1{2 "record_id": "527c17fa11ad1ccaff05d13eaeb2dfa2ff940bdd",3 "eligible": true,4 "exclusion_reason": null,5 "study": {6 "title": "Geospatial Heterogeneity in Monetary Value of Proximity to Waterfront Ecosystem Services in the Gulf of Mexico",7 "year": 2021,8 "doi": "10.3390/w13172401",9 "country": "United States",10 "region_city": "Coastal counties of Mississippi and Alabama (Gulf of Mexico)",11 "sample_start": 2010,12 "sample_end": 2010,13 "property_type": "mixed",14 "price_type": "appraisal",15 "data_source": "U.S. Census Bureau 2010 data at Census block-group level (620 block groups): median self-reported house value, median rooms, median age; GIS distances from block-group centroids",16 "document_type": "journal",17 "estimators": [18 "OLS",19 "GWR"20 ],21 "spatial_method": "geographically weighted regression (adaptive bandwidth 533 m)",22 "time_fe": false,23 "location_fe": false,24 "se_type": "robust",25 "n_obs_total": 620,26 "ai_methods": [],27 "notes": "UNIT OF OBSERVATION = Census block group (aggregated medians), not individual sales; dependent variable ln(median assessed house value as reported by residents, 2010 USD). OLS global model prints coefficient and White (heteroskedasticity-robust) SE; GWR local model prints min/lower quartile/median/upper quartile/max of local coefficients (no SE) — recorded as a separate model using the median with medium confidence. Star legend: * p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01. Distances enter in natural logs; implicit prices are reported per km. Flag for human review (aggregated data)."28 },29 "models": [30 {31 "model_id": "T2-OLS",32 "table": "2",33 "column": "Global Model (OLS)",34 "page": 9,35 "dep_var": "ln(housing value)",36 "dep_transform": "log",37 "estimator": "OLS",38 "n_obs": 620,39 "r2": 0.518,40 "se_or_t_in_parentheses": "se",41 "sample_subset": "all 620 block groups; White SE"42 },43 {44 "model_id": "T2-GWR",45 "table": "2",46 "column": "Local Model (GWR) - median of local coefficients",47 "page": 9,48 "dep_var": "ln(housing value)",49 "dep_transform": "log",50 "estimator": "GWR",51 "n_obs": 620,52 "r2": 0.572,53 "se_or_t_in_parentheses": "none",54 "sample_subset": "median of local GWR coefficients; min-max in notes"55 }56 ],57 "coefficients": [58 {59 "model_id": "T2-OLS",60 "var_name_printed": "Rooms",61 "taxonomy_id": "bedrooms",62 "x_transform": "level",63 "x_unit": "count",64 "beta": 0.059,65 "se": 0.031,66 "t": null,67 "p": null,68 "p_stars": "*",69 "ci_lo": null,70 "ci_hi": null,71 "page": 9,72 "confidence": "high",73 "notes": "Median number of rooms in block group White SE."74 },75 {76 "model_id": "T2-GWR",77 "var_name_printed": "Rooms",78 "taxonomy_id": "bedrooms",79 "x_transform": "level",80 "x_unit": "count",81 "beta": 0.049,82 "se": null,83 "t": null,84 "p": null,85 "p_stars": "",86 "ci_lo": null,87 "ci_hi": null,88 "page": 9,89 "confidence": "medium",90 "notes": "Median number of rooms in block group GWR median of local coefficients; range 0.031 to 0.104; no SE."91 },92 {93 "model_id": "T2-OLS",94 "var_name_printed": "House Age",95 "taxonomy_id": "age",96 "x_transform": "level",97 "x_unit": "years",98 "beta": -0.014,99 "se": 0.003,100 "t": null,101 "p": null,102 "p_stars": "***",103 "ci_lo": null,104 "ci_hi": null,105 "page": 9,106 "confidence": "high",107 "notes": "Median house age White SE."108 },109 {110 "model_id": "T2-GWR",111 "var_name_printed": "House Age",112 "taxonomy_id": "age",113 "x_transform": "level",114 "x_unit": "years",115 "beta": -0.015,116 "se": null,117 "t": null,118 "p": null,119 "p_stars": "",120 "ci_lo": null,121 "ci_hi": null,122 "page": 9,123 "confidence": "medium",124 "notes": "Median house age GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.017 to -0.013; no SE."125 },126 {127 "model_id": "T2-OLS",128 "var_name_printed": "House Age-squared",129 "taxonomy_id": "age",130 "x_transform": "squared",131 "x_unit": "years",132 "beta": 0.0,133 "se": 0.0,134 "t": null,135 "p": null,136 "p_stars": "***",137 "ci_lo": null,138 "ci_hi": null,139 "page": 9,140 "confidence": "high",141 "notes": "White SE."142 },143 {144 "model_id": "T2-GWR",145 "var_name_printed": "House Age-squared",146 "taxonomy_id": "age",147 "x_transform": "squared",148 "x_unit": "years",149 "beta": 0.0,150 "se": null,151 "t": null,152 "p": null,153 "p_stars": "",154 "ci_lo": null,155 "ci_hi": null,156 "page": 9,157 "confidence": "medium",158 "notes": "GWR median of local coefficients; range 0.0 to 0.0; no SE."159 },160 {161 "model_id": "T2-OLS",162 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Income)",163 "taxonomy_id": "income",164 "x_transform": "log",165 "x_unit": "currency",166 "beta": 0.42,167 "se": 0.067,168 "t": null,169 "p": null,170 "p_stars": "***",171 "ci_lo": null,172 "ci_hi": null,173 "page": 9,174 "confidence": "high",175 "notes": "Log median household income White SE."176 },177 {178 "model_id": "T2-GWR",179 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Income)",180 "taxonomy_id": "income",181 "x_transform": "log",182 "x_unit": "currency",183 "beta": 0.496,184 "se": null,185 "t": null,186 "p": null,187 "p_stars": "",188 "ci_lo": null,189 "ci_hi": null,190 "page": 9,191 "confidence": "medium",192 "notes": "Log median household income GWR median of local coefficients; range 0.266 to 0.525; no SE."193 },194 {195 "model_id": "T2-OLS",196 "var_name_printed": "Median Age",197 "taxonomy_id": "demographics",198 "x_transform": "level",199 "x_unit": "years",200 "beta": 0.007,201 "se": 0.003,202 "t": null,203 "p": null,204 "p_stars": "**",205 "ci_lo": null,206 "ci_hi": null,207 "page": 9,208 "confidence": "high",209 "notes": "Median age of residents White SE."210 },211 {212 "model_id": "T2-GWR",213 "var_name_printed": "Median Age",214 "taxonomy_id": "demographics",215 "x_transform": "level",216 "x_unit": "years",217 "beta": 0.0,218 "se": null,219 "t": null,220 "p": null,221 "p_stars": "",222 "ci_lo": null,223 "ci_hi": null,224 "page": 9,225 "confidence": "medium",226 "notes": "Median age of residents GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.002 to 0.014; no SE."227 },228 {229 "model_id": "T2-OLS",230 "var_name_printed": "Poverty",231 "taxonomy_id": "other",232 "x_transform": "level",233 "x_unit": "share",234 "beta": -0.001,235 "se": 0.002,236 "t": null,237 "p": null,238 "p_stars": "",239 "ci_lo": null,240 "ci_hi": null,241 "page": 9,242 "confidence": "high",243 "notes": "Poverty rate (%) White SE."244 },245 {246 "model_id": "T2-GWR",247 "var_name_printed": "Poverty",248 "taxonomy_id": "other",249 "x_transform": "level",250 "x_unit": "share",251 "beta": -0.001,252 "se": null,253 "t": null,254 "p": null,255 "p_stars": "",256 "ci_lo": null,257 "ci_hi": null,258 "page": 9,259 "confidence": "medium",260 "notes": "Poverty rate (%) GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.002 to 0.001; no SE."261 },262 {263 "model_id": "T2-OLS",264 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Pop den)",265 "taxonomy_id": "density",266 "x_transform": "log",267 "x_unit": "per_km2",268 "beta": 0.0,269 "se": 0.021,270 "t": null,271 "p": null,272 "p_stars": "",273 "ci_lo": null,274 "ci_hi": null,275 "page": 9,276 "confidence": "high",277 "notes": "Log population density White SE."278 },279 {280 "model_id": "T2-GWR",281 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Pop den)",282 "taxonomy_id": "density",283 "x_transform": "log",284 "x_unit": "per_km2",285 "beta": 0.014,286 "se": null,287 "t": null,288 "p": null,289 "p_stars": "",290 "ci_lo": null,291 "ci_hi": null,292 "page": 9,293 "confidence": "medium",294 "notes": "Log population density GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.031 to 0.036; no SE."295 },296 {297 "model_id": "T2-OLS",298 "var_name_printed": "Vacant",299 "taxonomy_id": "vacancy",300 "x_transform": "level",301 "x_unit": "share",302 "beta": -0.009,303 "se": 0.004,304 "t": null,305 "p": null,306 "p_stars": "**",307 "ci_lo": null,308 "ci_hi": null,309 "page": 9,310 "confidence": "high",311 "notes": "Percentage of vacant houses White SE."312 },313 {314 "model_id": "T2-GWR",315 "var_name_printed": "Vacant",316 "taxonomy_id": "vacancy",317 "x_transform": "level",318 "x_unit": "share",319 "beta": -0.008,320 "se": null,321 "t": null,322 "p": null,323 "p_stars": "",324 "ci_lo": null,325 "ci_hi": null,326 "page": 9,327 "confidence": "medium",328 "notes": "Percentage of vacant houses GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.012 to -0.006; no SE."329 },330 {331 "model_id": "T2-OLS",332 "var_name_printed": "Recreation",333 "taxonomy_id": "other",334 "x_transform": "level",335 "x_unit": "share",336 "beta": 0.019,337 "se": 0.006,338 "t": null,339 "p": null,340 "p_stars": "***",341 "ci_lo": null,342 "ci_hi": null,343 "page": 9,344 "confidence": "high",345 "notes": "Percentage of houses used for recreational purposes White SE."346 },347 {348 "model_id": "T2-GWR",349 "var_name_printed": "Recreation",350 "taxonomy_id": "other",351 "x_transform": "level",352 "x_unit": "share",353 "beta": 0.022,354 "se": null,355 "t": null,356 "p": null,357 "p_stars": "",358 "ci_lo": null,359 "ci_hi": null,360 "page": 9,361 "confidence": "medium",362 "notes": "Percentage of houses used for recreational purposes GWR median of local coefficients; range 0.009 to 0.033; no SE."363 },364 {365 "model_id": "T2-OLS",366 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Road)",367 "taxonomy_id": "highway_distance",368 "x_transform": "log",369 "x_unit": "km",370 "beta": 0.004,371 "se": 0.014,372 "t": null,373 "p": null,374 "p_stars": "",375 "ci_lo": null,376 "ci_hi": null,377 "page": 9,378 "confidence": "high",379 "notes": "Log distance to nearest road White SE."380 },381 {382 "model_id": "T2-GWR",383 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Road)",384 "taxonomy_id": "highway_distance",385 "x_transform": "log",386 "x_unit": "km",387 "beta": 0.004,388 "se": null,389 "t": null,390 "p": null,391 "p_stars": "",392 "ci_lo": null,393 "ci_hi": null,394 "page": 9,395 "confidence": "medium",396 "notes": "Log distance to nearest road GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.004 to 0.028; no SE."397 },398 {399 "model_id": "T2-OLS",400 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Rail)",401 "taxonomy_id": "transit_distance",402 "x_transform": "log",403 "x_unit": "km",404 "beta": 0.013,405 "se": 0.013,406 "t": null,407 "p": null,408 "p_stars": "",409 "ci_lo": null,410 "ci_hi": null,411 "page": 9,412 "confidence": "high",413 "notes": "Log distance to nearest railroad (line, not station) White SE."414 },415 {416 "model_id": "T2-GWR",417 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Rail)",418 "taxonomy_id": "transit_distance",419 "x_transform": "log",420 "x_unit": "km",421 "beta": 0.011,422 "se": null,423 "t": null,424 "p": null,425 "p_stars": "",426 "ci_lo": null,427 "ci_hi": null,428 "page": 9,429 "confidence": "medium",430 "notes": "Log distance to nearest railroad (line, not station) GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.021 to 0.028; no SE."431 },432 {433 "model_id": "T2-OLS",434 "var_name_printed": "Ln(School)",435 "taxonomy_id": "school_distance",436 "x_transform": "log",437 "x_unit": "km",438 "beta": 0.0,439 "se": 0.022,440 "t": null,441 "p": null,442 "p_stars": "",443 "ci_lo": null,444 "ci_hi": null,445 "page": 9,446 "confidence": "high",447 "notes": "White SE."448 },449 {450 "model_id": "T2-GWR",451 "var_name_printed": "Ln(School)",452 "taxonomy_id": "school_distance",453 "x_transform": "log",454 "x_unit": "km",455 "beta": 0.011,456 "se": null,457 "t": null,458 "p": null,459 "p_stars": "",460 "ci_lo": null,461 "ci_hi": null,462 "page": 9,463 "confidence": "medium",464 "notes": "GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.021 to 0.016; no SE."465 },466 {467 "model_id": "T2-OLS",468 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Shopping centers)",469 "taxonomy_id": "commercial_distance",470 "x_transform": "log",471 "x_unit": "km",472 "beta": -0.036,473 "se": 0.021,474 "t": null,475 "p": null,476 "p_stars": "*",477 "ci_lo": null,478 "ci_hi": null,479 "page": 9,480 "confidence": "high",481 "notes": "White SE."482 },483 {484 "model_id": "T2-GWR",485 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Shopping centers)",486 "taxonomy_id": "commercial_distance",487 "x_transform": "log",488 "x_unit": "km",489 "beta": -0.029,490 "se": null,491 "t": null,492 "p": null,493 "p_stars": "",494 "ci_lo": null,495 "ci_hi": null,496 "page": 9,497 "confidence": "medium",498 "notes": "GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.051 to -0.013; no SE."499 },500 {501 "model_id": "T2-OLS",502 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Hospital)",503 "taxonomy_id": "hospital_distance",504 "x_transform": "log",505 "x_unit": "km",506 "beta": -0.086,507 "se": 0.025,508 "t": null,509 "p": null,510 "p_stars": "***",511 "ci_lo": null,512 "ci_hi": null,513 "page": 9,514 "confidence": "high",515 "notes": "White SE."516 },517 {518 "model_id": "T2-GWR",519 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Hospital)",520 "taxonomy_id": "hospital_distance",521 "x_transform": "log",522 "x_unit": "km",523 "beta": -0.137,524 "se": null,525 "t": null,526 "p": null,527 "p_stars": "",528 "ci_lo": null,529 "ci_hi": null,530 "page": 9,531 "confidence": "medium",532 "notes": "GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.157 to -0.032; no SE."533 },534 {535 "model_id": "T2-OLS",536 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Airport)",537 "taxonomy_id": "airport_distance",538 "x_transform": "log",539 "x_unit": "km",540 "beta": 0.006,541 "se": 0.026,542 "t": null,543 "p": null,544 "p_stars": "",545 "ci_lo": null,546 "ci_hi": null,547 "page": 9,548 "confidence": "high",549 "notes": "White SE."550 },551 {552 "model_id": "T2-GWR",553 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Airport)",554 "taxonomy_id": "airport_distance",555 "x_transform": "log",556 "x_unit": "km",557 "beta": 0.052,558 "se": null,559 "t": null,560 "p": null,561 "p_stars": "",562 "ci_lo": null,563 "ci_hi": null,564 "page": 9,565 "confidence": "medium",566 "notes": "GWR median of local coefficients; range 0.0 to 0.076; no SE."567 },568 {569 "model_id": "T2-OLS",570 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Park)",571 "taxonomy_id": "green_space",572 "x_transform": "log",573 "x_unit": "km",574 "beta": -0.01,575 "se": 0.021,576 "t": null,577 "p": null,578 "p_stars": "",579 "ci_lo": null,580 "ci_hi": null,581 "page": 9,582 "confidence": "high",583 "notes": "Log distance to nearest public park White SE."584 },585 {586 "model_id": "T2-GWR",587 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Park)",588 "taxonomy_id": "green_space",589 "x_transform": "log",590 "x_unit": "km",591 "beta": 0.01,592 "se": null,593 "t": null,594 "p": null,595 "p_stars": "",596 "ci_lo": null,597 "ci_hi": null,598 "page": 9,599 "confidence": "medium",600 "notes": "Log distance to nearest public park GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.036 to 0.023; no SE."601 },602 {603 "model_id": "T2-OLS",604 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Bay)",605 "taxonomy_id": "water_proximity",606 "x_transform": "log",607 "x_unit": "km",608 "beta": -0.059,609 "se": 0.009,610 "t": null,611 "p": null,612 "p_stars": "***",613 "ci_lo": null,614 "ci_hi": null,615 "page": 9,616 "confidence": "high",617 "notes": "Log distance to nearest bay White SE."618 },619 {620 "model_id": "T2-GWR",621 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Bay)",622 "taxonomy_id": "water_proximity",623 "x_transform": "log",624 "x_unit": "km",625 "beta": -0.054,626 "se": null,627 "t": null,628 "p": null,629 "p_stars": "",630 "ci_lo": null,631 "ci_hi": null,632 "page": 9,633 "confidence": "medium",634 "notes": "Log distance to nearest bay GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.064 to -0.047; no SE."635 },636 {637 "model_id": "T2-OLS",638 "var_name_printed": "Ln(River)",639 "taxonomy_id": "water_proximity",640 "x_transform": "log",641 "x_unit": "km",642 "beta": -0.004,643 "se": 0.012,644 "t": null,645 "p": null,646 "p_stars": "",647 "ci_lo": null,648 "ci_hi": null,649 "page": 9,650 "confidence": "high",651 "notes": "Log distance to nearest river White SE."652 },653 {654 "model_id": "T2-GWR",655 "var_name_printed": "Ln(River)",656 "taxonomy_id": "water_proximity",657 "x_transform": "log",658 "x_unit": "km",659 "beta": -0.025,660 "se": null,661 "t": null,662 "p": null,663 "p_stars": "",664 "ci_lo": null,665 "ci_hi": null,666 "page": 9,667 "confidence": "medium",668 "notes": "Log distance to nearest river GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.032 to -0.005; no SE."669 },670 {671 "model_id": "T2-OLS",672 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Stream)",673 "taxonomy_id": "water_proximity",674 "x_transform": "log",675 "x_unit": "km",676 "beta": -0.03,677 "se": 0.017,678 "t": null,679 "p": null,680 "p_stars": "*",681 "ci_lo": null,682 "ci_hi": null,683 "page": 9,684 "confidence": "high",685 "notes": "Log distance to nearest stream White SE."686 },687 {688 "model_id": "T2-GWR",689 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Stream)",690 "taxonomy_id": "water_proximity",691 "x_transform": "log",692 "x_unit": "km",693 "beta": -0.055,694 "se": null,695 "t": null,696 "p": null,697 "p_stars": "",698 "ci_lo": null,699 "ci_hi": null,700 "page": 9,701 "confidence": "medium",702 "notes": "Log distance to nearest stream GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.078 to -0.033; no SE."703 },704 {705 "model_id": "T2-OLS",706 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Bayou)",707 "taxonomy_id": "water_proximity",708 "x_transform": "log",709 "x_unit": "km",710 "beta": 0.038,711 "se": 0.018,712 "t": null,713 "p": null,714 "p_stars": "**",715 "ci_lo": null,716 "ci_hi": null,717 "page": 9,718 "confidence": "high",719 "notes": "Log distance to nearest bayou White SE."720 },721 {722 "model_id": "T2-GWR",723 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Bayou)",724 "taxonomy_id": "water_proximity",725 "x_transform": "log",726 "x_unit": "km",727 "beta": 0.048,728 "se": null,729 "t": null,730 "p": null,731 "p_stars": "",732 "ci_lo": null,733 "ci_hi": null,734 "page": 9,735 "confidence": "medium",736 "notes": "Log distance to nearest bayou GWR median of local coefficients; range 0.032 to 0.073; no SE."737 },738 {739 "model_id": "T2-OLS",740 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Water)",741 "taxonomy_id": "water_proximity",742 "x_transform": "log",743 "x_unit": "km",744 "beta": -0.029,745 "se": 0.011,746 "t": null,747 "p": null,748 "p_stars": "***",749 "ci_lo": null,750 "ci_hi": null,751 "page": 9,752 "confidence": "high",753 "notes": "Log distance to nearest other water body White SE."754 },755 {756 "model_id": "T2-GWR",757 "var_name_printed": "Ln(Water)",758 "taxonomy_id": "water_proximity",759 "x_transform": "log",760 "x_unit": "km",761 "beta": -0.015,762 "se": null,763 "t": null,764 "p": null,765 "p_stars": "",766 "ci_lo": null,767 "ci_hi": null,768 "page": 9,769 "confidence": "medium",770 "notes": "Log distance to nearest other water body GWR median of local coefficients; range -0.04 to -0.012; no SE."771 }772 ]773}