum-physics senses without a computing term are vetoed.
	5419	+- id: scientific_computing
	5420	+ number: 33
	5421	+ name: Scientific Computing
	5422	+ area: computational_science
	5423	+ definition: 'Numerical and computational methods and software for mathematical models of science and engineering: numerical linear algebra, discretisation of differential equations, solvers and preconditioners, simulation frameworks, uncertainty quantification, reduced-order and surrogate models, scientific machine learning (PINNs, neural operators), high-performance scientific software and performance portability, mathematical software, computational physics/chemistry/engineering tooling. Domain biology is computational_biology; parallel systems software is distributed_computing.'
	5424	+ openalex_topics:
	5425	+ - id: T11697
	5426	+ weight: 1.0
	5427	+ note: numerical methods and algorithms
	5428	+ - id: T10339
	5429	+ weight: 1.0
	5430	+ note: advanced numerical methods in computational mathematics
	5431	+ - id: T11245
	5432	+ weight: 1.0
	5433	+ note: advanced numerical analysis techniques
	5434	+ - id: T11416
	5435	+ weight: 1.0
	5436	+ note: numerical methods for differential equations
	5437	+ - id: T12727
	5438	+ weight: 0.9
	5439	+ note: differential equations and numerical methods
	5440	+ - id: T10792
	5441	+ weight: 0.8
	5442	+ note: matrix theory and algorithms
	5443	+ - id: T10514
	5444	+ weight: 0.8
	5445	+ note: numerical methods in engineering
	5446	+ - id: T13487
	5447	+ weight: 0.8
	5448	+ note: statistical and numerical algorithms
	5449	+ - id: T13650
	5450	+ weight: 0.8
	5451	+ note: computational physics and Python applications
	5452	+ - id: T11205
	5453	+ weight: 0.7
	5454	+ note: numerical methods in inverse problems
	5455	+ - id: T13286
	5456	+ weight: 0.7
	5457	+ note: modeling and simulation systems
	5458	+ - id: T11206
	5459	+ weight: 0.7
	5460	+ note: model reduction and neural networks
	5461	+ - id: T12404
	5462	+ weight: 0.6
	5463	+ note: mathematical approximation and integration
	5464	+ - id: T11986
	5465	+ weight: 0.6
	5466	+ note: scientific computing and data management (workflows)
	5467	+ - id: T11751
	5468	+ weight: 0.6
	5469	+ note: lattice Boltzmann simulation
	5470	+ - id: T11195
	5471	+ weight: 0.6
	5472	+ note: simulation techniques and applications
	5473	+ - id: T10173
	5474	+ weight: 0.5
	5475	+ note: computational fluid dynamics
	5476	+ - id: T11263
	5477	+ weight: 0.5
	5478	+ note: electromagnetic simulation and numerical methods
	5479	+ - id: T13806
	5480	+ weight: 0.5
	5481	+ note: mathematical and computational methods
	5482	+ - id: T12303
	5483	+ weight: 0.5
	5484	+ note: tensor decomposition and applications
	5485	+ - id: T10545
	5486	+ weight: 0.4
	5487	+ note: optimization and variational analysis
	5488	+ - id: T11694
	5489	+ weight: 0.4
	5490	+ note: fluid dynamics simulations
	5491	+ - id: T10591
	5492	+ weight: 0.4
	5493	+ note: theoretical and computational physics
	5494	+ - id: T10054
	5495	+ weight: 0.4
	5496	+ note: parallel computing (HPC applications)
	5497	+ - id: T12056
	5498	+ weight: 0.4
	5499	+ note: Markov chains and Monte Carlo methods
	5500	+ - id: T13116
	5501	+ weight: 0.3
	5502	+ note: heat transfer and numerical methods
	5503	+ - id: T14270
	5504	+ weight: 0.3
	5505	+ note: simulation and modeling applications
	5506	+ - id: T12100
	5507	+ weight: 0.3
	5508	+ note: advanced mathematical modeling in engineering
	5509	+ - id: T10963
	5510	+ weight: 0.3
	5511	+ note: advanced optimization algorithms
	5512	+ - id: T11948
	5513	+ weight: 0.3
	5514	+ note: machine learning in materials science
	5515	+ - id: T10029
	5516	+ weight: 0.2
	5517	+ note: climate variability and models
	5518	+ - id: T10466
	5519	+ weight: 0.2
	5520	+ note: meteorological phenomena and simulations
	5521	+ - id: T10541
	5522	+ weight: 0.2
	5523	+ note: nonlinear differential equations analysis
	5524	+ - id: T10194
	5525	+ weight: 0.2
	5526	+ note: nonlinear PDEs
	5527	+ - id: T12589
	5528	+ weight: 0.2
	5529	+ note: differential equations and boundary problems
	5530	+ - id: T10288
	5531	+ weight: 0.2
	5532	+ note: fractional differential equations
	5533	+ - id: T11152
	5534	+ weight: 0.1
	5535	+ note: stochastic processes and statistical mechanics
	5536	+ - id: T12809
	5537	+ weight: 0.2
	5538	+ note: contact mechanics and variational inequalities
	5539	+ - id: T13734
	5540	+ weight: 0.1
	5541	+ note: advanced computational techniques (expert systems)
	5542	+ - id: T13608
	5543	+ weight: 0.3
	5544	+ note: advanced computational techniques in science and engineering
	5545	+ - id: T13398
	5546	+ weight: 0.4
	5547	+ note: data analysis with R (statistical and mathematical software packages)
	5548	+ openalex_subfields:
	5549	+ - id: 1703
	5550	+ weight: 0.1
	5551	+ arxiv_categories:
	5552	+ - id: cs.NA
	5553	+ weight: 1.0
	5554	+ - id: cs.MS
	5555	+ weight: 1.0
	5556	+ - id: cs.CE
	5557	+ weight: 1.0
	5558	+ - id: physics.comp-ph
	5559	+ weight: 0.8
	5560	+ - id: math.OC
	5561	+ weight: 0.2
	5562	+ - id: cs.DC
	5563	+ weight: 0.1
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	5681	+ weight: 1.0
	5682	+ field: both
	5683	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(finite (element\|difference\|volume) (methods?\|schemes?\|discreti[sz]ations?\|analysis\|solvers?\|models?\|simulations?)\|FEM\b\|FEA\b\|FDM\b\|FVM\b\|isogeometric\|spectral (methods?\|elements?)\|discontinuous Galerkin\|DG methods?\|multigrid\|algebraic multigrid\|AMG\b\|domain decomposition\|preconditioners?\|preconditioning\|Krylov\|GMRES\|BiCGStab\|conjugate gradient\|CG solvers?\|sparse (linear (systems?\|solvers?)\|matrix\|matrices\|direct solvers?\|factori[sz]ation)\|linear solvers?\|iterative solvers?\|eigenvalue (problems?\|solvers?\|computations?)\|eigensolvers?\|Lanczos\|Arnoldi\|SVD\b\|singular value decomposition\|QR (factori[sz]ation\|decomposition\|algorithm)\|LU (factori[sz]ation\|decomposition)\|Cholesky\|BLAS\|LAPACK\|ScaLAPACK\|MAGMA\|cuBLAS\|PETSc\|Trilinos\|hypre\|FEniCS\|deal\.II\|MFEM\|Firedrake\|MOOSE\|OpenFOAM\|LAMMPS\|GROMACS\|NAMD\|AMBER\|Quantum ESPRESSO\|VASP\|CP2K\|Gaussian \d\d\|ORCA\|GAMESS\|NWChem\|molecular dynamics (simulations?\|codes?\|software\|packages?\|engines?)\|MD simulations?\|Monte Carlo (simulations?\|methods?\|integration\|sampling)\|lattice
	5684	+ Boltzmann\|particle-?in-?cell\|PIC (simulations?\|codes?)\|smoothed particle\|SPH\b\|N-?body\|fast multipole\|FMM\b\|Barnes-?Hut\|adaptive mesh refinement\|AMR\b\|mesh (generation\|refinement\|adaptation\|quality)\|unstructured (meshes?\|grids?)\|structured grids?\|stencil (computations?\|codes?)\|time[- ]stepping\|time integration\|Runge-?Kutta\|implicit (schemes?\|solvers?\|time)\|ODE solvers?\|PDE solvers?\|partial differential equations?\|PDEs?\b\|ordinary differential equations?\|ODEs?\b\|stiff (systems\|equations\|ODEs)\|boundary value problems?\|initial value problems?\|uncertainty quantification\|UQ\b\|polynomial chaos\|stochastic (collocation\|Galerkin\|PDEs?)\|sensitivity analysis\|Sobol\|reduced[- ]order model(s\|ing)?\|ROM\b\|model order reduction\|MOR\b\|proper orthogonal decomposition\|POD\b\|dynamic mode decomposition\|DMD\b\|surrogate model(s\|ing)?\|emulators?\|Gaussian process emulat\|Kriging for simulation\|physics-?informed (neural\|machine learning\|deep)\|PINNs?\b\|neural operators?\|Fourier neural operator\|FNO\b\|DeepONet\|operator
	5685	+ learning\|neural (PDE\|ODE) solvers?\|differentiable (physics\|simulation\|programming\|solvers?)\|automatic differentiation\|adjoint (methods?\|sensitivity\|solvers?)\|inverse problems?\|data assimilation\|Kalman filter for (simulation\|assimilation)\|ensemble Kalman\|4D-?Var\|floating-?point (arithmetic\|precision\|errors?\|formats?)\|mixed-?precision (arithmetic\|solvers?\|algorithms?\|iterative)\|interval arithmetic\|verified (numerics\|computing)\|rounding errors?\|numerical (stability\|accuracy\|precision\|errors?)\|computer algebra\|symbolic computation\|symbolic-?numeric\|quadrature\|cubature\|numerical integration\|interpolation (schemes?\|methods?)\|splines?\|radial basis functions?\|RBF\b\|tensor (decompositions?\|trains?\|networks? for (PDE\|simulation)\|methods? for)\|low-?rank (approximation\|tensor)\|hierarchical matrices\|H-?matrices\|fast (solvers?\|transforms?)\|FFT\b\|fast Fourier\|HPC (applications?\|codes?\|software\|workflows?\|systems? for science)\|exascale (computing\|applications?\|software\|codes?)\|ECP\b\|petascale\|supercomput\w+\|performance
	5686	+ portability\|Kokkos\|RAJA\|SYCL\|OpenACC\|OpenMP offload\|CUDA (for\|implementation of) (simulation\|solvers?\|PDE)\|GPU-?accelerated (simulation\|solvers?\|computing\|codes?\|linear algebra)\|GPU (implementation\|acceleration) of (numerical\|simulation\|solvers?\|FEM\|molecular)\|co-?design of (scientific\|HPC)\|scientific (workflow\|data) management\|in[- ]situ (visuali[sz]ation\|analysis)\|checkpoint(ing)? (for\|of) (simulation\|HPC)\|research software (engineering\|sustainability)\|RSE\b\|reproducib(le\|ility) (of\|in) (computational\|scientific\|simulation))\b
	5687	+ weight: 1.0
	5688	+ field: both
	5689	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(climate (model(s\|ing\|ling)?\|simulations?\|codes?)\|earth system model\|weather (prediction\|forecasting\|model)s?\|numerical weather\|NWP\b\|ocean (model\|circulation model)\|atmospheric (model\|dynamics simulation)\|seismic (simulation\|inversion\|imaging\|wave propagation)\|CFD\b\|turbulence (simulation\|model(s\|ing)?\|DNS\|LES)\|direct numerical simulation\|large-?eddy simulation\|Navier-?Stokes solvers?\|combustion simulation\|plasma simulation\|magnetohydrodynamic\|MHD simulation\|astrophysical simulation\|cosmological simulation\|gravitational (wave\|N-?body) simulation\|density functional theory\|DFT (calculations?\|simulations?\|codes?)\|ab initio (calculations?\|molecular dynamics\|simulations?)\|first-?principles (calculations?\|simulations?)\|quantum chemistry (calculations?\|software\|methods?)\|electronic structure (calculations?\|codes?\|methods?)\|coupled cluster\|Hartree-?Fock\|machine learning (interatomic\|force field)\|neural network potentials?\|MLIPs?\b\|multiscale (modeling\|simulation)\|multiphysics\|fluid-?structure
	5690	+ interaction\|FSI\b\|structural (analysis\|mechanics simulation)\|crash simulation\|topology optimi[sz]ation\|computational (electromagnetics\|acoustics\|biomechanics\|hemodynamics\|geomechanics\|hydrology\|materials)\|digital twins? (of\|for) (physical\|engineering\|industrial))\b
	5691	+ weight: 0.8
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	5693	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(simulations?\|solvers?\|numerical\|discreti[sz]ation\|convergence (rate\|order\|analysis)\|stability analysis\|error (estimates?\|analysis\|bounds?)\|a posteriori\|a priori\|accuracy\|computational (cost\|efficiency\|time)\|high-?order\|mesh\|grid\|time step)\b
	5694	+ weight: 0.3
	5695	+ field: both
	5696	+ exclusions: []
	5697	+ related:
	5698	+ - distributed_computing
	5699	+ - computational_biology
	5700	+ - algorithms
	5701	+ - computer_graphics
	5702	+ - ai_accelerators
	5703	+ - autonomous_scientific_discovery
	5704	+ - compilers
	5705	+ - ml_theory
	5706	+ parent_of: []
	5707	+ child_of: []
	5708	+ provenance: Numerical topics are split between CS 1703 (T11697, T10792), Mathematics 26 (T11416, T12727, T11205, T13487) and Engineering 22 (T10339, T11245, T10514, CFD); mapped with weights by numerical-method content. SIAM SISC/JCP/CPC/JCAM/ToMS/ICCS/JoCS pure; cs.NA/cs.MS/cs.CE suffice alone.
	5709	+- id: computational_biology
	5710	+ number: 34
	5711	+ name: Computational Biology
	5712	+ area: computational_science
	5713	+ definition: 'Computational methods for biological and biomedical data: bioinformatics and genomics, protein structure and design, molecular modelling and computational drug discovery, single-cell and multi-omics analysis, systems and synthetic biology, biomedical text mining, computational neuroscience, biomedical and health informatics methods, DNA/molecular computing. Medical image analysis is shared with computer_vision; numerical methods as such are scientific_computing.'
	5714	+ openalex_topics:
	5715	+ - id: T10211
	5716	+ weight: 1.0
	5717	+ note: computational drug discovery methods
	5718	+ - id: T10887
	5719	+ weight: 1.0
	5720	+ note: bioinformatics and genomic networks
	5721	+ - id: T12254
	5722	+ weight: 1.0
	5723	+ note: machine learning in bioinformatics
	5724	+ - id: T13937
	5725	+ weight: 0.9
	5726	+ note: genetics, bioinformatics and biomedical research
	5727	+ - id: T12029
	5728	+ weight: 0.8
	5729	+ note: DNA and biological computing
	5730	+ - id: T11710
	5731	+ weight: 0.6
	5732	+ note: biomedical text mining and ontologies
	5733	+ - id: T10044
	5734	+ weight: 0.6
	5735	+ note: protein structure and dynamics
	5736	+ - id: T11289
	5737	+ weight: 0.6
	5738	+ note: single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
	5739	+ - id: T10885
	5740	+ weight: 0.6
	5741	+ note: gene expression and cancer classification
	5742	+ - id: T10015
	5743	+ weight: 0.5
	5744	+ note: genomics and phylogenetic studies
	5745	+ - id: T12859
	5746	+ weight: 0.5
	5747	+ note: cell image analysis
	5748	+ - id: T10222
	5749	+ weight: 0.4
	5750	+ note: genomics and chromatin dynamics
	5751	+ - id: T10862
	5752	+ weight: 0.4
	5753	+ note: AI in cancer detection
	5754	+ - id: T11287
	5755	+ weight: 0.4
	5756	+ note: cancer genomics and diagnostics
	5757	+ - id: T11986
	5758	+ weight: 0.4
	5759	+ note: scientific computing and data management (bioinformatics pipelines)
	5760	+ - id: T13702
	5761	+ weight: 0.3
	5762	+ note: machine learning in healthcare
	5763	+ - id: T11213
	5764	+ weight: 0.3
	5765	+ note: genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalities
	5766	+ - id: T11642
	5767	+ weight: 0.3
	5768	+ note: genomics and rare diseases
	5769	+ - id: T12422
	5770	+ weight: 0.3
	5771	+ note: radiomics and ML in medical imaging
	5772	+ - id: T10052
	5773	+ weight: 0.3
	5774	+ note: medical image segmentation
	5775	+ - id: T10429
	5776	+ weight: 0.3
	5777	+ note: EEG and brain-computer interfaces
	5778	+ - id: T11601
	5779	+ weight: 0.3
	5780	+ note: neuroscience and neural engineering
	5781	+ - id: T12874
	5782	+ weight: 0.3
	5783	+ note: digital imaging for blood diseases
	5784	+ - id: T10120
	5785	+ weight: 0.2
	5786	+ note: bacterial genetics and biotechnology
	5787	+ - id: T11879
	5788	+ weight: 0.2
	5789	+ note: protist diversity and phylogeny
	5790	+ - id: T10066
	5791	+ weight: 0.2
	5792	+ note: gut microbiota
	5793	+ - id: T11948
	5794	+ weight: 0.2
	5795	+ note: ML in materials (molecular ML)
	5796	+ - id: T10581
	5797	+ weight: 0.2
	5798	+ note: neural dynamics and brain function
	5799	+ - id: T11908
	5800	+ weight: 0.2
	5801	+ note: protein interaction studies
	5802	+ - id: T13759
	5803	+ weight: 0.2
	5804	+ note: medical imaging and pathology
	5805	+ - id: T11819
	5806	+ weight: 0.3
	5807	+ note: data-driven disease surveillance
	5808	+ - id: T12568
	5809	+ weight: 0.1
	5810	+ note: plant taxonomy and phylogenetics
	5811	+ - id: T11636
	5812	+ weight: 0.2
	5813	+ note: AI in healthcare and education
	5814	+ - id: T14400
	5815	+ weight: 0.2
	5816	+ note: medical coding and health information
	5817	+ openalex_subfields:
	5818	+ - id: 1312
	5819	+ weight: 0.2
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	5821	+ - id: q-bio.QM
	5822	+ weight: 1.0
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	5824	+ weight: 1.0
	5825	+ - id: cs.CE
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	5924	+ - key: journals/jmihi
	5925	+ weight: 0.2
	5926	+ - key: journals/cmig
	5927	+ weight: 0.2
	5928	+ - key: journals/mlst
	5929	+ weight: 0.2
	5930	+ - key: journals/ncs
	5931	+ weight: 0.2
	5932	+ - key: journals/jms
	5933	+ weight: 0.1
	5934	+ - key: journals/cce
	5935	+ weight: 0.1
	5936	+ - key: journals/cogcom
	5937	+ weight: 0.1
	5938	+ - key: journals/natmi
	5939	+ weight: 0.1
	5940	+ - key: conf/medinfo
	5941	+ weight: 0.3
	5942	+ - key: conf/mie
	5943	+ weight: 0.3
	5944	+ - key: journals/bspc
	5945	+ weight: 0.3
	5946	+ - key: journals/jmlr
	5947	+ weight: 0.02
	5948	+ keywords:
	5949	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(bioinformatics?\|computational (biology\|genomics\|neuroscience\|chemistry\|drug (design\|discovery)\|biomedicine\|pathology\|oncology\|epidemiology\|immunology\|proteomics\|structural biology\|biophysics\|medicine\|psychiatry\|phenotyping\|ecology\|evolution)\|systems biology\|synthetic biology\|biomedical (informatics\|data science\|text mining\|NLP\|knowledge graphs?\|ontolog)\|cheminformatics\|chemoinformatics\|health informatics\|clinical informatics\|medical informatics\|neuroinformatics\|phylogenetics?\|phylogenomics\|metagenomics?\|pharmacogenomics\|immunoinformatics\|biostatistics for genomics\|biocomputing\|DNA computing\|molecular computing\|biological computing)\b
	5950	+ weight: 1.0
	5951	+ field: both
	5952	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(genom(e\|es\|ic\|ics)\|transcriptom(e\|ic\|ics)\|proteom(e\|ic\|ics)\|metabolom(e\|ic\|ics)\|epigenom(e\|ic\|ics)\|microbiom(e\|ic\|ics)\|single-?cell (RNA\|sequencing\|analysis\|data\|omics\|atlas\|clustering)\|scRNA-?seq\|snRNA-?seq\|RNA-?seq\|ChIP-?seq\|ATAC-?seq\|Hi-?C\b\|DNA (sequencing\|methylation\|sequences?\|barcod)\|sequence (alignment\|assembly\|analysis\|motifs?\|logos?)\|read (alignment\|mapping\|assembly)\|genome (assembly\|annotation\|wide association\|editing\|browsers?\|graphs?)\|pangenom\|GWAS\|QTL\b\|variant (calling\|annotation\|effect\|prioriti[sz]ation)\|SNPs?\b\|indels?\|structural variants?\|copy number\|gene (expression\|regulatory networks?\|ontology\|set enrichment\|prioriti[sz]ation\|fusion\|annotation)\|GRNs?\b\|differential expression\|enrichment analysis\|pathway (analysis\|enrichment\|databases?)\|KEGG\|Reactome\|protein (structure prediction\|folding\|design\|function prediction\|language models?\|interactions?\|docking\|engineering\|families\|domains\|sequences?\|contact maps?)\|AlphaFold\|RoseTTAFold\|ESM-?[23]\|ESMFold\|ProtTrans\|molecular
	5953	+ (docking\|dynamics\|property prediction\|generation\|design\|representation\|fingerprints?\|graphs?\|similarity)\|drug (discovery\|design\|repurposing\|repositioning\|targets?\|response prediction\|likeness\|combination)\|virtual screening\|QSAR\|QSPR\|ADMET\|binding (affinity\|sites?\|pockets?)\|ligands?\|de novo (drug\|molecule\|molecular\|protein\|peptide\|antibody) (design\|generation)\|antibod(y\|ies) (design\|engineering\|modeling)\|CRISPR (design\|guide\|screening)\|guide RNA design\|metagenom\|microbiome analysis\|multi-?omics\|pan-?cancer\|biomarker (discovery\|identification)\|survival (analysis\|prediction) (of\|for\|in) (patients\|cancer)\|precision (medicine\|oncology)\|electronic health records?\|EHRs?\b\|EMRs?\b\|clinical (decision support\|NLP\|prediction models?\|text\|notes\|trials? (matching\|design\|emulation)\|data warehouses?)\|medical (coding\|ontolog\|concept)\|UMLS\|SNOMED\|ICD-?1[01]\|FHIR\|OMOP\|phenotyp(e\|ing) (algorithms?\|from EHR)\|neural (encoding\|decoding) of\|spike sorting\|connectom\|brain (networks?\|imaging analysis\|simulation\|atlas\|parcellation)\|neural
	5954	+ (population\|circuit) models?\|computational (models? of neurons?\|psychiatry)\|population genetics\|coalescent\|phylogenetic (trees?\|inference\|reconstruction\|comparative)\|molecular evolution\|epidemiological model(ing\|s)\|compartmental models?\|SEIR\|SIR models?\|disease (transmission\|spread) model\|cell (segmentation\|tracking\|type annotation\|atlas\|lineage)\|histopatholog\|digital pathology\|whole-?slide images?\|radiomics\|radiogenomics\|DNA (computing\|storage\|data storage\|origami)\|molecular (computing\|programming\|circuits?)\|biological (networks?\|sequences?\|data(bases?)?\|computing\|pathways?\|systems?)\|protein-?protein interaction\|PPI networks?\|mass spectrometry (data\|analysis\|proteomics)\|peptide identification\|flow cytometry analysis\|spatial (transcriptomics\|omics)\|cell-?cell communication\|trajectory inference\|pseudotime\|batch (effect\|correction) (in\|for) (single\|RNA\|omics)\|dimensionality reduction (of\|for) (single-?cell\|omics)\|UMAP (of\|for) (cells\|single)\|Seurat\|Scanpy\|Bioconductor\|Biopython\|BLAST\|HMMER\|BWA\|Bowtie\|STAR
	5955	+ aligner\|GATK\|samtools\|Nextflow\|Snakemake\|Galaxy (platform\|workflows?)\|bioRxiv\|GEO datasets?\|TCGA\|UK Biobank\|ENCODE\|PDB\b\|Protein Data Bank\|UniProt\|ChEMBL\|PubChem\|ZINC database\|DrugBank\|MIMIC-?(III\|IV))\b
	5956	+ weight: 1.0
	5957	+ field: both
	5958	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(biological\|biomedical\|clinical\|medical\|health(care)?\|patients?\|diseases?\|cancer\|tumou?rs?\|proteins?\|genes?\|cells?\|cellular\|neurons?\|neuronal\|brain\|molecular\|molecules?\|drugs?\|pharmac\w+\|omics\|sequencing\|biology\|biologists?\|physicians?\|hospitals?)\b
	5959	+ weight: 0.3
	5960	+ field: both
	5961	+ exclusions: []
	5962	+ related:
	5963	+ - scientific_computing
	5964	+ - nlp
	5965	+ - computer_vision
	5966	+ - ml_theory
	5967	+ - autonomous_scientific_discovery
	5968	+ - privacy_preserving_computation
	5969	+ - generative_ai
	5970	+ parent_of: []
	5971	+ child_of: []
	5972	+ provenance: Computational-biology topics live in CS 1703 (T10211 drug discovery) and Biochemistry 13 (T10887, T12254, T11710, T13937, T12029); genomics/protein topics (T10222, T10044, T11289...) are mapped at 0.4-0.6 because only part of their works are computational. Bioinformatics/BIB/BMC Bioinf/PLoS CB/TCBB/JCB/RECOMB/PSB/BCB pure; medical-informatics venues partial.
	5973	+- id: computer_graphics
	5974	+ number: 35
	5975	+ name: Computer Graphics
	5976	+ area: perception_interaction
	5977	+ definition: 'Synthesis and manipulation of visual content from models: rendering, geometry processing and modelling, animation and simulation for graphics, neural rendering and 3D representations, visualisation, procedural content, game and VR engines. Image understanding is computer_vision; pixel-space generative models are generative_ai; user studies of VR are hci.'
	5978	+ openalex_topics:
	5979	+ - id: T10481
	5980	+ weight: 1.0
	5981	+ note: computer graphics and visualization techniques
	5982	+ - id: T12290
	5983	+ weight: 1.0
	5984	+ note: human motion and animation
	5985	+ - id: T10996
	5986	+ weight: 0.8
	5987	+ note: computational geometry and mesh generation
	5988	+ - id: T10799
	5989	+ weight: 0.8
	5990	+ note: data visualization and analytics
	5991	+ - id: T10719
	5992	+ weight: 0.8
	5993	+ note: 3D shape modeling and analysis
	5994	+ - id: T14339
	5995	+ weight: 0.4
	5996	+ note: image processing and 3D reconstruction
	5997	+ - id: T10789
	5998	+ weight: 0.3
	5999	+ note: interactive and immersive displays
	6000	+ - id: T10888
	6001	+ weight: 0.3
	6002	+ note: augmented reality
	6003	+ - id: T10648
	6004	+ weight: 0.3
	6005	+ note: virtual reality
	6006	+ - id: T13518
	6007	+ weight: 0.3
	6008	+ note: architecture and computational design
	6009	+ - id: T12698
	6010	+ weight: 0.3
	6011	+ note: 3D modeling in geospatial applications
	6012	+ - id: T14254
	6013	+ weight: 0.3
	6014	+ note: digital media and visual art
	6015	+ - id: T11897
	6016	+ weight: 0.2
	6017	+ note: digital holography and microscopy
	6018	+ - id: T11211
	6019	+ weight: 0.2
	6020	+ note: 3D surveying and cultural heritage
	6021	+ - id: T10775
	6022	+ weight: 0.2
	6023	+ note: image synthesis
	6024	+ openalex_subfields:
	6025	+ - id: 1704
	6026	+ weight: 0.6
	6027	+ arxiv_categories:
	6028	+ - id: cs.GR
	6029	+ weight: 1.0
	6030	+ - id: cs.CG
	6031	+ weight: 0.5
	6032	+ - id: cs.CV
	6033	+ weight: 0.1
	6034	+ - id: cs.HC
	6035	+ weight: 0.1
	6036	+ dblp_streams:
	6037	+ - key: journals/tog
	6038	+ weight: 1.0
	6039	+ - key: journals/cgf
	6040	+ weight: 1.0
	6041	+ - key: conf/siggraph
	6042	+ weight: 1.0
	6043	+ - key: conf/siggrapha
	6044	+ weight: 1.0
	6045	+ - key: journals/cg
	6046	+ weight: 1.0
	6047	+ - key: journals/vc
	6048	+ weight: 1.0
	6049	+ - key: conf/pg
	6050	+ weight: 1.0
	6051	+ - key: conf/visualization
	6052	+ weight: 1.0
	6053	+ - key: journals/tvcg
	6054	+ weight: 0.8
	6055	+ - key: conf/3dim
	6056	+ weight: 0.5
	6057	+ - key: conf/cccg
	6058	+ weight: 0.4
	6059	+ - key: journals/dcg
	6060	+ weight: 0.3
	6061	+ - key: conf/vr
	6062	+ weight: 0.3
	6063	+ - key: conf/ismar
	6064	+ weight: 0.3
	6065	+ - key: journals/jei
	6066	+ weight: 0.2
	6067	+ - key: journals/vr
	6068	+ weight: 0.2
	6069	+ - key: conf/cvpr
	6070	+ weight: 0.1
	6071	+ - key: journals/mta
	6072	+ weight: 0.1
	6073	+ - key: journals/entcom
	6074	+ weight: 0.3
	6075	+ - key: conf/cig
	6076	+ weight: 0.3
	6077	+ - key: journals/cacie
	6078	+ weight: 0.1
	6079	+ keywords:
	6080	+ - pattern: (?i)\bcomputer graphics\b\|\bgraphics (hardware\|pipeline\|processing\|applications?)\b\|\bSIGGRAPH\b
	6081	+ weight: 1.0
	6082	+ field: both
	6083	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(rendering\|ray[- ]tracing\|path[- ]tracing\|rasteri[sz]ation\|shading\|shaders?\|global illumination\|radiance\|radiosity\|BRDFs?\|BSDFs?\|photo-?realistic\|real-?time rendering\|differentiable rendering\|neural rendering\|inverse rendering\|Monte Carlo rendering\|light transport\|participating media\|subsurface scattering\|anti-?aliasing\|level of detail\|LOD\b\|texture (synthesis\|mapping\|compression)\|image-?based (rendering\|lighting)\|HDR (imaging\|rendering)\|tone mapping\|appearance (modeling\|capture))\b
	6084	+ weight: 0.9
	6085	+ field: both
	6086	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(mesh(es\|ing)?\|geometry processing\|subdivision surfaces?\|NURBS\|B-?splines?\|signed distance (fields?\|functions?)\|SDFs?\b\|implicit surfaces?\|tessellation\|remeshing\|surface (parameteri[sz]ation\|reconstruction)\|point[- ]set surfaces\|geometric modeling\|solid modeling\|CAD (models?\|modeling)\|boundary representation\|B-?rep\|constructive solid\|isosurface\|marching cubes\|Laplacian (smoothing\|editing)\|discrete differential geometry\|as-?rigid-?as-?possible\|shape (analysis\|matching\|correspondence\|deformation\|interpolation\|modeling\|grammars?))\b
	6087	+ weight: 0.8
	6088	+ field: both
	6089	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(character animation\|skeletal animation\|motion capture\|mocap\|motion (synthesis\|retargeting\|editing\|matching)\|physics-?based (animation\|character)\|cloth simulation\|hair simulation\|fluid (simulation\|animation) (for\|in) graphics\|position-?based dynamics\|material point method\|skinning\|rigging\|inverse kinematics for animation\|facial animation\|crowd simulation\|procedural animation\|keyframe)\b
	6090	+ weight: 1.0
	6091	+ field: both
	6092	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(3D (modeling\|modelling\|shapes?\|content\|assets?\|scenes? (generation\|synthesis)\|Gaussians?\|avatars?)\|NeRFs?\|neural radiance fields?\|Gaussian splatting\|3DGS\|volume rendering\|volumetric (rendering\|video\|capture)\|neural (implicit\|fields?\|scene representations?)\|novel view synthesis\|view synthesis\|free-?viewpoint\|light fields?\|digital humans?\|avatars?\|virtual (humans\|characters\|try-?on))\b
	6093	+ weight: 0.8
	6094	+ field: both
	6095	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(scientific\|information\|data\|volume\|flow\|medical\|immersive) visuali[sz]ation\b\|\bvisual analytics\b\|\bvisuali[sz]ation (techniques?\|systems?\|design\|tools?\|research\|pipeline)\b\|\bInfoVis\b\|\bSciVis\b\|\bvisual encodings?\b\|\bglyphs?\b\|\btreemaps?\b\|\bparallel coordinates\b
	6096	+ weight: 0.8
	6097	+ field: both
	6098	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(procedural (generation\|modeling\|content\|textures?)\|game engines?\|Unity\|Unreal Engine\|GPU (shaders?\|rendering\|ray)\|Vulkan\|OpenGL\|DirectX\|WebGL\|WebGPU\|real-?time graphics\|interactive graphics\|graphics APIs?)\b
	6099	+ weight: 0.7
	6100	+ field: both
	6101	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(computational geometry\|Voronoi\|Delaunay\|convex hull\|triangulations?\|mesh generation\|geometric (algorithms?\|computing)\|computational (design\|fabrication)\|3D printing (design\|geometry)\|digital fabrication\|architectural geometry)\b
	6102	+ weight: 0.6
	6103	+ field: both
	6104	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(3D\|geometry\|geometric\|shapes?\|surfaces?\|animation\|visual)\b
	6105	+ weight: 0.2
	6106	+ field: both
	6107	+ exclusions: []
	6108	+ related:
	6109	+ - computer_vision
	6110	+ - hci
	6111	+ - generative_ai
	6112	+ - scientific_computing
	6113	+ - algorithms
	6114	+ parent_of: []
	6115	+ child_of: []
	6116	+ provenance: All 4 topics of OpenAlex subfield 1704 mapped (T13615 transportation safety is the unmapped one), plus animation (Engineering 2207) and visualization (1707). TOG/CGF/SIGGRAPH are near-pure; TVCG shared with HCI.
	6117	+- id: privacy_preserving_computation
	6118	+ number: 36
	6119	+ name: Privacy-Preserving Computation
	6120	+ area: security_privacy
	6121	+ definition: 'Computing on, releasing or sharing data while limiting what is learned about individuals: differential privacy, homomorphic encryption, secure multi-party computation and TEEs applied to data analysis and ML, anonymisation and synthetic data, private information retrieval, privacy attacks on models and their defences, machine unlearning, privacy engineering and regulation (GDPR). Federated learning is a child; cryptographic constructions as such are applied_cryptography.'
	6122	+ openalex_topics:
	6123	+ - id: T10764
	6124	+ weight: 1.0
	6125	+ note: privacy-preserving technologies in data (federated learning, differential privacy, SMPC, k-anonymity)
	6126	+ - id: T11045
	6127	+ weight: 0.6
	6128	+ note: privacy, security and data protection
	6129	+ - id: T12943
	6130	+ weight: 0.5
	6131	+ note: COVID-19 digital contact tracing
	6132	+ - id: T11614
	6133	+ weight: 0.4
	6134	+ note: cloud data security (outsourced encrypted data)
	6135	+ - id: T10237
	6136	+ weight: 0.3
	6137	+ note: cryptography and data security
	6138	+ - id: T12921
	6139	+ weight: 0.3
	6140	+ note: European criminal justice and data protection
	6141	+ - id: T10927
	6142	+ weight: 0.3
	6143	+ note: access control and trust
	6144	+ - id: T11800
	6145	+ weight: 0.2
	6146	+ note: user authentication
	6147	+ - id: T13999
	6148	+ weight: 0.2
	6149	+ note: digital rights management
	6150	+ - id: T11693
	6151	+ weight: 0.2
	6152	+ note: cryptography and residue arithmetic (HE arithmetic)
	6153	+ - id: T11598
	6154	+ weight: 0.2
	6155	+ note: secure e-voting
	6156	+ - id: T10828
	6157	+ weight: 0.2
	6158	+ note: biometric identification (template protection)
	6159	+ - id: T11689
	6160	+ weight: 0.2
	6161	+ note: adversarial ML (membership inference)
	6162	+ openalex_subfields: []
	6163	+ arxiv_categories:
	6164	+ - id: cs.CR
	6165	+ weight: 0.4
	6166	+ - id: cs.LG
	6167	+ weight: 0.1
	6168	+ - id: cs.DB
	6169	+ weight: 0.1
	6170	+ - id: cs.CY
	6171	+ weight: 0.1
	6172	+ dblp_streams:
	6173	+ - key: journals/popets
	6174	+ weight: 1.0
	6175	+ - key: conf/pst
	6176	+ weight: 0.6
	6177	+ - key: journals/dud
	6178	+ weight: 0.5
	6179	+ - key: conf/satml
	6180	+ weight: 0.4
	6181	+ - key: conf/trustcom
	6182	+ weight: 0.4
	6183	+ - key: conf/ccs
	6184	+ weight: 0.3
	6185	+ - key: conf/uss
	6186	+ weight: 0.3
	6187	+ - key: conf/sp
	6188	+ weight: 0.3
	6189	+ - key: conf/ndss
	6190	+ weight: 0.3
	6191	+ - key: journals/tdsc
	6192	+ weight: 0.3
	6193	+ - key: conf/esorics
	6194	+ weight: 0.3
	6195	+ - key: conf/IEEEares
	6196	+ weight: 0.3
	6197	+ - key: journals/tifs
	6198	+ weight: 0.2
	6199	+ - key: journals/iacr
	6200	+ weight: 0.2
	6201	+ - key: journals/compsec
	6202	+ weight: 0.2
	6203	+ - key: journals/istr
	6204	+ weight: 0.2
	6205	+ - key: journals/ijisec
	6206	+ weight: 0.2
	6207	+ - key: conf/fat
	6208	+ weight: 0.2
	6209	+ - key: journals/tkde
	6210	+ weight: 0.1
	6211	+ - key: conf/sigmod
	6212	+ weight: 0.1
	6213	+ - key: journals/pvldb
	6214	+ weight: 0.1
	6215	+ - key: journals/cr
	6216	+ weight: 0.2
	6217	+ - key: conf/nips
	6218	+ weight: 0.05
	6219	+ - key: conf/icml
	6220	+ weight: 0.05
	6221	+ - key: journals/jamia
	6222	+ weight: 0.1
	6223	+ - key: journals/titb
	6224	+ weight: 0.1
	6225	+ keywords:
	6226	+ - pattern: (?i)\bprivacy-?preserving\b\|\bprivacy-?enhancing\b\|\bprivacy-?enhanced\b\|\bPETs?\b\|\bprivacy-?aware\b\|\bprivacy-?friendly\b\|\bprivacy-?protecting\b\|\bprivacy-?first\b\|\bprivate (computation\|inference\|training\|learning\|information retrieval\|set intersection\|aggregation\|analytics\|statistics\|record linkage\|data (analysis\|release\|sharing\|publishing)\|queries\|counting\|mean estimation\|synthetic)\b
	6227	+ weight: 1.0
	6228	+ field: both
	6229	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(differential(ly)?[- ]privac(y\|ate)\|DP-?SGD\|DP-?FTRL\|local differential privacy\|LDP\b\|central DP\|shuffle (model\|DP)\|Rényi differential\|Gaussian mechanism\|Laplace mechanism\|exponential mechanism\|privacy (budget\|amplification\|accounting\|accountant\|loss\|guarantees?\|leakage\|attacks?\|risks?\|threats?\|auditing\|audit\|breaches?\|violations?\|harms?\|threat models?\|implications\|preserving\|protection\|mechanisms?\|filters?\|definitions?)\|\(ε\|epsilon-?delta\|ε-?differential\|moments accountant)\b
	6230	+ weight: 1.0
	6231	+ field: both
	6232	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(homomorphic encryption\|fully homomorphic\|somewhat homomorphic\|FHE\b\|HE-?based\|CKKS\|BFV\b\|TFHE\|SEAL library\|secure multi-?party computation\|secure (two\|multi)-?party\|MPC-?based\|MPC protocols? for (machine learning\|inference\|training\|data)\|secret sharing(-\| )based (computation\|learning)\|garbled circuits? for\|oblivious (transfer\|RAM\|inference\|shuffling)\|ORAM\|trusted execution environments? for (privacy\|private)\|SGX-?based (privacy\|private)\|private information retrieval\|PIR\b\|zero-?knowledge proofs? (for\|of) (machine learning\|inference\|training\|data)\|zkML\|k-?anonymity\|l-?diversity\|t-?closeness\|anonymi[sz](ation\|ed\|ing)\|pseudonymi[sz]\|de-?anonymi[sz]ation\|re-?identification (risks?\|attacks?)\|linkage attacks?\|synthetic data (generation\|release) (for\|with) privacy\|privacy-?preserving (machine learning\|deep learning\|data mining\|data publishing\|record linkage\|federated\|inference\|training\|analytics\|blockchain\|computation\|aggregation\|statistics\|queries\|authentication\|recommendation\|biometrics\|smart
	6233	+ grid\|IoT\|cloud\|genomics)\|PPML\b\|PPDM\b\|PPRL\b\|membership inference\|model inversion\|attribute inference\|property inference\|gradient (leakage\|inversion)\|reconstruction attacks? (on\|against) (models?\|training data)\|training data (extraction\|leakage\|memori[sz]ation)\|data (leakage\|minimi[sz]ation\|protection by design)\|machine unlearning\|certified (unlearning\|removal)\|right to be forgotten\|right to erasure\|GDPR\|CCPA\|HIPAA (compliance\|privacy)\|data protection (regulation\|laws?\|impact assessment\|authorities)\|DPIA\|consent management\|cookie (consent\|banners?)\|privacy (polic(y\|ies)\|by design\|engineering\|compliance\|regulation\|laws?\|labels?\|nutrition labels?\|dashboards?\|settings\|preferences\|controls?)\|purpose limitation\|data (brokers?\|sovereignty\|trusts?)\|personal data (processing\|protection)\|PII\b\|personally identifiable)\b
	6234	+ weight: 1.0
	6235	+ field: both
	6236	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(location privacy\|trajectory privacy\|genomic privacy\|health data privacy\|user privacy\|data privacy\|information privacy\|individual privacy\|privacy concerns?\|privacy risks?\|privacy (threat\|attack) models?\|privacy-?utility (trade-?off\|tradeoff)\|privacy (of\|in\|for) (users\|individuals\|patients\|children\|IoT\|smart\|mobile\|location\|voice\|AR\|VR\|LLMs?\|language models?\|federated\|blockchain\|recommender\|social)\|inference attacks?\|side-?channel (leakage\|privacy)\|website fingerprinting\|traffic analysis attacks?\|Tor\b\|onion routing\|anonymous (communication\|credentials\|networks?\|messaging)\|mix-?nets?\|metadata privacy\|unlinkability\|unobservability\|plausible deniability\|contact tracing (apps?\|privacy\|protocols?)\|DP-?3T\|exposure notification)\b
	6237	+ weight: 0.8
	6238	+ field: both
	6239	+ - pattern: (?i)\bprivacy\b\|\bprivate\b\|\bconfidential(ity)?\b\|\banonymous\b\|\bsensitive (data\|attributes?\|information)\b
	6240	+ weight: 0.4
	6241	+ field: both
	6242	+ exclusions:
	6243	+ - (?is)^(?!.(comput\|data\|algorithm\|protocol\|model\|system\|encrypt\|differential\|anonym\|learning\|inference\|database\|app\|online\|digital\|users?)).\b(privacy (in\|of) (nursing\|hospital rooms?\|the home\|toilets?\|bedrooms?\|bathrooms?)\|private (practice\|sector\|hospitals?\|schools?\|equity\|insurance\|property\|lands?\|forests?\|firms?\|companies\|banks?\|clinics?\|households?))\b
	6244	+ related:
	6245	+ - applied_cryptography
	6246	+ - cybersecurity
	6247	+ - ai_safety
	6248	+ - database_systems
	6249	+ - blockchain
	6250	+ - federated_learning
	6251	+ - ml_theory
	6252	+ parent_of:
	6253	+ - federated_learning
	6254	+ child_of: []
	6255	+ provenance: 'T10764 (97k works) keywords list federated learning, differential privacy, SMPC, k-anonymity: it is the host of both this category and its child. PoPETs is the only pure venue; security venues partial. Non-computing senses of ''private/privacy'' are vetoed when no computing term co-occurs.'
	6256	+- id: federated_learning
	6257	+ number: 37
	6258	+ name: Federated Learning
	6259	+ area: security_privacy
	6260	+ definition: 'Training models across multiple clients or institutions without centralising their raw data: federated averaging and optimisation under heterogeneity, communication efficiency, client selection, personalisation, secure aggregation and privacy of federated systems, robustness to malicious clients, vertical and cross-silo federated learning, federated fine-tuning of foundation models, decentralised/gossip learning. A child of privacy_preserving_computation; also linked to distributed_computing and edge_computing.'
	6261	+ openalex_topics:
	6262	+ - id: T10764
	6263	+ weight: 0.7
	6264	+ note: privacy-preserving technologies (federated learning, non-IID data, communication efficiency)
	6265	+ - id: T10273
	6266	+ weight: 0.1
	6267	+ note: IoT and edge computing (federated learning at the edge)
	6268	+ - id: T11307
	6269	+ weight: 0.1
	6270	+ note: domain adaptation / personalisation
	6271	+ - id: T11689
	6272	+ weight: 0.1
	6273	+ note: adversarial robustness (Byzantine clients)
	6274	+ openalex_subfields: []
	6275	+ arxiv_categories:
	6276	+ - id: cs.LG
	6277	+ weight: 0.2
	6278	+ - id: cs.DC
	6279	+ weight: 0.2
	6280	+ - id: cs.CR
	6281	+ weight: 0.1
	6282	+ - id: cs.NI
	6283	+ weight: 0.1
	6284	+ dblp_streams:
	6285	+ - key: journals/tmc
	6286	+ weight: 0.1
	6287	+ - key: journals/iotj
	6288	+ weight: 0.1
	6289	+ - key: journals/tpds
	6290	+ weight: 0.1
	6291	+ - key: journals/tifs
	6292	+ weight: 0.05
	6293	+ - key: conf/satml
	6294	+ weight: 0.1
	6295	+ - key: journals/tnse
	6296	+ weight: 0.1
	6297	+ - key: journals/tnsm
	6298	+ weight: 0.05
	6299	+ - key: journals/twc
	6300	+ weight: 0.05
	6301	+ - key: journals/jsac
	6302	+ weight: 0.05
	6303	+ - key: conf/infocom
	6304	+ weight: 0.05
	6305	+ - key: journals/tnn
	6306	+ weight: 0.05
	6307	+ - key: journals/tcc
	6308	+ weight: 0.05
	6309	+ - key: conf/nips
	6310	+ weight: 0.02
	6311	+ - key: conf/icml
	6312	+ weight: 0.02
	6313	+ - key: conf/iclr
	6314	+ weight: 0.02
	6315	+ keywords:
	6316	+ - pattern: (?i)\bfederated (learning\|optimi[sz]ation\|training\|averaging\|analytics\|transfer learning\|reinforcement learning\|graph (learning\|neural)\|fine-?tuning\|LLMs?\|foundation models?\|unlearning\|recommendation\|recommender\|distillation\|clustering\|evaluation\|inference\|systems?\|settings?\|frameworks?\|clients?\|servers?\|rounds?\|aggregation\|edge\|IoT\|healthcare\|medical\|split\|meta-?learning\|continual\|domain\|representation\|contrastive\|self-?supervised\|semi-?supervised\|prompt\|instruction\|benchmarks?\|datasets?\|simulations?\|deployments?\|platforms?)\b
	6317	+ weight: 1.0
	6318	+ field: both
	6319	+ - pattern: \bFL\b
	6320	+ weight: 0.5
	6321	+ field: both
	6322	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(FedAvg\|FedProx\|FedSGD\|SCAFFOLD\|FedNova\|FedOpt\|FedAdam\|FedAdagrad\|FedYogi\|FedBN\|FedPer\|FedProto\|FedDyn\|FedMA\|MOON\b\|Ditto\|pFedMe\|FedRep\|FedALA\|FedLoRA\|FedIT\|FedBERT\|personali[sz]ed federated\|cross-?silo\|cross-?device\|non-?IID (data\|clients?\|settings?\|distributions?)\|statistical heterogeneity\|client (drift\|heterogeneity\|selection\|sampling\|participation\|dropout\|unavailability\|stragglers?)\|secure aggregation\|SecAgg\|split learning\|SplitFed\|decentrali[sz]ed (learning\|training\|SGD\|optimi[sz]ation\|federated)\|gossip (learning\|SGD\|averaging)\|collaborative learning (without\|across) (sharing\|institutions?\|data silos?\|hospitals?)\|swarm learning\|vertical federated\|horizontal federated\|VFL\b\|HFL\b\|federated-?learning\|Flower framework\|FATE\b\|FedML\|TensorFlow Federated\|TFF\b\|LEAF benchmark\|FedScale\|model poisoning in\|Byzantine-?robust (aggregation\|federated)\|Krum\|Trimmed mean\|free-?riders? in federated\|incentive mechanisms? for federated\|federated (unlearning\|forgetting))\b
	6323	+ weight: 1.0
	6324	+ field: both
	6325	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(communication-?efficient (distributed\|learning\|training\|federated)\|gradient (compression\|sparsification\|quanti[sz]ation) (for\|in) (distributed\|federated)\|model aggregation\|aggregation server\|local (updates?\|epochs?\|training\|steps?) (on\|at) (clients?\|devices?\|the edge)\|global model (and\|is) (local\|aggregated)\|parameter server (for\|and) (clients\|devices)\|on-?device (training\|learning) (without\|with) (sharing\|privacy))\b
	6326	+ weight: 0.6
	6327	+ field: both
	6328	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(privacy-?preserving (distributed\|collaborative\|decentrali[sz]ed) (learning\|training\|machine learning\|deep learning)\|data silos?\|clients?\|edge devices? (train\|collaborat)\|without (sharing\|centrali[sz]ing\|uploading\|exchanging) (raw \|local \|private \|their )?data)\b
	6329	+ weight: 0.6
	6330	+ field: both
	6331	+ exclusions:
	6332	+ - (?is)^(?!.(learning\|training\|model\|client\|aggregat\|distributed\|privacy)).\b(federated (states?\|republic\|search\|identity\|database\|cloud\|governance\|architecture\|systems? of\|network\|information systems?\|authentication\|SSO\|single sign)\|federation of)\b
	6333	+ related:
	6334	+ - privacy_preserving_computation
	6335	+ - distributed_computing
	6336	+ - edge_computing
	6337	+ - ml_theory
	6338	+ - ai_safety
	6339	+ - foundation_models
	6340	+ parent_of: []
	6341	+ child_of:
	6342	+ - privacy_preserving_computation
	6343	+ provenance: No OpenAlex topic or DBLP stream isolates federated learning (it lives inside T10764 and in ML/networking venues), so 'federated <learning-term>' patterns and algorithm names (FedAvg, FedProx, SCAFFOLD...) carry the category at 1.0; bare 'FL' is 0.5 and case-sensitive. Non-ML senses of 'federated' are vetoed when no learning term co-occurs.
	6344	+- id: ai_safety
	6345	+ number: 38
	6346	+ name: AI Safety and Alignment
	6347	+ area: ai_ml
	6348	+ definition: 'Making AI systems safe, aligned, robust, fair, interpretable and governable: alignment and preference learning framed as a safety problem, red-teaming and jailbreaks, adversarial robustness and backdoors, hallucination and truthfulness, bias and fairness, mechanistic interpretability, evaluation of dangerous capabilities, AI governance and regulation. Generic system security is cybersecurity; XAI as a statistical method only is ml_theory.'
	6349	+ openalex_topics:
	6350	+ - id: T10883
	6351	+ weight: 1.0
	6352	+ note: 'Ethics and Social Impacts of AI: AI safety, alignment, fairness, governance'
	6353	+ - id: T11689
	6354	+ weight: 0.6
	6355	+ note: adversarial robustness, backdoors, prompt injection
	6356	+ - id: T12026
	6357	+ weight: 0.5
	6358	+ note: explainable AI / mechanistic interpretability
	6359	+ - id: T13851
	6360	+ weight: 0.4
	6361	+ note: law, AI and intellectual property
	6362	+ - id: T12262
	6363	+ weight: 0.3
	6364	+ note: hate speech and cyberbullying detection (harm mitigation)
	6365	+ - id: T11147
	6366	+ weight: 0.3
	6367	+ note: misinformation and its impacts
	6368	+ - id: T10525
	6369	+ weight: 0.2
	6370	+ note: human-automation interaction and safety
	6371	+ - id: T14307
	6372	+ weight: 0.1
	6373	+ note: bioethics and human rights
	6374	+ openalex_subfields: []
	6375	+ arxiv_categories:
	6376	+ - id: cs.CY
	6377	+ weight: 0.5
	6378	+ - id: cs.AI
	6379	+ weight: 0.2
	6380	+ - id: cs.LG
	6381	+ weight: 0.1
	6382	+ - id: cs.CL
	6383	+ weight: 0.1
	6384	+ - id: cs.CR
	6385	+ weight: 0.1
	6386	+ dblp_streams:
	6387	+ - key: conf/fat
	6388	+ weight: 1.0
	6389	+ - key: conf/aies
	6390	+ weight: 1.0
	6391	+ - key: journals/aiethics
	6392	+ weight: 1.0
	6393	+ - key: conf/satml
	6394	+ weight: 1.0
	6395	+ - key: journals/ais
	6396	+ weight: 0.5
	6397	+ - key: journals/natmi
	6398	+ weight: 0.2
	6399	+ - key: conf/nips
	6400	+ weight: 0.1
	6401	+ - key: conf/iclr
	6402	+ weight: 0.1
	6403	+ - key: conf/icml
	6404	+ weight: 0.1
	6405	+ - key: journals/tai
	6406	+ weight: 0.2
	6407	+ - key: journals/dai
	6408	+ weight: 0.1
	6409	+ - key: conf/sp
	6410	+ weight: 0.1
	6411	+ - key: conf/ccs
	6412	+ weight: 0.1
	6413	+ keywords:
	6414	+ - pattern: (?i)\bAI (safety\|alignment\|governance\|regulation\|ethics\|risks?\|act\|auditing\|accountability\|harms?\|misuse\|incidents?\|oversight\|assurance\|red[- ]teaming)\b
	6415	+ weight: 1.0
	6416	+ field: both
	6417	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(aligned\|alignment of\|align(ing)?\|misaligned\|misalignment of) (large )?(language models?\|LLMs?\|AI (systems?\|models?)\|foundation models?\|agents?)\b\|\bsuper-?alignment\b\|\bvalue alignment\b\|\bhuman values?\b
	6418	+ weight: 1.0
	6419	+ field: both
	6420	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(jail-?break(s\|ing)?\|red[- ]teaming\|prompt injection\|backdoor (attacks?\|defenses?)\|data poisoning\|model (stealing\|extraction\|inversion)\|membership inference\|adversarial (prompts?\|suffixes?)\|refusal\|safety (training\|fine-?tuning\|guardrails?\|alignment\|benchmarks?\|evaluations?)\|guardrails?\|harmful (content\|outputs?\|responses?\|requests?)\|unsafe (outputs?\|behavio(u)?rs?))\b
	6421	+ weight: 1.0
	6422	+ field: both
	6423	+ - pattern: (?i)\badversarial (examples?\|attacks?\|robustness\|training\|perturbations?\|defenses?\|vulnerabilit)\b\|\bcertified robustness\b\|\brobustness (certification\|verification)\b
	6424	+ weight: 0.8
	6425	+ field: both
	6426	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(algorithmic\|AI\|model\|machine learning\|ML\|LLM\|gender\|racial\|demographic\|social) (fairness\|bias(es)?\|discrimination\|transparency\|accountability\|audits?\|auditing)\b\|\bbias (mitigation\|amplification\|in (LLMs?\|language models?\|AI))\b\|\bdebiasing\b
	6427	+ weight: 1.0
	6428	+ field: both
	6429	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(responsible\|trustworthy\|ethical\|safe\|harmless\|honest\|helpful\|human-?centered\|human-?compatible\|beneficial) (AI\|artificial intelligence\|machine learning\|LLMs?\|agents?)\b
	6430	+ weight: 1.0
	6431	+ field: both
	6432	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(mechanistic interpretability\|sparse auto-?encoders? (for\|on) (LLM\|language\|features)\|activation (steering\|patching)\|circuit discovery\|probing classifiers?\|representation engineering\|superposition hypothesis\|induction heads\|feature visuali[sz]ation\|concept (bottleneck\|activation vectors?)\|model editing\|knowledge editing)\b
	6433	+ weight: 1.0
	6434	+ field: both
	6435	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(hallucinations?\|truthfulness\|factuality\|sycophancy\|deceptive alignment\|deception\|reward hacking\|specification gaming\|goal misgeneralization\|scalable oversight\|weak-?to-?strong\|constitutional AI\|RLHF\|preference (learning\|optimi[sz]ation)\|human feedback\|over-?optimi[sz]ation\|situational awareness\|sandbagging\|power-?seeking\|instrumental convergence\|corrigib)\b
	6436	+ weight: 0.8
	6437	+ field: both
	6438	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(existential risks?\|catastrophic risks?\|x-?risk\|frontier (AI\|models?)\|dangerous capabilit(y\|ies)\|misuse of AI\|dual-?use\|AGI (safety\|risk\|alignment)\|superintelligen\|loss of control\|AI (doom\|pause)\|compute governance\|responsible scaling\|model (cards?\|evaluations? for safety)\|capability evaluations?\|system cards?)\b
	6439	+ weight: 1.0
	6440	+ field: both
	6441	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(toxic(ity)?\|hate speech\|harmful\|offensive\|abusive) (language\|content\|speech\|text\|generation\|detection)\b\|\bcontent moderation\b\|\b(misinformation\|disinformation\|fake news) (detection\|generation\|and LLMs?)\b
	6442	+ weight: 0.5
	6443	+ field: both
	6444	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(watermark(ing)?\|detect(ing\|ion) of\|detecting) (LLM\|AI\|machine)-?generated (text\|content\|images?)\b\|\bAI-?text detection\b
	6445	+ weight: 0.8
	6446	+ field: both
	6447	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(machine unlearning\|right to be forgotten\|differential privacy for (LLM\|language)\|memori[sz]ation (in\|of) (LLM\|language models?)\|training data extraction)\b
	6448	+ weight: 0.5
	6449	+ field: both
	6450	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(uncertainty (quantification\|estimation\|calibration)\|out-?of-?distribution detection\|distribution shift\|safe (reinforcement learning\|RL\|exploration)\|runtime monitoring of (neural\|ML)\|verification of neural networks?)\b
	6451	+ weight: 0.4
	6452	+ field: both
	6453	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(ethics\|ethical\|societal (impact\|implications)\|social (impact\|implications)\|regulation\|policy\|governance\|accountability\|transparency\|explainability\|interpretability\|fairness\|bias\|safety\|risk)\b
	6454	+ weight: 0.2
	6455	+ field: both
	6456	+ exclusions:
	6457	+ - (?i)\b(multiple sequence\|read\|genome\|sequence\|image\|spinal\|wheel\|dental\|teeth\|occlusal\|fib(er\|re)\|beam\|optical\|antenna\|shaft\|laser) alignment\b(?!.*(AI\|LLM\|language model\|RLHF\|human values))
	6458	+ related:
	6459	+ - llm
	6460	+ - ml_theory
	6461	+ - cybersecurity
	6462	+ - privacy_preserving_computation
	6463	+ - ai_agents
	6464	+ - hci
	6465	+ - reinforcement_learning
	6466	+ parent_of: []
	6467	+ child_of: []
	6468	+ provenance: T10883 (field 33, Social Sciences) explicitly lists 'AI safety', 'AI alignment', 'algorithmic fairness'; T11689 and T12026 host the technical robustness/interpretability halves. FAccT, AIES, SaTML and AI & Ethics are the dedicated venues; the generic ethics/governance words are kept far below threshold.
	6469	+- id: sustainable_computing
	6470	+ number: 39
	6471	+ name: Sustainable Computing
	6472	+ area: hardware_emerging
	6473	+ definition: 'The energy, carbon, water and material footprint of computing and how to reduce it: energy-efficient and carbon-aware systems, data-centre energy and cooling, Green AI and the cost of training and inference, life-cycle and embodied carbon of hardware, green software engineering and networking, energy harvesting and intermittent computing, computing for sustainability when the object studied is the computing system. Generic low-power circuit design is computer_architecture; energy-efficient communication is computer_networks.'
	6474	+ openalex_topics:
	6475	+ - id: T14098
	6476	+ weight: 1.0
	6477	+ note: 'energy efficiency in computing: data centre energy, server power'
	6478	+ - id: T12238
	6479	+ weight: 1.0
	6480	+ note: 'green IT and sustainability: green computing, green AI'
	6481	+ - id: T10080
	6482	+ weight: 0.3
	6483	+ note: energy-efficient wireless sensor networks
	6484	+ - id: T10363
	6485	+ weight: 0.3
	6486	+ note: low-power VLSI design
	6487	+ - id: T11392
	6488	+ weight: 0.3
	6489	+ note: energy harvesting in wireless networks
	6490	+ - id: T10101
	6491	+ weight: 0.2
	6492	+ note: cloud computing (data centres)
	6493	+ - id: T11954
	6494	+ weight: 0.2
	6495	+ note: energy efficiency and management
	6496	+ - id: T10435
	6497	+ weight: 0.2
	6498	+ note: environmental impact and sustainability
	6499	+ - id: T10502
	6500	+ weight: 0.1
	6501	+ note: energy-efficient neuromorphic computing
	6502	+ - id: T10933
	6503	+ weight: 0.1
	6504	+ note: real-time scheduling (energy-aware)
	6505	+ - id: T14296
	6506	+ weight: 0.1
	6507	+ note: climate change and sustainable development
	6508	+ openalex_subfields: []
	6509	+ arxiv_categories:
	6510	+ - id: cs.CY
	6511	+ weight: 0.2
	6512	+ - id: cs.DC
	6513	+ weight: 0.2
	6514	+ - id: cs.AR
	6515	+ weight: 0.2
	6516	+ - id: cs.NI
	6517	+ weight: 0.1
	6518	+ - id: cs.PF
	6519	+ weight: 0.1
	6520	+ - id: cs.ET
	6521	+ weight: 0.1
	6522	+ dblp_streams:
	6523	+ - key: journals/suscom
	6524	+ weight: 1.0
	6525	+ - key: journals/tsusc
	6526	+ weight: 1.0
	6527	+ - key: journals/tgcn
	6528	+ weight: 0.8
	6529	+ - key: conf/islped
	6530	+ weight: 0.5
	6531	+ - key: conf/ithings
	6532	+ weight: 0.3
	6533	+ - key: journals/tcc
	6534	+ weight: 0.2
	6535	+ - key: journals/tetc
	6536	+ weight: 0.2
	6537	+ - key: journals/fgcs
	6538	+ weight: 0.1
	6539	+ - key: journals/jsa
	6540	+ weight: 0.1
	6541	+ - key: journals/tpds
	6542	+ weight: 0.1
	6543	+ - key: conf/ccgrid
	6544	+ weight: 0.1
	6545	+ - key: journals/cluster
	6546	+ weight: 0.1
	6547	+ - key: journals/tjs
	6548	+ weight: 0.1
	6549	+ - key: journals/ais
	6550	+ weight: 0.1
	6551	+ - key: conf/fat
	6552	+ weight: 0.1
	6553	+ - key: journals/aiethics
	6554	+ weight: 0.1
	6555	+ - key: journals/tecs
	6556	+ weight: 0.1
	6557	+ - key: journals/computer
	6558	+ weight: 0.1
	6559	+ - key: journals/cacm
	6560	+ weight: 0.1
	6561	+ - key: journals/cm
	6562	+ weight: 0.1
	6563	+ - key: journals/network
	6564	+ weight: 0.1
	6565	+ - key: conf/sc
	6566	+ weight: 0.1
	6567	+ - key: journals/tnsm
	6568	+ weight: 0.1
	6569	+ - key: journals/tsg
	6570	+ weight: 0.1
	6571	+ - key: journals/patterns
	6572	+ weight: 0.1
	6573	+ - key: journals/natmi
	6574	+ weight: 0.05
	6575	+ - key: journals/ncs
	6576	+ weight: 0.1
	6577	+ - key: journals/jocs
	6578	+ weight: 0.1
	6579	+ keywords:
	6580	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(sustainable\|green\|carbon-?aware\|carbon-?efficient\|carbon-?neutral\|carbon-?free\|energy-?aware\|energy-?efficient\|energy-?proportional\|low-?carbon\|net-?zero\|zero-?carbon\|climate-?aware\|eco-?friendly\|environmentally[- ]friendly\|frugal\|lean) (computing\|AI\|artificial intelligence\|machine learning\|deep learning\|software( engineering\| development\| design)?\|data ?cent(er\|re)s?\|cloud\|HPC\|supercomput\w+\|networking\|networks?\|ICT\|IT\b\|information technology\|communications?\|blockchain\|mining\|LLMs?\|language models?\|NLP\|systems?\|hardware\|architectures?\|scheduling\|inference\|training\|computation\|algorithms?\|coding\|programming\|edge\|IoT\|5G\|6G\|wireless\|datacent(er\|re)s?\|clusters?\|servers?\|GPUs?\|chips?\|processors?\|storage\|databases?\|web\|internet\|digital)\b
	6581	+ weight: 1.0
	6582	+ field: both
	6583	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(carbon (footprints?\|emissions?\|intensity\|accounting\|offsets?\|costs?\|impact\|budgets?\|aware(ness)?\|efficiency\|tax(es)? on\|neutrality of\|credits? for\|dioxide emissions? (of\|from) (computing\|AI\|data))\|CO2(e\|-?eq\|-?equivalent)? (emissions?\|footprint)\|greenhouse gas(es)? (emissions?)? (of\|from\|and) (computing\|AI\|data ?cent\|ICT\|software\|training\|cloud\|blockchain\|digital)\|embodied (carbon\|emissions?\|energy\|footprint)\|operational (carbon\|emissions?)\|life-?cycle (assessment\|analysis\|emissions?\|carbon) (of\|for) (computing\|hardware\|AI\|data ?cent\|servers?\|smartphones?\|ICT\|devices?\|software\|electronics)\|LCA of (ICT\|hardware\|data\|AI\|computing\|electronics)\|environmental (impact\|footprint\|costs?\|sustainability\|burden\|implications?) of (computing\|AI\|artificial intelligence\|machine learning\|deep learning\|LLMs?\|language models?\|data ?cent(er\|re)s?\|training\|inference\|software\|blockchain\|cryptocurrenc\|Bitcoin\|ICT\|the internet\|digital (technolog\|infrastructure\|services)\|cloud\|HPC\|GPUs?\|neural)\|e-?waste\|electronic
	6584	+ waste\|WEEE\|rebound effects? (of\|in) (ICT\|digital\|computing\|AI)\|Jevons\|sustainability of (AI\|computing\|ML\|machine learning\|software\|data ?cent(er\|re)s?\|HPC\|blockchain\|digital)\|Green500\|Top500 (energy\|power)\|energy (consumption\|usage\|efficiency\|footprint\|costs?\|demand\|requirements?\|profiling\|measurement\|modeling\|budget\|savings?) (of\|for\|in\|during) (AI\|training\|inference\|LLMs?\|large language\|deep learning\|neural networks?\|machine learning\|data ?cent(er\|re)s?\|computing\|software\|blockchain\|Bitcoin\|mining\|cryptocurrenc\|HPC\|supercomput\|GPUs?\|servers?\|cloud\|mobile apps?\|smartphones?\|web\|video streaming\|the internet\|ICT\|digital\|edge\|IoT devices?\|federated\|transformers?\|generative)\|power (consumption\|usage\|draw\|cap(ping)?\|budgets?\|management\|efficiency\|demand) (of\|for\|in\|at) (data ?cent(er\|re)s?\|GPUs?\|servers?\|training\|inference\|HPC\|AI\|supercomput\|clusters?\|cloud)\|PUE\b\|power usage effectiveness\|WUE\b\|water usage effectiveness\|CUE\b\|data ?cent(er\|re)s? (energy\|power\|cooling\|efficiency\|sustainability\|water\|carbon\|emissions\|heat
	6585	+ reuse\|waste heat\|renewable\|siting\|demand response\|load shifting\|electricity)\|cooling (of\|for\|in) data ?cent\|liquid cooling (of\|for) (servers\|GPUs\|data)\|immersion cooling\|free cooling\|waste heat (recovery\|reuse) (from\|of) data\|water (footprint\|consumption\|usage\|use) of (AI\|data ?cent\|computing\|LLMs?\|training)\|renewable(-?powered\| energy (for\|in\|powered) (data ?cent\|computing\|cloud\|HPC\|AI\|training\|blockchain))\|solar-?powered (data\|computing\|servers?\|edge\|IoT)\|demand response (for\|in\|and) data ?cent\|carbon-?aware (scheduling\|computing\|workload\|training\|shifting\|load)\|temporal (load\|workload) shifting for carbon\|spatial (load\|workload) shifting for carbon\|carbon-?intensity (signals?\|aware\|forecast)\|grid carbon\|marginal emissions? (factor\|rate)\|energy harvesting (for\|in\|powered) (IoT\|sensors?\|computing\|devices?\|wearables?)\|battery-?free (devices?\|computing\|sensing\|IoT)\|batteryless\|intermittent computing\|energy-?harvesting devices?\|ambient (RF\|energy) harvesting for\|green (software\|coding\|programming\|IT\|ICT\|networking\|cloud\|AI\|ML\|NLP\|data
	6586	+ ?cent(er\|re)s?\|HPC\|computing\|blockchain\|mining\|5G\|6G\|edge\|IoT\|DevOps\|software engineering\|web\|design patterns\|metrics\|certification\|procurement) (practices\|metrics\|patterns\|principles\|engineering\|movement\|initiatives?\|standards?\|foundation)?\|Green Software Foundation\|software carbon intensity\|SCI\b\|CodeCarbon\|carbontracker\|ML CO2 impact\|experiment-?impact-?tracker\|energy (labels?\|efficiency ratings?) for (software\|AI\|apps?\|models?)\|FLOPs? (as\|vs\.?\|versus) (energy\|carbon)\|energy (per\|per-?)(inference\|token\|query\|FLOP\|operation\|bit\|training run)\|joules? per (inference\|token\|query\|operation\|bit)\|energy-?delay product\|EDP\b\|performance-?per-?watt\|perf/W\|FLOPS/W\|TOPS/W\|GFLOPS/W\|GOPS/W\|energy-?efficient (scheduling\|resource management\|virtual machine\|VM\|consolidation\|server\|routing\|protocols?\|MAC\|caching\|offloading\|inference\|training\|accelerators?\|architectures?\|processors?\|memory\|storage\|algorithms?\|software\|coding\|code\|programming\|data processing\|query processing\|databases?\|deep learning\|neural\|AI\|machine
	6587	+ learning\|LLMs?\|computing\|HPC\|supercomput\|data ?cent\|cloud\|edge\|IoT\|wireless\|networks?\|communications?\|5G\|6G\|blockchain\|consensus\|mining\|web\|mobile\|smartphones?\|embedded\|FPGA\|GPU\|hardware\|chips?\|design))\b
	6588	+ weight: 1.0
	6589	+ field: both
	6590	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(energy[- ]efficien(t\|cy)\|low[- ]power\|power[- ]efficient\|energy (consumption\|saving\|savings\|optimi[sz]ation\|reduction\|management\|harvesting\|usage\|cost\|budget\|constraints?\|profile\|model\|footprint)\|DVFS\|dynamic voltage and frequency\|power (management\|capping\|gating\|budgets?\|consumption\|efficiency\|usage)\|thermal (management\|efficiency)\|cooling\|heat dissipation\|battery (life\|lifetime\|drain\|consumption)\|renewable energy\|solar\|wind power\|smart grid\|demand response\|electricity (consumption\|costs?\|prices?\|usage))\b
	6591	+ weight: 0.5
	6592	+ field: both
	6593	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(sustainab(le\|ility)\|green\|carbon\|climate\|environmental\|emissions?\|footprint\|ecolog\w+\|circular economy\|e-?waste\|recycl\w+\|obsolescence\|right to repair\|digital sobriety\|frugal)\b
	6594	+ weight: 0.3
	6595	+ field: both
	6596	+ exclusions:
	6597	+ - (?is)^(?!.(computing\|comput\w+\|data ?cent(er\|re)\|software\|AI\b\|artificial intelligence\|machine learning\|deep learning\|neural network\|LLMs?\|language models?\|cloud\|HPC\|GPUs?\|servers?\|processors?\|chips?\|hardware\|algorithms?\|networking\|ICT\|blockchain\|internet\|digital\|IoT\|wireless\|smartphones?\|electronics\|semiconductor\|IT\b\|information technology\|training\|inference\|code\|programming)).\b(green\|sustainable\|carbon\|energy\|climate\|environmental)\b
	6598	+ related:
	6599	+ - cloud_computing
	6600	+ - computer_architecture
	6601	+ - ai_accelerators
	6602	+ - edge_computing
	6603	+ - distributed_computing
	6604	+ - computer_networks
	6605	+ - ai_safety
	6606	+ parent_of: []
	6607	+ child_of: []
	6608	+ provenance: T14098 (CS 1708, 7k works) and T12238 (Engineering 2208, 27k works) are the only topics centred on the footprint of computing; energy-efficient WSN/VLSI/harvesting topics shared at 0.3. SUSCOM, T-SUSC and T-GCN are the dedicated streams; generic 'energy-efficient' terms are 0.5 and 'green/sustainable' 0.3, with a veto when no computing term appears anywhere in the text.
	6609	+- id: autonomous_scientific_discovery
	6610	+ number: 40
	6611	+ name: Autonomous Scientific Discovery
	6612	+ area: computational_science
	6613	+ definition: 'AI and automation systems that perform or substantially drive the scientific process: AI scientist and research-agent systems, automated hypothesis generation and literature synthesis, self-driving laboratories and closed-loop experimentation, AI-driven discovery of materials, molecules, equations, algorithms or theorems, autonomous experimental design, benchmarks for research agents, and the epistemology and evaluation of machine-generated science. Using ML inside a scientific pipeline without autonomy is scientific_computing or computational_biology; LLM agents in general are ai_agents.'
	6614	+ openalex_topics:
	6615	+ - id: T11948
	6616	+ weight: 0.6
	6617	+ note: 'machine learning in materials science: materials discovery, high-throughput experimentation, materials informatics'
	6618	+ - id: T10211
	6619	+ weight: 0.3
	6620	+ note: computational drug discovery
	6621	+ - id: T11986
	6622	+ weight: 0.3
	6623	+ note: scientific computing and data management (workflows)
	6624	+ - id: T13904
	6625	+ weight: 0.3
	6626	+ note: artificial intelligence applications (AI in science)
	6627	+ - id: T11937
	6628	+ weight: 0.3
	6629	+ note: research data management
	6630	+ - id: T11975
	6631	+ weight: 0.2
	6632	+ note: evolutionary algorithms (symbolic regression)
	6633	+ - id: T11206
	6634	+ weight: 0.2
	6635	+ note: model reduction and neural networks (equation discovery)
	6636	+ - id: T10906
	6637	+ weight: 0.1
	6638	+ note: AI planning (experiment planning)
	6639	+ - id: T13126
	6640	+ weight: 0.1
	6641	+ note: scientific research and discoveries
	6642	+ - id: T10778
	6643	+ weight: 0.1
	6644	+ note: philosophy and history of science
	6645	+ - id: T14100
	6646	+ weight: 0.1
	6647	+ note: scientific research and technology
	6648	+ - id: T13976
	6649	+ weight: 0.1
	6650	+ note: web visibility and informetrics (science of science)
	6651	+ openalex_subfields: []
	6652	+ arxiv_categories:
	6653	+ - id: cs.AI
	6654	+ weight: 0.2
	6655	+ - id: cs.LG
	6656	+ weight: 0.1
	6657	+ - id: cs.DL
	6658	+ weight: 0.2
	6659	+ - id: physics.comp-ph
	6660	+ weight: 0.2
	6661	+ - id: q-bio.QM
	6662	+ weight: 0.1
	6663	+ - id: cs.CE
	6664	+ weight: 0.2
	6665	+ - id: cs.MA
	6666	+ weight: 0.1
	6667	+ - id: cs.CY
	6668	+ weight: 0.1
	6669	+ dblp_streams:
	6670	+ - key: journals/mlst
	6671	+ weight: 0.7
	6672	+ - key: journals/ncs
	6673	+ weight: 0.6
	6674	+ - key: journals/natmi
	6675	+ weight: 0.5
	6676	+ - key: journals/patterns
	6677	+ weight: 0.4
	6678	+ - key: journals/jcheminf
	6679	+ weight: 0.3
	6680	+ - key: journals/jcisd
	6681	+ weight: 0.2
	6682	+ - key: journals/scientometrics
	6683	+ weight: 0.2
	6684	+ - key: conf/jcdl
	6685	+ weight: 0.2
	6686	+ - key: journals/aisy
	6687	+ weight: 0.2
	6688	+ - key: journals/dai
	6689	+ weight: 0.2
	6690	+ - key: journals/frai
	6691	+ weight: 0.2
	6692	+ - key: journals/jossw
	6693	+ weight: 0.2
	6694	+ - key: conf/xsede
	6695	+ weight: 0.2
	6696	+ - key: journals/jasis
	6697	+ weight: 0.1
	6698	+ - key: journals/softx
	6699	+ weight: 0.1
	6700	+ - key: journals/tai
	6701	+ weight: 0.1
	6702	+ - key: journals/ais
	6703	+ weight: 0.1
	6704	+ - key: journals/cphysics
	6705	+ weight: 0.1
	6706	+ - key: journals/sncs
	6707	+ weight: 0.1
	6708	+ - key: journals/ijdsa
	6709	+ weight: 0.1
	6710	+ - key: journals/bdcc
	6711	+ weight: 0.1
	6712	+ - key: conf/aaai
	6713	+ weight: 0.05
	6714	+ - key: conf/nips
	6715	+ weight: 0.05
	6716	+ - key: conf/iclr
	6717	+ weight: 0.05
	6718	+ - key: conf/icml
	6719	+ weight: 0.05
	6720	+ - key: journals/synthese
	6721	+ weight: 0.1
	6722	+ keywords:
	6723	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(autonomous\|automated\|automating\|automation of\|AI-?driven\|AI-?assisted\|AI-?enabled\|AI-?powered\|AI-?based\|AI-?generated\|AI-?augmented\|LLM-?driven\|LLM-?based\|LLM-?powered\|LLM-?assisted\|LLM-?generated\|agent-?based\|agent-?driven\|agentic\|closed-?loop\|self-?driving\|robotic\|machine-?learning-?driven\|ML-?driven\|ML-?guided\|machine-?guided\|data-?driven\|algorithmic\|computational\|end-?to-?end\|fully automated\|human-?AI) (scientific (discovery\|research\|experimentation\|experiments?\|method\|process\|inquiry\|workflows?\|reasoning\|hypothes\w+\|writing\|peer review\|literature\|ideation\|insight\|knowledge discovery\|laborator\w+)\|science\|discovery (of\|in) (materials\|molecules\|catalysts\|drugs\|laws\|equations\|physical laws\|governing equations\|new (physics\|chemistry\|mathematics)\|proteins\|alloys\|polymers\|reactions\|synthesis routes\|theorems\|algorithms\|conjectures)\|materials discovery\|molecular discovery\|drug discovery pipeline\|hypothesis (generation\|testing\|discovery\|formulation\|ranking)\|literature (review\|synthesis\|mining\|survey\|search)
	6724	+ (at scale\|generation\|automation)?\|theorem (proving\|discovery)\|conjecture (generation\|discovery)\|mathematical discovery\|experimental (design\|planning\|campaigns?\|loops?)\|experiment (design\|planning\|selection\|execution)\|research (assistants?\|agents?\|pipelines?\|workflows?\|automation\|ideas?\|ideation\|proposals?\|questions?)\|peer review(ers?)?\|paper (writing\|generation\|reviewing\|review)\|manuscript (generation\|writing)\|idea generation\|laborator(y\|ies)\|labs?\|chemist\|synthesis planning\|retrosynthesis\|reaction (optimi[sz]ation\|discovery)\|materials (acceleration\|synthesis\|design\|exploration)\|knowledge discovery\|scientific knowledge (graph\|extraction\|synthesis))\b
	6725	+ weight: 1.0
	6726	+ field: both
	6727	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(self-?driving lab(s\|oratory\|oratories)?\|SDLs?\b\|autonomous (laborator\w+\|experiment\w*\|research\|discovery\|exploration of (chemical\|materials)\|materials (platform\|synthesis\|research)\|synthesis\|chemistry\|science\|scientist\|agents? for (science\|research\|discovery)\|workflows? for (science\|discovery))\|AI scientist\|AI co-?scientist\|AI (for\|in\|4) ?science\|AI4Science\|AI-?enabled science\|ML for science\|machine learning for (scientific discovery\|science)\|scientific (machine learning agents?\|foundation models?\|LLMs?\|agents?\|discovery (with\|using\|via\|through\|by) (AI\|machine learning\|LLMs?\|agents?\|deep learning\|neural\|automated\|autonomous)\|language models?\|reasoning (with\|in) LLMs?\|data (agents?\|discovery agents?))\|LLMs? (for\|in\|and\|as) (science\|chemistry\|biology\|materials\|physics\|mathematics\|research\|scientific\|discovery\|experiment)\|language models? (for\|in\|as) (science\|chemistry\|biology\|materials\|scientific\|scientists?\|discovery\|experiment)\|ChemCrow\|Coscientist\|FunSearch\|AlphaEvolve\|AlphaTensor\|AlphaProof\|AlphaGeometry\|AlphaDev\|AlphaFold
	6728	+ (3\|database)\|GNoME\|Eureka\b\|AI Feynman\|SINDy\|PySR\|symbolic regression\|equation (discovery\|learning\|identification)\|discover(y\|ing\|ed) (of )?(governing\|physical\|scientific\|conservation\|dynamical) (equations\|laws\|principles)\|law discovery\|automated (hypothesis\|theory\|experiment\w*\|discovery\|literature\|materials\|reaction\|retrosynthesis\|synthesis planning\|lab(oratory)?\|science\|scientific\|reasoning for (mathematics\|discovery)\|conjecturing\|proof discovery\|data analysis\|statistician\|machine learning\|data science\|modeling\|model discovery\|design of experiments\|feature discovery)\|high-?throughput (experimentation\|screening\|computation\|virtual screening\|materials\|synthesis\|DFT\|simulations?\|discovery)\|Bayesian optimi[sz]ation (for\|of\|in\|guided) (materials\|experiments?\|chemistry\|synthesis\|reactions?\|discovery\|molecules\|design\|process)\|active learning (for\|in\|guided) (materials\|chemistry\|experiments?\|molecular\|drug\|science\|discovery\|synthesis\|catalysts?)\|inverse design\|generative (models?\|design\|AI)
	6729	+ for (molecules\|materials\|proteins\|catalysts\|crystals\|drugs\|chemistry\|discovery)\|materials (informatics\|genome\|acceleration platforms?\|project)\|cloud lab(s\|oratory\|oratories)?\|lab(oratory)? automation\|robotic (chemist\w\|chemistry\|synthesis\|laborator\w+\|experiment\w\|platforms? for (science\|chemistry\|biology\|materials))\|mobile robotic chemist\|Emerald Cloud Lab\|Strateos\|AutoML for science\|scientific (claim\|fact) (verification\|checking\|extraction)\|literature-?based discovery\|LBD\b\|hypothesis (generation\|generators?\|machines?)\|research (ideation\|idea generation)\|AI-?generated (research\|papers?\|hypotheses\|reviews?\|science)\|machine (scientists?\|discovery)\|robot scientists?\|Adam and Eve\|Eve robot\|discovery (engines?\|pipelines?\|platforms?\|systems?\|loops?) (for\|of\|in) (materials\|science\|chemistry\|drugs?\|molecules\|biology)\|automated (theorem proving\|reasoning) (for\|in) (mathematics\|discover)\|AI (for\|in) (mathematics\|theorem\|math research)\|LLM (agents?\|systems?\|pipelines?\|frameworks?) for (science\|research\|discovery\|chemistry\|biology\|materials\|experiment\|data
	6730	+ analysis\|literature)\|agents? for (scientific\|science\|research\|discovery\|chemistry\|biology\|materials\|experiment\|lab)\|science (of science\|agents?\|automation\|LLMs?\|benchmarks?)\|SciAgents\|ChemAgents\|BioPlanner\|AI (Scientist\|Researcher\|Co-?Scientist)\|Sakana\|Virtual Lab\|AI Virtual Cell\|AI (lab\|laboratory)\|closed-?loop (optimi[sz]ation\|experiment\w*\|discovery\|synthesis\|materials\|learning for))\b
	6731	+ weight: 1.0
	6732	+ field: both
	6733	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(benchmarks? for (scientific\|AI scientist\|research agents?\|discovery\|science\|AI4Science\|lab)\|ScienceAgentBench\|MLAgentBench\|MLE-?bench\|DiscoveryBench\|SciCode\|LAB-?Bench\|ChemBench\|MatSciBench\|PaperBench\|SciBench\|ResearchBench\|CORE-?Bench\|AAAR\|BixBench\|SciReplicate\|ReplicationBench\|SWE-?bench for science\|TheoremQA\|TPBench\|AlgoTune\|evaluating (AI\|LLM\|machine)-?generated (research\|papers?\|hypotheses\|science))\b
	6734	+ weight: 1.0
	6735	+ field: both
	6736	+ - pattern: (?i)\b(scientific\|science\|discovery\|experiment(s\|al\|ation)?\|laborator(y\|ies)\|research\|hypothes[ie]s\|materials\|molecules\|chemistry\|theorems?\|conjectures?)\b
	6737	+ weight: 0.3
	6738	+ field: both
	6739	+ exclusions:
	6740	+ - (?is)^(?!.(AI\b\|artificial intelligence\|machine learning\|deep learning\|neural\|LLMs?\|language models?\|agents?\|autonomous\|automated\|automation\|robot\|Bayesian optimi[sz]ation\|active learning\|symbolic regression\|algorithm\|computational\|closed-?loop\|high-?throughput\|self-?driving)).
	6741	+ related:
	6742	+ - ai_agents
	6743	+ - llm
	6744	+ - scientific_computing
	6745	+ - computational_biology
	6746	+ - formal_verification
	6747	+ - algorithms
	6748	+ - information_retrieval
	6749	+ - ai_safety
	6750	+ parent_of: []
	6751	+ child_of: []
	6752	+ provenance: No OpenAlex topic or DBLP stream isolates autonomous discovery; T11948 (materials discovery, high-throughput experimentation) is the closest host and MLST/Nat. Comput. Sci./Nat. Mach. Intell. the closest venues. Keyword patterns on '<automation term> <science term>', named systems (Coscientist, FunSearch, AlphaEvolve, AI Scientist...) and research-agent benchmarks carry the category; a veto removes texts with no AI/automation term at all.
	6753	+assignment_rule:
	6754	+ score: sum of weights of matched signals, each signal type capped at 1.0, then sum over signal types
	6755	+ signal_types:
	6756	+ - openalex_topics
	6757	+ - openalex_subfields
	6758	+ - arxiv_categories
	6759	+ - dblp_streams
	6760	+ - keywords
	6761	+ threshold: 1.0
	6762	+ primary: argmax of score; ties broken by the more specific category (child before parent), then by lower number
	6763	+ exclusions: if any exclusion regex matches the concatenated title+abstract, the category is vetoed for that work
	6764	+ keyword_field: title patterns are matched on the title only; abstract on the abstract only; both on title+abstract
	6765	+ notes: 'OpenAlex topic weights assume the work''s primary topic (or any of its up-to-three topics; the classifier takes the max over matched topics before capping). Weights below 1.0 are deliberate: such signals must be corroborated by another signal type to reach the threshold.'

modified taxonomy/src/area_ai_ml_a.py +2 −1

		`@@ -96,7 +96,8 @@ dict(`
96	96	subfields=[(1707, 0.1)],
97	97	arxiv=[("cs.MM", 0.6), ("cs.CV", 0.3), ("cs.CL", 0.3), ("cs.LG", 0.2)],
98	98	streams=[("conf/mm", 0.6), ("journals/tmm", 0.6), ("conf/icmi", 0.6), ("journals/tomccap", 0.5),
99		− ("conf/icmcs", 0.5), ("conf/mir", 0.5), ("journals/mms", 0.5), ("journals/mta", 0.3),
	99	+ ("conf/icmcs", 0.5), ("conf/mir", 0.5), ("journals/mms", 0.5), ("journals/mta", 0.3), ("conf/mmm", 0.5),
	100	+ ("journals/inffus", 0.2),
100	101	("conf/cvpr", 0.2), ("conf/iccv", 0.2), ("conf/eccv", 0.2), ("conf/acl", 0.2), ("conf/emnlp", 0.2)],
101	102	keywords=[
102	103	(r"(?i)\bmulti-?modal(ity)?\b", 0.7, "both"),

modified taxonomy/src/area_ai_ml_b.py +10 −3

		`@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ dict(`
15	15	subfields=[(1702, 0.1)],
16	16	arxiv=[("cs.MA", 1.0), ("cs.AI", 0.4)],
17	17	streams=[("conf/atal", 1.0), ("conf/ifaamas", 1.0), ("journals/aamas", 1.0), ("conf/icaart", 0.6),
18		− ("conf/aaai", 0.2), ("conf/ijcai", 0.2), ("journals/jair", 0.2), ("journals/ai", 0.2), ("conf/kr", 0.2)],
	18	+ ("conf/aaai", 0.2), ("conf/ijcai", 0.2), ("journals/jair", 0.2), ("journals/ai", 0.2), ("conf/kr", 0.2),
	19	+ ("conf/ecai", 0.3), ("conf/ecai2", 0.3), ("conf/ictai", 0.2)],
19	20	keywords=[
20	21	(r"(?i)\b(LLM\|language[- ]model\|AI\|autonomous\|intelligent\|embodied\|conversational\|software\|web\|GUI\|coding\|browsing\|tool-?using\|generative\|multi-?step\|computer-?use\|research\|planning)[- ](based \|powered \|driven )?agents?\b", 1.0, "both"),
21	22	(r"(?i)\bagentic\b\|\bagent-?based (LLM\|AI\|systems?\|frameworks?\|workflows?)\b", 1.0, "both"),
		`@@ -97,7 +98,12 @@ dict(`
97	98	("conf/icdm", 0.2), ("journals/pami", 0.2), ("journals/ijar", 0.4), ("journals/sac", 0.4),
98	99	("journals/csda", 0.3), ("journals/cstat", 0.2), ("journals/eswa", 0.1),
99	100	("journals/kbs", 0.1), ("journals/isci", 0.1), ("journals/ijon", 0.2), ("journals/nca", 0.1),
100		− ("journals/mlc", 0.3), ("journals/apin", 0.2), ("journals/air", 0.2)],
	101	+ ("journals/mlc", 0.3), ("journals/apin", 0.2), ("journals/air", 0.2), ("conf/ecai", 0.3), ("conf/ecai2", 0.3),
	102	+ ("conf/icmla", 0.5), ("conf/ssci", 0.4), ("conf/ictai", 0.3), ("conf/icic", 0.3), ("conf/aciids", 0.2),
	103	+ ("conf/kes", 0.2), ("journals/tcyb", 0.3), ("journals/tsmc", 0.2), ("journals/tfs", 0.3), ("journals/fss", 0.3),
	104	+ ("conf/fuzzIEEE", 0.3), ("journals/ijfs", 0.3), ("journals/jifs", 0.2), ("journals/ijis", 0.3),
	105	+ ("journals/ijcisys", 0.3), ("journals/comintsys", 0.3), ("journals/es", 0.3), ("journals/iasc", 0.2),
	106	+ ("journals/inffus", 0.3), ("journals/eaai", 0.2)],
101	107	keywords=[
102	108	(r"(?i)\b(generali[sz]ation (bounds?\|error\|gap\|theory)\|sample complexity\|regret (bounds?\|minimi[sz]ation\|analysis)\|minimax (rates?\|optimal\|lower)\|PAC(-Bayes(ian)?)?( learning\| bounds?)?\|Rademacher\|VC[- ]dimension\|convergence (rates?\|guarantees?\|analysis)\|statistical learning theory\|computational learning theory\|learnability\|uniform convergence\|excess risk)\b", 0.9, "both"),
103	109	(r"(?i)\b(kernel (methods?\|machines?\|ridge\|mean embedding)\|reproducing kernel\|RKHS\|Gaussian process(es)?\|variational inference\|Bayesian (optimi[sz]ation\|neural networks?\|inference\|deep learning\|nonparametric)\|probabilistic (models?\|programming\|graphical)\|graphical models?\|expectation[- ]maximi[sz]ation\|Markov chain Monte Carlo\|MCMC\|Hamiltonian Monte Carlo\|normali[sz]ing flows? for inference\|conformal prediction\|calibration)\b", 0.8, "both"),
		`@@ -147,7 +153,8 @@ dict(`
147	153	(r"(?i)\b(CNNs?\|RNNs?\|LSTMs?\|GRUs?\|GNNs?\|GCNs?\|GATs?\|SNNs?\|MLPs?\|DNNs?\|ANNs?\|KANs?\|ResNets?\|DenseNet\|EfficientNet\|MobileNet\|U-?Net\|ViTs?\|Swin)\b", 0.7, "both"),
148	154	(r"(?i)\btransformers?\b", 0.5, "both"),
149	155	(r"(?i)\b(self-?\|cross-?\|multi-?head \|sparse \|linear \|flash)?attention (mechanisms?\|heads?\|layers?\|maps?\|weights)\b\|\battention is all\b", 0.7, "both"),
150		− (r"(?i)\bneural architecture search\b\|\bNAS\b.*\b(architecture\|search space\|supernet)\b\|\bAutoML\b\|\bdifferentiable architecture\b", 0.9, "both"),
	156	+ (r"(?i)\bneural architecture search\b\|\bNAS\b.*\b(architecture\|search space\|supernet)\b\|\bdifferentiable architecture search\b\|\bgraph neural networks?\b\|\bnetwork architectures? (design\|for deep learning)\b\|\barchitectures? of (deep\|convolutional\|recurrent) neural\b\|\bdeep (neural )?network (architectures?\|design\|compression)\b", 1.0, "both"),
	157	+ (r"(?i)\bAutoML\b\|\bhyper-?parameter optimi[sz]ation\b", 0.6, "both"),
151	158	(r"(?i)\b(model compression\|knowledge distillation\|network pruning\|structured pruning\|unstructured pruning\|post-?training quanti[sz]ation\|quanti[sz]ation-?aware training\|low-?rank (factori[sz]ation\|approximation) of (weights\|layers)\|weight sharing\|parameter sharing\|lightweight (networks?\|architectures?\|models?)\|efficient (architectures?\|networks?\|transformers?))\b", 0.8, "both"),
152	159	(r"(?i)\b(batch\|layer\|group\|instance\|weight\|spectral) normali[sz]ation\b\|\bdropout\b\|\bresidual (connections?\|learning\|blocks?)\b\|\bskip connections?\b\|\bactivation functions?\b\|\bReLU\b\|\bGELU\b\|\bSwiGLU\b\|\bsoftmax\b", 0.7, "both"),
153	160	(r"(?i)\b(mixture[- ]of[- ]experts\|MoE\b\|state[- ]space models?\|SSMs?\b\|Mamba\|S4\b\|RWKV\|Hyena\|linear (RNNs?\|transformers?)\|positional (encodings?\|embeddings?)\|RoPE\|rotary\|hypernetworks?\|neural ODEs?\|implicit (layers\|neural representations?)\|capsule networks?\|equivariant (networks?\|neural)\|geometric deep learning\|message passing (neural\|networks?)\|graph (convolution\|attention\|transformers?\|pooling)\|over-?smoothing)\b", 0.9, "both"),

modified taxonomy/src/area_perception_b.py +2 −1

		`@@ -71,7 +71,8 @@ dict(`
71	71	("conf/ahfe", 0.6), ("conf/icmi", 0.6), ("journals/taffco", 0.6), ("journals/displays", 0.5),
72	72	("journals/cbsn", 0.4), ("journals/nms", 0.3), ("conf/hri", 0.3), ("journals/ile", 0.3), ("journals/tvcg", 0.2),
73	73	("journals/ce", 0.2), ("journals/eait", 0.2), ("conf/um", 0.3), ("journals/entcom", 0.5), ("conf/cig", 0.3),
74		− ("journals/tele", 0.2), ("conf/icwsm", 0.3), ("journals/ijim", 0.3), ("journals/jaihc", 0.2), ("conf/percom", 0.3)],
	74	+ ("journals/tele", 0.2), ("conf/icwsm", 0.3), ("journals/ijim", 0.3), ("journals/jaihc", 0.2), ("conf/percom", 0.3),
	75	+ ("conf/cscwd", 0.3)],
75	76	keywords=[
76	77	(r"(?i)\bhuman-?computer interaction\b\|\bHCI\b\|\bCSCW\b\|\bcomputer-?supported cooperative\b\|\buser-?centered design\b\|\bhuman factors\b", 1.0, "both"),
77	78	(r"(?i)\b(user (study\|studies\|experience\|interfaces?\|engagement\|perception\|acceptance\|needs\|research\|testing\|feedback)\|usability (study\|testing\|evaluation)?\|UX\b\|UI (design\|components)\|participatory design\|co-?design\|design (fiction\|probes?\|implications\|space\|guidelines)\|think-?aloud\|Wizard[- ]of[- ]Oz\|formative (study\|evaluation)\|within-?subjects?\|between-?subjects?\|Likert\|System Usability Scale\|SUS\b\|NASA-?TLX)\b", 0.8, "both"),

modified taxonomy/src/area_security_a.py +1 −1

		`@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ dict(`
35	35	("journals/tches", 0.5), ("conf/fc", 0.5), ("journals/popets", 0.4), ("conf/satml", 0.4), ("journals/iacr", 0.3),
36	36	("journals/cr", 0.2), ("journals/tnsm", 0.1), ("journals/tr", 0.1)],
37	37	keywords=[
38		− (r"(?i)\b(cyber-?security\|information security\|computer security\|network security\|systems? security\|software security\|web security\|hardware security\|mobile security\|IoT security\|cloud security\|application security\|security (vulnerabilit(y\|ies)\|analysis\|evaluation\|assessment\|threats?\|attacks?\|flaws?\|breaches?\|incidents?\|monitoring\|operations?\|awareness\|polic(y\|ies)\|engineering\|testing\|protocols?\|mechanisms?\|guarantees\|properties\|controls?\|risks?\|requirements\|patches?\|advisories\|researchers?\|practitioners?\|tools?\|audits?\|hardening\|posture)\|secure (systems?\|software\|coding\|boot\|enclaves?\|hardware\|communication\|channels?\|protocols?\|computation\|messaging\|design\|by design\|aggregation\|updates?\|storage\|execution))\b", 1.0, "both"),
	38	+ (r"(?i)\b(cyber-?security\|information security\|computer security\|network security\|systems? security\|software security\|web security\|hardware security\|mobile security\|IoT security\|cloud security\|application security\|security (vulnerabilit(y\|ies)\|analysis\|evaluation\|assessment\|threats?\|attacks?\|flaws?\|breaches?\|incidents?\|monitoring\|operations?\|awareness\|polic(y\|ies)\|engineering\|testing\|protocols?\|mechanisms?\|guarantees\|properties\|controls?\|risks?\|requirements\|patches?\|advisories\|researchers?\|practitioners?\|tools?\|audits?\|hardening\|posture)\|secure (systems?\|software\|coding\|boot\|enclaves?\|hardware\|communication\|channels?\|protocols?\|messaging\|design\|by design\|updates?\|storage\|execution))\b", 1.0, "both"),
39	39	(r"(?i)\b(malware\|ransomware\|botnets?\|phishing\|spam (detection\|filtering)\|intrusion (detection\|prevention\|response)\|IDS\b\|IPS\b\|NIDS\|HIDS\|DDoS\|denial[- ]of[- ]service\|exploits?\|exploitation\|zero-?day\|vulnerabilit(y\|ies)\|CVE-?\d+\|CWE\b\|buffer overflows?\|memory (safety\|corruption\|errors?) (bugs?\|vulnerabilit)\|use-?after-?free\|ROP\b\|return-?oriented\|control-?flow (integrity\|hijack)\|CFI\b\|side-?channel\|Spectre\|Meltdown\|Rowhammer\|cache (timing\|attacks?)\|fault injection attacks?\|glitching\|penetration testing\|pentest\|red team\|blue team\|threat (intelligence\|hunting\|model(ing\|s)?\|actors?\|landscape)\|attack (surface\|graphs?\|vectors?\|trees?\|scenarios?\|detection\|campaigns?)\|APTs?\b\|advanced persistent threats?\|cyber-?attacks?\|cyber ?threats?\|cyber ?defen[cs]e\|cyber ?warfare\|cyber ?crime\|cyber ?resilience\|cyber ?range\|forensics?\|honeypots?\|honeynets?\|sandbox(ing)? (analysis\|evasion)\|binary (analysis\|rewriting\|hardening\|lifting)\|reverse engineering\|firmware (analysis\|security\|rehosting)\|supply[- ]chain (attacks?\|security)\|SBOM\|software bill of materials\|dependency confusion\|typosquatting\|code injection\|SQL injection\|XSS\b\|cross-?site\|CSRF\|clickjacking\|browser (security\|fingerprinting)\|web tracking\|ad fraud\|click fraud\|credential (stuffing\|theft)\|password (cracking\|managers?\|policies\|strength)\|account (takeover\|hijacking)\|SIM swap\|social engineering\|security (information and event\|operations center)\|SIEM\|SOC\b\|EDR\b\|XDR\b\|log-?based detection\|anomaly-?based detection\|signature-?based\|evasion attacks?\|obfuscation\|packers?\|deobfuscation\|anti-?virus\|endpoint (protection\|security)\|patch(ing)? (management\|latency)\|bug bount(y\|ies)\|responsible disclosure\|CTF\b\|capture the flag\|ethical hacking\|vulnerability (scanning\|assessment\|management\|disclosure\|discovery\|detection\|prediction)\|exploit (generation\|mitigation)\|ASLR\|stack canaries\|secure (compilation\|compilers?)\|moving target defense\|deception technology\|cyber (insurance\|risk)\|ICS security\|SCADA security\|OT security\|automotive security\|CAN bus (attacks?\|intrusion)\|drone (security\|hijacking)\|GPS spoofing\|medical device security\|smart contract (vulnerabilit\|exploits?\|attacks?)\|DeFi (attacks?\|exploits?)\|rug pull\|flash loan attacks?)\b", 1.0, "both"),
40	40	(r"(?i)\b(authentication\|access control\|authori[sz]ation\|identity (management\|and access)\|biometric (authentication\|security\|spoofing)\|password(s\|-based)?\|multi-?factor\|two-?factor\|2FA\|MFA\b\|CAPTCHA\|single sign-?on\|SSO\b\|OAuth\|OpenID\|FIDO2?\|WebAuthn\|passkeys?\|zero[- ]trust\|trusted execution environments?\|TEEs?\b\|SGX\b\|TrustZone\|SEV\b\|TDX\b\|confidential computing\|remote attestation\|PUFs?\b\|physical(ly)? unclonable\|hardware (trojans?\|root of trust\|security modules?)\|HSMs?\b\|TPM\b\|secure (boot\|element)\|anti-?tamper\|logic locking\|IC (piracy\|counterfeit)\|RBAC\|ABAC\|capability-?based security\|information flow (control\|security)\|non-?interference\|sandboxing\|isolation (mechanisms\|boundaries)\|privilege (escalation\|separation)\|least privilege\|Android (permissions?\|malware\|security)\|iOS security\|app (permissions?\|vetting\|stores? security)\|mobile (malware\|banking trojans?))\b", 0.8, "both"),
41	41	(r"(?i)\b(adversarial (attacks?\|examples?\|machine learning\|ML)\|backdoor(s\|ed)?\|trojan(ed\|ing)? (models?\|neural)\|data poisoning\|model (stealing\|inversion\|extraction\|hijacking)\|membership inference\|prompt injection\|jailbreak(s\|ing)?\|LLM (security\|attacks?)\|AI security\|security of (LLMs?\|AI\|machine learning\|ML models?\|deep learning)\|ML-?based (intrusion\|malware\|anomaly) detection\|deep learning for (security\|malware\|intrusion)\|adversarial malware\|evasion of (classifiers\|detectors)\|deepfake (detection\|attacks?)\|AI-?generated (phishing\|malware)\|LLM-?generated attacks?\|agent (security\|hijacking)\|MCP security\|tool poisoning)\b", 0.8, "both"),

modified taxonomy/src/area_software_pl.py +1 −1

		`@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ dict(`
30	30	keywords=[
31	31	(r"(?i)\bsoftware (engineering\|development\|testing\|maintenance\|evolution\|quality\|defects?\|bugs?\|repositor(y\|ies)\|architectures?\|design\|reuse\|process(es)?\|product lines?\|projects?\|metrics\|vulnerabilit(y\|ies)\|ecosystems?\|supply chains?\|requirements?\|documentation\|analytics\|practitioners?\|developers?\|teams?\|artifacts?\|systems? engineering\|verification and validation\|reliability\|security practices\|refactoring\|modernization\|migration\|libraries\|dependencies)\b", 1.0, "both"),
32	32	(r"(?i)\b(code (review\|generation\|completion\|smells?\|clones?\|search\|summari[sz]ation\|comprehension\|quality\|coverage\|readability\|translation\|refactoring\|LLMs?)\|program (repair\|comprehension\|synthesis\|analysis\|slicing)\|bug (locali[sz]ation\|fixing\|reports?\|prediction\|detection\|triage)\|defect prediction\|fault locali[sz]ation\|test (generation\|cases?\|suites?\|oracles?\|flakiness\|automation\|prioriti[sz]ation\|amplification)\|unit tests?\|fuzz(ing\|ers?)\|mutation testing\|regression testing\|continuous (integration\|delivery\|deployment)\|DevOps\|CI/CD\|technical debt\|refactoring\|static analysis\|dynamic analysis\|GitHub\|open[- ]source (projects?\|software\|development\|communities)\|Stack Overflow\|pull requests?\|commit (messages?\|histor)\|issue (tracking\|reports?)\|mining software\|API (usage\|misuse\|evolution\|documentation\|recommendation)\|build (systems?\|failures?)\|configuration (errors?\|management)\|infrastructure as code\|logging practices\|AIOps\|incident management)\b", 1.0, "both"),
33		− (r"(?i)\b(agile\|Scrum\|Kanban\|requirements engineering\|user stories\|model-?driven\|MDE\b\|UML\b\|SysML\|domain-?specific modeling\|microservices?\|monolith\|software-?defined\|low-?code\|no-?code\|end-?user (programming\|development)\|spreadsheets?\|pair programming\|code ownership\|onboarding\|developer (productivity\|experience\|tools\|surveys?)\|programmers?' )\b", 0.8, "both"),
	33	+ (r"(?i)\b(agile\|Scrum\|Kanban\|requirements engineering\|user stories\|model-?driven\|MDE\b\|UML\b\|SysML\|domain-?specific modeling\|microservices?\|monolith\|low-?code\|no-?code\|end-?user (programming\|development)\|spreadsheets?\|pair programming\|code ownership\|onboarding\|developer (productivity\|experience\|tools\|surveys?)\|programmers?' )\b", 0.8, "both"),
34	34	(r"(?i)\b(LLM\|AI\|automated\|neural\|learning)-?(based\|assisted\|powered\|driven)? (software engineering\|code generation\|programming\|program repair\|test generation\|code review\|debugging)\b\|\b(code\|coding) (LLMs?\|assistants?\|models?\|agents?)\b\|\bCopilot\b\|\bvibe coding\b\|\bLLMs? for (code\|software\|programming\|testing)\b\|\bAI pair programm\w+\b\|\bCodex\b\|\bStarCoder\b\|\bCodeLlama\b\|\bHumanEval\b\|\bMBPP\b\|\bSWE-?bench\b", 1.0, "both"),
35	35	(r"(?i)\b(developers?\|programmers?\|software\|codebase\|source code\|programs?\|debugging\|testing\|maintainab)\b", 0.3, "both"),
36	36	],

added taxonomy/topic_map.csv +647 −0

		`@@ -0,0 +1,647 @@`
	1	+topic_id,category_id,weight,topic_name,field_id,field,subfield_id,subfield,works_count,note
	2	+T10028,llm,1.00,Topic Modeling,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,174916,OpenAlex cluster hosting BERT / pre-trained LM / RAG / QA work: the de-facto LLM topic
	3	+T11714,llm,0.40,Multimodal Machine Learning Applications,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,65908,multimodal LLMs and vision-language models
	4	+T10181,llm,0.30,Natural Language Processing Techniques,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,212866,NLP techniques incl. neural MT and NLG
	5	+T12031,llm,0.30,Speech and dialogue systems,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,54002,"dialogue systems, LLM chatbots"
	6	+T12128,llm,0.30,AI in Service Interactions,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,40627,chatbots in service interactions
	7	+T14414,llm,0.20,Artificial Intelligence in Education,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,135953,AI in education: mostly ChatGPT studies post-2023
	8	+T11307,foundation_models,0.50,Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,56640,"domain adaptation, few-shot, parameter-efficient fine-tuning, continual learning"
	9	+T11714,foundation_models,0.40,Multimodal Machine Learning Applications,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,65908,vision-language models / CLIP
	10	+T10028,foundation_models,0.30,Topic Modeling,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,174916,pre-trained language models
	11	+T10036,foundation_models,0.20,Advanced Neural Network Applications,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,209853,"backbone networks, model compression"
	12	+T12422,foundation_models,0.20,Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging,27,Medicine,2741,"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging",44812,foundation models in medical imaging / radiomics
	13	+T11714,multimodal_ai,1.00,Multimodal Machine Learning Applications,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,65908,"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications: VLMs, MLLMs, VQA, captioning"
	14	+T10627,multimodal_ai,0.40,Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,51546,image and video retrieval incl. cross-modal
	15	+T10824,multimodal_ai,0.20,Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,82772,image retrieval and classification
	16	+T11439,multimodal_ai,0.20,Video Analysis and Summarization,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,28288,video analysis and summarization
	17	+T13155,multimodal_ai,0.20,Digital Communication and Language,17,Computer Science,1709,Human-Computer Interaction,40062,digital communication and language (multimodal discourse)
	18	+T10775,generative_ai,1.00,Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,59387,"GANs, diffusion models, image/video generation"
	19	+T12357,generative_ai,0.50,Digital Media Forensic Detection,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,25331,digital media forensics: deepfake detection
	20	+T10388,generative_ai,0.20,Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,85809,steganography / watermarking (of generated content)
	21	+T11349,generative_ai,0.20,Music Technology and Sound Studies,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,124688,music technology (music generation)
	22	+T14254,generative_ai,0.20,Digital Media and Visual Art,17,Computer Science,1704,Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design,118579,digital media and visual art (AI art)
	23	+T10456,ai_agents,1.00,Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,76800,"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation: BDI, agent architectures, argumentation"
	24	+T10906,ai_agents,0.60,AI-based Problem Solving and Planning,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,62572,"AI-based problem solving and planning (PDDL, multi-agent planning)"
	25	+T11574,ai_agents,0.40,Artificial Intelligence in Games,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,48731,AI in games (game-playing agents)
	26	+T10249,ai_agents,0.30,Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,72180,distributed control of multi-agent systems (control-theoretic MAS)
	27	+T12128,ai_agents,0.20,AI in Service Interactions,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,40627,chatbots and service agents
	28	+T10462,reinforcement_learning,1.00,Reinforcement Learning in Robotics,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,93314,"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics: Q-learning, PPO, offline RL, imitation learning"
	29	+T12794,reinforcement_learning,0.50,Adaptive Dynamic Programming Control,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,13266,adaptive dynamic programming control
	30	+T11574,reinforcement_learning,0.30,Artificial Intelligence in Games,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,48731,AI in games
	31	+T10100,reinforcement_learning,0.10,Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,158325,metaheuristic optimisation (RL-based hyper-heuristics)
	32	+T12072,ml_theory,1.00,Machine Learning and Algorithms,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,29547,"Machine Learning and Algorithms: PAC learning, generalisation bounds, VC dimension"
	33	+T11612,ml_theory,0.80,Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,25139,"stochastic gradient optimisation, NTK, implicit regularisation"
	34	+T12814,ml_theory,0.70,Gaussian Processes and Bayesian Inference,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,16205,Gaussian processes and Bayesian inference
	35	+T11303,ml_theory,0.60,Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,47333,Bayesian modelling and causal inference
	36	+T11512,ml_theory,0.60,Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,36026,anomaly detection techniques and applications
	37	+T10845,ml_theory,0.50,Advanced Causal Inference Techniques,26,Mathematics,2613,Statistics and Probability,52846,advanced causal inference techniques
	38	+T11901,ml_theory,0.50,Bayesian Methods and Mixture Models,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,27042,Bayesian methods and mixture models
	39	+T10637,ml_theory,0.40,Advanced Clustering Algorithms Research,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,80297,clustering algorithms
	40	+T12026,ml_theory,0.40,Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI),17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,51083,explainable AI
	41	+T12535,ml_theory,0.40,Machine Learning and Data Classification,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,30775,"ML and data classification (SVM, ensembles)"
	42	+T12536,ml_theory,0.40,Topological and Geometric Data Analysis,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,17719,topological and geometric data analysis
	43	+T10820,ml_theory,0.30,Fuzzy Logic and Control Systems,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,75223,fuzzy logic and control systems (soft computing)
	44	+T10963,ml_theory,0.30,Advanced Optimization Algorithms Research,26,Mathematics,2612,Numerical Analysis,74491,advanced optimisation algorithms
	45	+T11063,ml_theory,0.30,Rough Sets and Fuzzy Logic,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,33815,"rough sets and fuzzy logic (granular computing, feature selection)"
	46	+T11652,ml_theory,0.30,Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,29453,imbalanced classification
	47	+T11689,ml_theory,0.30,Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,57233,adversarial robustness (certified robustness)
	48	+T12205,ml_theory,0.30,Time Series Analysis and Forecasting,17,Computer Science,1711,Signal Processing,38279,time series forecasting
	49	+T12761,ml_theory,0.30,Data Stream Mining Techniques,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,9573,data stream mining (concept drift)
	50	+T12676,ml_theory,0.20,Machine Learning and ELM,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,10704,extreme learning machines
	51	+T13373,ml_theory,0.20,Data Mining and Machine Learning Applications,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,64548,data mining and ML applications
	52	+T10320,deep_learning_architectures,1.00,Neural Networks and Applications,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,142497,"Neural Networks and Applications: training, architectures, activation functions"
	53	+T11273,deep_learning_architectures,1.00,Advanced Graph Neural Networks,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,35992,Advanced Graph Neural Networks
	54	+T10036,deep_learning_architectures,0.50,Advanced Neural Network Applications,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,209853,"Advanced Neural Network Applications: YOLO, lightweight networks, model compression"
	55	+T12676,deep_learning_architectures,0.50,Machine Learning and ELM,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,10704,extreme learning machines
	56	+T12611,deep_learning_architectures,0.40,Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,17232,reservoir computing / echo state networks
	57	+T11307,deep_learning_architectures,0.30,Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,56640,PEFT and continual learning for deep nets
	58	+T11347,deep_learning_architectures,0.30,Neural Networks Stability and Synchronization,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,21675,neural network stability and synchronisation
	59	+T11612,deep_learning_architectures,0.30,Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,25139,DNN training optimisation
	60	+T10502,deep_learning_architectures,0.20,Advanced Memory and Neural Computing,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,81371,neuromorphic computing (spiking models)
	61	+T11206,deep_learning_architectures,0.20,Model Reduction and Neural Networks,31,Physics and Astronomy,3109,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics,58834,model reduction and neural networks
	62	+T12205,deep_learning_architectures,0.20,Time Series Analysis and Forecasting,17,Computer Science,1711,Signal Processing,38279,time-series forecasting with deep nets
	63	+T10036,computer_vision,1.00,Advanced Neural Network Applications,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,209853,"object detection, segmentation, YOLO"
	64	+T10057,computer_vision,1.00,Face and Expression Recognition,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,46784,face and expression recognition
	65	+T10331,computer_vision,1.00,Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,119721,video surveillance and tracking
	66	+T10531,computer_vision,1.00,Advanced Vision and Imaging,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,94115,advanced vision and imaging
	67	+T10812,computer_vision,1.00,Human Pose and Action Recognition,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,48762,human pose and action recognition
	68	+T11448,computer_vision,1.00,Face recognition and analysis,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,68839,face recognition
	69	+T11605,computer_vision,1.00,Visual Attention and Saliency Detection,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,21004,visual attention and saliency
	70	+T12549,computer_vision,1.00,Image and Object Detection Techniques,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,24608,image and object detection
	71	+T14339,computer_vision,1.00,Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,10598,image processing and 3D reconstruction
	72	+T10601,computer_vision,0.80,Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,89243,handwritten text recognition
	73	+T10824,computer_vision,0.80,Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,82772,image retrieval and classification
	74	+T11019,computer_vision,0.80,Image Enhancement Techniques,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,53134,image enhancement
	75	+T11105,computer_vision,0.80,Advanced Image Processing Techniques,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,47642,advanced image processing
	76	+T11439,computer_vision,0.80,Video Analysis and Summarization,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,28288,video analysis and summarization
	77	+T12111,computer_vision,0.80,Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection,22,Engineering,2209,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,77325,industrial vision and defect detection
	78	+T12923,computer_vision,0.80,Digital Image Processing Techniques,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,21838,digital image processing
	79	+T13579,computer_vision,0.80,Image and Video Stabilization,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,4359,image and video stabilization
	80	+T10052,computer_vision,0.70,Medical Image Segmentation Techniques,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,176460,medical image segmentation
	81	+T10627,computer_vision,0.70,Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,51546,image and video retrieval
	82	+T10688,computer_vision,0.70,Image and Signal Denoising Methods,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,76497,image and signal denoising
	83	+T11165,computer_vision,0.70,Image and Video Quality Assessment,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,40598,image and video quality assessment
	84	+T13114,computer_vision,0.70,Image Processing Techniques and Applications,22,Engineering,2214,Media Technology,13522,image processing techniques
	85	+T10444,computer_vision,0.60,Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,78332,context-aware activity recognition
	86	+T10689,computer_vision,0.60,Remote-Sensing Image Classification,22,Engineering,2214,Media Technology,121925,remote-sensing image classification
	87	+T11659,computer_vision,0.60,Advanced Image Fusion Techniques,22,Engineering,2214,Media Technology,28981,image fusion
	88	+T10719,computer_vision,0.50,3D Shape Modeling and Analysis,22,Engineering,2206,Computational Mechanics,79493,3D shape modeling and analysis
	89	+T11398,computer_vision,0.50,Hand Gesture Recognition Systems,17,Computer Science,1709,Human-Computer Interaction,49516,hand gesture recognition
	90	+T12422,computer_vision,0.50,Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging,27,Medicine,2741,"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging",44812,radiomics and ML in medical imaging
	91	+T12859,computer_vision,0.50,Cell Image Analysis Techniques,13,"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",1304,Biophysics,57077,cell image analysis
	92	+T12983,computer_vision,0.50,Satellite Image Processing and Photogrammetry,22,Engineering,2212,Ocean Engineering,53776,satellite image processing and photogrammetry
	93	+T14319,computer_vision,0.50,Currency Recognition and Detection,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,3235,currency recognition
	94	+T10522,computer_vision,0.40,Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications,27,Medicine,2741,"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging",135997,medical imaging techniques
	95	+T11707,computer_vision,0.40,Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology,17,Computer Science,1709,Human-Computer Interaction,38781,gaze tracking
	96	+T11714,computer_vision,0.40,Multimodal Machine Learning Applications,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,65908,multimodal (vision-language)
	97	+T12357,computer_vision,0.40,Digital Media Forensic Detection,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,25331,digital media forensics
	98	+T12874,computer_vision,0.40,Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,11540,digital imaging for blood diseases
	99	+T10388,computer_vision,0.30,Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,85809,steganography and watermarking
	100	+T10741,computer_vision,0.30,Video Coding and Compression Technologies,17,Computer Science,1711,Signal Processing,87663,video coding
	101	+T10775,computer_vision,0.30,Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,59387,GANs and image synthesis
	102	+T10888,computer_vision,0.30,Augmented Reality Applications,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,82869,augmented reality
	103	+T10901,computer_vision,0.30,Advanced Data Compression Techniques,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,79238,advanced data compression (image)
	104	+T13759,computer_vision,0.30,Medical Imaging and Pathology Studies,27,Medicine,2740,Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine,21805,medical imaging and pathology
	105	+T10638,computer_vision,0.20,Optical measurement and interference techniques,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,120943,optical measurement and interference
	106	+T11017,computer_vision,0.20,Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,32878,chaos-based image encryption
	107	+T10181,nlp,1.00,Natural Language Processing Techniques,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,212866,"NLP techniques: MT, parsing, NLU/NLG"
	108	+T10664,nlp,1.00,Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,108063,sentiment analysis and opinion mining
	109	+T11550,nlp,1.00,Text and Document Classification Technologies,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,39399,text and document classification
	110	+T13629,nlp,1.00,Text Readability and Simplification,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,11476,text readability and simplification
	111	+T11710,nlp,0.80,Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies,13,"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",1312,Molecular Biology,44645,biomedical text mining and ontologies
	112	+T12380,nlp,0.80,Authorship Attribution and Profiling,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,16220,authorship attribution and profiling
	113	+T13083,nlp,0.80,Advanced Text Analysis Techniques,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,27691,advanced text analysis
	114	+T12262,nlp,0.70,Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,23598,hate speech detection
	115	+T10028,nlp,0.60,Topic Modeling,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,174916,topic modeling / pre-trained LMs
	116	+T12031,nlp,0.60,Speech and dialogue systems,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,54002,speech and dialogue systems
	117	+T13910,nlp,0.50,Computational and Text Analysis Methods,33,Social Sciences,3300,General Social Sciences,27169,computational and text analysis methods
	118	+T10215,nlp,0.40,Semantic Web and Ontologies,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,148084,semantic web and ontologies
	119	+T13274,nlp,0.40,Expert finding and Q&A systems,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,6346,expert finding and Q&A
	120	+T13623,nlp,0.40,Linguistic Studies and Language Acquisition,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,23903,linguistic studies and language acquisition
	121	+T10034,nlp,0.30,"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation",12,Arts and Humanities,1203,Language and Linguistics,648367,"syntax, semantics, linguistic variation"
	122	+T11010,nlp,0.30,"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge",17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,124360,"logic, reasoning and knowledge representation"
	123	+T11147,nlp,0.30,Misinformation and Its Impacts,33,Social Sciences,3312,Sociology and Political Science,121788,misinformation
	124	+T11644,nlp,0.30,Spam and Phishing Detection,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,42707,spam and phishing detection (text)
	125	+T12016,nlp,0.30,Web Data Mining and Analysis,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,31966,web data mining and analysis
	126	+T13155,nlp,0.30,Digital Communication and Language,17,Computer Science,1709,Human-Computer Interaction,40062,digital communication and language
	127	+T12353,nlp,0.20,Lexicography and Language Studies,12,Arts and Humanities,1203,Language and Linguistics,538548,lexicography and language studies
	128	+T13310,nlp,0.20,Subtitles and Audiovisual Media,12,Arts and Humanities,1203,Language and Linguistics,18244,subtitles and audiovisual media
	129	+T10201,speech_audio,1.00,Speech Recognition and Synthesis,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,150095,speech recognition and synthesis
	130	+T10860,speech_audio,1.00,Speech and Audio Processing,17,Computer Science,1711,Signal Processing,118725,speech and audio processing
	131	+T11309,speech_audio,1.00,Music and Audio Processing,17,Computer Science,1711,Signal Processing,56871,music and audio processing
	132	+T11349,speech_audio,0.60,Music Technology and Sound Studies,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,124688,music technology and sound studies
	133	+T11447,speech_audio,0.60,Blind Source Separation Techniques,17,Computer Science,1711,Signal Processing,17370,blind source separation
	134	+T12031,speech_audio,0.50,Speech and dialogue systems,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,54002,speech and dialogue systems
	135	+T10863,speech_audio,0.30,Voice and Speech Disorders,27,Medicine,2737,Physiology,91472,voice and speech disorders
	136	+T10931,speech_audio,0.20,Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques,17,Computer Science,1711,Signal Processing,60096,direction-of-arrival estimation (microphone arrays)
	137	+T11034,speech_audio,0.20,Digital Filter Design and Implementation,17,Computer Science,1711,Signal Processing,65313,digital filter design
	138	+T10941,speech_audio,0.10,Musicology and Musical Analysis,12,Arts and Humanities,1210,Music,1900864,musicology
	139	+T10191,robotics,1.00,Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization,22,Engineering,2202,Aerospace Engineering,86280,robotics and sensor-based localization
	140	+T10586,robotics,1.00,Robotic Path Planning Algorithms,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,75843,robotic path planning
	141	+T10653,robotics,1.00,Robot Manipulation and Learning,22,Engineering,2207,Control and Systems Engineering,73206,robot manipulation and learning
	142	+T10709,robotics,1.00,Social Robot Interaction and HRI,32,Psychology,3207,Social Psychology,68796,social robot interaction and HRI
	143	+T10879,robotics,1.00,Robotic Locomotion and Control,22,Engineering,2204,Biomedical Engineering,55730,robotic locomotion and control
	144	+T11615,robotics,1.00,Control and Dynamics of Mobile Robots,22,Engineering,2207,Control and Systems Engineering,45357,control and dynamics of mobile robots
	145	+T10571,robotics,0.80,Robotic Mechanisms and Dynamics,22,Engineering,2207,Control and Systems Engineering,135412,robotic mechanisms and dynamics
	146	+T10868,robotics,0.80,Soft Robotics and Applications,22,Engineering,2204,Biomedical Engineering,48115,soft robotics
	147	+T12784,robotics,0.80,Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence,22,Engineering,2210,Mechanical Engineering,16696,modular robots and swarm intelligence
	148	+T13382,robotics,0.80,Robotics and Automated Systems,22,Engineering,2207,Control and Systems Engineering,40176,robotics and automated systems
	149	+T11099,robotics,0.70,Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety,22,Engineering,2203,Automotive Engineering,72719,autonomous vehicle technology and safety
	150	+T11687,robotics,0.70,Teleoperation and Haptic Systems,22,Engineering,2210,Mechanical Engineering,49853,teleoperation and haptic systems
	151	+T11023,robotics,0.60,Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics,22,Engineering,2204,Biomedical Engineering,77696,prosthetics and rehabilitation robotics
	152	+T11133,robotics,0.60,UAV Applications and Optimization,22,Engineering,2202,Aerospace Engineering,30665,UAV applications
	153	+T10249,robotics,0.50,Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,72180,distributed control multi-agent (multi-robot)
	154	+T10462,robotics,0.50,Reinforcement Learning in Robotics,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,93314,reinforcement learning in robotics
	155	+T11486,robotics,0.50,Micro and Nano Robotics,31,Physics and Astronomy,3104,Condensed Matter Physics,33720,micro and nano robotics
	156	+T14335,robotics,0.50,Educational Robotics and Engineering,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,29286,educational robotics
	157	+T11325,robotics,0.40,Inertial Sensor and Navigation,22,Engineering,2202,Aerospace Engineering,67455,inertial sensor and navigation
	158	+T11192,robotics,0.30,Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems,22,Engineering,2212,Ocean Engineering,74131,underwater vehicles
	159	+T12158,robotics,0.30,Guidance and Control Systems,22,Engineering,2202,Aerospace Engineering,30110,guidance and control systems
	160	+T10525,robotics,0.20,Human-Automation Interaction and Safety,32,Psychology,3207,Social Psychology,104307,human-automation interaction
	161	+T10805,robotics,0.20,Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems,22,Engineering,2203,Automotive Engineering,107487,vehicle dynamics and control
	162	+T10470,hci,1.00,Usability and User Interface Design,17,Computer Science,1709,Human-Computer Interaction,155653,usability and user interface design
	163	+T10648,hci,1.00,Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts,17,Computer Science,1709,Human-Computer Interaction,94267,virtual reality applications
	164	+T10789,hci,1.00,Interactive and Immersive Displays,17,Computer Science,1709,Human-Computer Interaction,68845,interactive and immersive displays
	165	+T10803,hci,1.00,Innovative Human-Technology Interaction,17,Computer Science,1709,Human-Computer Interaction,63792,innovative human-technology interaction
	166	+T10888,hci,0.80,Augmented Reality Applications,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,82869,augmented reality applications
	167	+T11707,hci,0.80,Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology,17,Computer Science,1709,Human-Computer Interaction,38781,gaze tracking and assistive technology
	168	+T13874,hci,0.80,Information Architecture and Usability,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,10804,information architecture and usability
	169	+T14074,hci,0.80,Persona Design and Applications,17,Computer Science,1709,Human-Computer Interaction,2885,persona design
	170	+T10525,hci,0.70,Human-Automation Interaction and Safety,32,Psychology,3207,Social Psychology,104307,human-automation interaction and safety
	171	+T11398,hci,0.70,Hand Gesture Recognition Systems,17,Computer Science,1709,Human-Computer Interaction,49516,hand gesture recognition
	172	+T10429,hci,0.50,EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces,28,Neuroscience,2805,Cognitive Neuroscience,138072,EEG and brain-computer interfaces
	173	+T10709,hci,0.50,Social Robot Interaction and HRI,32,Psychology,3207,Social Psychology,68796,social robot interaction
	174	+T11687,hci,0.50,Teleoperation and Haptic Systems,22,Engineering,2210,Mechanical Engineering,49853,teleoperation and haptics
	175	+T11704,hci,0.50,Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing,17,Computer Science,1706,Computer Science Applications,21303,mobile crowdsensing and crowdsourcing
	176	+T12128,hci,0.40,AI in Service Interactions,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,40627,AI in service interactions (chatbot UX)
	177	+T13155,hci,0.40,Digital Communication and Language,17,Computer Science,1709,Human-Computer Interaction,40062,digital communication and language
	178	+T10444,hci,0.30,Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,78332,context-aware activity recognition (ubicomp)
	179	+T10914,hci,0.30,Tactile and Sensory Interactions,28,Neuroscience,2805,Cognitive Neuroscience,65044,tactile and sensory interactions
	180	+T11902,hci,0.30,Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,58438,intelligent tutoring systems
	181	+T11122,hci,0.20,Online Learning and Analytics,17,Computer Science,1706,Computer Science Applications,76535,online learning and analytics
	182	+T12260,hci,0.20,Educational Technology and Pedagogy,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,34372,educational technology
	183	+T12338,hci,0.20,Digital literacy in education,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,90244,digital literacy
	184	+T13807,hci,0.20,Cultural Insights and Digital Impacts,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,20616,cultural insights and digital impacts
	185	+T14114,hci,0.20,Digital Media and Philosophy,17,Computer Science,1706,Computer Science Applications,14507,digital media and philosophy
	186	+T10260,software_engineering,1.00,Software Engineering Research,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,118073,software engineering research
	187	+T10430,software_engineering,1.00,Software Engineering Techniques and Practices,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,203391,software engineering techniques and practices
	188	+T10639,software_engineering,1.00,Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,110304,advanced software engineering methodologies
	189	+T10743,software_engineering,1.00,Software Testing and Debugging Techniques,17,Computer Science,1712,Software,112067,software testing and debugging
	190	+T11450,software_engineering,1.00,Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques,17,Computer Science,1712,Software,75558,model-driven software engineering
	191	+T12423,software_engineering,1.00,Software Reliability and Analysis Research,17,Computer Science,1712,Software,12486,software reliability and analysis
	192	+T12490,software_engineering,1.00,Software Engineering and Design Patterns,33,Social Sciences,3303,Development,33843,software engineering and design patterns
	193	+T11675,software_engineering,0.80,Open Source Software Innovations,17,Computer Science,1706,Computer Science Applications,43880,open source software
	194	+T13197,software_engineering,0.80,Spreadsheets and End-User Computing,17,Computer Science,1712,Software,20146,spreadsheets and end-user computing
	195	+T10679,software_engineering,0.70,Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,72493,service-oriented architecture and web services
	196	+T12127,software_engineering,0.70,Software System Performance and Reliability,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,44881,"software system performance, microservices, AIOps"
	197	+T12799,software_engineering,0.60,Mobile and Web Applications,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,150549,mobile and web applications
	198	+T12601,software_engineering,0.50,Web Applications and Data Management,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,46375,web applications and data management
	199	+T10533,software_engineering,0.40,Teaching and Learning Programming,17,Computer Science,1706,Computer Science Applications,175338,teaching and learning programming
	200	+T11986,software_engineering,0.40,Scientific Computing and Data Management,18,Decision Sciences,1802,Information Systems and Management,75013,research software and scientific workflows
	201	+T12479,software_engineering,0.30,Web Application Security Vulnerabilities,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,33161,web application security vulnerabilities
	202	+T13650,software_engineering,0.30,Computational Physics and Python Applications,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,21186,Python scientific programming
	203	+T10126,software_engineering,0.20,"Logic, programming, and type systems",17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,234842,"logic, programming and type systems"
	204	+T13034,software_engineering,0.20,Information Systems Education and Curriculum Development,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,47160,information systems education and curriculum
	205	+T13681,software_engineering,0.10,Engineering and Information Technology,17,Computer Science,1712,Software,247694,engineering and information technology
	206	+T10126,programming_languages,1.00,"Logic, programming, and type systems",17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,234842,"logic, programming and type systems"
	207	+T11727,programming_languages,0.30,Advanced Algebra and Logic,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,78804,advanced algebra and logic
	208	+T10533,programming_languages,0.20,Teaching and Learning Programming,17,Computer Science,1706,Computer Science Applications,175338,teaching and learning programming
	209	+T11567,programming_languages,0.20,semigroups and automata theory,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,78618,formal languages and automata
	210	+T12002,programming_languages,0.20,"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms",17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,36622,computability and logic
	211	+T13197,programming_languages,0.20,Spreadsheets and End-User Computing,17,Computer Science,1712,Software,20146,end-user programming
	212	+T10054,compilers,0.60,Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,283179,"parallel computing: compiler optimization, OpenMP, CUDA"
	213	+T10126,compilers,0.40,"Logic, programming, and type systems",17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,234842,"logic, programming and type systems"
	214	+T10904,compilers,0.30,Embedded Systems Design Techniques,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,112094,embedded systems design: high-level synthesis
	215	+T13650,compilers,0.20,Computational Physics and Python Applications,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,21186,"Python scientific programming (JIT, NumPy)"
	216	+T10142,formal_verification,1.00,Formal Methods in Verification,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,96352,formal methods in verification
	217	+T11125,formal_verification,0.80,Petri Nets in System Modeling,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,44872,Petri nets in system modeling
	218	+T11010,formal_verification,0.40,"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge",17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,124360,"logic, reasoning and knowledge"
	219	+T11596,formal_verification,0.40,Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,31611,constraint satisfaction and optimization (SAT/CSP)
	220	+T12002,formal_verification,0.40,"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms",17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,36622,"computability, logic and AI algorithms"
	221	+T10126,formal_verification,0.30,"Logic, programming, and type systems",17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,234842,"logic, programming and type systems"
	222	+T11567,formal_verification,0.30,semigroups and automata theory,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,78618,automata theory
	223	+T11727,formal_verification,0.30,Advanced Algebra and Logic,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,78804,advanced algebra and logic
	224	+T11424,formal_verification,0.20,Security and Verification in Computing,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,61000,security and verification in computing
	225	+T13286,formal_verification,0.20,Modeling and Simulation Systems,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,22943,modeling and simulation systems
	226	+T10720,algorithms,1.00,Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,120820,"complexity and algorithms in graphs (approximation, shortest paths, flows)"
	227	+T11269,algorithms,1.00,Algorithms and Data Compression,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,63193,"algorithms and data compression (strings, sorting, succinct structures)"
	228	+T10374,algorithms,0.80,Advanced Graph Theory Research,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,99218,advanced graph theory research
	229	+T12292,algorithms,0.80,Graph Theory and Algorithms,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,26348,graph theory and algorithms
	230	+T10996,algorithms,0.70,Computational Geometry and Mesh Generation,17,Computer Science,1704,Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design,57791,computational geometry and mesh generation
	231	+T11106,algorithms,0.60,Data Management and Algorithms,17,Computer Science,1711,Signal Processing,38868,data management and algorithms
	232	+T11476,algorithms,0.60,Graph theory and applications,26,Mathematics,2608,Geometry and Topology,43851,graph theory and applications
	233	+T11596,algorithms,0.60,Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,31611,constraint satisfaction and optimization
	234	+T12288,algorithms,0.60,Optimization and Search Problems,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,15449,optimization and search problems
	235	+T12541,algorithms,0.60,Graph Labeling and Dimension Problems,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,21089,graph labeling and dimension problems
	236	+T10100,algorithms,0.50,Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,158325,metaheuristic optimization algorithms
	237	+T10551,algorithms,0.50,Scheduling and Optimization Algorithms,22,Engineering,2209,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,95222,scheduling and optimization algorithms
	238	+T10948,algorithms,0.50,Advanced Combinatorial Mathematics,26,Mathematics,2607,Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics,119560,advanced combinatorial mathematics
	239	+T11975,algorithms,0.50,Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,40033,evolutionary algorithms
	240	+T12176,algorithms,0.50,Optimization and Packing Problems,22,Engineering,2209,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,19264,optimization and packing problems
	241	+T10792,algorithms,0.40,Matrix Theory and Algorithms,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,143219,matrix theory and algorithms
	242	+T10963,algorithms,0.40,Advanced Optimization Algorithms Research,26,Mathematics,2612,Numerical Analysis,74491,advanced optimization algorithms
	243	+T11329,algorithms,0.40,Limits and Structures in Graph Theory,26,Mathematics,2607,Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics,32670,limits and structures in graph theory
	244	+T12401,algorithms,0.40,Scheduling and Timetabling Solutions,18,Decision Sciences,1803,Management Science and Operations Research,22410,scheduling and timetabling
	245	+T10545,algorithms,0.30,Optimization and Variational Analysis,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,76354,optimization and variational analysis
	246	+T10567,algorithms,0.30,Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods,22,Engineering,2209,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,65582,vehicle routing optimization
	247	+T10848,algorithms,0.30,Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,42818,multi-objective optimization algorithms
	248	+T10991,algorithms,0.30,Game Theory and Voting Systems,20,"Economics, Econometrics and Finance",2002,Economics and Econometrics,79857,game theory and voting systems
	249	+T11031,algorithms,0.30,Game Theory and Applications,18,Decision Sciences,1803,Management Science and Operations Research,74906,game theory and applications
	250	+T11697,algorithms,0.30,Numerical Methods and Algorithms,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,27804,numerical methods and algorithms
	251	+T12162,algorithms,0.30,Cellular Automata and Applications,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,21422,cellular automata
	252	+T12303,algorithms,0.30,Tensor decomposition and applications,26,Mathematics,2605,Computational Mathematics,16050,tensor decomposition
	253	+T12536,algorithms,0.30,Topological and Geometric Data Analysis,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,17719,topological data analysis
	254	+T12709,algorithms,0.30,Optimization and Mathematical Programming,22,Engineering,2207,Control and Systems Engineering,48395,optimization and mathematical programming
	255	+T10287,algorithms,0.20,Algebraic structures and combinatorial models,26,Mathematics,2608,Geometry and Topology,66060,algebraic structures and combinatorial models
	256	+T11182,algorithms,0.20,Auction Theory and Applications,18,Decision Sciences,1803,Management Science and Operations Research,39314,auction theory
	257	+T11252,algorithms,0.20,Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation,33,Social Sciences,3312,Sociology and Political Science,30422,evolutionary game theory and cooperation
	258	+T11716,algorithms,0.20,Random Matrices and Applications,26,Mathematics,2613,Statistics and Probability,17314,random matrices
	259	+T12056,algorithms,0.20,Markov Chains and Monte Carlo Methods,26,Mathematics,2613,Statistics and Probability,29874,Markov chains and Monte Carlo
	260	+T12177,algorithms,0.20,Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling,18,Decision Sciences,1803,Management Science and Operations Research,24724,resource-constrained project scheduling
	261	+T12002,computational_complexity,0.80,"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms",17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,36622,"computability, logic and AI algorithms (Turing machines, Kolmogorov complexity)"
	262	+T11567,computational_complexity,0.70,semigroups and automata theory,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,78618,semigroups and automata theory
	263	+T10720,computational_complexity,0.50,Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,120820,"complexity and algorithms in graphs (P vs NP, complexity classes)"
	264	+T11435,computational_complexity,0.50,Polynomial and algebraic computation,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,40510,polynomial and algebraic computation
	265	+T11727,computational_complexity,0.30,Advanced Algebra and Logic,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,78804,advanced algebra and logic
	266	+T11130,computational_complexity,0.20,Coding theory and cryptography,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,76373,coding theory and cryptography
	267	+T12162,computational_complexity,0.20,Cellular Automata and Applications,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,21422,cellular automata
	268	+T10020,computational_complexity,0.10,Quantum Information and Cryptography,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,145738,quantum information (quantum complexity)
	269	+T12469,computational_complexity,0.10,"Chaos, Complexity, and Education",17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,24555,"chaos, complexity and education"
	270	+T10317,database_systems,1.00,Advanced Database Systems and Queries,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,163709,advanced database systems and queries
	271	+T11719,database_systems,0.60,Data Quality and Management,18,Decision Sciences,1803,Management Science and Operations Research,38898,data quality and management
	272	+T12761,database_systems,0.60,Data Stream Mining Techniques,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,9573,data stream mining
	273	+T14280,database_systems,0.60,Big Data Technologies and Applications,18,Decision Sciences,1802,Information Systems and Management,24048,big data technologies and applications
	274	+T10538,database_systems,0.50,Data Mining Algorithms and Applications,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,63962,data mining algorithms and applications
	275	+T11106,database_systems,0.50,Data Management and Algorithms,17,Computer Science,1711,Signal Processing,38868,data management and algorithms
	276	+T11181,database_systems,0.50,Advanced Data Storage Technologies,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,77941,advanced data storage technologies
	277	+T12601,database_systems,0.50,Web Applications and Data Management,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,46375,web applications and data management
	278	+T10215,database_systems,0.40,Semantic Web and Ontologies,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,148084,"semantic web and ontologies (RDF, SPARQL)"
	279	+T10772,database_systems,0.40,Distributed systems and fault tolerance,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,88230,"distributed systems and fault tolerance (distributed databases, transactions)"
	280	+T11891,database_systems,0.40,Big Data and Business Intelligence,14,"Business, Management and Accounting",1404,Management Information Systems,74132,big data and business intelligence
	281	+T12016,database_systems,0.40,Web Data Mining and Analysis,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,31966,web data mining
	282	+T13373,database_systems,0.40,Data Mining and Machine Learning Applications,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,64548,data mining and ML applications
	283	+T14435,database_systems,0.40,Information Retrieval and Data Mining,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,2608,information retrieval and data mining
	284	+T11937,database_systems,0.30,Research Data Management Practices,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,278973,research data management
	285	+T13647,database_systems,0.30,AI and Big Data Applications,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,1126,AI and big data applications
	286	+T10101,database_systems,0.20,Cloud Computing and Resource Management,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,167474,"cloud computing (MapReduce, Hadoop)"
	287	+T10757,database_systems,0.20,Geographic Information Systems Studies,33,Social Sciences,3305,"Geography, Planning and Development",128351,geographic information systems
	288	+T13832,database_systems,0.20,Advanced Decision-Making Techniques,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,2813,advanced decision-making techniques (DSS)
	289	+T14347,database_systems,0.20,Big Data and Digital Economy,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,721,big data and digital economy
	290	+T14484,database_systems,0.20,Technology and Data Analysis,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,151,technology and data analysis
	291	+T10203,information_retrieval,1.00,Recommender Systems and Techniques,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,121917,recommender systems
	292	+T10286,information_retrieval,1.00,Information Retrieval and Search Behavior,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,126137,information retrieval and search behavior
	293	+T13274,information_retrieval,0.80,Expert finding and Q&A systems,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,6346,expert finding and Q&A systems
	294	+T14435,information_retrieval,0.60,Information Retrieval and Data Mining,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,2608,information retrieval and data mining
	295	+T12016,information_retrieval,0.50,Web Data Mining and Analysis,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,31966,web data mining and analysis
	296	+T13976,information_retrieval,0.50,Web visibility and informetrics,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,13005,web visibility and informetrics
	297	+T10627,information_retrieval,0.40,Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,51546,advanced image and video retrieval
	298	+T10028,information_retrieval,0.30,Topic Modeling,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,174916,topic modeling / RAG / sentence retrieval
	299	+T10215,information_retrieval,0.30,Semantic Web and Ontologies,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,148084,semantic web and ontologies
	300	+T10824,information_retrieval,0.30,Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,82772,image retrieval and classification
	301	+T10664,information_retrieval,0.20,Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,108063,sentiment analysis and opinion mining
	302	+T11122,information_retrieval,0.20,Online Learning and Analytics,17,Computer Science,1706,Computer Science Applications,76535,online learning and analytics (recommendation)
	303	+T11644,information_retrieval,0.20,Spam and Phishing Detection,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,42707,spam and phishing detection
	304	+T11813,information_retrieval,0.20,Library Collection Development and Digital Resources,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,138307,library collection development and digital resources
	305	+T11937,information_retrieval,0.20,Research Data Management Practices,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,278973,research data management
	306	+T12863,information_retrieval,0.20,Web and Library Services,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,103530,web and library services
	307	+T13166,information_retrieval,0.20,Information Science and Libraries,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,71106,information science and libraries
	308	+T13673,information_retrieval,0.20,Library Science and Information,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,418580,library science and information
	309	+T13874,information_retrieval,0.20,Information Architecture and Usability,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,10804,information architecture and usability
	310	+T14330,information_retrieval,0.20,Library Science and Information Systems,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,95296,library science and information systems
	311	+T10715,distributed_computing,1.00,Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,102389,"distributed and parallel computing systems (grid, cluster, scheduling)"
	312	+T10772,distributed_computing,1.00,Distributed systems and fault tolerance,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,88230,"distributed systems and fault tolerance (consensus, replication, transactions)"
	313	+T10742,distributed_computing,0.80,Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,42026,peer-to-peer network technologies
	314	+T10054,distributed_computing,0.60,Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,283179,"parallel computing (HPC, MPI, GPU)"
	315	+T10829,distributed_computing,0.50,Interconnection Networks and Systems,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,58222,interconnection networks and systems
	316	+T11181,distributed_computing,0.50,Advanced Data Storage Technologies,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,77941,advanced data storage technologies
	317	+T10101,distributed_computing,0.40,Cloud Computing and Resource Management,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,167474,cloud computing and resource management
	318	+T12127,distributed_computing,0.40,Software System Performance and Reliability,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,44881,software system performance and reliability
	319	+T10249,distributed_computing,0.30,Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,72180,distributed control multi-agent systems
	320	+T10273,distributed_computing,0.30,IoT and Edge/Fog Computing,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,81820,IoT and edge/fog computing
	321	+T10679,distributed_computing,0.30,Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,72493,service-oriented architecture
	322	+T11986,distributed_computing,0.30,Scientific Computing and Data Management,18,Decision Sciences,1802,Information Systems and Management,75013,scientific workflows
	323	+T12203,distributed_computing,0.30,Mobile Agent-Based Network Management,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,35115,mobile agent-based network management
	324	+T11478,distributed_computing,0.20,Caching and Content Delivery,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,33178,caching and content delivery
	325	+T12216,distributed_computing,0.20,Network Time Synchronization Technologies,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,198469,network time synchronization
	326	+T12879,distributed_computing,0.20,Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,9751,distributed sensor networks and detection
	327	+T10101,cloud_computing,1.00,Cloud Computing and Resource Management,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,167474,"cloud computing and resource management (VMs, serverless, data centres)"
	328	+T14067,cloud_computing,1.00,Cloud Computing and Remote Desktop Technologies,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,13194,cloud computing and remote desktop technologies
	329	+T10679,cloud_computing,0.60,Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,72493,service-oriented architecture and web services
	330	+T11614,cloud_computing,0.60,Cloud Data Security Solutions,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,37905,cloud data security solutions
	331	+T12127,cloud_computing,0.60,Software System Performance and Reliability,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,44881,"software system performance (microservices, cloud-native, AIOps)"
	332	+T10273,cloud_computing,0.40,IoT and Edge/Fog Computing,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,81820,IoT and edge/fog (cloud-edge)
	333	+T14098,cloud_computing,0.40,Energy Efficiency in Computing,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,7354,energy efficiency in computing (data centres)
	334	+T10715,cloud_computing,0.30,Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,102389,distributed and parallel computing (grid)
	335	+T11181,cloud_computing,0.20,Advanced Data Storage Technologies,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,77941,data storage technologies
	336	+T12238,cloud_computing,0.20,Green IT and Sustainability,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,27208,green IT (green data centres)
	337	+T12799,cloud_computing,0.20,Mobile and Web Applications,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,150549,mobile and web applications
	338	+T10273,edge_computing,1.00,IoT and Edge/Fog Computing,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,81820,"IoT and edge/fog computing (offloading, MEC, edge AI)"
	339	+T13038,edge_computing,0.60,Internet of Things and AI,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,22017,Internet of Things and AI
	340	+T12079,edge_computing,0.40,IoT Networks and Protocols,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,24766,IoT networks and protocols
	341	+T10080,edge_computing,0.30,Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,120392,energy-efficient wireless sensor networks
	342	+T13420,edge_computing,0.30,Arduino and IoT Applications,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,101450,Arduino and IoT applications
	343	+T13535,edge_computing,0.30,Wireless Sensor Networks and IoT,22,Engineering,2207,Control and Systems Engineering,17276,wireless sensor networks and IoT
	344	+T13541,edge_computing,0.30,IoT-based Control Systems,17,Computer Science,1706,Computer Science Applications,0,IoT-based control systems
	345	+T13918,edge_computing,0.30,Advanced Data and IoT Technologies,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,6210,advanced data and IoT technologies
	346	+T13924,edge_computing,0.30,Internet of Things and Social Network Interactions,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,0,IoT and social network interactions
	347	+T10101,edge_computing,0.20,Cloud Computing and Resource Management,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,167474,cloud computing (cloud-edge)
	348	+T11704,edge_computing,0.20,Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing,17,Computer Science,1706,Computer Science Applications,21303,mobile crowdsensing
	349	+T12406,edge_computing,0.20,IoT and GPS-based Vehicle Safety Systems,22,Engineering,2210,Mechanical Engineering,26746,IoT and GPS vehicle safety
	350	+T10904,edge_computing,0.10,Embedded Systems Design Techniques,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,112094,embedded systems design
	351	+T10138,computer_networks,1.00,Network Traffic and Congestion Control,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,181149,network traffic and congestion control
	352	+T10246,computer_networks,1.00,Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,90776,mobile ad hoc networks
	353	+T10575,computer_networks,1.00,Wireless Communication Networks Research,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,85799,wireless communication networks research
	354	+T10714,computer_networks,1.00,Software-Defined Networks and 5G,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,74363,software-defined networks and 5G
	355	+T10761,computer_networks,1.00,Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs),22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,58233,vehicular ad hoc networks
	356	+T11158,computer_networks,1.00,Wireless Networks and Protocols,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,69837,wireless networks and protocols
	357	+T11478,computer_networks,1.00,Caching and Content Delivery,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,33178,caching and content delivery
	358	+T11896,computer_networks,1.00,Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,14067,opportunistic and delay-tolerant networks
	359	+T13553,computer_networks,1.00,Age of Information Optimization,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,4716,age of information optimization
	360	+T10651,computer_networks,0.90,"IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security",22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,60254,"IPv6, mobility, handover, networks, security"
	361	+T12326,computer_networks,0.90,Network Packet Processing and Optimization,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,24817,network packet processing
	362	+T10080,computer_networks,0.80,Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,120392,energy-efficient wireless sensor networks
	363	+T10579,computer_networks,0.80,Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,57427,cognitive radio networks and spectrum sensing
	364	+T10796,computer_networks,0.80,Cooperative Communication and Network Coding,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,37709,cooperative communication and network coding
	365	+T11409,computer_networks,0.80,Advanced Wireless Network Optimization,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,39890,advanced wireless network optimization
	366	+T12079,computer_networks,0.80,IoT Networks and Protocols,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,24766,IoT networks and protocols
	367	+T12801,computer_networks,0.80,Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,13245,Bluetooth and wireless technologies
	368	+T10232,computer_networks,0.70,Optical Network Technologies,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,121755,optical network technologies
	369	+T10847,computer_networks,0.70,Advanced Optical Network Technologies,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,54279,advanced optical network technologies
	370	+T10125,computer_networks,0.60,Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,133722,advanced wireless communication techniques
	371	+T11498,computer_networks,0.60,Security in Wireless Sensor Networks,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,29133,security in wireless sensor networks
	372	+T11932,computer_networks,0.60,Wireless Body Area Networks,22,Engineering,2204,Biomedical Engineering,26062,wireless body area networks
	373	+T12203,computer_networks,0.60,Mobile Agent-Based Network Management,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,35115,mobile agent-based network management
	374	+T13535,computer_networks,0.60,Wireless Sensor Networks and IoT,22,Engineering,2207,Control and Systems Engineering,17276,wireless sensor networks and IoT
	375	+T10400,computer_networks,0.50,Network Security and Intrusion Detection,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,165491,network security and intrusion detection
	376	+T10742,computer_networks,0.50,Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,42026,peer-to-peer networks
	377	+T10829,computer_networks,0.50,Interconnection Networks and Systems,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,58222,interconnection networks
	378	+T10964,computer_networks,0.50,Wireless Communication Security Techniques,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,23318,wireless communication security
	379	+T11321,computer_networks,0.50,Error Correcting Code Techniques,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,62039,error-correcting code techniques
	380	+T11392,computer_networks,0.50,Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,19694,energy harvesting in wireless networks
	381	+T11458,computer_networks,0.50,Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,31219,advanced wireless communication technologies
	382	+T11598,computer_networks,0.50,Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,28265,Internet traffic analysis
	383	+T12042,computer_networks,0.50,Satellite Communication Systems,22,Engineering,2202,Aerospace Engineering,65429,satellite communication systems
	384	+T12216,computer_networks,0.50,Network Time Synchronization Technologies,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,198469,network time synchronization
	385	+T12791,computer_networks,0.50,Full-Duplex Wireless Communications,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,6226,full-duplex wireless
	386	+T12879,computer_networks,0.50,Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,9751,distributed sensor networks and detection
	387	+T14353,computer_networks,0.50,Wireless Sensor Networks for Data Analysis,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,3868,wireless sensor networks for data analysis
	388	+T10148,computer_networks,0.40,Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,53367,advanced MIMO systems
	389	+T10851,computer_networks,0.40,Optical Wireless Communication Technologies,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,60225,optical wireless communication
	390	+T12131,computer_networks,0.40,Wireless Signal Modulation Classification,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,14439,wireless signal modulation classification
	391	+T10273,computer_networks,0.30,IoT and Edge/Fog Computing,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,81820,IoT and edge/fog computing
	392	+T10711,computer_networks,0.30,Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,69847,target tracking and data fusion in sensor networks
	393	+T10767,computer_networks,0.30,Advanced Photonic Communication Systems,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,67441,advanced photonic communication systems
	394	+T11130,computer_networks,0.30,Coding theory and cryptography,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,76373,coding theory and cryptography
	395	+T11797,computer_networks,0.30,graph theory and CDMA systems,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,7028,graph theory and CDMA systems
	396	+T10400,cybersecurity,1.00,Network Security and Intrusion Detection,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,165491,network security and intrusion detection
	397	+T10734,cybersecurity,1.00,Information and Cyber Security,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,164985,information and cyber security
	398	+T11241,cybersecurity,1.00,Advanced Malware Detection Techniques,17,Computer Science,1711,Signal Processing,39675,advanced malware detection
	399	+T11644,cybersecurity,1.00,Spam and Phishing Detection,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,42707,spam and phishing detection
	400	+T12034,cybersecurity,1.00,Digital and Cyber Forensics,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,29025,digital and cyber forensics
	401	+T12479,cybersecurity,1.00,Web Application Security Vulnerabilities,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,33161,web application security vulnerabilities
	402	+T13983,cybersecurity,1.00,Cybersecurity and Information Systems,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,35176,cybersecurity and information systems
	403	+T11800,cybersecurity,0.90,User Authentication and Security Systems,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,45894,user authentication and security systems
	404	+T11424,cybersecurity,0.80,Security and Verification in Computing,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,61000,"security and verification in computing (TEEs, OS security)"
	405	+T12519,cybersecurity,0.80,Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,61556,cybercrime and law enforcement
	406	+T11498,cybersecurity,0.70,Security in Wireless Sensor Networks,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,29133,security in wireless sensor networks
	407	+T12122,cybersecurity,0.70,Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,19603,PUFs and hardware security
	408	+T12221,cybersecurity,0.70,Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies,33,Social Sciences,3320,Political Science and International Relations,41299,cybersecurity and cyber warfare studies
	409	+T10388,cybersecurity,0.60,Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,85809,steganography and watermarking
	410	+T10828,cybersecurity,0.60,Biometric Identification and Security,17,Computer Science,1711,Signal Processing,72724,biometric identification and security
	411	+T10917,cybersecurity,0.60,Smart Grid Security and Resilience,22,Engineering,2207,Control and Systems Engineering,32548,smart grid security and resilience
	412	+T10927,cybersecurity,0.60,Access Control and Trust,33,Social Sciences,3312,Sociology and Political Science,67543,access control and trust
	413	+T10964,cybersecurity,0.60,Wireless Communication Security Techniques,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,23318,wireless communication security
	414	+T11504,cybersecurity,0.60,Advanced Authentication Protocols Security,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,65641,advanced authentication protocols
	415	+T11614,cybersecurity,0.60,Cloud Data Security Solutions,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,37905,cloud data security
	416	+T13999,cybersecurity,0.60,Digital Rights Management and Security,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,12987,digital rights management
	417	+T10237,cybersecurity,0.50,Cryptography and Data Security,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,120453,cryptography and data security
	418	+T12357,cybersecurity,0.50,Digital Media Forensic Detection,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,25331,digital media forensic detection
	419	+T14042,cybersecurity,0.50,Technology and Security Systems,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,8140,technology and security systems
	420	+T10951,cybersecurity,0.40,Cryptographic Implementations and Security,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,72745,cryptographic implementations (side channels)
	421	+T11045,cybersecurity,0.40,"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection",33,Social Sciences,3312,Sociology and Political Science,75856,"privacy, security and data protection"
	422	+T11598,cybersecurity,0.40,Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,28265,Internet traffic analysis and secure e-voting
	423	+T11689,cybersecurity,0.40,Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,57233,adversarial robustness (ML security)
	424	+T11017,cybersecurity,0.30,Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,32878,chaos-based image encryption
	425	+T11512,cybersecurity,0.30,Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,36026,anomaly detection techniques (intrusion/fraud detection)
	426	+T12943,cybersecurity,0.30,COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,9483,COVID-19 contact tracing
	427	+T10270,cybersecurity,0.20,Blockchain Technology Applications and Security,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,168283,blockchain security
	428	+T12131,cybersecurity,0.20,Wireless Signal Modulation Classification,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,14439,wireless signal modulation classification (spectrum security)
	429	+T13270,cybersecurity,0.20,QR Code Applications and Technologies,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,15516,QR code applications
	430	+T10237,applied_cryptography,1.00,Cryptography and Data Security,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,120453,cryptography and data security
	431	+T10951,applied_cryptography,1.00,Cryptographic Implementations and Security,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,72745,cryptographic implementations and security
	432	+T11693,applied_cryptography,1.00,Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,35528,cryptography and residue arithmetic
	433	+T11130,applied_cryptography,0.90,Coding theory and cryptography,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,76373,coding theory and cryptography
	434	+T11017,applied_cryptography,0.70,Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,32878,chaos-based image/signal encryption
	435	+T10020,applied_cryptography,0.50,Quantum Information and Cryptography,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,145738,quantum information and cryptography
	436	+T11504,applied_cryptography,0.50,Advanced Authentication Protocols Security,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,65641,advanced authentication protocols
	437	+T11614,applied_cryptography,0.40,Cloud Data Security Solutions,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,37905,cloud data security (encrypted outsourcing)
	438	+T12122,applied_cryptography,0.40,Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,19603,PUFs and hardware security
	439	+T10270,applied_cryptography,0.30,Blockchain Technology Applications and Security,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,168283,blockchain technology
	440	+T10764,applied_cryptography,0.30,Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,97710,"privacy-preserving technologies (SMPC, HE)"
	441	+T11800,applied_cryptography,0.30,User Authentication and Security Systems,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,45894,user authentication
	442	+T11321,applied_cryptography,0.20,Error Correcting Code Techniques,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,62039,error-correcting codes
	443	+T11598,applied_cryptography,0.20,Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,28265,secure e-voting
	444	+T10270,blockchain,1.00,Blockchain Technology Applications and Security,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,168283,blockchain technology applications and security
	445	+T13913,blockchain,0.80,Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,5289,blockchain in education and learning
	446	+T10742,blockchain,0.20,Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,42026,peer-to-peer networks
	447	+T10772,blockchain,0.20,Distributed systems and fault tolerance,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,88230,distributed systems and fault tolerance (BFT)
	448	+T11598,blockchain,0.20,Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,28265,secure e-voting
	449	+T10764,blockchain,0.10,Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,97710,privacy-preserving technologies
	450	+T10904,computer_architecture,1.00,Embedded Systems Design Techniques,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,112094,"embedded systems design: FPGA, HLS, SoC, co-design"
	451	+T11522,computer_architecture,1.00,VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,72658,VLSI and FPGA design techniques
	452	+T12941,computer_architecture,1.00,Embedded Systems and FPGA Design,22,Engineering,2207,Control and Systems Engineering,84877,embedded systems and FPGA design
	453	+T13292,computer_architecture,1.00,Embedded Systems and FPGA Applications,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,54167,embedded systems and FPGA applications
	454	+T10054,computer_architecture,0.80,Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,283179,"parallel computing and optimization (multi-core, GPU, processor architecture)"
	455	+T10363,computer_architecture,0.80,Low-power high-performance VLSI design,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,82126,low-power high-performance VLSI design
	456	+T11527,computer_architecture,0.80,3D IC and TSV technologies,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,33559,3D IC and TSV technologies
	457	+T10502,computer_architecture,0.60,Advanced Memory and Neural Computing,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,81371,"advanced memory and neural computing (RRAM, in-memory computing)"
	458	+T10829,computer_architecture,0.60,Interconnection Networks and Systems,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,58222,interconnection networks and systems
	459	+T11032,computer_architecture,0.60,VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,56506,VLSI and analog circuit testing
	460	+T13182,computer_architecture,0.60,Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,7106,quantum-dot cellular automata
	461	+T10933,computer_architecture,0.50,Real-Time Systems Scheduling,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,58067,real-time systems scheduling
	462	+T11181,computer_architecture,0.50,Advanced Data Storage Technologies,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,77941,"advanced data storage technologies (SSD, NVM)"
	463	+T12122,computer_architecture,0.50,Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,19603,PUFs and hardware security
	464	+T10558,computer_architecture,0.40,Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,108478,semiconductor devices and circuit design
	465	+T14098,computer_architecture,0.40,Energy Efficiency in Computing,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,7354,energy efficiency in computing
	466	+T14117,computer_architecture,0.40,Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,17357,IC and semiconductor failure analysis
	467	+T10323,computer_architecture,0.30,Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design,22,Engineering,2204,Biomedical Engineering,160030,analog and mixed-signal circuit design
	468	+T12326,computer_architecture,0.30,Network Packet Processing and Optimization,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,24817,"network packet processing (NICs, hardware)"
	469	+T12611,computer_architecture,0.30,Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,17232,reservoir and optical computing hardware
	470	+T10187,computer_architecture,0.10,Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,94631,RF integrated circuit design
	471	+T10502,ai_accelerators,1.00,Advanced Memory and Neural Computing,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,81371,"advanced memory and neural computing: memristors, neuromorphic hardware, in-memory computing"
	472	+T12611,ai_accelerators,0.80,Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,17232,neural networks and reservoir computing: optical/photonic neural networks
	473	+T10904,ai_accelerators,0.50,Embedded Systems Design Techniques,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,112094,"embedded systems design: hardware accelerators, HLS"
	474	+T10036,ai_accelerators,0.30,Advanced Neural Network Applications,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,209853,"advanced neural network applications: model compression, lightweight networks"
	475	+T10054,ai_accelerators,0.30,Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,283179,"parallel computing: GPU computing, CUDA"
	476	+T10363,ai_accelerators,0.30,Low-power high-performance VLSI design,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,82126,low-power VLSI design
	477	+T11522,ai_accelerators,0.30,VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,72658,VLSI and FPGA design
	478	+T12941,ai_accelerators,0.30,Embedded Systems and FPGA Design,22,Engineering,2207,Control and Systems Engineering,84877,embedded systems and FPGA design
	479	+T13292,ai_accelerators,0.30,Embedded Systems and FPGA Applications,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,54167,embedded systems and FPGA applications
	480	+T10320,ai_accelerators,0.20,Neural Networks and Applications,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,142497,neural networks (hardware implementation)
	481	+T13182,ai_accelerators,0.20,Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,7106,quantum-dot cellular automata
	482	+T10933,operating_systems,0.80,Real-Time Systems Scheduling,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,58067,real-time systems scheduling
	483	+T11181,operating_systems,0.80,Advanced Data Storage Technologies,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,77941,"advanced data storage technologies: file systems, SSDs, I/O"
	484	+T11424,operating_systems,0.60,Security and Verification in Computing,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,61000,"security and verification in computing: OS security, hypervisors, TEEs"
	485	+T12326,operating_systems,0.50,Network Packet Processing and Optimization,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,24817,network packet processing (kernel bypass)
	486	+T14067,operating_systems,0.40,Cloud Computing and Remote Desktop Technologies,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,13194,"virtual desktops, remote desktop"
	487	+T10101,operating_systems,0.30,Cloud Computing and Resource Management,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,167474,"cloud computing: virtualization, VMs"
	488	+T11675,operating_systems,0.30,Open Source Software Innovations,17,Computer Science,1706,Computer Science Applications,43880,open source software (Linux)
	489	+T12127,operating_systems,0.30,Software System Performance and Reliability,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,44881,"system performance and reliability, logs"
	490	+T10054,operating_systems,0.20,Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,283179,parallel computing (multi-core runtimes)
	491	+T10772,operating_systems,0.20,Distributed systems and fault tolerance,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,88230,distributed systems and fault tolerance
	492	+T10904,operating_systems,0.20,Embedded Systems Design Techniques,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,112094,embedded systems design
	493	+T12799,operating_systems,0.20,Mobile and Web Applications,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,150549,mobile applications (Android)
	494	+T10020,quantum_computing,1.00,Quantum Information and Cryptography,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,145738,quantum information and cryptography
	495	+T10682,quantum_computing,1.00,Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,96904,quantum computing algorithms and architecture
	496	+T10622,quantum_computing,0.30,Quantum Mechanics and Applications,31,Physics and Astronomy,3107,"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics",133257,quantum mechanics and applications
	497	+T11414,quantum_computing,0.30,Quantum optics and atomic interactions,31,Physics and Astronomy,3107,"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics",63909,quantum optics and atomic interactions
	498	+T11803,quantum_computing,0.30,Superconducting and THz Device Technology,31,Physics and Astronomy,3103,Astronomy and Astrophysics,43171,superconducting and THz device technology
	499	+T11804,quantum_computing,0.30,Quantum many-body systems,31,Physics and Astronomy,3107,"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics",50918,quantum many-body systems
	500	+T13182,quantum_computing,0.30,Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,7106,quantum-dot cellular automata
	501	+T10022,quantum_computing,0.20,Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices,31,Physics and Astronomy,3107,"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics",135713,semiconductor quantum structures and devices
	502	+T10382,quantum_computing,0.20,Quantum and electron transport phenomena,31,Physics and Astronomy,3107,"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics",126547,quantum and electron transport phenomena
	503	+T10425,quantum_computing,0.20,Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates,31,Physics and Astronomy,3107,"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics",76984,cold atom physics
	504	+T10657,quantum_computing,0.20,Topological Materials and Phenomena,31,Physics and Astronomy,3107,"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics",68786,topological materials
	505	+T11261,quantum_computing,0.20,Quantum chaos and dynamical systems,31,Physics and Astronomy,3109,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics,28719,quantum chaos and dynamical systems
	506	+T12611,quantum_computing,0.20,Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,17232,quantum reservoir computing
	507	+T11130,quantum_computing,0.10,Coding theory and cryptography,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,76373,coding theory (quantum codes)
	508	+T11262,quantum_computing,0.10,Quantum Mechanics and Non-Hermitian Physics,31,Physics and Astronomy,3107,"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics",20505,quantum mechanics and non-Hermitian physics
	509	+T12002,quantum_computing,0.10,"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms",17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,36622,computability (quantum complexity)
	510	+T10339,scientific_computing,1.00,Advanced Numerical Methods in Computational Mathematics,22,Engineering,2206,Computational Mechanics,144905,advanced numerical methods in computational mathematics
	511	+T11245,scientific_computing,1.00,Advanced Numerical Analysis Techniques,22,Engineering,2206,Computational Mechanics,53224,advanced numerical analysis techniques
	512	+T11416,scientific_computing,1.00,Numerical methods for differential equations,26,Mathematics,2612,Numerical Analysis,58659,numerical methods for differential equations
	513	+T11697,scientific_computing,1.00,Numerical Methods and Algorithms,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,27804,numerical methods and algorithms
	514	+T12727,scientific_computing,0.90,Differential Equations and Numerical Methods,26,Mathematics,2612,Numerical Analysis,34941,differential equations and numerical methods
	515	+T10514,scientific_computing,0.80,Numerical methods in engineering,22,Engineering,2211,Mechanics of Materials,51510,numerical methods in engineering
	516	+T10792,scientific_computing,0.80,Matrix Theory and Algorithms,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,143219,matrix theory and algorithms
	517	+T13487,scientific_computing,0.80,Statistical and numerical algorithms,26,Mathematics,2604,Applied Mathematics,37260,statistical and numerical algorithms
	518	+T13650,scientific_computing,0.80,Computational Physics and Python Applications,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,21186,computational physics and Python applications
	519	+T11205,scientific_computing,0.70,Numerical methods in inverse problems,26,Mathematics,2610,Mathematical Physics,58595,numerical methods in inverse problems
	520	+T11206,scientific_computing,0.70,Model Reduction and Neural Networks,31,Physics and Astronomy,3109,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics,58834,model reduction and neural networks
	521	+T13286,scientific_computing,0.70,Modeling and Simulation Systems,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,22943,modeling and simulation systems
	522	+T11195,scientific_computing,0.60,Simulation Techniques and Applications,18,Decision Sciences,1803,Management Science and Operations Research,71154,simulation techniques and applications
	523	+T11751,scientific_computing,0.60,Lattice Boltzmann Simulation Studies,22,Engineering,2206,Computational Mechanics,22537,lattice Boltzmann simulation
	524	+T11986,scientific_computing,0.60,Scientific Computing and Data Management,18,Decision Sciences,1802,Information Systems and Management,75013,scientific computing and data management (workflows)
	525	+T12404,scientific_computing,0.60,Mathematical Approximation and Integration,26,Mathematics,2612,Numerical Analysis,16647,mathematical approximation and integration
	526	+T10173,scientific_computing,0.50,Computational Fluid Dynamics and Aerodynamics,22,Engineering,2206,Computational Mechanics,214897,computational fluid dynamics
	527	+T11263,scientific_computing,0.50,Electromagnetic Simulation and Numerical Methods,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,44339,electromagnetic simulation and numerical methods
	528	+T12303,scientific_computing,0.50,Tensor decomposition and applications,26,Mathematics,2605,Computational Mathematics,16050,tensor decomposition and applications
	529	+T13806,scientific_computing,0.50,Mathematical and Computational Methods,26,Mathematics,2611,Modeling and Simulation,131501,mathematical and computational methods
	530	+T10054,scientific_computing,0.40,Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,283179,parallel computing (HPC applications)
	531	+T10545,scientific_computing,0.40,Optimization and Variational Analysis,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,76354,optimization and variational analysis
	532	+T10591,scientific_computing,0.40,Theoretical and Computational Physics,31,Physics and Astronomy,3104,Condensed Matter Physics,137772,theoretical and computational physics
	533	+T11694,scientific_computing,0.40,Fluid Dynamics Simulations and Interactions,22,Engineering,2206,Computational Mechanics,29657,fluid dynamics simulations
	534	+T12056,scientific_computing,0.40,Markov Chains and Monte Carlo Methods,26,Mathematics,2613,Statistics and Probability,29874,Markov chains and Monte Carlo methods
	535	+T13398,scientific_computing,0.40,Data Analysis with R,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,35790,data analysis with R (statistical and mathematical software packages)
	536	+T10963,scientific_computing,0.30,Advanced Optimization Algorithms Research,26,Mathematics,2612,Numerical Analysis,74491,advanced optimization algorithms
	537	+T11948,scientific_computing,0.30,Machine Learning in Materials Science,25,Materials Science,2505,Materials Chemistry,132985,machine learning in materials science
	538	+T12100,scientific_computing,0.30,Advanced Mathematical Modeling in Engineering,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,21905,advanced mathematical modeling in engineering
	539	+T13116,scientific_computing,0.30,Heat Transfer and Numerical Methods,22,Engineering,2206,Computational Mechanics,80679,heat transfer and numerical methods
	540	+T13608,scientific_computing,0.30,Advanced Computational Techniques in Science and Engineering,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,48,advanced computational techniques in science and engineering
	541	+T14270,scientific_computing,0.30,Simulation and Modeling Applications,22,Engineering,2207,Control and Systems Engineering,58198,simulation and modeling applications
	542	+T10029,scientific_computing,0.20,Climate variability and models,23,Environmental Science,2306,Global and Planetary Change,305188,climate variability and models
	543	+T10194,scientific_computing,0.20,Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations,26,Mathematics,2604,Applied Mathematics,101688,nonlinear PDEs
	544	+T10288,scientific_computing,0.20,Fractional Differential Equations Solutions,26,Mathematics,2611,Modeling and Simulation,55530,fractional differential equations
	545	+T10466,scientific_computing,0.20,Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations,19,Earth and Planetary Sciences,1902,Atmospheric Science,327233,meteorological phenomena and simulations
	546	+T10541,scientific_computing,0.20,Nonlinear Differential Equations Analysis,26,Mathematics,2604,Applied Mathematics,108229,nonlinear differential equations analysis
	547	+T12589,scientific_computing,0.20,Differential Equations and Boundary Problems,26,Mathematics,2604,Applied Mathematics,87104,differential equations and boundary problems
	548	+T12809,scientific_computing,0.20,Contact Mechanics and Variational Inequalities,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,22675,contact mechanics and variational inequalities
	549	+T11152,scientific_computing,0.10,Stochastic processes and statistical mechanics,26,Mathematics,2610,Mathematical Physics,72866,stochastic processes and statistical mechanics
	550	+T13734,scientific_computing,0.10,Advanced Computational Techniques and Applications,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,19393,advanced computational techniques (expert systems)
	551	+T10211,computational_biology,1.00,Computational Drug Discovery Methods,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,202747,computational drug discovery methods
	552	+T10887,computational_biology,1.00,Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks,13,"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",1312,Molecular Biology,66881,bioinformatics and genomic networks
	553	+T12254,computational_biology,1.00,Machine Learning in Bioinformatics,13,"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",1312,Molecular Biology,23959,machine learning in bioinformatics
	554	+T13937,computational_biology,0.90,"Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Biomedical Research",13,"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",1312,Molecular Biology,19841,"genetics, bioinformatics and biomedical research"
	555	+T12029,computational_biology,0.80,DNA and Biological Computing,13,"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",1312,Molecular Biology,17401,DNA and biological computing
	556	+T10044,computational_biology,0.60,Protein Structure and Dynamics,13,"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",1312,Molecular Biology,232705,protein structure and dynamics
	557	+T10885,computational_biology,0.60,Gene expression and cancer classification,13,"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",1312,Molecular Biology,60452,gene expression and cancer classification
	558	+T11289,computational_biology,0.60,Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics,13,"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",1312,Molecular Biology,63482,single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
	559	+T11710,computational_biology,0.60,Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies,13,"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",1312,Molecular Biology,44645,biomedical text mining and ontologies
	560	+T10015,computational_biology,0.50,Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies,13,"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",1312,Molecular Biology,390048,genomics and phylogenetic studies
	561	+T12859,computational_biology,0.50,Cell Image Analysis Techniques,13,"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",1304,Biophysics,57077,cell image analysis
	562	+T10222,computational_biology,0.40,Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics,13,"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",1312,Molecular Biology,707087,genomics and chromatin dynamics
	563	+T10862,computational_biology,0.40,AI in cancer detection,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,92445,AI in cancer detection
	564	+T11287,computational_biology,0.40,Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics,13,"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",1306,Cancer Research,71791,cancer genomics and diagnostics
	565	+T11986,computational_biology,0.40,Scientific Computing and Data Management,18,Decision Sciences,1802,Information Systems and Management,75013,scientific computing and data management (bioinformatics pipelines)
	566	+T10052,computational_biology,0.30,Medical Image Segmentation Techniques,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,176460,medical image segmentation
	567	+T10429,computational_biology,0.30,EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces,28,Neuroscience,2805,Cognitive Neuroscience,138072,EEG and brain-computer interfaces
	568	+T11213,computational_biology,0.30,Genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalities,13,"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",1311,Genetics,69786,genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalities
	569	+T11601,computational_biology,0.30,Neuroscience and Neural Engineering,28,Neuroscience,2804,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience,46185,neuroscience and neural engineering
	570	+T11642,computational_biology,0.30,Genomics and Rare Diseases,13,"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",1311,Genetics,70711,genomics and rare diseases
	571	+T11819,computational_biology,0.30,Data-Driven Disease Surveillance,27,Medicine,2713,Epidemiology,41803,data-driven disease surveillance
	572	+T12422,computational_biology,0.30,Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging,27,Medicine,2741,"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging",44812,radiomics and ML in medical imaging
	573	+T12874,computational_biology,0.30,Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,11540,digital imaging for blood diseases
	574	+T13702,computational_biology,0.30,Machine Learning in Healthcare,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,25118,machine learning in healthcare
	575	+T10066,computational_biology,0.20,Gut microbiota and health,13,"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",1312,Molecular Biology,178947,gut microbiota
	576	+T10120,computational_biology,0.20,Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology,13,"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",1311,Genetics,289465,bacterial genetics and biotechnology
	577	+T10581,computational_biology,0.20,Neural dynamics and brain function,28,Neuroscience,2805,Cognitive Neuroscience,105006,neural dynamics and brain function
	578	+T11636,computational_biology,0.20,Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education,27,Medicine,2718,Health Informatics,112400,AI in healthcare and education
	579	+T11879,computational_biology,0.20,Protist diversity and phylogeny,13,"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",1312,Molecular Biology,103415,protist diversity and phylogeny
	580	+T11908,computational_biology,0.20,Protein Interaction Studies and Fluorescence Analysis,13,"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",1312,Molecular Biology,40744,protein interaction studies
	581	+T11948,computational_biology,0.20,Machine Learning in Materials Science,25,Materials Science,2505,Materials Chemistry,132985,ML in materials (molecular ML)
	582	+T13759,computational_biology,0.20,Medical Imaging and Pathology Studies,27,Medicine,2740,Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine,21805,medical imaging and pathology
	583	+T14400,computational_biology,0.20,Medical Coding and Health Information,36,Health Professions,3605,Health Information Management,65668,medical coding and health information
	584	+T12568,computational_biology,0.10,Plant Taxonomy and Phylogenetics,11,Agricultural and Biological Sciences,1105,"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics",291703,plant taxonomy and phylogenetics
	585	+T10481,computer_graphics,1.00,Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques,17,Computer Science,1704,Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design,163567,computer graphics and visualization techniques
	586	+T12290,computer_graphics,1.00,Human Motion and Animation,22,Engineering,2207,Control and Systems Engineering,26229,human motion and animation
	587	+T10719,computer_graphics,0.80,3D Shape Modeling and Analysis,22,Engineering,2206,Computational Mechanics,79493,3D shape modeling and analysis
	588	+T10799,computer_graphics,0.80,Data Visualization and Analytics,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,107617,data visualization and analytics
	589	+T10996,computer_graphics,0.80,Computational Geometry and Mesh Generation,17,Computer Science,1704,Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design,57791,computational geometry and mesh generation
	590	+T14339,computer_graphics,0.40,Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,10598,image processing and 3D reconstruction
	591	+T10648,computer_graphics,0.30,Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts,17,Computer Science,1709,Human-Computer Interaction,94267,virtual reality
	592	+T10789,computer_graphics,0.30,Interactive and Immersive Displays,17,Computer Science,1709,Human-Computer Interaction,68845,interactive and immersive displays
	593	+T10888,computer_graphics,0.30,Augmented Reality Applications,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,82869,augmented reality
	594	+T12698,computer_graphics,0.30,3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications,22,Engineering,2215,Building and Construction,48244,3D modeling in geospatial applications
	595	+T13518,computer_graphics,0.30,Architecture and Computational Design,22,Engineering,2216,Architecture,66481,architecture and computational design
	596	+T14254,computer_graphics,0.30,Digital Media and Visual Art,17,Computer Science,1704,Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design,118579,digital media and visual art
	597	+T10775,computer_graphics,0.20,Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis,17,Computer Science,1707,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition,59387,image synthesis
	598	+T11211,computer_graphics,0.20,3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage,19,Earth and Planetary Sciences,1907,Geology,182105,3D surveying and cultural heritage
	599	+T11897,computer_graphics,0.20,Digital Holography and Microscopy,31,Physics and Astronomy,3107,"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics",28196,digital holography and microscopy
	600	+T10764,privacy_preserving_computation,1.00,Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,97710,"privacy-preserving technologies in data (federated learning, differential privacy, SMPC, k-anonymity)"
	601	+T11045,privacy_preserving_computation,0.60,"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection",33,Social Sciences,3312,Sociology and Political Science,75856,"privacy, security and data protection"
	602	+T12943,privacy_preserving_computation,0.50,COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,9483,COVID-19 digital contact tracing
	603	+T11614,privacy_preserving_computation,0.40,Cloud Data Security Solutions,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,37905,cloud data security (outsourced encrypted data)
	604	+T10237,privacy_preserving_computation,0.30,Cryptography and Data Security,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,120453,cryptography and data security
	605	+T10927,privacy_preserving_computation,0.30,Access Control and Trust,33,Social Sciences,3312,Sociology and Political Science,67543,access control and trust
	606	+T12921,privacy_preserving_computation,0.30,European Criminal Justice and Data Protection,33,Social Sciences,3320,Political Science and International Relations,32691,European criminal justice and data protection
	607	+T10828,privacy_preserving_computation,0.20,Biometric Identification and Security,17,Computer Science,1711,Signal Processing,72724,biometric identification (template protection)
	608	+T11598,privacy_preserving_computation,0.20,Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,28265,secure e-voting
	609	+T11689,privacy_preserving_computation,0.20,Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,57233,adversarial ML (membership inference)
	610	+T11693,privacy_preserving_computation,0.20,Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,35528,cryptography and residue arithmetic (HE arithmetic)
	611	+T11800,privacy_preserving_computation,0.20,User Authentication and Security Systems,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,45894,user authentication
	612	+T13999,privacy_preserving_computation,0.20,Digital Rights Management and Security,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,12987,digital rights management
	613	+T10764,federated_learning,0.70,Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,97710,"privacy-preserving technologies (federated learning, non-IID data, communication efficiency)"
	614	+T10273,federated_learning,0.10,IoT and Edge/Fog Computing,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,81820,IoT and edge computing (federated learning at the edge)
	615	+T11307,federated_learning,0.10,Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,56640,domain adaptation / personalisation
	616	+T11689,federated_learning,0.10,Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,57233,adversarial robustness (Byzantine clients)
	617	+T10883,ai_safety,1.00,Ethics and Social Impacts of AI,33,Social Sciences,3311,Safety Research,139127,"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI: AI safety, alignment, fairness, governance"
	618	+T11689,ai_safety,0.60,Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,57233,"adversarial robustness, backdoors, prompt injection"
	619	+T12026,ai_safety,0.50,Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI),17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,51083,explainable AI / mechanistic interpretability
	620	+T13851,ai_safety,0.40,"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property",17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,12235,"law, AI and intellectual property"
	621	+T11147,ai_safety,0.30,Misinformation and Its Impacts,33,Social Sciences,3312,Sociology and Political Science,121788,misinformation and its impacts
	622	+T12262,ai_safety,0.30,Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,23598,hate speech and cyberbullying detection (harm mitigation)
	623	+T10525,ai_safety,0.20,Human-Automation Interaction and Safety,32,Psychology,3207,Social Psychology,104307,human-automation interaction and safety
	624	+T14307,ai_safety,0.10,Bioethics and Human Rights Issues,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,13302,bioethics and human rights
	625	+T12238,sustainable_computing,1.00,Green IT and Sustainability,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,27208,"green IT and sustainability: green computing, green AI"
	626	+T14098,sustainable_computing,1.00,Energy Efficiency in Computing,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,7354,"energy efficiency in computing: data centre energy, server power"
	627	+T10080,sustainable_computing,0.30,Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks,17,Computer Science,1705,Computer Networks and Communications,120392,energy-efficient wireless sensor networks
	628	+T10363,sustainable_computing,0.30,Low-power high-performance VLSI design,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,82126,low-power VLSI design
	629	+T11392,sustainable_computing,0.30,Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,19694,energy harvesting in wireless networks
	630	+T10101,sustainable_computing,0.20,Cloud Computing and Resource Management,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,167474,cloud computing (data centres)
	631	+T10435,sustainable_computing,0.20,Environmental Impact and Sustainability,23,Environmental Science,2305,Environmental Engineering,102398,environmental impact and sustainability
	632	+T11954,sustainable_computing,0.20,Energy Efficiency and Management,21,Energy,2105,"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment",83971,energy efficiency and management
	633	+T10502,sustainable_computing,0.10,Advanced Memory and Neural Computing,22,Engineering,2208,Electrical and Electronic Engineering,81371,energy-efficient neuromorphic computing
	634	+T10933,sustainable_computing,0.10,Real-Time Systems Scheduling,17,Computer Science,1708,Hardware and Architecture,58067,real-time scheduling (energy-aware)
	635	+T14296,sustainable_computing,0.10,Climate Change and Sustainable Development,23,Environmental Science,2306,Global and Planetary Change,26170,climate change and sustainable development
	636	+T11948,autonomous_scientific_discovery,0.60,Machine Learning in Materials Science,25,Materials Science,2505,Materials Chemistry,132985,"machine learning in materials science: materials discovery, high-throughput experimentation, materials informatics"
	637	+T10211,autonomous_scientific_discovery,0.30,Computational Drug Discovery Methods,17,Computer Science,1703,Computational Theory and Mathematics,202747,computational drug discovery
	638	+T11937,autonomous_scientific_discovery,0.30,Research Data Management Practices,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,278973,research data management
	639	+T11986,autonomous_scientific_discovery,0.30,Scientific Computing and Data Management,18,Decision Sciences,1802,Information Systems and Management,75013,scientific computing and data management (workflows)
	640	+T13904,autonomous_scientific_discovery,0.30,Artificial Intelligence Applications,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,75566,artificial intelligence applications (AI in science)
	641	+T11206,autonomous_scientific_discovery,0.20,Model Reduction and Neural Networks,31,Physics and Astronomy,3109,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics,58834,model reduction and neural networks (equation discovery)
	642	+T11975,autonomous_scientific_discovery,0.20,Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,40033,evolutionary algorithms (symbolic regression)
	643	+T10778,autonomous_scientific_discovery,0.10,Philosophy and History of Science,12,Arts and Humanities,1207,History and Philosophy of Science,147252,philosophy and history of science
	644	+T10906,autonomous_scientific_discovery,0.10,AI-based Problem Solving and Planning,17,Computer Science,1702,Artificial Intelligence,62572,AI planning (experiment planning)
	645	+T13126,autonomous_scientific_discovery,0.10,Scientific Research and Discoveries,31,Physics and Astronomy,3109,Statistical and Nonlinear Physics,53057,scientific research and discoveries
	646	+T13976,autonomous_scientific_discovery,0.10,Web visibility and informetrics,17,Computer Science,1710,Information Systems,13005,web visibility and informetrics (science of science)
	647	+T14100,autonomous_scientific_discovery,0.10,Scientific Research and Technology,17,Computer Science,1706,Computer Science Applications,0,scientific research and technology

added tests/test_classify_rules.py +36 −0

		`@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@`
	1	+import os, sys, tempfile, yaml
	2	+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), ".."))
	3	+from taxonomy import classify
	4	+
	5	+ONT = {"version": "test", "assignment_rule": {"threshold": 1.0},
	6	+ "categories": [
	7	+ {"id": "llm", "number": 1, "name": "LLM", "child_of": "foundation_models", "openalex_topics": [{"id": "T10028", "weight": 0.6}],
	8	+ "keywords": [{"pattern": r"(?i)\blarge language models?\b", "weight": 1.0, "field": "both"}], "arxiv_categories": [{"id": "cs.CL", "weight": 0.4}]},
	9	+ {"id": "foundation_models", "number": 2, "name": "FM", "openalex_topics": [{"id": "T10028", "weight": 0.6}], "keywords": [{"pattern": r"(?i)\bfoundation models?\b", "weight": 1.0}]},
	10	+ {"id": "crypto", "number": 27, "name": "Crypto", "openalex_topics": [{"id": "T11000", "weight": 1.0}], "exclusions": [r"(?i)\bcryptocurrency\b"],
	11	+ "dblp_streams": [{"key": "conf/crypto", "weight": 1.0}]},
	12	+ ]}
	13	+
	14	+
	15	+def setup_module(module):
	16	+ d = tempfile.mkdtemp(); p = os.path.join(d, "ont.yaml"); yaml.safe_dump(ONT, open(p, "w")); classify._init(p)
	17	+
	18	+
	19	+def test_keyword_alone_reaches_threshold_and_child_wins_tie():
	20	+ res = classify.score_row("Scaling large language models", "", [], [], [], [])
	21	+ ids = {r[0] for r in res}; assert ids == {"llm"}
	22	+ res = classify.score_row("Foundation models and large language models", "", [10028], [], [], [])
	23	+ scores = {r[0]: r[3] for r in res}; assert scores["llm"] == 1.6 and scores["foundation_models"] == 1.6
	24	+ parents = {r[2] for r in res if r[2]}
	25	+ best = sorted(res, key=lambda r: (-r[3], 1 if r[0] in parents else 0, r[1]))[0]; assert best[0] == "llm"
	26	+
	27	+
	28	+def test_signal_types_capped_and_summed():
	29	+ res = classify.score_row("x", "y", [10028, 10028, 10028], [], ["cs.CL"], [])
	30	+ s = {r[0]: r for r in res}; assert "llm" in s and s["llm"][4] == 0.6 and s["llm"][6] == 0.4 and abs(s["llm"][3] - 1.0) < 1e-6
	31	+
	32	+
	33	+def test_exclusion_vetoes():
	34	+ assert {r[0] for r in classify.score_row("Lattice signatures", "", [11000], [], [], [])} == {"crypto"}
	35	+ assert classify.score_row("Cryptocurrency price prediction", "", [11000], [], [], []) == []
	36	+ assert {r[0] for r in classify.score_row("a", "b", [], [], [], ["conf/crypto"])} == {"crypto"}
	37

spb/wp44_uqo

WP44: structural-change driver, landmark selection, KG extraction (A-004), runbook, tests

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