spb/wp44_uqo

1version: '1.0'2created: '2026-11-03'3sources:4  openalex_topics: openalex_topics_2026-10-14.csv5  dblp_streams: dblp_streams_2018_2026.csv6  generator: taxonomy/build_ontology.py7  data_modules: taxonomy/src/*.py8areas:9- id: ai_ml10  name: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning11  description: 'Learning systems and their theory: large language and foundation models, multimodal and generative models, agents, reinforcement learning, learning theory, neural architectures, and AI safety.'12  leaves:13  - llm14  - foundation_models15  - multimodal_ai16  - generative_ai17  - ai_agents18  - reinforcement_learning19  - ml_theory20  - deep_learning_architectures21  - ai_safety22- id: perception_interaction23  name: Perception, Language, Robotics and Interaction24  description: 'Systems that sense, communicate and act in the physical and human world: vision, natural language, speech and audio, robotics, human-computer interaction, and computer graphics.'25  leaves:26  - computer_vision27  - nlp28  - speech_audio29  - robotics30  - hci31  - computer_graphics32- id: software_pl33  name: Software, Programming Languages and Formal Methods34  description: 'How software is built, expressed, translated and proved correct: software engineering, programming languages, compilers, and formal verification.'35  leaves:36  - software_engineering37  - programming_languages38  - compilers39  - formal_verification40- id: theory41  name: Theory of Computation42  description: Algorithms, data structures and the limits of efficient computation.43  leaves:44  - algorithms45  - computational_complexity46- id: data_distributed47  name: Data, Information and Distributed Systems48  description: 'Storing, retrieving and processing data at scale: databases, information retrieval, distributed, cloud and edge computing, and computer networks.'49  leaves:50  - database_systems51  - information_retrieval52  - distributed_computing53  - cloud_computing54  - edge_computing55  - computer_networks56- id: security_privacy57  name: Security, Privacy and Trust58  description: 'Protecting systems, data and users: cybersecurity, applied cryptography, blockchain systems, privacy-preserving computation, and federated learning.'59  leaves:60  - cybersecurity61  - applied_cryptography62  - blockchain63  - privacy_preserving_computation64  - federated_learning65- id: hardware_emerging66  name: Hardware, Architecture and Emerging Computing67  description: 'Physical substrates of computation: computer architecture, AI accelerators, operating systems, quantum computing, and sustainable computing.'68  leaves:69  - computer_architecture70  - ai_accelerators71  - operating_systems72  - quantum_computing73  - sustainable_computing74- id: computational_science75  name: Computational Science and Discovery76  description: 'Computing as an instrument of science: scientific computing, computational biology, and autonomous scientific discovery.'77  leaves:78  - scientific_computing79  - computational_biology80  - autonomous_scientific_discovery81categories:82- id: llm83  number: 184  name: Large Language Models85  area: ai_ml86  definition: 'Research whose object is a transformer-based language model trained at scale: pre-training, instruction tuning, prompting and in-context learning, reasoning, retrieval augmentation, efficient inference, evaluation and benchmarks of LLMs. Excludes classical NLP tasks solved with small task-specific models (nlp) and non-language foundation models (foundation_models).'87  openalex_topics:88  - id: T1002889    weight: 1.090    note: 'OpenAlex cluster hosting BERT / pre-trained LM / RAG / QA work: the de-facto LLM topic'91  - id: T1171492    weight: 0.493    note: multimodal LLMs and vision-language models94  - id: T1203195    weight: 0.396    note: dialogue systems, LLM chatbots97  - id: T1018198    weight: 0.399    note: NLP techniques incl. neural MT and NLG100  - id: T12128101    weight: 0.3102    note: chatbots in service interactions103  - id: T14414104    weight: 0.2105    note: 'AI in education: mostly ChatGPT studies post-2023'106  openalex_subfields:107  - id: 1702108    weight: 0.2109  arxiv_categories:110  - id: cs.CL111    weight: 0.5112  - id: cs.AI113    weight: 0.2114  - id: cs.LG115    weight: 0.2116  dblp_streams:117  - key: conf/acl118    weight: 0.5119  - key: conf/emnlp120    weight: 0.5121  - key: conf/naacl122    weight: 0.5123  - key: conf/eacl124    weight: 0.4125  - key: conf/coling126    weight: 0.4127  - key: journals/tacl128    weight: 0.5129  - key: conf/iclr130    weight: 0.3131  - key: conf/nips132    weight: 0.3133  - key: conf/icml134    weight: 0.3135  - key: journals/tmlr136    weight: 0.3137  - key: conf/aaai138    weight: 0.2139  - key: conf/nlpcc140    weight: 0.3141  keywords:142  - pattern: (?i)\blarge language models?\b143    weight: 1.0144    field: both145  - pattern: (?i)\bLLMs?\b146    weight: 1.0147    field: both148  - pattern: (?i)\b(ChatGPT|GPT-?3(\.5)?|GPT-?4o?|GPT-?4\.\d|GPT-?5|LLaMA|Llama-? ?[234]|PaLM|InstructGPT|Qwen|Vicuna|Mixtral|DeepSeek-?(V\d|R1)|Claude ?[34]|Gemini ?(Pro|Ultra|1\.5|2))\b149    weight: 1.0150    field: both151  - pattern: (?i)\bpre-?trained language models?\b|\bPLMs?\b152    weight: 0.7153    field: both154  - pattern: (?i)\b(instruction[- ]tuning|instruction-?tuned|in-?context learning|chain[- ]of[- ]thought|retrieval[- ]augmented generation|RAG\b|prompt (engineering|tuning|learning)|prompting|RLHF|supervised fine-?tuning|SFT\b)\b155    weight: 0.8156    field: both157  - pattern: (?i)\b(masked|autoregressive|causal|decoder-?only|encoder-?decoder) language model158    weight: 0.7159    field: both160  - pattern: (?i)\b(language model|transformer) (pre-?training|scaling|scaling laws?)\b161    weight: 0.7162    field: both163  - pattern: (?i)\b(parameter-?efficient fine-?tuning|PEFT\b|LoRA\b|adapters? for (language|LLM))\b164    weight: 0.6165    field: both166  - pattern: (?i)\bBERT\b|\bRoBERTa\b|\bT5\b|\bBART\b167    weight: 0.6168    field: both169  - pattern: (?i)\bhallucinat(ion|ions|e|es|ing)\b170    weight: 0.5171    field: both172  - pattern: (?i)\blanguage models?\b173    weight: 0.4174    field: both175  - pattern: (?i)\b(tokeni[sz](er|ation)|context (window|length)|KV[- ]cache|speculative decoding|mixture[- ]of[- ]experts)\b176    weight: 0.4177    field: both178  exclusions: []179  related:180  - foundation_models181  - nlp182  - generative_ai183  - ai_agents184  - ai_safety185  parent_of: []186  child_of:187  - foundation_models188  provenance: 'Topics chosen by inspecting OpenAlex keyword lists (T10028 lists BERT, pre-trained language models, retrieval-augmented generation). Venues: *CL conferences and ML venues at partial weight because LLM work is spread across them. Keyword patterns reach the threshold alone, as required for the six AI categories OpenAlex cannot separate.'189- id: foundation_models190  number: 2191  name: Foundation Models192  area: ai_ml193  definition: 'Large pre-trained models intended for adaptation to many downstream tasks in any modality: scaling laws, pre-training objectives, self-supervised representation learning at scale, transfer, fine-tuning and adapter methods, model releases and their evaluation. Language-specific work is llm (a child); vision-language work is multimodal_ai (a child).'194  openalex_topics:195  - id: T11307196    weight: 0.5197    note: domain adaptation, few-shot, parameter-efficient fine-tuning, continual learning198  - id: T11714199    weight: 0.4200    note: vision-language models / CLIP201  - id: T10028202    weight: 0.3203    note: pre-trained language models204  - id: T10036205    weight: 0.2206    note: backbone networks, model compression207  - id: T12422208    weight: 0.2209    note: foundation models in medical imaging / radiomics210  openalex_subfields:211  - id: 1702212    weight: 0.2213  arxiv_categories:214  - id: cs.LG215    weight: 0.4216  - id: cs.CV217    weight: 0.2218  - id: cs.CL219    weight: 0.2220  - id: cs.AI221    weight: 0.2222  dblp_streams:223  - key: conf/nips224    weight: 0.3225  - key: conf/icml226    weight: 0.3227  - key: conf/iclr228    weight: 0.3229  - key: journals/tmlr230    weight: 0.3231  - key: conf/cvpr232    weight: 0.2233  - key: conf/iccv234    weight: 0.2235  - key: conf/eccv236    weight: 0.2237  - key: journals/natmi238    weight: 0.2239  keywords:240  - pattern: (?i)\bfoundation models?\b|\bfoundational models?\b241    weight: 1.0242    field: both243  - pattern: (?i)\b(vision|visual|time[- ]series|protein|genomic|geospatial|medical|clinical|weather|climate|chemistry|molecular|tabular|graph|speech|audio|robotics?|world) foundation models?\b244    weight: 1.0245    field: both246  - pattern: (?i)\bscaling laws?\b247    weight: 0.8248    field: both249  - pattern: (?i)\b(self-?supervised|contrastive|masked) (pre-?training|representation learning|learning at scale)\b250    weight: 0.7251    field: both252  - pattern: (?i)\b(pre-?train(ed|ing)) (on|at) (web|internet|large|massive|billion)[- ]scale253    weight: 0.7254    field: both255  - pattern: (?i)\b(vision transformers?|ViT-?[BLHG]?|DINO(v2)?|segment anything|SAM ?2|masked auto-?encoders?|MAE\b|CLIP\b|SigLIP)\b256    weight: 0.6257    field: both258  - pattern: (?i)\b(general-?purpose|generalist|universal|all-?in-?one) (models?|agents?|representations?)\b259    weight: 0.6260    field: both261  - pattern: (?i)\b(transfer learning|fine-?tun(ing|ed?)|downstream tasks?|zero-?shot|few-?shot)\b262    weight: 0.4263    field: both264  - pattern: (?i)\b(adapters?|LoRA|parameter-?efficient|prompt tuning|emergent (abilities|capabilities))\b265    weight: 0.5266    field: both267  - pattern: (?i)\bworld models?\b268    weight: 0.5269    field: both270  exclusions: []271  related:272  - llm273  - multimodal_ai274  - generative_ai275  - deep_learning_architectures276  - ml_theory277  parent_of:278  - llm279  - multimodal_ai280  child_of: []281  provenance: No OpenAlex topic isolates foundation models; T11307 (PEFT, few-shot, continual) is the closest methodological host. Keyword patterns carry the category; the generic 'transfer learning/fine-tuning' terms are deliberately below threshold.282- id: multimodal_ai283  number: 3284  name: Multimodal AI285  area: ai_ml286  definition: 'Models and systems that jointly process two or more modalities (vision-language, audio-visual, video-text, 3D-language, sensors with language): vision-language models and multimodal LLMs, captioning, visual question answering, cross-modal retrieval and grounding. Unimodal vision is computer_vision; pure speech is speech_audio.'287  openalex_topics:288  - id: T11714289    weight: 1.0290    note: 'Multimodal Machine Learning Applications: VLMs, MLLMs, VQA, captioning'291  - id: T10627292    weight: 0.4293    note: image and video retrieval incl. cross-modal294  - id: T11439295    weight: 0.2296    note: video analysis and summarization297  - id: T10824298    weight: 0.2299    note: image retrieval and classification300  - id: T13155301    weight: 0.2302    note: digital communication and language (multimodal discourse)303  openalex_subfields:304  - id: 1707305    weight: 0.1306  arxiv_categories:307  - id: cs.MM308    weight: 0.6309  - id: cs.CV310    weight: 0.3311  - id: cs.CL312    weight: 0.3313  - id: cs.LG314    weight: 0.2315  dblp_streams:316  - key: conf/mm317    weight: 0.6318  - key: journals/tmm319    weight: 0.6320  - key: conf/icmi321    weight: 0.6322  - key: journals/tomccap323    weight: 0.5324  - key: conf/icmcs325    weight: 0.5326  - key: conf/mir327    weight: 0.5328  - key: journals/mms329    weight: 0.5330  - key: journals/mta331    weight: 0.3332  - key: conf/mmm333    weight: 0.5334  - key: journals/inffus335    weight: 0.2336  - key: conf/cvpr337    weight: 0.2338  - key: conf/iccv339    weight: 0.2340  - key: conf/eccv341    weight: 0.2342  - key: conf/acl343    weight: 0.2344  - key: conf/emnlp345    weight: 0.2346  keywords:347  - pattern: (?i)\bmulti-?modal(ity)?\b348    weight: 0.7349    field: both350  - pattern: (?i)\b(vision[- ]language|vision[- ]and[- ]language|visual[- ]language|language[- ]vision|image[- ]text|video[- ]language|audio[- ]language|speech[- ]language|3D[- ]language|text[- ]to[- ]3D)[- ]?(models?|pre-?training|tasks?|alignment|understanding|learning|reasoning|navigation|action|retrieval|generation)?\b351    weight: 1.0352    field: both353  - pattern: (?i)\b(VLMs?|MLLMs?|LVLMs?|LMMs?|VLAs?)\b354    weight: 1.0355    field: both356  - pattern: (?i)\bvisual question answering\b|\bVQA\b|\bvideo question answering\b357    weight: 1.0358    field: both359  - pattern: (?i)\b(image|video|dense|audio) captioning\b360    weight: 1.0361    field: both362  - pattern: (?i)\bcross-?modal(ity)?\b363    weight: 0.8364    field: both365  - pattern: (?i)\b(audio-?visual|visual grounding|referring expression|visual dialog|visual reasoning|visual instruction tuning|LLaVA|BLIP-?2?|Flamingo|GPT-?4V|CLIP|ALIGN\b|CoCa)\b366    weight: 0.8367    field: both368  - pattern: (?i)\b(text-to-image|text-to-video|image-to-text|text-image|image-text) (retrieval|alignment|matching|generation|models?)\b369    weight: 0.8370    field: both371  - pattern: (?i)\b(modalit(y|ies) (fusion|alignment|gap)|(early|late|intermediate) fusion of|sensor fusion with language)\b372    weight: 0.7373    field: both374  exclusions:375  - (?i)\bmultimodal (therapy|analgesi|treatment|intervention|pain|anesthesi|anaesthesi|imaging biomarkers?|prehabilitation|transport)\b376  related:377  - computer_vision378  - nlp379  - llm380  - speech_audio381  - generative_ai382  parent_of: []383  child_of:384  - foundation_models385  provenance: T11714 is the only OpenAlex topic centred on vision-language learning. Multimedia venues at partial weight (they also host unimodal media work). Medical 'multimodal' senses are vetoed.386- id: generative_ai387  number: 4388  name: Generative AI389  area: ai_ml390  definition: 'Models that synthesise new content (images, video, audio, 3D, text, code, molecules) and their training, sampling, evaluation, detection and misuse: GANs, VAEs, diffusion and flow models, autoregressive generators, text-to-X synthesis, deepfakes and AI-generated-content detection. LLM text generation as such is llm unless the contribution concerns the generative model or its outputs'' authenticity.'391  openalex_topics:392  - id: T10775393    weight: 1.0394    note: GANs, diffusion models, image/video generation395  - id: T12357396    weight: 0.5397    note: 'digital media forensics: deepfake detection'398  - id: T11349399    weight: 0.2400    note: music technology (music generation)401  - id: T10388402    weight: 0.2403    note: steganography / watermarking (of generated content)404  - id: T14254405    weight: 0.2406    note: digital media and visual art (AI art)407  openalex_subfields: []408  arxiv_categories:409  - id: cs.CV410    weight: 0.2411  - id: cs.LG412    weight: 0.3413  - id: cs.GR414    weight: 0.2415  - id: cs.SD416    weight: 0.1417  - id: cs.AI418    weight: 0.1419  - id: cs.MM420    weight: 0.1421  dblp_streams:422  - key: conf/nips423    weight: 0.2424  - key: conf/icml425    weight: 0.2426  - key: conf/iclr427    weight: 0.2428  - key: conf/cvpr429    weight: 0.2430  - key: conf/iccv431    weight: 0.2432  - key: conf/eccv433    weight: 0.2434  - key: conf/siggraph435    weight: 0.2436  - key: conf/siggrapha437    weight: 0.2438  - key: journals/tog439    weight: 0.1440  keywords:441  - pattern: (?i)\bgenerative (AI|artificial intelligence|models?|modell?ing|adversarial networks?|pre-?trained|design|art)\b|\bGenAI\b|\bAIGC\b442    weight: 1.0443    field: both444  - pattern: (?i)\bGANs?\b|\b(conditional|cycle|style|Wasserstein)GAN\b|\bStyleGAN\w*\b445    weight: 0.9446    field: both447  - pattern: (?i)\b(denoising diffusion|latent diffusion|stable diffusion|diffusion transformers?|DDPM|DDIM|score-?based generative|score matching|flow[- ]matching|rectified flow|normali[sz]ing flows?|consistency models?)\b448    weight: 1.0449    field: both450  - pattern: (?i)\bdiffusion models?\b451    weight: 0.8452    field: both453  - pattern: (?i)\btext-?to-?(image|video|3D|audio|speech|music|motion|SVG|scene)\b454    weight: 1.0455    field: both456  - pattern: (?i)\b(image|video|music|audio|speech|3D|motion|molecule|molecular|code|scene|face|avatar|talking[- ]head|layout|texture|graph) (generation|synthesis)\b457    weight: 0.7458    field: both459  - pattern: (?i)\bdeep-?fakes?\b|\bface swap(ping)?\b|\bsynthetic media\b460    weight: 1.0461    field: both462  - pattern: (?i)\bvariational auto-?encoders?\b|\bVAEs?\b|\bVQ-?VAE\b|\bVQGAN\b463    weight: 0.7464    field: both465  - pattern: (?i)\b(AI-?generated|machine-?generated|synthetic(ally)?[- ]generated|LLM-?generated) (content|images?|text|data|videos?|audio|art|code|faces)\b466    weight: 0.8467    field: both468  - pattern: (?i)\b(image (inpainting|outpainting|editing|to-image translation)|style transfer|super-?resolution|image restoration|controllable generation|ControlNet|DreamBooth|textual inversion|classifier-?free guidance|Midjourney|DALL-?E|Imagen|Sora)\b469    weight: 0.6470    field: both471  - pattern: (?i)\bautoregressive (models?|generation|image|video)\b472    weight: 0.5473    field: both474  exclusions:475  - (?is)^(?!.*(generative|GANs?\b|synthesis|generation|deepfake|VAE|AI-?generated)).*\b(drug|gas|molecular|thermal|anomalous|reaction-?|water|heat|ion|oxygen|particle|turbulent|surface|solute|vapou?r) diffusion\b476  - (?is)^(?!.*(generative|GANs?\b|synthesis|generation|deepfake|VAE|AI-?generated)).*\bdiffusion (coefficients?|tensor|MRI|weighted|equations?|process(es)?|of innovations?|limited)\b477  related:478  - llm479  - multimodal_ai480  - computer_vision481  - computer_graphics482  - foundation_models483  - speech_audio484  parent_of: []485  child_of: []486  provenance: T10775 keywords explicitly list GANs, diffusion models, Stable Diffusion, text-to-image. Physics/finance senses of 'diffusion' are vetoed only when no generative-modelling term is present.487- id: ai_agents488  number: 5489  name: AI Agents and Autonomous Systems490  area: ai_ml491  definition: 'Software agents that perceive, decide and act with some autonomy: LLM-based agents and tool use, multi-agent systems, planning and automated reasoning for acting, agent architectures, negotiation, agentic workflows and benchmarks, embodied agents in simulated environments. Physical robots are robotics; RL algorithms as such are reinforcement_learning.'492  openalex_topics:493  - id: T10456494    weight: 1.0495    note: 'Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation: BDI, agent architectures, argumentation'496  - id: T10906497    weight: 0.6498    note: AI-based problem solving and planning (PDDL, multi-agent planning)499  - id: T11574500    weight: 0.4501    note: AI in games (game-playing agents)502  - id: T10249503    weight: 0.3504    note: distributed control of multi-agent systems (control-theoretic MAS)505  - id: T12128506    weight: 0.2507    note: chatbots and service agents508  openalex_subfields:509  - id: 1702510    weight: 0.1511  arxiv_categories:512  - id: cs.MA513    weight: 1.0514  - id: cs.AI515    weight: 0.4516  dblp_streams:517  - key: conf/atal518    weight: 1.0519  - key: conf/ifaamas520    weight: 1.0521  - key: journals/aamas522    weight: 1.0523  - key: conf/icaart524    weight: 0.6525  - key: conf/aaai526    weight: 0.2527  - key: conf/ijcai528    weight: 0.2529  - key: journals/jair530    weight: 0.2531  - key: journals/ai532    weight: 0.2533  - key: conf/kr534    weight: 0.2535  - key: conf/ecai536    weight: 0.3537  - key: conf/ecai2538    weight: 0.3539  - key: conf/ictai540    weight: 0.2541  keywords:542  - pattern: (?i)\b(LLM|language[- ]model|AI|autonomous|intelligent|embodied|conversational|software|web|GUI|coding|browsing|tool-?using|generative|multi-?step|computer-?use|research|planning)[- ](based |powered |driven )?agents?\b543    weight: 1.0544    field: both545  - pattern: (?i)\bagentic\b|\bagent-?based (LLM|AI|systems?|frameworks?|workflows?)\b546    weight: 1.0547    field: both548  - pattern: (?i)\bmulti-?agent (systems?|reinforcement|collaboration|coordination|negotiation|planning|simulation|frameworks?|debate|learning|path finding|communication|environments?)\b|\bMAS\b|\bMARL\b549    weight: 1.0550    field: both551  - pattern: (?i)\b(tool (use|using|learning|calling|augmented|integration)|function calling|API calling|ReAct|AutoGPT|AutoGen|LangChain|LangGraph|CrewAI|MetaGPT|SWE-?agent|SWE-?bench|WebArena|AgentBench|OSWorld|Model Context Protocol|MCP servers?)\b552    weight: 1.0553    field: both554  - pattern: (?i)\b(BDI|belief-?desire-?intention) (agents?|architectures?|models?)\b|\bagent-?oriented (programming|software engineering)\b555    weight: 1.0556    field: both557  - pattern: (?i)\b(automated|classical|hierarchical|task|AI|temporal|epistemic) planning\b|\bPDDL\b|\btask (decomposition|and motion planning)\b558    weight: 0.7559    field: both560  - pattern: (?i)\bagent-?based (model(ing|s)?|simulations?)\b|\bABM\b561    weight: 0.6562    field: both563  - pattern: (?i)\b(autonomous systems?|autonomy|self-?driving|self-?improving|self-?evolving|long-?horizon (tasks?|planning)|memory (module|mechanism|augmented) (for|in) agents?)\b564    weight: 0.5565    field: both566  - pattern: (?i)\b(game[- ]playing|general game|AlphaGo|AlphaZero|MuZero|OpenAI Five|AlphaStar|CICERO|Diplomacy)\b567    weight: 0.6568    field: both569  exclusions:570  - (?i)\b(reagents?|chemical|contrast|therapeutic|antimicrobial|chelating|reducing|oxidi[sz]ing|pharmacological|anti-?cancer|infectious|causative|etiologic(al)?|biological|pathogenic|anesthetic|anaesthetic|alkylating|cross-?linking|blowing|surface-?active|wetting|coupling|cytotoxic|antiviral|antibacterial|antifungal|bleaching|dispersing|sweetening|flavou?ring|leavening|real estate|travel|insurance|customs|shipping|sports|literary|secret|double|free|special) agents?\b571  related:572  - llm573  - reinforcement_learning574  - robotics575  - ai_safety576  - autonomous_scientific_discovery577  parent_of: []578  child_of: []579  provenance: T10456 is the classical MAS host; the LLM-agent wave has no OpenAlex topic yet, so keyword patterns on 'X agent' (with the qualifier restricted to computing senses) and agent frameworks/benchmarks carry it. Chemical/medical/commercial senses of 'agent' are vetoed.580- id: reinforcement_learning581  number: 6582  name: Reinforcement Learning583  area: ai_ml584  definition: 'Learning to act from reward signals: value- and policy-based methods, model-based RL, offline and inverse RL, multi-agent RL, bandits, exploration, reward design, RL from human feedback, and RL theory. Applications to robot control are shared with robotics.'585  openalex_topics:586  - id: T10462587    weight: 1.0588    note: 'Reinforcement Learning in Robotics: Q-learning, PPO, offline RL, imitation learning'589  - id: T12794590    weight: 0.5591    note: adaptive dynamic programming control592  - id: T11574593    weight: 0.3594    note: AI in games595  - id: T10100596    weight: 0.1597    note: metaheuristic optimisation (RL-based hyper-heuristics)598  openalex_subfields: []599  arxiv_categories:600  - id: cs.LG601    weight: 0.3602  - id: cs.AI603    weight: 0.2604  - id: cs.RO605    weight: 0.1606  - id: eess.SY607    weight: 0.1608  - id: cs.MA609    weight: 0.1610  dblp_streams:611  - key: conf/nips612    weight: 0.2613  - key: conf/icml614    weight: 0.2615  - key: conf/iclr616    weight: 0.2617  - key: conf/corl618    weight: 0.3619  - key: conf/aaai620    weight: 0.1621  - key: journals/jmlr622    weight: 0.1623  - key: conf/atal624    weight: 0.2625  - key: journals/tnn626    weight: 0.1627  keywords:628  - pattern: (?i)\breinforcement learning\b629    weight: 1.0630    field: both631  - pattern: (?i)\b(deep|multi-?agent|offline|online|inverse|model-?based|model-?free|safe|hierarchical|meta|batch|distributional|constrained|goal-?conditioned|preference-?based|federated|quantum)[- ]RL\b632    weight: 1.0633    field: both634  - pattern: (?i)\b(Q-?learning|DQN|double DQN|Rainbow DQN|PPO|proximal policy optimi[sz]ation|TRPO|actor-?critic|A3C|A2C|SAC\b|soft actor-?critic|TD3|DDPG|policy gradients?|REINFORCE|AlphaZero|MuZero|Dreamer(V\d)?|decision transformers?|world models? for (control|RL|planning))\b635    weight: 1.0636    field: both637  - pattern: (?i)\bMarkov decision process(es)?\b|\bMDPs?\b|\bPOMDPs?\b|\bsemi-?MDP\b|\bDec-?POMDP\b638    weight: 0.8639    field: both640  - pattern: (?i)\b(reward (functions?|shaping|models?|hacking|design|learning|signals?)|sparse rewards?|exploration[- ]exploitation|intrinsic (motivation|rewards?)|curiosity-?driven|multi-?armed bandits?|contextual bandits?|credit assignment|experience replay|sim-?to-?real)\b641    weight: 0.8642    field: both643  - pattern: (?i)\b(imitation learning|behavio(u)?r(al)? cloning|learning from demonstrations?|inverse reinforcement|apprenticeship learning|offline (policy|data) (evaluation|learning))\b644    weight: 0.8645    field: both646  - pattern: (?i)\b(RLHF|RLAIF|reinforcement learning from (human|AI) feedback|GRPO|DPO\b|direct preference optimi[sz]ation|RLVR|reasoning models? trained with|verifiable rewards?)\b647    weight: 0.8648    field: both649  - pattern: (?i)\b(temporal[- ]difference|value (functions?|iteration)|policy (iteration|evaluation|optimi[sz]ation|learning)|Bellman|dynamic programming for control|optimal control via learning|regret bounds? for (MDP|RL))\b650    weight: 0.6651    field: both652  - pattern: (?i)\b(agents?|policies|policy|environments?|episodes?|rollouts?)\b653    weight: 0.2654    field: both655  exclusions:656  - (?i)\breinforcement (of|in|for) (concrete|steel|soil|composites?|polymers?|fib(er|re)s?|masonry|beams?|slabs?|pavements?)\b(?!.*reinforcement learning)657  related:658  - ai_agents659  - robotics660  - ml_theory661  - ai_safety662  - llm663  parent_of: []664  child_of: []665  provenance: T10462 is the RL topic (its keywords list MARL, Q-learning, PPO, offline RL). Algorithm names reach the threshold alone.666- id: ml_theory667  number: 7668  name: Machine Learning Theory669  area: ai_ml670  definition: 'Statistical and computational learning theory and principled ML methodology: generalisation and sample complexity, optimisation theory for learning, kernel and Bayesian methods, probabilistic models, causal inference, online learning, PAC learning, interpretability and fairness as formal problems. Architecture engineering is deep_learning_architectures.'671  openalex_topics:672  - id: T12072673    weight: 1.0674    note: 'Machine Learning and Algorithms: PAC learning, generalisation bounds, VC dimension'675  - id: T11612676    weight: 0.8677    note: stochastic gradient optimisation, NTK, implicit regularisation678  - id: T12814679    weight: 0.7680    note: Gaussian processes and Bayesian inference681  - id: T11303682    weight: 0.6683    note: Bayesian modelling and causal inference684  - id: T10845685    weight: 0.5686    note: advanced causal inference techniques687  - id: T11901688    weight: 0.5689    note: Bayesian methods and mixture models690  - id: T12535691    weight: 0.4692    note: ML and data classification (SVM, ensembles)693  - id: T10637694    weight: 0.4695    note: clustering algorithms696  - id: T12026697    weight: 0.4698    note: explainable AI699  - id: T12536700    weight: 0.4701    note: topological and geometric data analysis702  - id: T11652703    weight: 0.3704    note: imbalanced classification705  - id: T11689706    weight: 0.3707    note: adversarial robustness (certified robustness)708  - id: T10963709    weight: 0.3710    note: advanced optimisation algorithms711  - id: T12761712    weight: 0.3713    note: data stream mining (concept drift)714  - id: T12205715    weight: 0.3716    note: time series forecasting717  - id: T13373718    weight: 0.2719    note: data mining and ML applications720  - id: T12676721    weight: 0.2722    note: extreme learning machines723  - id: T11512724    weight: 0.6725    note: anomaly detection techniques and applications726  - id: T10820727    weight: 0.3728    note: fuzzy logic and control systems (soft computing)729  - id: T11063730    weight: 0.3731    note: rough sets and fuzzy logic (granular computing, feature selection)732  openalex_subfields:733  - id: 1702734    weight: 0.3735  arxiv_categories:736  - id: stat.ML737    weight: 0.8738  - id: cs.LG739    weight: 0.4740  - id: math.ST741    weight: 0.3742  - id: math.OC743    weight: 0.2744  dblp_streams:745  - key: conf/colt746    weight: 1.0747  - key: conf/alt748    weight: 1.0749  - key: journals/jmlr750    weight: 0.8751  - key: conf/aistats752    weight: 0.8753  - key: conf/uai754    weight: 0.8755  - key: journals/ml756    weight: 0.6757  - key: journals/tmlr758    weight: 0.4759  - key: conf/nips760    weight: 0.3761  - key: conf/icml762    weight: 0.3763  - key: conf/iclr764    weight: 0.2765  - key: journals/tnn766    weight: 0.3767  - key: journals/nn768    weight: 0.3769  - key: journals/pr770    weight: 0.2771  - key: conf/pkdd772    weight: 0.3773  - key: conf/kdd774    weight: 0.2775  - key: conf/icdm776    weight: 0.2777  - key: journals/pami778    weight: 0.2779  - key: journals/ijar780    weight: 0.4781  - key: journals/sac782    weight: 0.4783  - key: journals/csda784    weight: 0.3785  - key: journals/cstat786    weight: 0.2787  - key: journals/eswa788    weight: 0.1789  - key: journals/kbs790    weight: 0.1791  - key: journals/isci792    weight: 0.1793  - key: journals/ijon794    weight: 0.2795  - key: journals/nca796    weight: 0.1797  - key: journals/mlc798    weight: 0.3799  - key: journals/apin800    weight: 0.2801  - key: journals/air802    weight: 0.2803  - key: conf/ecai804    weight: 0.3805  - key: conf/ecai2806    weight: 0.3807  - key: conf/icmla808    weight: 0.5809  - key: conf/ssci810    weight: 0.4811  - key: conf/ictai812    weight: 0.3813  - key: conf/icic814    weight: 0.3815  - key: conf/aciids816    weight: 0.2817  - key: conf/kes818    weight: 0.2819  - key: journals/tcyb820    weight: 0.3821  - key: journals/tsmc822    weight: 0.2823  - key: journals/tfs824    weight: 0.3825  - key: journals/fss826    weight: 0.3827  - key: conf/fuzzIEEE828    weight: 0.3829  - key: journals/ijfs830    weight: 0.3831  - key: journals/jifs832    weight: 0.2833  - key: journals/ijis834    weight: 0.3835  - key: journals/ijcisys836    weight: 0.3837  - key: journals/comintsys838    weight: 0.3839  - key: journals/es840    weight: 0.3841  - key: journals/iasc842    weight: 0.2843  - key: journals/inffus844    weight: 0.3845  - key: journals/eaai846    weight: 0.2847  keywords:848  - pattern: (?i)\b(generali[sz]ation (bounds?|error|gap|theory)|sample complexity|regret (bounds?|minimi[sz]ation|analysis)|minimax (rates?|optimal|lower)|PAC(-Bayes(ian)?)?( learning| bounds?)?|Rademacher|VC[- ]dimension|convergence (rates?|guarantees?|analysis)|statistical learning theory|computational learning theory|learnability|uniform convergence|excess risk)\b849    weight: 0.9850    field: both851  - pattern: (?i)\b(kernel (methods?|machines?|ridge|mean embedding)|reproducing kernel|RKHS|Gaussian process(es)?|variational inference|Bayesian (optimi[sz]ation|neural networks?|inference|deep learning|nonparametric)|probabilistic (models?|programming|graphical)|graphical models?|expectation[- ]maximi[sz]ation|Markov chain Monte Carlo|MCMC|Hamiltonian Monte Carlo|normali[sz]ing flows? for inference|conformal prediction|calibration)\b852    weight: 0.8853    field: both854  - pattern: (?i)\bcausal (inference|discovery|representation learning|effect estimation|structure learning|machine learning)\b|\bcounterfactual (reasoning|inference|fairness)\b|\bstructural causal models?\b|\btreatment effect\b855    weight: 0.8856    field: both857  - pattern: (?i)\b(online learning|bandits?|stochastic (gradient|optimi[sz]ation|approximation)|non-?convex optimi[sz]ation|convex optimi[sz]ation for learning|implicit (bias|regulari[sz]ation)|gradient (descent|flow) dynamics|saddle points?|loss landscapes?|mirror descent|optimal transport|Wasserstein)\b858    weight: 0.6859    field: both860  - pattern: (?i)\b(double descent|neural tangent kernel|NTK\b|lottery ticket|over-?parameteri[sz](ed|ation)|benign overfitting|grokking|feature learning (regime|theory)|mean-?field (limit|theory) of neural|infinite-?width|random features?)\b861    weight: 1.0862    field: both863  - pattern: (?i)\b(interpretab(le|ility)|explainab(le|ility)) (machine learning|AI|models?|methods?)\b|\bXAI\b|\bSHAP\b|\bLIME\b|\bfeature attribution\b|\bsaliency maps? for\b864    weight: 0.5865    field: both866  - pattern: (?i)\b(fairness (constraints?|metrics?|in machine learning)|algorithmic fairness|demographic parity|equali[sz]ed odds|fair (classification|representation))\b867    weight: 0.5868    field: both869  - pattern: (?i)\b(semi-?supervised|self-?supervised|unsupervised|active|transfer|meta|continual|lifelong|few-?shot|zero-?shot|multi-?task|weakly[- ]supervised|positive-?unlabeled|contrastive|representation|manifold|metric|dictionary|ensemble|boosting|bagging) learning\b870    weight: 0.4871    field: both872  - pattern: (?i)\b(distribution shift|out-?of-?distribution|domain generali[sz]ation|covariate shift|label noise|robust(ness)? (to|under|against) (noise|shift|corruption)|concept drift|anomaly detection|outlier detection|imbalanced (data|learning|classification)|dimensionality reduction|matrix (completion|factori[sz]ation)|tensor (decomposition|methods?)|sparse (coding|recovery)|compressed sensing)\b873    weight: 0.5874    field: both875  - pattern: (?i)\b(support vector machines?|SVMs?|random forests?|gradient boosting|XGBoost|LightGBM|k-?means|spectral clustering|Gaussian mixture|hidden Markov models?|HMMs?|logistic regression|decision trees?|nearest neighbou?rs?|kNN)\b876    weight: 0.5877    field: both878  - pattern: (?i)\bmachine learning\b|\bstatistical learning\b|\blearning theory\b879    weight: 0.4880    field: both881  exclusions: []882  related:883  - deep_learning_architectures884  - reinforcement_learning885  - algorithms886  - computational_complexity887  - ai_safety888  - foundation_models889  parent_of: []890  child_of: []891  provenance: 'Hosts classical ML and its theory: OpenAlex splits them across T12072 (learning theory), T11612 (optimisation), T12814/T11303/T11901 (Bayesian), T12535/T10637 (classical methods). Venue weights follow venue purity (COLT/ALT/JMLR/AISTATS/UAI strong; NeurIPS/ICML partial).'892- id: deep_learning_architectures893  number: 8894  name: Deep Learning Architectures895  area: ai_ml896  definition: 'Design, training and compression of neural network architectures as such: CNNs, RNNs, transformers and attention, graph neural networks, state-space models, normalisation and optimisers in practice, neural architecture search, pruning, quantisation and distillation, neuromorphic and spiking networks as models. Task-specific results go to the application category; hardware goes to ai_accelerators.'897  openalex_topics:898  - id: T10320899    weight: 1.0900    note: 'Neural Networks and Applications: training, architectures, activation functions'901  - id: T11273902    weight: 1.0903    note: Advanced Graph Neural Networks904  - id: T10036905    weight: 0.5906    note: 'Advanced Neural Network Applications: YOLO, lightweight networks, model compression'907  - id: T12676908    weight: 0.5909    note: extreme learning machines910  - id: T12611911    weight: 0.4912    note: reservoir computing / echo state networks913  - id: T11612914    weight: 0.3915    note: DNN training optimisation916  - id: T11347917    weight: 0.3918    note: neural network stability and synchronisation919  - id: T11307920    weight: 0.3921    note: PEFT and continual learning for deep nets922  - id: T12205923    weight: 0.2924    note: time-series forecasting with deep nets925  - id: T10502926    weight: 0.2927    note: neuromorphic computing (spiking models)928  - id: T11206929    weight: 0.2930    note: model reduction and neural networks931  openalex_subfields:932  - id: 1702933    weight: 0.3934  arxiv_categories:935  - id: cs.NE936    weight: 1.0937  - id: cs.LG938    weight: 0.5939  - id: cs.CV940    weight: 0.1941  - id: cs.AI942    weight: 0.1943  dblp_streams:944  - key: conf/iclr945    weight: 0.5946  - key: conf/nips947    weight: 0.4948  - key: conf/icml949    weight: 0.4950  - key: journals/tnn951    weight: 0.6952  - key: journals/nn953    weight: 0.6954  - key: conf/ijcnn955    weight: 0.6956  - key: journals/ijon957    weight: 0.5958  - key: journals/nca959    weight: 0.5960  - key: conf/icann961    weight: 0.6962  - key: conf/iconip963    weight: 0.5964  - key: journals/npl965    weight: 0.5966  - key: conf/esann967    weight: 0.5968  - key: journals/tmlr969    weight: 0.3970  - key: journals/pami971    weight: 0.2972  - key: journals/cin973    weight: 0.3974  - key: journals/tetci975    weight: 0.3976  - key: journals/tai977    weight: 0.3978  - key: journals/ficn979    weight: 0.2980  - key: journals/cogcom981    weight: 0.2982  - key: journals/aisy983    weight: 0.1984  - key: conf/aaai985    weight: 0.1986  keywords:987  - pattern: (?i)\b(deep|convolutional|recurrent|graph|spiking|artificial|feed-?forward|residual|siamese|capsule|physics-?informed|liquid|binary|quanti[sz]ed|Hopfield|Kolmogorov-?Arnold) neural networks?\b988    weight: 0.8989    field: both990  - pattern: (?i)\b(CNNs?|RNNs?|LSTMs?|GRUs?|GNNs?|GCNs?|GATs?|SNNs?|MLPs?|DNNs?|ANNs?|KANs?|ResNets?|DenseNet|EfficientNet|MobileNet|U-?Net|ViTs?|Swin)\b991    weight: 0.7992    field: both993  - pattern: (?i)\btransformers?\b994    weight: 0.5995    field: both996  - pattern: (?i)\b(self-?|cross-?|multi-?head |sparse |linear |flash)?attention (mechanisms?|heads?|layers?|maps?|weights)\b|\battention is all\b997    weight: 0.7998    field: both999  - pattern: (?i)\bneural architecture search\b|\bNAS\b.*\b(architecture|search space|supernet)\b|\bdifferentiable architecture search\b|\bgraph neural networks?\b|\bnetwork architectures? (design|for deep learning)\b|\barchitectures? of (deep|convolutional|recurrent) neural\b|\bdeep (neural )?network (architectures?|design|compression)\b1000    weight: 1.01001    field: both1002  - pattern: (?i)\bAutoML\b|\bhyper-?parameter optimi[sz]ation\b1003    weight: 0.61004    field: both1005  - pattern: (?i)\b(model compression|knowledge distillation|network pruning|structured pruning|unstructured pruning|post-?training quanti[sz]ation|quanti[sz]ation-?aware training|low-?rank (factori[sz]ation|approximation) of (weights|layers)|weight sharing|parameter sharing|lightweight (networks?|architectures?|models?)|efficient (architectures?|networks?|transformers?))\b1006    weight: 0.81007    field: both1008  - pattern: (?i)\b(batch|layer|group|instance|weight|spectral) normali[sz]ation\b|\bdropout\b|\bresidual (connections?|learning|blocks?)\b|\bskip connections?\b|\bactivation functions?\b|\bReLU\b|\bGELU\b|\bSwiGLU\b|\bsoftmax\b1009    weight: 0.71010    field: both1011  - pattern: (?i)\b(mixture[- ]of[- ]experts|MoE\b|state[- ]space models?|SSMs?\b|Mamba|S4\b|RWKV|Hyena|linear (RNNs?|transformers?)|positional (encodings?|embeddings?)|RoPE|rotary|hypernetworks?|neural ODEs?|implicit (layers|neural representations?)|capsule networks?|equivariant (networks?|neural)|geometric deep learning|message passing (neural|networks?)|graph (convolution|attention|transformers?|pooling)|over-?smoothing)\b1012    weight: 0.91013    field: both1014  - pattern: (?i)\b(backpropagation|back-?prop|gradient (vanishing|exploding)|learning rate (schedul|warm-?up)|Adam(W)?\b|optimi[sz]ers? for (deep|neural)|weight (decay|initiali[sz]ation)|training (dynamics|instabilit)|loss functions? for|curriculum learning|data augmentation|mixup|CutMix|label smoothing|early stopping|hyper-?parameter (tuning|optimi[sz]ation))\b1015    weight: 0.71016    field: both1017  - pattern: (?i)\bdeep learning\b|\bneural networks?\b|\bneural nets?\b1018    weight: 0.51019    field: both1020  - pattern: (?i)\b(spiking|neuromorphic|reservoir computing|echo state|extreme learning machines?|ELM\b)\b1021    weight: 0.51022    field: both1023  exclusions:1024  - (?is)^(?!.*(neural|deep learning|attention|language model|vision|encoder|decoder)).*\b(power|distribution|current|voltage|instrument|high-?voltage|dry-?type|oil-?immersed|pulse|flyback|isolation|phase-?shifting|step-?(up|down)) transformers?\b1025  related:1026  - ml_theory1027  - computer_vision1028  - nlp1029  - ai_accelerators1030  - foundation_models1031  - llm1032  parent_of: []1033  child_of: []1034  provenance: T10320 and T11273 are architecture-centred OpenAlex topics; cs.NE is the arXiv home of neural and evolutionary computation. 'Transformer' alone is weak and electrical senses are vetoed when no learning term co-occurs.1035- id: computer_vision1036  number: 91037  name: Computer Vision1038  area: perception_interaction1039  definition: 'Extracting information from images, video and 3D data: recognition, detection, segmentation, tracking, pose, depth and 3D reconstruction, image restoration and enhancement, medical and remote-sensing image analysis, visual representation learning. Image synthesis is generative_ai; vision-language is multimodal_ai; rendering is computer_graphics.'1040  openalex_topics:1041  - id: T100361042    weight: 1.01043    note: object detection, segmentation, YOLO1044  - id: T105311045    weight: 1.01046    note: advanced vision and imaging1047  - id: T103311048    weight: 1.01049    note: video surveillance and tracking1050  - id: T114481051    weight: 1.01052    note: face recognition1053  - id: T100571054    weight: 1.01055    note: face and expression recognition1056  - id: T108121057    weight: 1.01058    note: human pose and action recognition1059  - id: T125491060    weight: 1.01061    note: image and object detection1062  - id: T116051063    weight: 1.01064    note: visual attention and saliency1065  - id: T143391066    weight: 1.01067    note: image processing and 3D reconstruction1068  - id: T106011069    weight: 0.81070    note: handwritten text recognition1071  - id: T108241072    weight: 0.81073    note: image retrieval and classification1074  - id: T110191075    weight: 0.81076    note: image enhancement1077  - id: T111051078    weight: 0.81079    note: advanced image processing1080  - id: T114391081    weight: 0.81082    note: video analysis and summarization1083  - id: T129231084    weight: 0.81085    note: digital image processing1086  - id: T135791087    weight: 0.81088    note: image and video stabilization1089  - id: T121111090    weight: 0.81091    note: industrial vision and defect detection1092  - id: T100521093    weight: 0.71094    note: medical image segmentation1095  - id: T106881096    weight: 0.71097    note: image and signal denoising1098  - id: T106271099    weight: 0.71100    note: image and video retrieval1101  - id: T111651102    weight: 0.71103    note: image and video quality assessment1104  - id: T131141105    weight: 0.71106    note: image processing techniques1107  - id: T104441108    weight: 0.61109    note: context-aware activity recognition1110  - id: T106891111    weight: 0.61112    note: remote-sensing image classification1113  - id: T116591114    weight: 0.61115    note: image fusion1116  - id: T124221117    weight: 0.51118    note: radiomics and ML in medical imaging1119  - id: T129831120    weight: 0.51121    note: satellite image processing and photogrammetry1122  - id: T128591123    weight: 0.51124    note: cell image analysis1125  - id: T107191126    weight: 0.51127    note: 3D shape modeling and analysis1128  - id: T113981129    weight: 0.51130    note: hand gesture recognition1131  - id: T143191132    weight: 0.51133    note: currency recognition1134  - id: T105221135    weight: 0.41136    note: medical imaging techniques1137  - id: T123571138    weight: 0.41139    note: digital media forensics1140  - id: T117141141    weight: 0.41142    note: multimodal (vision-language)1143  - id: T117071144    weight: 0.41145    note: gaze tracking1146  - id: T107751147    weight: 0.31148    note: GANs and image synthesis1149  - id: T108881150    weight: 0.31151    note: augmented reality1152  - id: T109011153    weight: 0.31154    note: advanced data compression (image)1155  - id: T107411156    weight: 0.31157    note: video coding1158  - id: T103881159    weight: 0.31160    note: steganography and watermarking1161  - id: T110171162    weight: 0.21163    note: chaos-based image encryption1164  - id: T128741165    weight: 0.41166    note: digital imaging for blood diseases1167  - id: T106381168    weight: 0.21169    note: optical measurement and interference1170  - id: T137591171    weight: 0.31172    note: medical imaging and pathology1173  openalex_subfields:1174  - id: 17071175    weight: 0.51176  arxiv_categories:1177  - id: cs.CV1178    weight: 1.01179  - id: eess.IV1180    weight: 0.61181  dblp_streams:1182  - key: conf/cvpr1183    weight: 1.01184  - key: conf/iccv1185    weight: 1.01186  - key: conf/eccv1187    weight: 1.01188  - key: conf/wacv1189    weight: 1.01190  - key: conf/bmvc1191    weight: 1.01192  - key: conf/accv1193    weight: 1.01194  - key: conf/iccvw1195    weight: 1.01196  - key: conf/fgr1197    weight: 1.01198  - key: conf/3dim1199    weight: 1.01200  - key: journals/ijcv1201    weight: 1.01202  - key: journals/cviu1203    weight: 1.01204  - key: journals/ivc1205    weight: 1.01206  - key: journals/mva1207    weight: 1.01208  - key: journals/pami1209    weight: 0.81210  - key: journals/tip1211    weight: 0.81212  - key: conf/icip1213    weight: 0.81214  - key: conf/icpr1215    weight: 0.81216  - key: conf/icdar1217    weight: 0.81218  - key: conf/visapp1219    weight: 0.81220  - key: conf/prcv1221    weight: 0.81222  - key: journals/tcsv1223    weight: 0.71224  - key: journals/iet-ipr1225    weight: 0.71226  - key: journals/jrtip1227    weight: 0.71228  - key: journals/pr1229    weight: 0.61230  - key: journals/prl1231    weight: 0.61232  - key: journals/jvcir1233    weight: 0.61234  - key: journals/sivp1235    weight: 0.61236  - key: journals/jimaging1237    weight: 0.61238  - key: conf/miccai1239    weight: 0.61240  - key: journals/mia1241    weight: 0.61242  - key: journals/tmi1243    weight: 0.51244  - key: conf/isbi1245    weight: 0.51246  - key: journals/paa1247    weight: 0.51248  - key: journals/tci1249    weight: 0.51250  - key: journals/imst1251    weight: 0.51252  - key: journals/cmig1253    weight: 0.51254  - key: journals/spic1255    weight: 0.51256  - key: journals/jei1257    weight: 0.51258  - key: journals/cars1259    weight: 0.41260  - key: journals/bmcmi1261    weight: 0.41262  - key: journals/ijprai1263    weight: 0.51264  - key: journals/tgrs1265    weight: 0.31266  - key: conf/igarss1267    weight: 0.21268  - key: journals/remotesensing1269    weight: 0.21270  - key: journals/lgrs1271    weight: 0.31272  - key: journals/staeors1273    weight: 0.21274  - key: conf/vcip1275    weight: 0.61276  - key: conf/icmcs1277    weight: 0.31278  - key: conf/mm1279    weight: 0.21280  - key: journals/mta1281    weight: 0.31282  - key: conf/ivs1283    weight: 0.31284  - key: journals/tits1285    weight: 0.11286  - key: journals/jdi1287    weight: 0.31288  - key: journals/jmihi1289    weight: 0.31290  - key: conf/bmei1291    weight: 0.41292  - key: journals/displays1293    weight: 0.21294  - key: conf/icpram1295    weight: 0.51296  - key: journals/cg1297    weight: 0.21298  keywords:1299  - pattern: (?i)\bcomputer vision\b|\bmachine vision\b|\bvision (models?|transformers?|tasks?|backbones?|systems?)\b1300    weight: 1.01301    field: both1302  - pattern: (?i)\b(object|face|facial|pedestrian|vehicle|action|activity|pose|gesture|scene|visual|image|video|person|text|lane|landmark|anomaly in video|salient object) (detection|recognition|tracking|re-?identification|classification|segmentation|understanding|retrieval|estimation|parsing|captioning|matting)\b1303    weight: 0.81304    field: both1305  - pattern: (?i)\b(semantic|instance|panoptic|medical image|image|video|3D|point[- ]cloud|interactive|few-?shot|open-?vocabulary) segmentation\b1306    weight: 1.01307    field: both1308  - pattern: (?i)\b(point clouds?|optical flow|depth (estimation|completion)|stereo (matching|vision)|3D reconstruction|structure[- ]from[- ]motion|SfM\b|multi-?view (stereo|geometry)|NeRF|neural radiance fields?|Gaussian splatting|visual (SLAM|odometry|localization)|camera (pose|calibration)|epipolar|homography|feature (matching|descriptors?)|SIFT|keypoints?)\b1309    weight: 1.01310    field: both1311  - pattern: (?i)\b(image|video) (processing|enhancement|denoising|restoration|deblurring|dehazing|super-?resolution|quality assessment|registration|retrieval|classification|synthesis|inpainting|compression|coding|forensics|fusion|stitching|matting|colori[sz]ation|harmoni[sz]ation)\b|\bvideo (surveillance|understanding|analysis|summari[sz]ation|prediction|anomaly)\b1312    weight: 0.81313    field: both1314  - pattern: (?i)\b(convolutional neural networks?|CNNs?|YOLO\w*|R-?CNN|Mask R-?CNN|DETR|U-?Net|ViTs?|vision transformers?|Swin|ResNet|VGG|backbone networks?|feature pyramid|anchor-?free|non-?maximum suppression|IoU\b|mAP\b|COCO|ImageNet|Pascal VOC|KITTI|nuScenes|Cityscapes|ADE20K)\b1315    weight: 0.61316    field: both1317  - pattern: (?i)\b(medical imag(e|es|ing)|radiomics|histopatholog|whole-?slide|retinal (image|fundus)|OCT (image|scan)|MRI|CT (scans?|images?)|X-?ray (images?|classification)|ultrasound (image|video)|mammogra|dermoscop|endoscop|colonoscop|microscopy images?)\b1318    weight: 0.51319    field: both1320  - pattern: (?i)\b(saliency|visual attention|OCR|optical character recognition|handwrit|scene text|document (image|layout|understanding)|license plate|biometrics?|iris recognition|fingerprint|gait recognition|crowd counting|human parsing|6-?DoF pose|hand pose|body pose|facial (landmarks?|expression|attributes?)|deepfake detection|face anti-?spoofing|remote sensing (images?|scene)|hyperspectral (image|classification)|SAR (images?|target)|change detection in|aerial imag|satellite imag|UAV imag)\b1321    weight: 0.81322    field: both1323  - pattern: (?i)\b(self-?supervised visual|contrastive visual|visual representation|visual features?|image embeddings?|visual recognition|visual perception|pixel-?wise|pixel-?level|bounding box(es)?|RGB-?D|LiDAR (point|perception|segmentation|detection)|BEV (perception|features?|segmentation)|bird'?s-?eye view|autonomous driving perception|3D (object detection|detection|perception|vision|human))\b1324    weight: 0.81325    field: both1326  - pattern: (?i)\b(images?|visual|pixels?|cameras?|videos?)\b1327    weight: 0.21328    field: both1329  exclusions: []1330  related:1331  - multimodal_ai1332  - computer_graphics1333  - robotics1334  - deep_learning_architectures1335  - generative_ai1336  - computational_biology1337  parent_of: []1338  child_of: []1339  provenance: All 35 topics of OpenAlex subfield 1707 reviewed; those that are image/video-centred receive 0.5-1.0, media/compression/encryption topics are shared at low weight; relevant Engineering (22) remote-sensing topics and Medicine imaging topics added at partial weight. cs.CV is a sufficient signal.1340- id: nlp1341  number: 101342  name: Natural Language Processing1343  area: perception_interaction1344  definition: 'Computational processing of human language: machine translation, parsing and tagging, information extraction, sentiment and text classification, summarisation, question answering, dialogue, text mining, computational linguistics, low-resource and multilingual NLP, NLP evaluation and resources. LLM-centred work is llm (also classified here when the task framing dominates).'1345  openalex_topics:1346  - id: T101811347    weight: 1.01348    note: 'NLP techniques: MT, parsing, NLU/NLG'1349  - id: T106641350    weight: 1.01351    note: sentiment analysis and opinion mining1352  - id: T115501353    weight: 1.01354    note: text and document classification1355  - id: T136291356    weight: 1.01357    note: text readability and simplification1358  - id: T130831359    weight: 0.81360    note: advanced text analysis1361  - id: T123801362    weight: 0.81363    note: authorship attribution and profiling1364  - id: T117101365    weight: 0.81366    note: biomedical text mining and ontologies1367  - id: T122621368    weight: 0.71369    note: hate speech detection1370  - id: T100281371    weight: 0.61372    note: topic modeling / pre-trained LMs1373  - id: T120311374    weight: 0.61375    note: speech and dialogue systems1376  - id: T139101377    weight: 0.51378    note: computational and text analysis methods1379  - id: T136231380    weight: 0.41381    note: linguistic studies and language acquisition1382  - id: T102151383    weight: 0.41384    note: semantic web and ontologies1385  - id: T132741386    weight: 0.41387    note: expert finding and Q&A1388  - id: T110101389    weight: 0.31390    note: logic, reasoning and knowledge representation1391  - id: T100341392    weight: 0.31393    note: syntax, semantics, linguistic variation1394  - id: T116441395    weight: 0.31396    note: spam and phishing detection (text)1397  - id: T111471398    weight: 0.31399    note: misinformation1400  - id: T120161401    weight: 0.31402    note: web data mining and analysis1403  - id: T131551404    weight: 0.31405    note: digital communication and language1406  - id: T123531407    weight: 0.21408    note: lexicography and language studies1409  - id: T133101410    weight: 0.21411    note: subtitles and audiovisual media1412  openalex_subfields:1413  - id: 17021414    weight: 0.11415  arxiv_categories:1416  - id: cs.CL1417    weight: 1.01418  - id: cs.IR1419    weight: 0.11420  dblp_streams:1421  - key: conf/acl1422    weight: 1.01423  - key: conf/emnlp1424    weight: 1.01425  - key: conf/naacl1426    weight: 1.01427  - key: conf/eacl1428    weight: 1.01429  - key: conf/coling1430    weight: 1.01431  - key: journals/tacl1432    weight: 1.01433  - key: journals/coling1434    weight: 1.01435  - key: conf/lrec1436    weight: 1.01437  - key: conf/semeval1438    weight: 1.01439  - key: conf/wmt1440    weight: 1.01441  - key: conf/nlpcc1442    weight: 1.01443  - key: journals/talip1444    weight: 1.01445  - key: conf/wassa1446    weight: 1.01447  - key: conf/sepln1448    weight: 0.81449  - key: journals/csl1450    weight: 0.61451  - key: journals/taslp1452    weight: 0.51453  - key: conf/clef1454    weight: 0.51455  - key: journals/ipm1456    weight: 0.31457  - key: conf/dihu1458    weight: 0.31459  - key: conf/dhd1460    weight: 0.31461  - key: conf/interspeech1462    weight: 0.21463  - key: conf/aaai1464    weight: 0.11465  - key: conf/ijcai1466    weight: 0.11467  - key: journals/kbs1468    weight: 0.11469  - key: journals/eswa1470    weight: 0.11471  - key: conf/cikm1472    weight: 0.21473  - key: conf/www1474    weight: 0.11475  - key: journals/jasis1476    weight: 0.21477  - key: conf/cogsci1478    weight: 0.21479  keywords:1480  - pattern: (?i)\bnatural language (processing|understanding|generation|inference|interfaces?)\b|\bNLP\b|\bNLU\b|\bNLG\b|\bNLI\b1481    weight: 1.01482    field: both1483  - pattern: (?i)\b(machine translation|neural machine translation|NMT\b|named entity recognition|NER\b|part-?of-?speech|POS tagging|dependency parsing|constituency parsing|coreference resolution|word embeddings?|word2vec|GloVe|sentiment analysis|opinion mining|aspect-?based sentiment|text (classification|summari[sz]ation|generation|mining|simplification|normali[sz]ation|clustering|retrieval)|abstractive summari[sz]ation|extractive summari[sz]ation|question answering|reading comprehension|relation extraction|event extraction|information extraction|semantic (parsing|role labeling|similarity|textual similarity)|textual entailment|language identification|tokeni[sz]ation|lemmati[sz]ation|stemming|word sense disambiguation|grammatical error correction|spell(ing)? correction|discourse (parsing|analysis)|argument mining|keyphrase extraction|topic model(ing|s)|LDA\b|latent Dirichlet)\b1484    weight: 1.01485    field: both1486  - pattern: (?i)\b(computational linguistics|corpus linguistics|treebanks?|low-?resource languages?|multilingual|cross-?lingual|code-?switching|morpholog(y|ical) (analysis|segmentation)|lexical (semantics|resources?)|WordNet|language resources?|annotated corp(us|ora)|inter-?annotator)\b1487    weight: 0.81488    field: both1489  - pattern: (?i)\b(dialogue (systems?|state tracking|generation|management|acts?)|task-?oriented dialogue|open-?domain dialogue|chatbots?|conversational (AI|agents?|systems?|search))\b1490    weight: 0.71491    field: both1492  - pattern: (?i)\b(hate speech|fake news|misinformation|rumou?r|stance|sarcasm|irony|emotion|humou?r|offensive language|toxic(ity)?|propaganda|clickbait|authorship) (detection|classification|identification|recognition|attribution|analysis)\b1493    weight: 0.81494    field: both1495  - pattern: (?i)\b(language models?|BERT|GPT|transformers?|sequence-?to-?sequence|seq2seq|encoder-?decoder|attention)\b1496    weight: 0.31497    field: both1498  - pattern: (?i)\b(knowledge graph|ontolog(y|ies)|semantic web|entity linking|knowledge base) (completion|embedding|construction|population|question answering|alignment|learning)?\b1499    weight: 0.41500    field: both1501  - pattern: (?i)\b(text|texts|textual|linguistic|lexical|syntactic|semantic|sentences?|words?|documents?|corpus|corpora|language)\b1502    weight: 0.21503    field: both1504  exclusions: []1505  related:1506  - llm1507  - speech_audio1508  - information_retrieval1509  - multimodal_ai1510  - computational_biology1511  parent_of: []1512  child_of: []1513  provenance: OpenAlex 1702 language topics (T10181, T10664, T11550, T13083, T12380, T13629, T12262) plus biomedical text mining (field 13) and social-science text topics. *CL venues are the strongest venue signal in the whole ontology (ACL Anthology coverage).1514- id: speech_audio1515  number: 111516  name: Speech and Audio Computing1517  area: perception_interaction1518  definition: 'Processing and generation of speech, music and general audio: speech recognition and synthesis, speaker and language recognition, enhancement and separation, spoken language understanding, music information retrieval and generation, audio event detection, neural audio codecs. Text-only dialogue is nlp.'1519  openalex_topics:1520  - id: T102011521    weight: 1.01522    note: speech recognition and synthesis1523  - id: T108601524    weight: 1.01525    note: speech and audio processing1526  - id: T113091527    weight: 1.01528    note: music and audio processing1529  - id: T113491530    weight: 0.61531    note: music technology and sound studies1532  - id: T114471533    weight: 0.61534    note: blind source separation1535  - id: T120311536    weight: 0.51537    note: speech and dialogue systems1538  - id: T108631539    weight: 0.31540    note: voice and speech disorders1541  - id: T110341542    weight: 0.21543    note: digital filter design1544  - id: T109311545    weight: 0.21546    note: direction-of-arrival estimation (microphone arrays)1547  - id: T109411548    weight: 0.11549    note: musicology1550  openalex_subfields:1551  - id: 17111552    weight: 0.21553  arxiv_categories:1554  - id: eess.AS1555    weight: 1.01556  - id: cs.SD1557    weight: 1.01558  - id: cs.CL1559    weight: 0.11560  - id: eess.SP1561    weight: 0.11562  dblp_streams:1563  - key: conf/interspeech1564    weight: 1.01565  - key: journals/taslp1566    weight: 1.01567  - key: journals/speech1568    weight: 1.01569  - key: conf/slt1570    weight: 1.01571  - key: conf/asru1572    weight: 1.01573  - key: journals/csl1574    weight: 0.81575  - key: conf/icassp1576    weight: 0.51577  - key: conf/apsipa1578    weight: 0.31579  - key: conf/eusipco1580    weight: 0.31581  - key: journals/spl1582    weight: 0.21583  - key: journals/sigpro1584    weight: 0.21585  - key: journals/dsp1586    weight: 0.21587  - key: journals/jstsp1588    weight: 0.21589  - key: journals/cssp1590    weight: 0.11591  - key: conf/mm1592    weight: 0.11593  - key: journals/tmm1594    weight: 0.11595  keywords:1596  - pattern: (?i)\bspeech (recognition|synthesis|enhancement|separation|processing|emotion|translation|coding|to text|to speech|language models?|foundation models?|representations?|technolog(y|ies)|signals?|corpus|corpora|data)\b|\btext-?to-?speech\b|\bTTS\b|\bASR\b|\bspeech-?to-?text\b1597    weight: 1.01598    field: both1599  - pattern: (?i)\b(automatic speech|spoken (language|dialogue|term|question)|speaker (recognition|verification|identification|diarization|embeddings?|adaptation)|voice (conversion|cloning|assistants?|activity detection|biometrics|synthesis)|keyword spotting|wake[- ]word|acoustic (model(s|ing)?|scene|event|features?|echo)|phonemes?|phonetic|prosod(y|ic)|intonation|lip[- ]reading|audio-?visual speech|dysarthri|pathological speech|whisper(ed)? speech)\b1600    weight: 1.01601    field: both1602  - pattern: (?i)\b(audio|music|sound|acoustic) (classification|generation|synthesis|tagging|retrieval|processing|understanding|event detection|source separation|representation|captioning|language models?|foundation models?|codecs?|signals?|features?|embeddings?)\b1603    weight: 1.01604    field: both1605  - pattern: (?i)\b(music information retrieval|MIR\b|music (transcription|recommendation|generation|genre|emotion|structure|similarity)|singing voice|beat tracking|chord (recognition|estimation)|melody extraction|symbolic music|MIDI|audio (signal|watermark|deepfake|anti-?spoofing)|microphone arrays?|beamforming for speech|hearing aids?|cochlear|room (impulse|acoustics)|reverberation|dereverberation|noise suppression|sound event|environmental sound|bird (song|call) (detection|classification)|bioacoustic|wav2vec|Whisper\b|HuBERT|WavLM|WaveNet|vocoders?|HiFi-?GAN|spectrograms?|mel[- ]spectrogram|MFCCs?|EnCodec|SoundStream)\b1606    weight: 0.91607    field: both1608  - pattern: (?i)\b(speech|audio|acoustic|speaker|music|voice|sound|auditory|phonological)\b1609    weight: 0.31610    field: both1611  exclusions: []1612  related:1613  - nlp1614  - multimodal_ai1615  - generative_ai1616  - llm1617  parent_of: []1618  child_of: []1619  provenance: OpenAlex T10201/T10860/T11309 and the eess.AS/cs.SD arXiv pair; INTERSPEECH/TASLP strong, ICASSP partial (shared with signal processing).1620- id: robotics1621  number: 121622  name: Robotics1623  area: perception_interaction1624  definition: 'Machines that sense and act in the physical world: manipulation, locomotion, motion and path planning, SLAM and localisation, robot learning, human-robot interaction, autonomous vehicles and drones as robotic systems, soft and swarm robotics, teleoperation. RL algorithms are reinforcement_learning; robotic process automation and surgical-outcome studies are excluded.'1625  openalex_topics:1626  - id: T105861627    weight: 1.01628    note: robotic path planning1629  - id: T106531630    weight: 1.01631    note: robot manipulation and learning1632  - id: T101911633    weight: 1.01634    note: robotics and sensor-based localization1635  - id: T107091636    weight: 1.01637    note: social robot interaction and HRI1638  - id: T108791639    weight: 1.01640    note: robotic locomotion and control1641  - id: T116151642    weight: 1.01643    note: control and dynamics of mobile robots1644  - id: T105711645    weight: 0.81646    note: robotic mechanisms and dynamics1647  - id: T108681648    weight: 0.81649    note: soft robotics1650  - id: T133821651    weight: 0.81652    note: robotics and automated systems1653  - id: T127841654    weight: 0.81655    note: modular robots and swarm intelligence1656  - id: T116871657    weight: 0.71658    note: teleoperation and haptic systems1659  - id: T110991660    weight: 0.71661    note: autonomous vehicle technology and safety1662  - id: T110231663    weight: 0.61664    note: prosthetics and rehabilitation robotics1665  - id: T111331666    weight: 0.61667    note: UAV applications1668  - id: T104621669    weight: 0.51670    note: reinforcement learning in robotics1671  - id: T102491672    weight: 0.51673    note: distributed control multi-agent (multi-robot)1674  - id: T143351675    weight: 0.51676    note: educational robotics1677  - id: T114861678    weight: 0.51679    note: micro and nano robotics1680  - id: T113251681    weight: 0.41682    note: inertial sensor and navigation1683  - id: T121581684    weight: 0.31685    note: guidance and control systems1686  - id: T108051687    weight: 0.21688    note: vehicle dynamics and control1689  - id: T111921690    weight: 0.31691    note: underwater vehicles1692  - id: T105251693    weight: 0.21694    note: human-automation interaction1695  openalex_subfields: []1696  arxiv_categories:1697  - id: cs.RO1698    weight: 1.01699  - id: eess.SY1700    weight: 0.21701  - id: cs.SY1702    weight: 0.21703  dblp_streams:1704  - key: conf/icra1705    weight: 1.01706  - key: conf/iros1707    weight: 1.01708  - key: journals/ral1709    weight: 1.01710  - key: conf/rss1711    weight: 1.01712  - key: conf/corl1713    weight: 1.01714  - key: journals/trob1715    weight: 1.01716  - key: journals/ijrr1717    weight: 1.01718  - key: journals/arobots1719    weight: 1.01720  - key: journals/ras1721    weight: 1.01722  - key: journals/jirs1723    weight: 1.01724  - key: journals/robotica1725    weight: 1.01726  - key: journals/jfr1727    weight: 1.01728  - key: conf/humanoids1729    weight: 1.01730  - key: conf/robio1731    weight: 1.01732  - key: conf/hri1733    weight: 1.01734  - key: journals/ijsr1735    weight: 1.01736  - key: conf/ro-man1737    weight: 1.01738  - key: conf/icira1739    weight: 1.01740  - key: journals/firai1741    weight: 1.01742  - key: journals/finr1743    weight: 1.01744  - key: journals/robotics1745    weight: 1.01746  - key: journals/ar1747    weight: 1.01748  - key: journals/jrm1749    weight: 1.01750  - key: conf/rcar1751    weight: 1.01752  - key: conf/icarm1753    weight: 1.01754  - key: conf/biorob1755    weight: 1.01756  - key: conf/robosoft1757    weight: 1.01758  - key: conf/aimech1759    weight: 0.81760  - key: conf/sii1761    weight: 0.81762  - key: conf/case1763    weight: 0.61764  - key: conf/icarcv1765    weight: 0.61766  - key: journals/rcim1767    weight: 0.61768  - key: conf/icinco1769    weight: 0.61770  - key: journals/tiv1771    weight: 0.51772  - key: conf/ivs1773    weight: 0.51774  - key: journals/tase1775    weight: 0.51776  - key: conf/itsc1777    weight: 0.31778  - key: journals/tits1779    weight: 0.21780  - key: conf/cdc1781    weight: 0.11782  - key: journals/tcst1783    weight: 0.11784  - key: conf/amcc1785    weight: 0.11786  keywords:1787  - pattern: (?i)\brobot(s|ic|ics|ically)?\b|\bcobots?\b1788    weight: 1.01789    field: both1790  - pattern: (?i)\b(manipulat(ion|ors?)|grasp(ing|s)?|dexterous|motion planning|path planning|trajectory (planning|optimi[sz]ation)|SLAM\b|simultaneous locali[sz]ation|visual servoing|legged|quadrupeds?|bipeds?|humanoids?|exoskeletons?|end-?effectors?|teleoperation|telerobot|kinematics|inverse dynamics|whole-?body control|locomotion)\b1791    weight: 0.81792    field: both1793  - pattern: (?i)\b(autonomous (driving|vehicles?|navigation|systems?|mobile|underwater|aerial|ground)|self-?driving|UAVs?|UGVs?|AUVs?|drones?|quadrotors?|quadcopters?|unmanned (aerial|ground|surface|underwater)|multi-?robot|swarm robot)\b1794    weight: 0.71795    field: both1796  - pattern: (?i)\b(human-?robot|embodied (AI|agents?|intelligence|learning)|sim-?to-?real|imitation learning|learning from demonstration|vision-?language-?action|VLA models?|robot(ic)? foundation models?|RT-?[12]\b|Open-?X Embodiment|diffusion polic(y|ies)|affordance|tactile sensing|force control|compliance control|soft (actuators?|grippers?))\b1797    weight: 0.81798    field: both1799  exclusions:1800  - (?i)\brobotic process automation\b|\bRPA\b1801  - (?is)^(?!.*(algorithm|control|planning|learning|sensor|kinematic|autonom|simulation|software|system design)).*\brobot(ic)?-?assisted (surgery|prostatectomy|hysterectomy|laparoscop\w+|thoracic|radical|gastrectomy|colectomy|nephrectomy|cystectomy)\b1802  related:1803  - reinforcement_learning1804  - computer_vision1805  - ai_agents1806  - hci1807  - edge_computing1808  parent_of: []1809  child_of: []1810  provenance: OpenAlex spreads robotics over CS 1707 (path planning), Engineering 2202/2204/2207 (manipulation, locomotion, mobile robots) and Psychology 3207 (HRI); all reviewed. 'robot' is unambiguous enough to be a 1.0 keyword.1811- id: hci1812  number: 131813  name: Human-Computer Interaction1814  area: perception_interaction1815  definition: 'Design, evaluation and understanding of interactive systems and their users: user studies and usability, interaction techniques, VR/AR/XR, accessibility and assistive technology, CSCW and social computing, human-AI interaction, ubiquitous and wearable computing, affective computing. Rendering is computer_graphics; physical robots are robotics.'1816  openalex_topics:1817  - id: T104701818    weight: 1.01819    note: usability and user interface design1820  - id: T106481821    weight: 1.01822    note: virtual reality applications1823  - id: T107891824    weight: 1.01825    note: interactive and immersive displays1826  - id: T108031827    weight: 1.01828    note: innovative human-technology interaction1829  - id: T117071830    weight: 0.81831    note: gaze tracking and assistive technology1832  - id: T140741833    weight: 0.81834    note: persona design1835  - id: T108881836    weight: 0.81837    note: augmented reality applications1838  - id: T138741839    weight: 0.81840    note: information architecture and usability1841  - id: T113981842    weight: 0.71843    note: hand gesture recognition1844  - id: T105251845    weight: 0.71846    note: human-automation interaction and safety1847  - id: T107091848    weight: 0.51849    note: social robot interaction1850  - id: T117041851    weight: 0.51852    note: mobile crowdsensing and crowdsourcing1853  - id: T116871854    weight: 0.51855    note: teleoperation and haptics1856  - id: T104291857    weight: 0.51858    note: EEG and brain-computer interfaces1859  - id: T121281860    weight: 0.41861    note: AI in service interactions (chatbot UX)1862  - id: T131551863    weight: 0.41864    note: digital communication and language1865  - id: T109141866    weight: 0.31867    note: tactile and sensory interactions1868  - id: T119021869    weight: 0.31870    note: intelligent tutoring systems1871  - id: T104441872    weight: 0.31873    note: context-aware activity recognition (ubicomp)1874  - id: T122601875    weight: 0.21876    note: educational technology1877  - id: T111221878    weight: 0.21879    note: online learning and analytics1880  - id: T138071881    weight: 0.21882    note: cultural insights and digital impacts1883  - id: T123381884    weight: 0.21885    note: digital literacy1886  - id: T141141887    weight: 0.21888    note: digital media and philosophy1889  openalex_subfields:1890  - id: 17091891    weight: 0.61892  arxiv_categories:1893  - id: cs.HC1894    weight: 1.01895  - id: cs.CY1896    weight: 0.21897  - id: cs.SI1898    weight: 0.11899  dblp_streams:1900  - key: conf/chi1901    weight: 1.01902  - key: conf/uist1903    weight: 1.01904  - key: conf/cscw1905    weight: 1.01906  - key: journals/pacmhci1907    weight: 1.01908  - key: journals/tochi1909    weight: 1.01910  - key: journals/ijmms1911    weight: 1.01912  - key: journals/ijhci1913    weight: 1.01914  - key: conf/iui1915    weight: 1.01916  - key: conf/ACMdis1917    weight: 1.01918  - key: conf/vr1919    weight: 1.01920  - key: conf/ismar1921    weight: 1.01922  - key: journals/vr1923    weight: 1.01924  - key: conf/huc1925    weight: 1.01926  - key: journals/imwut1927    weight: 1.01928  - key: conf/assets1929    weight: 1.01930  - key: conf/interact1931    weight: 1.01932  - key: conf/mc1933    weight: 1.01934  - key: conf/tei1935    weight: 1.01936  - key: conf/acmidc1937    weight: 1.01938  - key: conf/etra1939    weight: 1.01940  - key: journals/behaviourIT1941    weight: 1.01942  - key: journals/interactions1943    weight: 1.01944  - key: conf/hci1945    weight: 0.81946  - key: journals/chb1947    weight: 0.61948  - key: conf/ahfe1949    weight: 0.61950  - key: conf/icmi1951    weight: 0.61952  - key: journals/taffco1953    weight: 0.61954  - key: journals/displays1955    weight: 0.51956  - key: journals/cbsn1957    weight: 0.41958  - key: journals/nms1959    weight: 0.31960  - key: conf/hri1961    weight: 0.31962  - key: journals/ile1963    weight: 0.31964  - key: journals/tvcg1965    weight: 0.21966  - key: journals/ce1967    weight: 0.21968  - key: journals/eait1969    weight: 0.21970  - key: conf/um1971    weight: 0.31972  - key: journals/entcom1973    weight: 0.51974  - key: conf/cig1975    weight: 0.31976  - key: journals/tele1977    weight: 0.21978  - key: conf/icwsm1979    weight: 0.31980  - key: journals/ijim1981    weight: 0.31982  - key: journals/jaihc1983    weight: 0.21984  - key: conf/percom1985    weight: 0.31986  - key: conf/cscwd1987    weight: 0.31988  keywords:1989  - pattern: (?i)\bhuman-?computer interaction\b|\bHCI\b|\bCSCW\b|\bcomputer-?supported cooperative\b|\buser-?centered design\b|\bhuman factors\b1990    weight: 1.01991    field: both1992  - pattern: (?i)\b(user (study|studies|experience|interfaces?|engagement|perception|acceptance|needs|research|testing|feedback)|usability (study|testing|evaluation)?|UX\b|UI (design|components)|participatory design|co-?design|design (fiction|probes?|implications|space|guidelines)|think-?aloud|Wizard[- ]of[- ]Oz|formative (study|evaluation)|within-?subjects?|between-?subjects?|Likert|System Usability Scale|SUS\b|NASA-?TLX)\b1993    weight: 0.81994    field: both1995  - pattern: (?i)\b(virtual|augmented|mixed|extended) reality\b|\bVR\b|\bXR\b|\bhead-?mounted\b|\bimmersive\b|\bmetaverse\b|\bHMDs?\b|\btelepresence\b|\bcybersickness\b|\bpresence (in|and) VR\b1996    weight: 0.81997    field: both1998  - pattern: (?i)\b(accessibilit(y|ies)|assistive technolog(y|ies)|eye[- ]tracking|gaze(-based)?|gestures?|gestural|haptics?|tangible|wearables?|smart ?watch|brain-?computer interfaces?|BCI\b|affective computing|emotion recognition for interaction|screen readers?|blind (users|people)|visually impaired|older adults|children'?s? (interaction|technology)|neurodivergent)\b1999    weight: 0.72000    field: both2001  - pattern: (?i)\b(human-?AI (interaction|collaboration|teaming|co-?creation)|human-?in-?the-?loop|human-?centered AI|explanation interfaces?|conversational (user )?interfaces?|voice (user )?interfaces?|chatbot (design|user)|interactive machine learning|mixed-?initiative|AI-?assisted (writing|design|creativity)|trust in (AI|automation|robots))\b2002    weight: 0.82003    field: both2004  - pattern: (?i)\b(interaction (design|techniques?|paradigms?|modalit)|interactive (systems?|visuali[sz]ation|prototypes?|installations?)|user interfaces?|GUIs?\b|touch(screen| input| interaction)|pen input|mid-?air|gaze input|input (devices?|techniques?)|text entry|target acquisition|Fitts)\b2005    weight: 0.82006    field: both2007  - pattern: (?i)\b(ubiquitous computing|pervasive computing|ubicomp|context-?aware(ness)?|smart (homes?|environments?)|ambient (intelligence|assisted)|activity recognition (from|using|with) (wearable|smartphone|sensors?)|mobile (interaction|HCI|users?)|notifications?|digital well-?being|persuasive technolog|serious games?|gamification|player experience|game (design|user research))\b2008    weight: 0.72009    field: both2010  - pattern: (?i)\b(social computing|social media (use|users|platforms?)|online communit(y|ies)|crowdsourcing|crowd ?workers?|Mechanical Turk|content creators?|misinformation (on|and) (social|platforms)|online harassment|moderation practices|collaborative (work|writing|tools)|remote (work|collaboration)|computer-?mediated communication)\b2011    weight: 0.62012    field: both2013  - pattern: (?i)\b(qualitative (study|analysis|interviews?)|interview study|semi-?structured interviews?|thematic analysis|grounded theory|focus groups?|diary study|ethnograph|participants (reported|described|were recruited)|N\s?=\s?\d+ participants)\b2014    weight: 0.52015    field: both2016  - pattern: (?i)\b(users?|participants?|interaction|interactive|interfaces?|design)\b2017    weight: 0.22018    field: both2019  exclusions: []2020  related:2021  - computer_graphics2022  - robotics2023  - ai_safety2024  - multimodal_ai2025  - software_engineering2026  - information_retrieval2027  parent_of: []2028  child_of: []2029  provenance: All 8 topics of OpenAlex subfield 1709 mapped; supporting topics from Psychology (human-automation), Neuroscience (BCI) and education technology at low weight. CHI/UIST/CSCW/PACM HCI/TOCHI are near-pure venues.2030- id: software_engineering2031  number: 142032  name: Software Engineering2033  area: software_pl2034  definition: 'How software is specified, built, tested, maintained and studied: requirements, architecture, testing and debugging, program repair, mining software repositories, empirical studies of developers, DevOps, model-driven engineering, open-source ecosystems, and AI-assisted software development. Language design is programming_languages; proofs of correctness are formal_verification.'2035  openalex_topics:2036  - id: T104302037    weight: 1.02038    note: software engineering techniques and practices2039  - id: T102602040    weight: 1.02041    note: software engineering research2042  - id: T106392043    weight: 1.02044    note: advanced software engineering methodologies2045  - id: T107432046    weight: 1.02047    note: software testing and debugging2048  - id: T114502049    weight: 1.02050    note: model-driven software engineering2051  - id: T124232052    weight: 1.02053    note: software reliability and analysis2054  - id: T124902055    weight: 1.02056    note: software engineering and design patterns2057  - id: T116752058    weight: 0.82059    note: open source software2060  - id: T131972061    weight: 0.82062    note: spreadsheets and end-user computing2063  - id: T121272064    weight: 0.72065    note: software system performance, microservices, AIOps2066  - id: T106792067    weight: 0.72068    note: service-oriented architecture and web services2069  - id: T127992070    weight: 0.62071    note: mobile and web applications2072  - id: T126012073    weight: 0.52074    note: web applications and data management2075  - id: T105332076    weight: 0.42077    note: teaching and learning programming2078  - id: T119862079    weight: 0.42080    note: research software and scientific workflows2081  - id: T124792082    weight: 0.32083    note: web application security vulnerabilities2084  - id: T136502085    weight: 0.32086    note: Python scientific programming2087  - id: T101262088    weight: 0.22089    note: logic, programming and type systems2090  - id: T130342091    weight: 0.22092    note: information systems education and curriculum2093  - id: T136812094    weight: 0.12095    note: engineering and information technology2096  openalex_subfields:2097  - id: 17122098    weight: 0.52099  arxiv_categories:2100  - id: cs.SE2101    weight: 1.02102  dblp_streams:2103  - key: conf/icse2104    weight: 1.02105  - key: conf/sigsoft2106    weight: 1.02107  - key: conf/kbse2108    weight: 1.02109  - key: conf/issta2110    weight: 1.02111  - key: conf/msr2112    weight: 1.02113  - key: conf/icst2114    weight: 1.02115  - key: conf/saner2116    weight: 1.02117  - key: journals/tse2118    weight: 1.02119  - key: journals/tosem2120    weight: 1.02121  - key: journals/ese2122    weight: 1.02123  - key: journals/jss2124    weight: 1.02125  - key: journals/infsof2126    weight: 1.02127  - key: conf/re2128    weight: 1.02129  - key: conf/models2130    weight: 1.02131  - key: conf/issre2132    weight: 1.02133  - key: conf/qrs2134    weight: 1.02135  - key: journals/spe2136    weight: 1.02137  - key: journals/software2138    weight: 1.02139  - key: conf/caise2140    weight: 0.62141  - key: conf/compsac2142    weight: 0.62143  - key: journals/jossw2144    weight: 0.52145  - key: journals/softx2146    weight: 0.52147  - key: journals/aes2148    weight: 0.52149  - key: journals/csse2150    weight: 0.42151  - key: journals/tr2152    weight: 0.32153  - key: conf/dsn2154    weight: 0.32155  - key: journals/computing2156    weight: 0.32157  - key: conf/sac2158    weight: 0.22159  - key: journals/cacm2160    weight: 0.12161  - key: journals/computer2162    weight: 0.12163  - key: conf/icws2164    weight: 0.32165  - key: journals/tsc2166    weight: 0.32167  - key: conf/fedcsis2168    weight: 0.22169  - key: conf/gi2170    weight: 0.22171  - key: journals/ieicetd2172    weight: 0.12173  - key: journals/jsjkx2174    weight: 0.12175  - key: conf/iceis2176    weight: 0.32177  - key: conf/sigcse2178    weight: 0.22179  - key: conf/iticse2180    weight: 0.22181  keywords:2182  - pattern: (?i)\bsoftware (engineering|development|testing|maintenance|evolution|quality|defects?|bugs?|repositor(y|ies)|architectures?|design|reuse|process(es)?|product lines?|projects?|metrics|vulnerabilit(y|ies)|ecosystems?|supply chains?|requirements?|documentation|analytics|practitioners?|developers?|teams?|artifacts?|systems? engineering|verification and validation|reliability|security practices|refactoring|modernization|migration|libraries|dependencies)\b2183    weight: 1.02184    field: both2185  - pattern: (?i)\b(code (review|generation|completion|smells?|clones?|search|summari[sz]ation|comprehension|quality|coverage|readability|translation|refactoring|LLMs?)|program (repair|comprehension|synthesis|analysis|slicing)|bug (locali[sz]ation|fixing|reports?|prediction|detection|triage)|defect prediction|fault locali[sz]ation|test (generation|cases?|suites?|oracles?|flakiness|automation|prioriti[sz]ation|amplification)|unit tests?|fuzz(ing|ers?)|mutation testing|regression testing|continuous (integration|delivery|deployment)|DevOps|CI/CD|technical debt|refactoring|static analysis|dynamic analysis|GitHub|open[- ]source (projects?|software|development|communities)|Stack Overflow|pull requests?|commit (messages?|histor)|issue (tracking|reports?)|mining software|API (usage|misuse|evolution|documentation|recommendation)|build (systems?|failures?)|configuration (errors?|management)|infrastructure as code|logging practices|AIOps|incident management)\b2186    weight: 1.02187    field: both2188  - pattern: (?i)\b(agile|Scrum|Kanban|requirements engineering|user stories|model-?driven|MDE\b|UML\b|SysML|domain-?specific modeling|microservices?|monolith|low-?code|no-?code|end-?user (programming|development)|spreadsheets?|pair programming|code ownership|onboarding|developer (productivity|experience|tools|surveys?)|programmers?' )\b2189    weight: 0.82190    field: both2191  - pattern: (?i)\b(LLM|AI|automated|neural|learning)-?(based|assisted|powered|driven)? (software engineering|code generation|programming|program repair|test generation|code review|debugging)\b|\b(code|coding) (LLMs?|assistants?|models?|agents?)\b|\bCopilot\b|\bvibe coding\b|\bLLMs? for (code|software|programming|testing)\b|\bAI pair programm\w+\b|\bCodex\b|\bStarCoder\b|\bCodeLlama\b|\bHumanEval\b|\bMBPP\b|\bSWE-?bench\b2192    weight: 1.02193    field: both2194  - pattern: (?i)\b(developers?|programmers?|software|codebase|source code|programs?|debugging|testing|maintainab)\b2195    weight: 0.32196    field: both2197  exclusions: []2198  related:2199  - programming_languages2200  - formal_verification2201  - llm2202  - hci2203  - ai_agents2204  - operating_systems2205  parent_of: []2206  child_of: []2207  provenance: All 5 topics of OpenAlex subfield 1712 plus SE topics in 1702/1710 (T10639, T10430, T10260) and Social Sciences (T12490); ICSE/FSE/ASE/TSE/TOSEM/EMSE are the core venues; cs.SE suffices alone.2208- id: programming_languages2209  number: 152210  name: Programming Languages2211  area: software_pl2212  definition: 'Design, semantics, type systems and implementation principles of programming languages: type theory, operational and denotational semantics, functional and logic programming, effects, concurrency models, memory safety, domain-specific languages, program analysis as a language problem. Code generation and optimisation pipelines are compilers (a child); machine-checked correctness is formal_verification.'2213  openalex_topics:2214  - id: T101262215    weight: 1.02216    note: logic, programming and type systems2217  - id: T117272218    weight: 0.32219    note: advanced algebra and logic2220  - id: T115672221    weight: 0.22222    note: formal languages and automata2223  - id: T120022224    weight: 0.22225    note: computability and logic2226  - id: T105332227    weight: 0.22228    note: teaching and learning programming2229  - id: T131972230    weight: 0.22231    note: end-user programming2232  openalex_subfields: []2233  arxiv_categories:2234  - id: cs.PL2235    weight: 1.02236  - id: cs.LO2237    weight: 0.32238  - id: cs.FL2239    weight: 0.22240  dblp_streams:2241  - key: journals/pacmpl2242    weight: 1.02243  - key: conf/pldi2244    weight: 1.02245  - key: conf/oopsla2246    weight: 1.02247  - key: conf/esop2248    weight: 1.02249  - key: journals/toplas2250    weight: 1.02251  - key: journals/jfp2252    weight: 1.02253  - key: conf/fscd2254    weight: 0.82255  - key: conf/sas2256    weight: 0.62257  - key: journals/mscs2258    weight: 0.52259  - key: conf/ppopp2260    weight: 0.52261  - key: conf/concur2262    weight: 0.42263  - key: conf/csl2264    weight: 0.32265  - key: conf/lics2266    weight: 0.32267  - key: journals/lmcs2268    weight: 0.32269  - key: conf/cgo2270    weight: 0.32271  - key: conf/cc2272    weight: 0.32273  - key: journals/acta2274    weight: 0.32275  - key: conf/birthday2276    weight: 0.12277  - key: journals/tcs2278    weight: 0.12279  - key: journals/spe2280    weight: 0.22281  - key: journals/computing2282    weight: 0.12283  - key: conf/sigcse2284    weight: 0.12285  keywords:2286  - pattern: (?i)\bprogramming languages?\b|\blanguage (design|semantics|implementation|features?|constructs?|runtimes?)\b|\bPL (research|community|theory)\b2287    weight: 1.02288    field: both2289  - pattern: (?i)\btype (systems?|theory|inference|checking|safety|soundness|classes|errors?|annotations?|directed)\b|\b(dependent|gradual|refinement|session|linear|affine|effect|ownership|intersection|union|algebraic data|polymorphic|higher-?kinded|substructural) types?\b|\b(statically|dynamically)[- ]typed\b|\btyped (lambda|functional|assembly|languages?)\b2290    weight: 1.02291    field: both2292  - pattern: (?i)\b(lambda[- ]calculus|pi-?calculus|operational semantics|denotational semantics|axiomatic semantics|program semantics|abstract interpretation|separation logic|Hoare logic|category theory|monads?|monadic|algebraic effects|effect handlers|continuations?|CPS\b|Curry-?Howard|homotopy type theory|cubical|normali[sz]ation by evaluation|bidirectional typing|subtyping|parametricity|logical relations|step-?indexed|coinduction|abstract machines?)\b2293    weight: 1.02294    field: both2295  - pattern: (?i)\b(functional programming|logic programming|constraint logic programming|answer set programming|probabilistic programming languages?|reactive programming|dataflow programming|array programming|Haskell|OCaml|Standard ML|Scheme|Racket|Clojure|Erlang|Elixir|Scala|Prolog|Datalog|Coq|Agda|Idris|Lean 4|Rust|WebAssembly|Wasm|Kotlin|Swift|Julia|domain-?specific languages?|DSLs?|embedded DSL|metaprogramming|macros?|staging|multi-?stage programming|garbage collect(ion|ors?)|memory safety|unsafe (code|Rust)|borrow checker|ownership (types?|model)|smart contracts? languages?|language (interoperability|workbench)|parser (combinators?|generators?)|grammars? (for|of) programming)\b2296    weight: 0.92297    field: both2298  - pattern: (?i)\b(program (synthesis|analysis|verification|transformation|equivalence|slicing|refinement|calculation)|static analysis|dataflow analysis|points?-?to analysis|alias analysis|taint analysis|symbolic execution|partial evaluation|interpreters?|virtual machines? for|bytecode|intermediate language|runtime systems?|concurrency (primitives|models|bugs)|memory models?|weak memory|data races?|deadlock (detection|freedom)|software transactional memory|actors? model|async/await|coroutines?|exceptions? handling|gradual verification)\b2299    weight: 0.62300    field: both2301  - pattern: (?i)\b(syntax|semantics|compil\w+|interpret\w+|languages?|programs?|programming)\b2302    weight: 0.22303    field: both2304  exclusions: []2305  related:2306  - compilers2307  - formal_verification2308  - software_engineering2309  - computational_complexity2310  parent_of:2311  - compilers2312  child_of: []2313  provenance: T10126 is the single OpenAlex PL topic (types, logic, programming); PACMPL (POPL/OOPSLA/ICFP/PLDI) is the dominant venue stream in DBLP; conf/popl and conf/icfp have no separate stream over the window.2314- id: compilers2315  number: 162316  name: Compilers2317  area: software_pl2318  definition: 'Translation and optimisation of programs for execution: compiler construction, intermediate representations, optimisation passes, code generation, JIT compilation, auto-vectorisation and parallelisation, polyhedral methods, high-level synthesis, and compilers for machine-learning workloads and accelerators. A child of programming_languages.'2319  openalex_topics:2320  - id: T100542321    weight: 0.62322    note: 'parallel computing: compiler optimization, OpenMP, CUDA'2323  - id: T101262324    weight: 0.42325    note: logic, programming and type systems2326  - id: T109042327    weight: 0.32328    note: 'embedded systems design: high-level synthesis'2329  - id: T136502330    weight: 0.22331    note: Python scientific programming (JIT, NumPy)2332  openalex_subfields: []2333  arxiv_categories:2334  - id: cs.PL2335    weight: 0.52336  - id: cs.DC2337    weight: 0.12338  - id: cs.AR2339    weight: 0.12340  - id: cs.MS2341    weight: 0.12342  - id: cs.PF2343    weight: 0.12344  dblp_streams:2345  - key: conf/cgo2346    weight: 1.02347  - key: conf/cc2348    weight: 1.02349  - key: conf/pact2350    weight: 0.82351  - key: conf/pldi2352    weight: 0.62353  - key: journals/taco2354    weight: 0.62355  - key: conf/ppopp2356    weight: 0.52357  - key: conf/asplos2358    weight: 0.42359  - key: conf/mlsys2360    weight: 0.42361  - key: journals/pacmpl2362    weight: 0.32363  - key: journals/toplas2364    weight: 0.32365  - key: conf/ics2366    weight: 0.32367  - key: conf/sc2368    weight: 0.22369  - key: conf/micro2370    weight: 0.22371  - key: journals/tecs2372    weight: 0.22373  - key: conf/europar2374    weight: 0.22375  - key: journals/tpds2376    weight: 0.12377  - key: conf/ipps2378    weight: 0.12379  - key: journals/jpdc2380    weight: 0.12381  - key: conf/esop2382    weight: 0.22383  - key: conf/sas2384    weight: 0.22385  - key: journals/spe2386    weight: 0.22387  - key: conf/date2388    weight: 0.12389  - key: conf/dac2390    weight: 0.12391  - key: conf/fccm2392    weight: 0.22393  - key: conf/fpga2394    weight: 0.22395  keywords:2396  - pattern: (?i)\bcompilers?\b|\bcompilation\b|\bcompiler (optimi[sz]ation|design|infrastructure|passes|back-?ends?|front-?ends?|frameworks?|construction|bugs?|testing|fuzzing|verification|correctness)\b|\bcompiling\b2397    weight: 1.02398    field: both2399  - pattern: (?i)\b(LLVM|MLIR|GCC|Clang|TVM|XLA|Halide|TensorRT|polyhedral|auto-?tuning|auto-?vectori[sz]ation|vectori[sz]ation|loop (tiling|fusion|unrolling|interchange|transformations?|nests?|optimi[sz]ations?)|register allocation|instruction (scheduling|selection)|intermediate representations?|IR\b.*\b(lowering|optimi[sz]ation)|just-?in-?time|JIT\b|ahead-?of-?time|AOT\b|code generation (for|targeting)|binary (translation|rewriting|optimi[sz]ation)|decompil\w+|superoptimi[sz]\w+|peephole|tensor compilers?|kernel (generation|fusion|compilers?)|operator fusion|graph (compilers?|lowering|rewriting for)|schedule (search|space)|cost models? for (compilers?|code))\b2400    weight: 1.02401    field: both2402  - pattern: (?i)\b(high-?level synthesis|HLS\b|OpenMP|OpenCL|OpenACC|CUDA (kernels?|code|programming)|SYCL|parallelizing|auto-?parallel|program transformation|link-?time optimi[sz]ation|profile-?guided|whole-?program|inlining|dead code|constant (propagation|folding)|SSA\b|static single assignment|control-?flow graphs?|data-?flow (analysis|graphs?)|alias analysis|escape analysis|garbage collector (design|implementation)|managed runtimes?|interpreters? (design|performance)|bytecode (optimi[sz]ation|interpreters?)|WebAssembly compil|transpil\w+|source-?to-?source)\b2403    weight: 0.72404    field: both2405  - pattern: (?i)\b(machine learning|deep learning|ML|DL|AI|neural network|DNN|tensor|quantum|domain-?specific|hardware|FPGA|GPU|accelerator|verified|certified) compilers?\b|\bcompilers? for (machine learning|deep learning|neural networks?|accelerators?|GPUs?|FPGAs?|quantum)\b2406    weight: 1.02407    field: both2408  - pattern: (?i)\b(Triton|CUTLASS|cuDNN|oneDNN|XNNPACK|ONNX|TorchInductor|torch\.compile|TorchScript|Glow|nGraph|IREE|Tiramisu|AutoTVM|Ansor|CompCert|CakeML|Cranelift|V8|HotSpot|GraalVM|Numba|JAX (compilation|tracing)|Mojo)\b2409    weight: 0.82410    field: both2411  exclusions: []2412  related:2413  - programming_languages2414  - ai_accelerators2415  - computer_architecture2416  - scientific_computing2417  - distributed_computing2418  parent_of: []2419  child_of:2420  - programming_languages2421  provenance: 'No dedicated OpenAlex topic: compiler optimisation sits inside T10054 (keywords list ''compiler optimization'') and T10126. CGO/CC/PACT/TACO are the dedicated streams; keyword patterns (compiler, LLVM, MLIR, polyhedral...) carry the category.'2422- id: formal_verification2423  number: 172424  name: Formal Verification2425  area: software_pl2426  definition: 'Mathematically rigorous establishment of system properties: model checking, theorem proving and proof assistants, SAT/SMT solving and automated reasoning, deductive and runtime verification, verified software and hardware, formal semantics as a verification tool, verification of neural networks, smart contracts and protocols, automata and temporal logics. Language semantics as design is programming_languages.'2427  openalex_topics:2428  - id: T101422429    weight: 1.02430    note: formal methods in verification2431  - id: T111252432    weight: 0.82433    note: Petri nets in system modeling2434  - id: T120022435    weight: 0.42436    note: computability, logic and AI algorithms2437  - id: T110102438    weight: 0.42439    note: logic, reasoning and knowledge2440  - id: T115962441    weight: 0.42442    note: constraint satisfaction and optimization (SAT/CSP)2443  - id: T117272444    weight: 0.32445    note: advanced algebra and logic2446  - id: T115672447    weight: 0.32448    note: automata theory2449  - id: T101262450    weight: 0.32451    note: logic, programming and type systems2452  - id: T114242453    weight: 0.22454    note: security and verification in computing2455  - id: T132862456    weight: 0.22457    note: modeling and simulation systems2458  openalex_subfields: []2459  arxiv_categories:2460  - id: cs.LO2461    weight: 1.02462  - id: cs.FL2463    weight: 0.62464  - id: cs.PL2465    weight: 0.22466  - id: cs.SE2467    weight: 0.12468  dblp_streams:2469  - key: conf/cav2470    weight: 1.02471  - key: conf/tacas2472    weight: 1.02473  - key: conf/fm2474    weight: 1.02475  - key: conf/cade2476    weight: 1.02477  - key: conf/itp2478    weight: 1.02479  - key: conf/cpp2480    weight: 1.02481  - key: conf/fmcad2482    weight: 1.02483  - key: conf/vmcai2484    weight: 1.02485  - key: journals/fmsd2486    weight: 1.02487  - key: journals/jar2488    weight: 1.02489  - key: journals/tocl2490    weight: 0.82491  - key: conf/sat2492    weight: 0.82493  - key: conf/lpar2494    weight: 0.82495  - key: conf/lics2496    weight: 0.62497  - key: conf/csl2498    weight: 0.62499  - key: journals/lmcs2500    weight: 0.62501  - key: conf/concur2502    weight: 0.62503  - key: conf/cp2504    weight: 0.52505  - key: conf/fossacs2506    weight: 0.52507  - key: journals/constraints2508    weight: 0.42509  - key: journals/acta2510    weight: 0.42511  - key: conf/sas2512    weight: 0.42513  - key: journals/apal2514    weight: 0.32515  - key: journals/iandc2516    weight: 0.32517  - key: conf/jelia2518    weight: 0.32519  - key: conf/aiml2520    weight: 0.32521  - key: conf/kr2522    weight: 0.32523  - key: journals/mscs2524    weight: 0.32525  - key: conf/fscd2526    weight: 0.32527  - key: conf/dlt2528    weight: 0.32529  - key: conf/birthday2530    weight: 0.22531  - key: journals/tcs2532    weight: 0.22533  - key: conf/dsn2534    weight: 0.12535  - key: journals/tse2536    weight: 0.12537  - key: conf/icse2538    weight: 0.052539  - key: journals/pacmpl2540    weight: 0.22541  - key: conf/pldi2542    weight: 0.22543  - key: conf/esop2544    weight: 0.32545  - key: conf/models2546    weight: 0.22547  - key: conf/rtss2548    weight: 0.12549  - key: journals/tcad2550    weight: 0.12551  - key: conf/date2552    weight: 0.12553  - key: conf/dac2554    weight: 0.12555  keywords:2556  - pattern: (?i)\bformal (verification|methods?|specification|semantics|proofs?|analysis|modell?ing|reasoning|guarantees)\b|\bformally (verified|proved|proven|specified)\b2557    weight: 1.02558    field: both2559  - pattern: (?i)\b(model check(ing|ers?)|theorem prov(ing|ers?)|proof assistants?|interactive theorem|automated (reasoning|theorem|deduction)|SMT (solvers?|solving)|SAT (solvers?|solving)|satisfiability modulo|bounded model checking|symbolic model checking|abstraction refinement|CEGAR|IC3|PDR\b|k-?induction|temporal logics?|LTL\b|CTL\b|TCTL|mu-?calculus|Büchi|timed automata|hybrid automata|probabilistic model checking|PRISM model|refinement (calculus|checking)|TLA\+|Isabelle|Coq|Rocq|Lean (prover|4|theorem)|Agda|Dafny|Why3|Frama-?C|SPARK Ada|Z3|CVC[45]|Alloy|Event-?B|Petri nets?|process (algebras?|calculi)|bisimulation|rewriting logic|Maude|B method|VDM\b)\b2560    weight: 1.02561    field: both2562  - pattern: (?i)\b(verified (compilers?|software|implementations?|kernels?|systems?|cryptograph\w+|parsers?|libraries)|certified (programming|software|compilers?)|mechani[sz]ed (proofs?|semantics|metatheory|formali[sz]ation)|machine-?checked|proof of correctness|correct-?by-?construction|deductive verification|invariant (synthesis|generation|inference)|loop invariants?|runtime verification|runtime monitoring|contract-?based|design by contract|refinement types for verification|termination (analysis|proofs?)|verification conditions?|weakest precondition|proof (obligations?|engineering|repair|automation))\b2563    weight: 1.02564    field: both2565  - pattern: (?i)\b(neural network verification|verif(y|ying|ication of) (neural|deep|DNN|smart contracts?|cryptographic protocols?|distributed (protocols?|systems?)|hardware|RTL|hybrid systems?|cyber-?physical|autonomous|learning-?enabled)|safety verification|reachability analysis|abstract domains?|barrier certificates?|symbolic reasoning about|equivalence checking|hardware verification|formal hardware)\b2566    weight: 1.02567    field: both2568  - pattern: (?i)\b(automata|decidab(le|ility)|undecidab|satisfiab(le|ility)|unsatisfiable core|constraint solving|first-?order logic|higher-?order logic|modal logic|separation logic|Hoare logic|dynamic logic|description logics?|answer set|logic programming for verification|proof (search|systems?|theory|nets)|sequent calculus|resolution (proving|refutation)|superposition|E prover|Vampire)\b2569    weight: 0.72570    field: both2571  - pattern: (?i)\b(autoformali[sz]ation|formal (mathematics|theorem proving) (with|using|via) (LLMs?|language models?|neural)|neural theorem proving|LLM-?based (theorem|proof)|Lean (proofs?|theorems?|mathlib)|miniF2F|ProofNet|AlphaProof|DeepSeek-?Prover|proof (generation|synthesis) (with|using) (LLMs?|language models?))\b2572    weight: 1.02573    field: both2574  - pattern: (?i)\b(verification|verified|correctness|soundness|completeness|specification|logic|proofs?)\b2575    weight: 0.22576    field: both2577  exclusions: []2578  related:2579  - programming_languages2580  - software_engineering2581  - computational_complexity2582  - applied_cryptography2583  - ai_safety2584  - computer_architecture2585  parent_of: []2586  child_of: []2587  provenance: T10142 is the OpenAlex formal-methods topic; logic/automata topics of 1703 (T12002, T11567, T11727) and Petri nets (T11125) support it. CAV/TACAS/FM/CADE/ITP/CPP/FMCAD/VMCAI/JAR/FMSD are dedicated streams; cs.LO suffices alone.2588- id: algorithms2589  number: 182590  name: Algorithms and Data Structures2591  area: theory2592  definition: 'Design and analysis of algorithms and data structures: graph, string, geometric, approximation, randomized, online, streaming, parallel and parameterized algorithms, combinatorial optimisation and metaheuristics, algorithmic game theory, algorithm engineering, and the combinatorics that underpins them. Lower bounds and hardness as such are computational_complexity; numerical algorithms are scientific_computing.'2593  openalex_topics:2594  - id: T107202595    weight: 1.02596    note: complexity and algorithms in graphs (approximation, shortest paths, flows)2597  - id: T112692598    weight: 1.02599    note: algorithms and data compression (strings, sorting, succinct structures)2600  - id: T103742601    weight: 0.82602    note: advanced graph theory research2603  - id: T122922604    weight: 0.82605    note: graph theory and algorithms2606  - id: T109962607    weight: 0.72608    note: computational geometry and mesh generation2609  - id: T125412610    weight: 0.62611    note: graph labeling and dimension problems2612  - id: T122882613    weight: 0.62614    note: optimization and search problems2615  - id: T115962616    weight: 0.62617    note: constraint satisfaction and optimization2618  - id: T114762619    weight: 0.62620    note: graph theory and applications2621  - id: T111062622    weight: 0.62623    note: data management and algorithms2624  - id: T101002625    weight: 0.52626    note: metaheuristic optimization algorithms2627  - id: T119752628    weight: 0.52629    note: evolutionary algorithms2630  - id: T109482631    weight: 0.52632    note: advanced combinatorial mathematics2633  - id: T105512634    weight: 0.52635    note: scheduling and optimization algorithms2636  - id: T121762637    weight: 0.52638    note: optimization and packing problems2639  - id: T107922640    weight: 0.42641    note: matrix theory and algorithms2642  - id: T113292643    weight: 0.42644    note: limits and structures in graph theory2645  - id: T109632646    weight: 0.42647    note: advanced optimization algorithms2648  - id: T124012649    weight: 0.42650    note: scheduling and timetabling2651  - id: T108482652    weight: 0.32653    note: multi-objective optimization algorithms2654  - id: T105452655    weight: 0.32656    note: optimization and variational analysis2657  - id: T116972658    weight: 0.32659    note: numerical methods and algorithms2660  - id: T121622661    weight: 0.32662    note: cellular automata2663  - id: T125362664    weight: 0.32665    note: topological data analysis2666  - id: T105672667    weight: 0.32668    note: vehicle routing optimization2669  - id: T127092670    weight: 0.32671    note: optimization and mathematical programming2672  - id: T123032673    weight: 0.32674    note: tensor decomposition2675  - id: T110312676    weight: 0.32677    note: game theory and applications2678  - id: T109912679    weight: 0.32680    note: game theory and voting systems2681  - id: T111822682    weight: 0.22683    note: auction theory2684  - id: T102872685    weight: 0.22686    note: algebraic structures and combinatorial models2687  - id: T120562688    weight: 0.22689    note: Markov chains and Monte Carlo2690  - id: T117162691    weight: 0.22692    note: random matrices2693  - id: T121772694    weight: 0.22695    note: resource-constrained project scheduling2696  - id: T112522697    weight: 0.22698    note: evolutionary game theory and cooperation2699  openalex_subfields:2700  - id: 17032701    weight: 0.32702  arxiv_categories:2703  - id: cs.DS2704    weight: 1.02705  - id: cs.DM2706    weight: 0.82707  - id: cs.CG2708    weight: 0.82709  - id: cs.GT2710    weight: 0.52711  - id: cs.CC2712    weight: 0.22713  - id: math.OC2714    weight: 0.32715  - id: cs.NE2716    weight: 0.32717  dblp_streams:2718  - key: conf/soda2719    weight: 1.02720  - key: conf/esa2721    weight: 1.02722  - key: journals/algorithmica2723    weight: 1.02724  - key: journals/talg2725    weight: 1.02726  - key: conf/wads2727    weight: 1.02728  - key: conf/isaac2729    weight: 1.02730  - key: conf/swat2731    weight: 1.02732  - key: conf/alenex2733    weight: 1.02734  - key: conf/wea2735    weight: 1.02736  - key: conf/icalp2737    weight: 0.82738  - key: conf/latin2739    weight: 0.82740  - key: journals/jco2741    weight: 0.82742  - key: journals/algorithms2743    weight: 0.82744  - key: journals/dmaa2745    weight: 0.82746  - key: conf/cccg2747    weight: 0.82748  - key: conf/stacs2749    weight: 0.72750  - key: conf/mfcs2751    weight: 0.72752  - key: journals/ipl2753    weight: 0.72754  - key: journals/dam2755    weight: 0.72756  - key: journals/dcg2757    weight: 0.72758  - key: conf/approx2759    weight: 0.72760  - key: conf/stoc2761    weight: 0.62762  - key: conf/focs2763    weight: 0.62764  - key: journals/siamcomp2765    weight: 0.62766  - key: journals/tcs2767    weight: 0.62768  - key: journals/siamdm2769    weight: 0.62770  - key: conf/fsttcs2771    weight: 0.62772  - key: conf/gecco2773    weight: 0.62774  - key: conf/cec2775    weight: 0.62776  - key: journals/tec2777    weight: 0.62778  - key: journals/swevo2779    weight: 0.62780  - key: journals/jcss2781    weight: 0.52782  - key: conf/sofsem2783    weight: 0.52784  - key: journals/jacm2785    weight: 0.42786  - key: journals/dm2787    weight: 0.42788  - key: journals/combinatorics2789    weight: 0.42790  - key: journals/jgt2791    weight: 0.42792  - key: journals/gc2793    weight: 0.42794  - key: journals/cor2795    weight: 0.42796  - key: journals/orl2797    weight: 0.42798  - key: journals/mp2799    weight: 0.42800  - key: conf/sigecom2801    weight: 0.42802  - key: conf/cp2803    weight: 0.42804  - key: journals/ejc2805    weight: 0.32806  - key: journals/eor2807    weight: 0.32808  - key: journals/siamjo2809    weight: 0.32810  - key: journals/jgo2811    weight: 0.32812  - key: journals/ol2813    weight: 0.32814  - key: journals/jcta2815    weight: 0.32816  - key: journals/jctb2817    weight: 0.32818  - key: journals/jct2819    weight: 0.32820  - key: journals/itor2821    weight: 0.32822  - key: journals/rairo2823    weight: 0.32824  - key: journals/jota2825    weight: 0.22826  - key: journals/geb2827    weight: 0.22828  - key: journals/anor2829    weight: 0.22830  - key: journals/ior2831    weight: 0.22832  - key: journals/jors2833    weight: 0.22834  - key: journals/mansci2835    weight: 0.12836  - key: journals/jet2837    weight: 0.12838  - key: conf/sat2839    weight: 0.22840  - key: journals/ffa2841    weight: 0.22842  - key: journals/candie2843    weight: 0.22844  - key: journals/asc2845    weight: 0.22846  - key: journals/soco2847    weight: 0.22848  - key: journals/evi2849    weight: 0.42850  - key: journals/jossac2851    weight: 0.22852  - key: journals/siamam2853    weight: 0.12854  keywords:2855  - pattern: (?i)\b(approximation|randomi[sz]ed|online|streaming|sublinear|parameteri[sz]ed|exact|combinatorial|graph|geometric|parallel|distributed|dynamic|external[- ]memory|cache-?oblivious|greedy|divide-?and-?conquer|branch-?and-?bound|exponential-?time|polynomial-?time|efficient|fast|optimal|linear-?time|near-?linear|quantum|string|matching|sorting|search|enumeration|sampling|sketching|learning-?augmented) algorithms?\b2856    weight: 1.02857    field: both2858  - pattern: (?i)\bdata structures?\b|\balgorithm (design|analysis|engineering|theory)\b|\balgorithmic\b2859    weight: 1.02860    field: both2861  - pattern: (?i)\b(time complexity|running time|worst-?case|amorti[sz]ed|competitive ratio|approximation (ratio|factor|scheme)|PTAS|FPTAS|NP-?hard|NP-?complete|polynomial[- ]time|FPT\b|fixed-?parameter|kernelization|treewidth|lower bounds?|upper bounds?|O\(n (log|\^)|tight bounds?|conditional lower bounds?)\b2862    weight: 0.72863    field: both2864  - pattern: (?i)\b(shortest paths?|(maximum|max)[- ]flow|(minimum|min)[- ]cut|spanning trees?|vertex cover|independent sets?|dominating sets?|graph colou?ring|cliques?|Steiner trees?|knapsack|bin packing|TSP\b|travell?ing salesman|scheduling problems?|vehicle routing|facility location|set cover|matchings?|matroids?|submodular|(linear|integer|semidefinite) programming|cutting planes?|primal-?dual|LP (relaxation|rounding)|network flows?|spanners?|reachability|dynamic graphs?|distance oracles?)\b2865    weight: 0.72866    field: both2867  - pattern: (?i)\b(sorting|searching|hashing|hash (tables?|functions? for)|suffix (trees?|arrays?)|string (matching|algorithms?|indexing)|pattern matching|succinct|compressed (indexes?|data structures?)|sketch(es|ing)|locality[- ]sensitive hashing|Bloom filters?|priority queues?|heaps?|balanced (trees?|search)|B-?trees?|tries?|range (queries|searching|minimum)|nearest neighbou?r search|k-?d trees?|persistent data|dynamic (connectivity|trees)|union-?find|disjoint sets?|skip lists?|cuckoo hashing|streaming (algorithms?|model)|sketch(ing)? algorithms?|sublinear)\b2868    weight: 0.82869    field: both2870  - pattern: (?i)\b(metaheuristics?|evolutionary (algorithms?|computation)|genetic algorithms?|particle swarm|ant colony|simulated annealing|tabu search|local search|differential evolution|swarm intelligence|memetic|hyper-?heuristics?|combinatorial optimi[sz]ation|constraint (programming|satisfaction|propagation)|SAT-?based|MaxSAT|mixed-?integer|branch-?and-?(bound|cut|price)|column generation|Lagrangian relaxation|multi-?objective optimi[sz]ation|Pareto (front|optimal))\b2871    weight: 0.62872    field: both2873  - pattern: (?i)\b(computational geometry|Voronoi|Delaunay|convex hull|triangulations?|arrangements? of|range searching|point location|motion planning (complexity|algorithms)|polygon|visibility graphs?|geometric (optimi[sz]ation|intersection|approximation)|kinetic data)\b2874    weight: 0.82875    field: both2876  - pattern: (?i)\b(algorithmic game theory|mechanism design|price of anarchy|Nash equilibri(a|um)|equilibrium computation|fair division|cake cutting|matching markets|stable matching|auction (design|theory)|social choice|voting rules?|computational social choice|incentive compatib)\b2877    weight: 0.72878    field: both2879  - pattern: (?i)\b(graph theory|planar graphs?|chromatic|Hamiltonian|Ramsey|extremal (graph|combinatorics)|combinatorics|combinatorial (designs?|structures?)|enumerative|Latin squares?|permutations? (patterns?|statistics)|hypergraphs?|digraphs?|tournaments?|graph (minors?|decompositions?|embeddings?|homomorphisms?|isomorphism))\b2880    weight: 0.62881    field: both2882  - pattern: (?i)\balgorithms?\b|\bcomplexity\b|\bheuristics?\b|\boptimi[sz]ation\b|\bgraphs?\b2883    weight: 0.32884    field: both2885  exclusions: []2886  related:2887  - computational_complexity2888  - ml_theory2889  - computer_graphics2890  - database_systems2891  - distributed_computing2892  - scientific_computing2893  parent_of: []2894  child_of: []2895  provenance: Core topics T10720/T11269 (1703, 1702) plus graph-theory, geometry, combinatorial-optimisation and metaheuristic topics of fields 17, 26 and 22; SODA/ESA/Algorithmica/TALG are the pure venues, STOC/FOCS shared with complexity.2896- id: computational_complexity2897  number: 192898  name: Computational Complexity2899  area: theory2900  definition: 'The intrinsic difficulty of computational problems: complexity classes and their separations, hardness of approximation, circuit, proof, communication and query complexity, fine-grained and parameterized complexity, pseudorandomness and derandomization, computability and automata theory, algebraic complexity, and quantum complexity. Algorithm design is algorithms; cryptographic hardness assumptions are applied_cryptography.'2901  openalex_topics:2902  - id: T120022903    weight: 0.82904    note: computability, logic and AI algorithms (Turing machines, Kolmogorov complexity)2905  - id: T115672906    weight: 0.72907    note: semigroups and automata theory2908  - id: T107202909    weight: 0.52910    note: complexity and algorithms in graphs (P vs NP, complexity classes)2911  - id: T114352912    weight: 0.52913    note: polynomial and algebraic computation2914  - id: T117272915    weight: 0.32916    note: advanced algebra and logic2917  - id: T111302918    weight: 0.22919    note: coding theory and cryptography2920  - id: T121622921    weight: 0.22922    note: cellular automata2923  - id: T100202924    weight: 0.12925    note: quantum information (quantum complexity)2926  - id: T124692927    weight: 0.12928    note: chaos, complexity and education2929  openalex_subfields:2930  - id: 17032931    weight: 0.22932  arxiv_categories:2933  - id: cs.CC2934    weight: 1.02935  - id: cs.FL2936    weight: 0.52937  - id: cs.LO2938    weight: 0.22939  - id: cs.DS2940    weight: 0.22941  - id: quant-ph2942    weight: 0.12943  - id: cs.IT2944    weight: 0.12945  - id: math.IT2946    weight: 0.12947  dblp_streams:2948  - key: journals/eccc2949    weight: 1.02950  - key: journals/toct2951    weight: 1.02952  - key: conf/stoc2953    weight: 0.82954  - key: conf/focs2955    weight: 0.82956  - key: conf/csr2957    weight: 0.62958  - key: conf/dlt2959    weight: 0.62960  - key: conf/icalp2961    weight: 0.52962  - key: conf/stacs2963    weight: 0.52964  - key: conf/mfcs2965    weight: 0.52966  - key: journals/siamcomp2967    weight: 0.52968  - key: journals/jcss2969    weight: 0.52970  - key: journals/iandc2971    weight: 0.52972  - key: journals/jacm2973    weight: 0.42974  - key: conf/approx2975    weight: 0.42976  - key: conf/fsttcs2977    weight: 0.42978  - key: journals/tcs2979    weight: 0.32980  - key: conf/sofsem2981    weight: 0.32982  - key: journals/ipl2983    weight: 0.22984  - key: conf/lics2985    weight: 0.22986  - key: journals/lmcs2987    weight: 0.22988  - key: conf/soda2989    weight: 0.22990  - key: journals/apal2991    weight: 0.22992  - key: journals/mscs2993    weight: 0.22994  - key: journals/algorithmica2995    weight: 0.12996  - key: journals/talg2997    weight: 0.12998  - key: conf/csl2999    weight: 0.13000  - key: journals/acta3001    weight: 0.23002  - key: conf/sat3003    weight: 0.23004  keywords:3005  - pattern: (?i)\b(computational|circuit|communication|proof|query|descriptive|parameteri[sz]ed|fine-?grained|average-?case|Kolmogorov|algorithmic|quantum|structural|space|time|arithmetic|algebraic|Boolean|counting|streaming|information) complexity\b3006    weight: 1.03007    field: both3008  - pattern: (?i)\bcomplexity (theory|class(es)?|lower bounds?|separations?|dichotom(y|ies)|hierarch(y|ies))\b|\bcomplexity-?theoretic\b3009    weight: 1.03010    field: both3011  - pattern: (?i)\b(P (vs\.?|versus|=|≠|!=) ?NP|NP-?complete(ness)?|NP-?hard(ness)?|coNP|PSPACE|EXPTIME|NEXP|#P\b|BPP\b|BQP\b|QMA\b|MIP\*?\b|PH\b|polynomial(-time)? hierarchy|AC\^?0|NC\^?[01]|TC\^?0|ACC\^?0|NL\b|L\b vs|P/poly|NP ∩ coNP|ZPP|RP\b|PP\b|PPAD|PLS\b|TFNP|W\[1\]|W\[2\]|XP\b|para-?NP)\b3012    weight: 1.03013    field: both3014  - pattern: (?i)\b(hardness of approximation|inapproximab|PCP theorem|probabilistically checkable|unique games|exponential[- ]time hypothesis|SETH\b|ETH\b|orthogonal vectors|3-?SUM|APSP (hardness|conjecture)|derandomi[sz]ation|pseudorandom(ness)? (generators?|functions?|for)|hardness (amplification|vs\.? randomness|magnification|escalation)|natural proofs|lifting theorems?|arithmetic circuits?|algebraic (complexity|circuits)|VP (vs|versus|≠) VNP|matrix multiplication exponent|omega \(ω\)|Boolean (circuits?|functions?) (lower|complexity|size)|circuit lower bounds?|formula (size|lower bounds?)|decision tree complexity|sensitivity conjecture|constraint satisfaction problems? dichotomy|CSP dichotomy|counting complexity|holographic algorithms|interactive proofs?|zero-?knowledge complexity|Arthur-?Merlin|relativi[sz]ation|oracle separations?|time-?space trade-?offs?|catalytic|meta-?complexity|MCSP|minimum circuit size)\b3015    weight: 1.03016    field: both3017  - pattern: (?i)\b(computability|decidability|undecidab|Turing machines?|halting problem|recursion theory|recursively enumerable|computably enumerable|Turing degrees|automata theory|formal languages?|regular languages?|context-?free (languages?|grammars?)|pushdown automata|finite automata|cellular automata|descriptional complexity|state complexity|Rice'?s theorem|reductions? (between|from|to)|Kolmogorov|algorithmic (randomness|information)|reverse mathematics|Büchi automata|tree automata|weighted automata|transducers?|ω-?regular)\b3018    weight: 0.83019    field: both3020  - pattern: (?i)\bproof complexity\b|\bresolution (lower bounds?|refutations?|width|size)\b|\bcutting planes proofs?\b|\bFrege\b|\bbounded arithmetic\b3021    weight: 1.03022    field: both3023  - pattern: (?i)\b(hardness|intractab(le|ility)|lower bounds?|reductions?|separations?)\b3024    weight: 0.43025    field: both3026  exclusions:3027  - (?is)^(?!.*(complexity (class|theory)|NP|PSPACE|lower bound|hardness|computab|automata|Turing|circuit|reduction|decidab)).*\b(complexity of (care|disease|life|organi[sz]ations|the (world|environment|problem))|complex systems?|complexity science|chaos)\b3028  related:3029  - algorithms3030  - formal_verification3031  - quantum_computing3032  - applied_cryptography3033  - ml_theory3034  parent_of: []3035  child_of: []3036  provenance: 'OpenAlex has no pure complexity topic: it mixes classes into T10720 and computability into T12002/T11567. ECCC and ToCT are the pure streams; STOC/FOCS shared with algorithms; cs.CC alone suffices.'3037- id: database_systems3038  number: 203039  name: Database Systems3040  area: data_distributed3041  definition: 'Storage, querying and management of structured and semi-structured data: query processing and optimisation, transactions and concurrency control, indexing and storage engines, data integration, cleaning and provenance, big-data processing frameworks, data mining as a data-management problem, learned database components, vector and graph databases. Ranking of unstructured documents is information_retrieval.'3042  openalex_topics:3043  - id: T103173044    weight: 1.03045    note: advanced database systems and queries3046  - id: T127613047    weight: 0.63048    note: data stream mining3049  - id: T117193050    weight: 0.63051    note: data quality and management3052  - id: T142803053    weight: 0.63054    note: big data technologies and applications3055  - id: T105383056    weight: 0.53057    note: data mining algorithms and applications3058  - id: T111813059    weight: 0.53060    note: advanced data storage technologies3061  - id: T126013062    weight: 0.53063    note: web applications and data management3064  - id: T111063065    weight: 0.53066    note: data management and algorithms3067  - id: T107723068    weight: 0.43069    note: distributed systems and fault tolerance (distributed databases, transactions)3070  - id: T133733071    weight: 0.43072    note: data mining and ML applications3073  - id: T118913074    weight: 0.43075    note: big data and business intelligence3076  - id: T102153077    weight: 0.43078    note: semantic web and ontologies (RDF, SPARQL)3079  - id: T120163080    weight: 0.43081    note: web data mining3082  - id: T144353083    weight: 0.43084    note: information retrieval and data mining3085  - id: T119373086    weight: 0.33087    note: research data management3088  - id: T136473089    weight: 0.33090    note: AI and big data applications3091  - id: T143473092    weight: 0.23093    note: big data and digital economy3094  - id: T101013095    weight: 0.23096    note: cloud computing (MapReduce, Hadoop)3097  - id: T107573098    weight: 0.23099    note: geographic information systems3100  - id: T138323101    weight: 0.23102    note: advanced decision-making techniques (DSS)3103  - id: T144843104    weight: 0.23105    note: technology and data analysis3106  openalex_subfields:3107  - id: 17103108    weight: 0.13109  arxiv_categories:3110  - id: cs.DB3111    weight: 1.03112  dblp_streams:3113  - key: conf/sigmod3114    weight: 1.03115  - key: journals/pvldb3116    weight: 1.03117  - key: journals/pacmmod3118    weight: 1.03119  - key: conf/icde3120    weight: 1.03121  - key: conf/edbt3122    weight: 1.03123  - key: conf/pods3124    weight: 1.03125  - key: journals/tods3126    weight: 1.03127  - key: journals/vldb3128    weight: 1.03129  - key: conf/dasfaa3130    weight: 1.03131  - key: conf/vldb3132    weight: 0.83133  - key: journals/tkde3134    weight: 0.83135  - key: journals/tbd3136    weight: 0.63137  - key: conf/apweb3138    weight: 0.63139  - key: conf/icdm3140    weight: 0.53141  - key: conf/pakdd3142    weight: 0.53143  - key: journals/tkdd3144    weight: 0.53145  - key: journals/kais3146    weight: 0.53147  - key: conf/bigdataconf3148    weight: 0.53149  - key: journals/jbd3150    weight: 0.53151  - key: conf/gis3152    weight: 0.53153  - key: conf/cikm3154    weight: 0.43155  - key: conf/kdd3156    weight: 0.43157  - key: journals/ijdsa3158    weight: 0.43159  - key: journals/data3160    weight: 0.43161  - key: conf/pkdd3162    weight: 0.33163  - key: journals/www3164    weight: 0.33165  - key: journals/tgis3166    weight: 0.33167  - key: journals/gis3168    weight: 0.33169  - key: journals/biodb3170    weight: 0.33171  - key: conf/semweb3172    weight: 0.33173  - key: conf/esws3174    weight: 0.33175  - key: journals/dss3176    weight: 0.23177  - key: journals/isf3178    weight: 0.13179  - key: journals/tist3180    weight: 0.23181  - key: journals/kbs3182    weight: 0.13183  - key: conf/ksem3184    weight: 0.23185  keywords:3186  - pattern: (?i)\bdatabases?\b|\bDBMSs?\b|\bRDBMSs?\b|\bdatabase (systems?|management|engines?|design|theory|queries|tuning|research)\b3187    weight: 0.83188    field: both3189  - pattern: (?i)\b(query (processing|optimi[sz]ation|execution|languages?|engines?|compilation|plans?|rewriting|answering over)|SQL\b|NoSQL|NewSQL|relational (model|algebra|databases?|queries|tables?)|transaction(al)? (processing|management|systems?)|ACID\b|OLTP|OLAP|HTAP|index(ing|es) (structures?|for|techniques)|B\+?-?trees?|learned (index(es)?|cardinality|query optimi[sz]ers?|database)|key-?value stores?|column(ar)? (stores?|storage|formats?)|data (warehous(e|es|ing)|lakes?|lakehouses?|integration|cleaning|quality|provenance|lineage|wrangling|catalogs?|cubes?|partitioning|versioning|discovery|marketplaces?)|schema (matching|evolution|mapping|inference)|entity (resolution|matching)|record linkage|join (algorithms?|processing|ordering|optimi[sz]ation)|cardinality estimation|selectivity estimation|data management|graph databases?|property graphs?|spatial (databases?|indexing|queries|joins?)|spatio-?temporal (databases?|queries|indexing)|time[- ]series databases?|vector (databases?|search3190      engines?|indexes?)|approximate nearest neighbou?r search|similarity search|top-?k queries|skyline queries|query by example|data lakes?|metadata management|Datalog engines?)\b3191    weight: 1.03192    field: both3193  - pattern: (?i)\b(data mining|frequent (patterns?|itemsets?|subgraphs?)|association rules?|knowledge discovery in databases|KDD\b|sequential pattern mining|stream (processing|mining)|data streams?|sliding windows?|big data (analytics|processing|systems?|platforms?|frameworks?|management)|Hadoop|HDFS|Apache Spark|Spark SQL|MapReduce|Flink|Hive|Presto|Trino|Kafka|ETL\b|ELT\b|text-?to-?SQL|NL2SQL|natural language interfaces? to databases?|NLIDB|LLMs? for (data|databases?|SQL|tables?)|table (question answering|understanding|representation))\b3194    weight: 0.73195    field: both3196  - pattern: (?i)\b(PostgreSQL|Postgres|MySQL|SQLite|DuckDB|MongoDB|Cassandra|RocksDB|LevelDB|Neo4j|ClickHouse|Snowflake|BigQuery|Redshift|TiDB|CockroachDB|Spanner|DynamoDB|LSM-?trees?|storage engines?|buffer (pool|management)|concurrency control|MVCC|multi-?version|crash recovery|write-?ahead log(ging)?|WAL\b|checkpointing in databases|isolation levels?|serializab(le|ility)|snapshot isolation|two-?phase (locking|commit)|optimistic concurrency|deterministic databases?|in-?memory databases?|main-?memory databases?|disaggregated (storage|memory) for databases?|cloud(-?native)? databases?|database-?as-?a-?service|DBaaS|multi-?model databases?|time-?travel queries|temporal databases?)\b3197    weight: 1.03198    field: both3199  - pattern: (?i)\b(data|queries|query|tables?|records?|tuples?|schemas?|indexes|indices)\b3200    weight: 0.23201    field: both3202  exclusions:3203  - (?is)^(?!.*(query processing|SQL|transaction|index(ing)?|storage engine|DBMS|data management|data integration|schema|NoSQL|query optimi)).*\b(PubMed|Embase|Scopus|Web of Science|Cochrane|MEDLINE|CINAHL|PsycINFO) (databases?|were searched|search)\b3204  related:3205  - information_retrieval3206  - distributed_computing3207  - cloud_computing3208  - algorithms3209  - ml_theory3210  parent_of: []3211  child_of: []3212  provenance: T10317 is the OpenAlex database topic; data-mining and big-data topics (1710, 1711, 18xx) shared at 0.4-0.6. SIGMOD/PVLDB/PACMMOD/ICDE/EDBT/PODS/TODS/VLDBJ pure; CIKM/KDD shared with IR and ML. Systematic-review mentions of bibliographic databases are vetoed when no DB-systems term co-occurs.3213- id: information_retrieval3214  number: 213215  name: Information Retrieval3216  area: data_distributed3217  definition: 'Finding and ranking relevant information for a user need: search engines and ranking models, dense and sparse retrieval, recommender systems, query understanding, evaluation and test collections, web search and mining, scholarly and digital-library retrieval, retrieval components of RAG systems. Structured query processing is database_systems; text understanding tasks are nlp.'3218  openalex_topics:3219  - id: T102863220    weight: 1.03221    note: information retrieval and search behavior3222  - id: T102033223    weight: 1.03224    note: recommender systems3225  - id: T132743226    weight: 0.83227    note: expert finding and Q&A systems3228  - id: T144353229    weight: 0.63230    note: information retrieval and data mining3231  - id: T139763232    weight: 0.53233    note: web visibility and informetrics3234  - id: T120163235    weight: 0.53236    note: web data mining and analysis3237  - id: T106273238    weight: 0.43239    note: advanced image and video retrieval3240  - id: T108243241    weight: 0.33242    note: image retrieval and classification3243  - id: T100283244    weight: 0.33245    note: topic modeling / RAG / sentence retrieval3246  - id: T102153247    weight: 0.33248    note: semantic web and ontologies3249  - id: T136733250    weight: 0.23251    note: library science and information3252  - id: T119373253    weight: 0.23254    note: research data management3255  - id: T118133256    weight: 0.23257    note: library collection development and digital resources3258  - id: T128633259    weight: 0.23260    note: web and library services3261  - id: T106643262    weight: 0.23263    note: sentiment analysis and opinion mining3264  - id: T116443265    weight: 0.23266    note: spam and phishing detection3267  - id: T143303268    weight: 0.23269    note: library science and information systems3270  - id: T131663271    weight: 0.23272    note: information science and libraries3273  - id: T138743274    weight: 0.23275    note: information architecture and usability3276  - id: T111223277    weight: 0.23278    note: online learning and analytics (recommendation)3279  openalex_subfields:3280  - id: 17103281    weight: 0.13282  arxiv_categories:3283  - id: cs.IR3284    weight: 1.03285  - id: cs.DL3286    weight: 0.63287  - id: cs.SI3288    weight: 0.33289  dblp_streams:3290  - key: conf/sigir3291    weight: 1.03292  - key: conf/wsdm3293    weight: 1.03294  - key: conf/ecir3295    weight: 1.03296  - key: conf/recsys3297    weight: 1.03298  - key: journals/tois3299    weight: 1.03300  - key: journals/ipm3301    weight: 0.83302  - key: conf/clef3303    weight: 0.83304  - key: conf/jcdl3305    weight: 0.83306  - key: conf/um3307    weight: 0.83308  - key: conf/cikm3309    weight: 0.63310  - key: conf/www3311    weight: 0.63312  - key: journals/www3313    weight: 0.63314  - key: journals/jasis3315    weight: 0.63316  - key: conf/asist3317    weight: 0.63318  - key: journals/scientometrics3319    weight: 0.53320  - key: conf/semweb3321    weight: 0.53322  - key: conf/esws3323    weight: 0.53324  - key: conf/webi3325    weight: 0.53326  - key: journals/kais3327    weight: 0.33328  - key: conf/kdd3329    weight: 0.33330  - key: conf/icwsm3331    weight: 0.33332  - key: journals/tist3333    weight: 0.33334  - key: journals/tkde3335    weight: 0.23336  - key: journals/snam3337    weight: 0.23338  - key: conf/asunam3339    weight: 0.23340  - key: journals/tcss3341    weight: 0.13342  - key: journals/ijinfoman3343    weight: 0.23344  - key: journals/jkm3345    weight: 0.13346  - key: journals/iam3347    weight: 0.13348  keywords:3349  - pattern: (?i)\binformation retrieval\b|\bIR (systems?|models?|evaluation|research|community)\b|\bad[- ]hoc retrieval\b|\bretrieval (models?|systems?|effectiveness|augmented)\b3350    weight: 1.03351    field: both3352  - pattern: (?i)\b(search engines?|web search|enterprise search|product search|query (expansion|reformulation|understanding|suggestion|logs?|auto-?completion|intent)|ranking (models?|functions?|losses?|metrics)|learning[- ]to[- ]rank|LTR\b|dense (retrieval|passage retrieval|retrievers?)|sparse retrieval|lexical retrieval|hybrid retrieval|BM25|TF-?IDF|neural (retrieval|rankers?|IR|re-?ranking)|re-?rank(ing|ers?)|cross-?encoders?|bi-?encoders?|dual encoders?|ColBERT|late interaction|SPLADE|DPR\b|document (ranking|retrieval|expansion)|passage (ranking|retrieval)|relevance (judgments?|feedback|assessment|modeling)|click (models?|logs?|through)|conversational search|interactive (IR|retrieval)|session search|evaluation (campaigns?|measures?)|nDCG|MRR\b|mean reciprocal rank|MAP@|test collections?|TREC\b|MS ?MARCO|BEIR|pooling bias|query performance prediction|retrieval-?augmented|RAG (systems?|pipelines?)|retriever|generative (retrieval|recommendation))\b3353    weight: 1.03354    field: both3355  - pattern: (?i)\brecommend(er|ation) (systems?|models?|algorithms?|engines?|tasks?|lists?|quality)\b|\brecommenders?\b|\bcollaborative filtering\b|\b(sequential|session-?based|conversational|cross-?domain|cold-?start|news|music|point-?of-?interest|POI|job|group|bundle|LLM-?based|explainable|fair|multi-?stakeholder) recommendation\b|\bclick-?through rate\b|\bCTR prediction\b|\bimplicit feedback\b|\buser (modeling|preferences?|interests?) (for|in) recommendation\b|\bmatrix factori[sz]ation\b|\bitem (embeddings?|cold start)\b|\bMovieLens\b|\bNetflix Prize\b3356    weight: 1.03357    field: both3358  - pattern: (?i)\b(knowledge graphs?|entity linking|entity search|semantic web|linked (open )?data|SPARQL|RDF\b|ontolog(y|ies) (matching|alignment|engineering)|schema\.org|Wikidata|DBpedia|question answering over knowledge)\b3359    weight: 0.53360    field: both3361  - pattern: (?i)\b(digital librar(y|ies)|scholarly (search|recommendation|data|documents?|knowledge graphs?)|citation (analysis|networks?|recommendation|counts?|indexing)|bibliometric|scientometric|altmetric|h-?index|peer[- ]review (process|quality)|web (crawl(ing|ers?)|archiv(es?|ing)|mining)|social media (mining|analytics|retrieval)|hashtags?|microblog|user-?generated content|community question answering|CQA\b|expert finding|e-?commerce search|sponsored search|computational advertising|ad (auctions?|ranking))\b3362    weight: 0.63363    field: both3364  - pattern: (?i)\b(retrieval|search|ranking|recommendation|relevance|queries|query|users?' (information|search))\b3365    weight: 0.33366    field: both3367  exclusions: []3368  related:3369  - nlp3370  - database_systems3371  - llm3372  - hci3373  - ml_theory3374  parent_of: []3375  child_of: []3376  provenance: T10286 (search behaviour) and T10203 (recommenders) are the OpenAlex IR hosts; library/information-science topics of 1710 included at 0.2 because they share venues (JASIST, ASIS&T). SIGIR/WSDM/ECIR/RecSys/TOIS pure.3377- id: distributed_computing3378  number: 223379  name: Distributed Computing3380  area: data_distributed3381  definition: 'Computation across multiple processors or machines: distributed algorithms and consensus, fault tolerance and replication, parallel programming and HPC systems software, cluster and grid resource management, distributed storage and middleware, distributed and parallel ML training systems. Cloud service models are cloud_computing and edge placement is edge_computing (both children).'3382  openalex_topics:3383  - id: T107153384    weight: 1.03385    note: distributed and parallel computing systems (grid, cluster, scheduling)3386  - id: T107723387    weight: 1.03388    note: distributed systems and fault tolerance (consensus, replication, transactions)3389  - id: T107423390    weight: 0.83391    note: peer-to-peer network technologies3392  - id: T100543393    weight: 0.63394    note: parallel computing (HPC, MPI, GPU)3395  - id: T108293396    weight: 0.53397    note: interconnection networks and systems3398  - id: T111813399    weight: 0.53400    note: advanced data storage technologies3401  - id: T101013402    weight: 0.43403    note: cloud computing and resource management3404  - id: T121273405    weight: 0.43406    note: software system performance and reliability3407  - id: T106793408    weight: 0.33409    note: service-oriented architecture3410  - id: T102733411    weight: 0.33412    note: IoT and edge/fog computing3413  - id: T102493414    weight: 0.33415    note: distributed control multi-agent systems3416  - id: T122033417    weight: 0.33418    note: mobile agent-based network management3419  - id: T119863420    weight: 0.33421    note: scientific workflows3422  - id: T128793423    weight: 0.23424    note: distributed sensor networks and detection3425  - id: T122163426    weight: 0.23427    note: network time synchronization3428  - id: T114783429    weight: 0.23430    note: caching and content delivery3431  openalex_subfields:3432  - id: 17053433    weight: 0.13434  arxiv_categories:3435  - id: cs.DC3436    weight: 1.03437  - id: cs.PF3438    weight: 0.53439  - id: cs.OS3440    weight: 0.23441  - id: cs.NI3442    weight: 0.13443  dblp_streams:3444  - key: journals/tpds3445    weight: 1.03446  - key: journals/jpdc3447    weight: 1.03448  - key: conf/ipps3449    weight: 1.03450  - key: conf/podc3451    weight: 1.03452  - key: conf/spaa3453    weight: 1.03454  - key: conf/opodis3455    weight: 1.03456  - key: conf/europar3457    weight: 1.03458  - key: conf/ics3459    weight: 1.03460  - key: conf/hpdc3461    weight: 1.03462  - key: conf/icdcs3463    weight: 1.03464  - key: conf/middleware3465    weight: 1.03466  - key: conf/cluster3467    weight: 1.03468  - key: conf/icpads3469    weight: 1.03470  - key: conf/ica3pp3471    weight: 1.03472  - key: conf/ispa3473    weight: 1.03474  - key: conf/sc3475    weight: 0.83476  - key: conf/ccgrid3477    weight: 0.83478  - key: conf/hpcc3479    weight: 0.83480  - key: conf/ppopp3481    weight: 0.83482  - key: journals/concurrency3483    weight: 0.83484  - key: journals/tjs3485    weight: 0.83486  - key: journals/cluster3487    weight: 0.83488  - key: journals/ijhpca3489    weight: 0.83490  - key: journals/scpe3491    weight: 0.83492  - key: journals/fgcs3493    weight: 0.63494  - key: conf/eurosys3495    weight: 0.63496  - key: journals/ppna3497    weight: 0.63498  - key: conf/aina3499    weight: 0.63500  - key: conf/nsdi3501    weight: 0.53502  - key: conf/dsn3503    weight: 0.53504  - key: conf/socc3505    weight: 0.53506  - key: conf/cloud3507    weight: 0.53508  - key: journals/tos3509    weight: 0.53510  - key: conf/fast3511    weight: 0.53512  - key: conf/osdi3513    weight: 0.43514  - key: conf/sosp3515    weight: 0.43516  - key: journals/tc3517    weight: 0.43518  - key: journals/sp3519    weight: 0.43520  - key: conf/mlsys3521    weight: 0.43522  - key: conf/ucc3523    weight: 0.43524  - key: journals/tcc3525    weight: 0.33526  - key: journals/jsa3527    weight: 0.33528  - key: journals/computing3529    weight: 0.33530  - key: journals/tnsm3531    weight: 0.23532  - key: conf/xsede3533    weight: 0.43534  - key: conf/pact3535    weight: 0.23536  - key: journals/taco3537    weight: 0.13538  - key: journals/tnse3539    weight: 0.23540  - key: journals/jnca3541    weight: 0.23542  - key: conf/isca3543    weight: 0.13544  - key: journals/ieicetd3545    weight: 0.13546  keywords:3547  - pattern: (?i)\b(distributed|parallel|concurrent) (systems?|computing|algorithms?|programming|processing|storage|file systems?|transactions?|consensus|ledgers?|training|inference|machine learning|deep learning|graph processing|databases?|data processing|simulation|applications?|execution|runtime|scheduling|snapshots?|shared memory|memory|protocols?|optimi[sz]ation|SGD|stochastic)\b3548    weight: 1.03549    field: both3550  - pattern: (?i)\b(consensus (protocols?|algorithms?)|Paxos|Raft\b|Byzantine|fault[- ]toleran(t|ce)|replication|state machine replication|linearizab(le|ility)|serializab|eventual consistency|strong consistency|consistency models?|CRDTs?|conflict-?free replicated|vector clocks?|logical clocks?|leader election|gossip protocols?|epidemic protocols?|distributed (hash tables?|locks?|snapshots?|tracing|ledger|shared)|two-?phase commit|atomic (broadcast|commit)|failure detectors?|self-?stabili[sz]|population protocols?|LOCAL model|CONGEST|message complexity|round complexity|asynchronous (systems?|networks?|model))\b3551    weight: 1.03552    field: both3553  - pattern: (?i)\b(high[- ]performance computing|HPC\b|supercomput\w+|exascale|petascale|MPI\b|OpenMP|message passing|load balancing|job scheduling|workflow (scheduling|management|engines?)|resource (allocation|management|scheduling) (in|for|on|across) (clusters?|grids?|data ?cent(er|re)s?|HPC|supercomputers?)|scalab(le|ility) (to|on|across) \d[\d,]* (nodes|cores|GPUs|processors)|multi-?GPU|GPU clusters?|data[- ]parallel(ism)?|model[- ]parallel(ism)?|pipeline[- ]parallel(ism)?|tensor[- ]parallel(ism)?|expert parallelism|all-?reduce|all-?to-?all|parameter servers?|collective communication|NCCL|ZeRO\b|FSDP|DeepSpeed|Megatron|Horovod|gradient (synchroni[sz]ation|accumulation across)|stragglers?|checkpoint(ing)? (for|of|in) (training|HPC)|large-?scale training|training (at scale|on \d+ GPUs)|distributed (LLM|DNN) (training|inference|serving)|cluster schedul(ers?|ing)|Slurm|Kubernetes schedul|Borg|YARN|Mesos)\b3554    weight: 1.03555    field: both3556  - pattern: (?i)\b(middleware|publish[- ]subscribe|pub/sub|message (queues?|brokers?)|Kafka|RabbitMQ|actor model|service mesh|stream processing (engines?|systems?|frameworks?)|Apache (Spark|Flink|Storm|Beam|Hadoop)|MapReduce|Ray\b|Dask|dataflow (systems?|engines?)|serverless (workflows?|computing)|microservices? (architecture|performance|systems?)|RPC\b|remote procedure|gRPC|RDMA|interconnects?|InfiniBand|network-?on-?chip)\b3557    weight: 0.73558    field: both3559  - pattern: (?i)\b(peer-?to-?peer|P2P\b|overlay networks?|volunteer computing|grid computing|cluster computing|utility computing|desktop grid|BOINC|BitTorrent|DHTs?\b|Chord|Kademlia|gossip-?based)\b3560    weight: 0.83561    field: both3562  - pattern: (?i)\b(multi-?core|many-?core|multi-?threaded|multithreading|lock-?free|wait-?free|non-?blocking (data structures?|algorithms?)|transactional memory|synchroni[sz]ation primitives|mutex(es)?|spin-?locks?|barriers?|work[- ]stealing|parallel(i[sz]ation|ism|izing)|task (parallel|graphs?)|speedup|Amdahl|strong scaling|weak scaling|parallel efficiency|SIMD parallel|GPU (computing|programming|acceleration)|CUDA\b|OpenCL|heterogeneous computing)\b3563    weight: 0.83564    field: both3565  - pattern: (?i)\b(nodes?|clusters?|scalab(le|ility)|parallel|distributed|concurrency|replicas?|throughput|latency)\b3566    weight: 0.23567    field: both3568  exclusions:3569  - (?is)^(?!.*(comput|system|algorithm|protocol|network|server|cluster|node|GPU|processor|storage|training|software)).*\b(distributed (generation|energy resources?|lag|fibre|fiber|acoustic|temperature|parameter|load|element|order|delay|control of (power|microgrid|vehicles?|robots?)|leadership|cognition|practice|manufacturing))\b3570  related:3571  - cloud_computing3572  - edge_computing3573  - computer_networks3574  - database_systems3575  - operating_systems3576  - scientific_computing3577  - blockchain3578  - federated_learning3579  parent_of:3580  - cloud_computing3581  - edge_computing3582  child_of: []3583  provenance: T10715 and T10772 (subfield 1705) are the OpenAlex hosts; T10054 (parallel/HPC) is shared with architecture and scientific computing. TPDS/JPDC/IPDPS/PODC/SPAA/Euro-Par/ICS/HPDC/ICDCS/Middleware are the pure venues; cs.DC suffices.3584- id: cloud_computing3585  number: 233586  name: Cloud Computing3587  area: data_distributed3588  definition: 'Computing delivered as elastic, multi-tenant, on-demand services: IaaS/PaaS/SaaS and serverless, virtualisation and containers, resource provisioning and auto-scaling, SLAs and pricing, cloud-native architectures, data-centre resource management, cloud security and migration. A child of distributed_computing; placement at the network edge is edge_computing.'3589  openalex_topics:3590  - id: T101013591    weight: 1.03592    note: cloud computing and resource management (VMs, serverless, data centres)3593  - id: T140673594    weight: 1.03595    note: cloud computing and remote desktop technologies3596  - id: T116143597    weight: 0.63598    note: cloud data security solutions3599  - id: T121273600    weight: 0.63601    note: software system performance (microservices, cloud-native, AIOps)3602  - id: T106793603    weight: 0.63604    note: service-oriented architecture and web services3605  - id: T102733606    weight: 0.43607    note: IoT and edge/fog (cloud-edge)3608  - id: T140983609    weight: 0.43610    note: energy efficiency in computing (data centres)3611  - id: T107153612    weight: 0.33613    note: distributed and parallel computing (grid)3614  - id: T111813615    weight: 0.23616    note: data storage technologies3617  - id: T127993618    weight: 0.23619    note: mobile and web applications3620  - id: T122383621    weight: 0.23622    note: green IT (green data centres)3623  openalex_subfields: []3624  arxiv_categories:3625  - id: cs.DC3626    weight: 0.63627  - id: cs.NI3628    weight: 0.13629  - id: cs.SE3630    weight: 0.13631  - id: cs.PF3632    weight: 0.23633  dblp_streams:3634  - key: journals/tcc3635    weight: 1.03636  - key: conf/cloud3637    weight: 1.03638  - key: conf/socc3639    weight: 1.03640  - key: conf/ucc3641    weight: 1.03642  - key: conf/ic2e3643    weight: 1.03644  - key: journals/tsc3645    weight: 0.83646  - key: conf/icws3647    weight: 0.83648  - key: conf/ccgrid3649    weight: 0.63650  - key: journals/fgcs3651    weight: 0.53652  - key: journals/cluster3653    weight: 0.53654  - key: journals/tnsm3655    weight: 0.43656  - key: conf/eurosys3657    weight: 0.43658  - key: conf/nsdi3659    weight: 0.43660  - key: conf/usenix3661    weight: 0.43662  - key: conf/middleware3663    weight: 0.43664  - key: journals/jnca3665    weight: 0.43666  - key: conf/osdi3667    weight: 0.33668  - key: conf/hpcc3669    weight: 0.33670  - key: journals/tjs3671    weight: 0.33672  - key: journals/concurrency3673    weight: 0.33674  - key: journals/scpe3675    weight: 0.33676  - key: journals/tsusc3677    weight: 0.33678  - key: journals/suscom3679    weight: 0.33680  - key: journals/tpds3681    weight: 0.23682  - key: journals/jsa3683    weight: 0.23684  - key: conf/icdcs3685    weight: 0.23686  - key: conf/sc3687    weight: 0.13688  - key: journals/computing3689    weight: 0.23690  - key: conf/aina3691    weight: 0.33692  keywords:3693  - pattern: (?i)\bcloud(-?based|-?native| computing| services?| providers?| infrastructures?| platforms?| data ?cent(er|re)s?| storage| resources?| workloads?| environments?| applications?| deployments?| migration| security| gaming| robotics| servers?| tenants?| customers?| costs?| pricing| offloading| continuum| vendors?| APIs?| regions?| instances?| orchestration| bursting| federation| brokers?)\b3694    weight: 1.03695    field: both3696  - pattern: (?i)\b(serverless|function-?as-?a-?service|FaaS\b|infrastructure-?as-?a-?service|IaaS\b|platform-?as-?a-?service|PaaS\b|software-?as-?a-?service|SaaS\b|multi-?cloud|hybrid cloud|cloud-?edge|edge-?cloud|virtual machines?|VMs?\b|virtuali[sz]ation|hypervisors?|containers?|containeri[sz]ed|Docker|Kubernetes|K8s|container orchestration|auto-?scaling|autoscal\w+|elastic(ity)? (provisioning|scaling|resources?)|service[- ]level (agreements?|objectives?)|SLAs?\b|SLOs?\b|multi-?tenan(t|cy)|resource provisioning|VM (placement|consolidation|migration|scheduling|allocation)|live migration|workload (prediction|consolidation|characteri[sz]ation|placement)|spot instances?|cloud (cost|FinOps)|pay-?as-?you-?go|data ?cent(er|re) (scheduling|networks?|resource|management|operators?|utili[sz]ation))\b3697    weight: 1.03698    field: both3699  - pattern: (?i)\b(AWS|Amazon (EC2|S3|Lambda|Web Services)|Microsoft Azure|Google Cloud|GCP\b|OpenStack|CloudSim|web services?|service-?oriented (architecture|computing)|service (composition|selection|discovery|mesh)|SOA\b|microservices?|cloud-?computing|Infrastructure as Code|Terraform|DevOps for cloud|cloud-?native (applications?|systems?))\b3700    weight: 0.73701    field: both3702  - pattern: (?i)\b(data ?cent(er|re)s?|hyperscal(e|ers?)|warehouse-?scale)\b3703    weight: 0.63704    field: both3705  - pattern: (?i)\b(virtuali[sz]ed|hosted|on-?demand|elastic|scalable services?|tenants?)\b3706    weight: 0.23707    field: both3708  exclusions:3709  - (?is)^(?!.*(computing|comput|server|data ?cent|virtual|service|storage|infrastructure|platform|deployment|workload|software)).*\b(point clouds?|cloud (cover|droplets?|condensation|physics|microphysics|radiative|albedo|forcing|seeding|chamber|water|base|top|height|fraction|layers?|types?|formation)|molecular cloud|electron cloud|Oort cloud|dust cloud|cloud(s)? (and|in) (climate|atmosphere|precipitation))\b3710  related:3711  - distributed_computing3712  - edge_computing3713  - operating_systems3714  - computer_networks3715  - sustainable_computing3716  - cybersecurity3717  parent_of: []3718  child_of:3719  - distributed_computing3720  provenance: T10101 keywords list cloud computing, virtualization, serverless, SLAs, data centers. TCC/SoCC/UCC/IC2E pure; systems venues partial. Meteorological and point-cloud senses of 'cloud' are vetoed when no computing term co-occurs.3721- id: edge_computing3722  number: 243723  name: Edge Computing3724  area: data_distributed3725  definition: 'Computation placed near data sources and users: edge/fog/MEC architectures, computation offloading, on-device and TinyML inference, edge-cloud collaboration and split computing, IoT platforms as computing substrates, latency-critical edge services, edge caching and orchestration. Radio access and protocols are computer_networks; model compression as such is deep_learning_architectures or ai_accelerators.'3726  openalex_topics:3727  - id: T102733728    weight: 1.03729    note: IoT and edge/fog computing (offloading, MEC, edge AI)3730  - id: T130383731    weight: 0.63732    note: Internet of Things and AI3733  - id: T120793734    weight: 0.43735    note: IoT networks and protocols3736  - id: T134203737    weight: 0.33738    note: Arduino and IoT applications3739  - id: T135353740    weight: 0.33741    note: wireless sensor networks and IoT3742  - id: T135413743    weight: 0.33744    note: IoT-based control systems3745  - id: T139243746    weight: 0.33747    note: IoT and social network interactions3748  - id: T100803749    weight: 0.33750    note: energy-efficient wireless sensor networks3751  - id: T101013752    weight: 0.23753    note: cloud computing (cloud-edge)3754  - id: T124063755    weight: 0.23756    note: IoT and GPS vehicle safety3757  - id: T109043758    weight: 0.13759    note: embedded systems design3760  - id: T139183761    weight: 0.33762    note: advanced data and IoT technologies3763  - id: T117043764    weight: 0.23765    note: mobile crowdsensing3766  openalex_subfields: []3767  arxiv_categories:3768  - id: cs.DC3769    weight: 0.43770  - id: cs.NI3771    weight: 0.43772  - id: eess.SP3773    weight: 0.13774  - id: cs.AR3775    weight: 0.13776  dblp_streams:3777  - key: conf/sec3778    weight: 1.03779  - key: conf/iotdi3780    weight: 0.83781  - key: journals/iotj3782    weight: 0.63783  - key: journals/iot3784    weight: 0.63785  - key: conf/percom3786    weight: 0.63787  - key: conf/wf-iot3788    weight: 0.63789  - key: conf/ithings3790    weight: 0.53791  - key: conf/uic3792    weight: 0.43793  - key: conf/mobisys3794    weight: 0.43795  - key: conf/sensys3796    weight: 0.43797  - key: conf/ipsn3798    weight: 0.43799  - key: conf/ewsn3800    weight: 0.43801  - key: journals/ijdsn3802    weight: 0.43803  - key: conf/dasc3804    weight: 0.33805  - key: journals/tmc3806    weight: 0.33807  - key: journals/tcc3808    weight: 0.33809  - key: journals/fgcs3810    weight: 0.33811  - key: journals/ett3812    weight: 0.33813  - key: journals/jnca3814    weight: 0.33815  - key: journals/tecs3816    weight: 0.33817  - key: conf/aina3818    weight: 0.33819  - key: conf/infocom3820    weight: 0.23821  - key: journals/tnsm3822    weight: 0.23823  - key: journals/tii3824    weight: 0.23825  - key: conf/icdcs3826    weight: 0.23827  - key: conf/hpcc3828    weight: 0.23829  - key: conf/ispa3830    weight: 0.23831  - key: journals/tvt3832    weight: 0.13833  - key: journals/jsac3834    weight: 0.13835  - key: journals/ton3836    weight: 0.13837  - key: conf/ieeesensors3838    weight: 0.13839  - key: journals/sensors3840    weight: 0.13841  - key: journals/tgcn3842    weight: 0.23843  - key: journals/tccn3844    weight: 0.13845  - key: journals/wc3846    weight: 0.23847  - key: journals/network3848    weight: 0.23849  - key: conf/metroi3850    weight: 0.33851  - key: journals/tnse3852    weight: 0.13853  keywords:3854  - pattern: (?i)\b(edge|fog|mist|mobile[- ]edge|multi-?access edge|edge-?cloud|cloud-?edge|device-?edge-?cloud|edge-?to-?cloud|far[- ]edge|cloudlet|vehicular edge|satellite edge|serverless edge) (computing|intelligence|AI|inference|servers?|nodes?|devices?|deployment|caching|offloading|learning|networks?|resources?|orchestration|analytics|clusters?|platforms?|services?|applications?|continuum|infrastructures?|data ?cent(er|re)s?|scheduling|placement|training|LLMs?)\b|\bMEC\b|\bcloudlets?\b3855    weight: 1.03856    field: both3857  - pattern: (?i)\b(computation(al)?|task|workload|service|DNN|inference|model|function) offloading\b|\boffloading (decisions?|strategies|policies|schemes?)\b3858    weight: 1.03859    field: both3860  - pattern: (?i)\b(on-?device (AI|inference|learning|training|machine learning|deep learning|LLMs?|language models?|processing)|TinyML|microcontrollers?|MCUs?\b|resource-?constrained (devices?|IoT|hardware|environments?)|embedded (AI|inference|deep learning|machine learning|neural)|IoT (devices?|edge|gateways?|platforms?|architectures?|applications?|systems?|analytics|middleware)|Internet of (Things|Vehicles|Medical Things|Everything)|IIoT|cyber-?physical systems?|CPS\b|digital twins?|smart (cities|homes?|factor(y|ies)|grids?|manufacturing|agriculture|buildings?|campus)|Industry 4\.0|AIoT)\b3861    weight: 0.73862    field: both3863  - pattern: (?i)\b(latency-?sensitive|latency-?critical|ultra-?low latency|edge-?native|edge (AI|ML)|split (computing|inference|learning)|early[- ]exit|model partitioning|DNN partitioning|collaborative (inference|edge)|device-?cloud (collaboration|synergy)|edge-?assisted|edge-?enabled|near-?user|in-?network computing|in-?situ processing|data locality at the edge|mobile cloud computing|MCC\b|cloudlets?|micro ?data ?cent(er|re)s?|service placement|application placement|container orchestration at the edge|KubeEdge|OpenFaaS|edge orchestrat)\b3864    weight: 0.83865    field: both3866  - pattern: (?i)\b(fog|edge|IoT|offload\w*|devices?|sensors?|gateways?)\b3867    weight: 0.33868    field: both3869  exclusions:3870  - (?is)^(?!.*(comput|offload|inference|IoT|device|server|latency|cloud|network|processing|deployment)).*\b(edge (detection|states?|modes?|effects?|dislocations?|plasma|localized|of (the|a) (wafer|chaos|cliff|forest|field|table|sample|crack|blade|flange))|band edge|leading edge|trailing edge|cutting-?edge|knife-?edge|edge (finishing|trimming|cracks?))\b3871  related:3872  - cloud_computing3873  - computer_networks3874  - federated_learning3875  - ai_accelerators3876  - sustainable_computing3877  - robotics3878  - distributed_computing3879  parent_of: []3880  child_of:3881  - distributed_computing3882  provenance: T10273 keywords list edge computing, fog computing, MEC, task offloading, edge AI; IoT topics (1705, 1710, 2208) included at 0.3-0.6 because IoT papers often treat edge placement. SEC and IoTDI are the dedicated streams; IoT-J and PerCom partial. Geometric/physics senses of 'edge' vetoed when no computing term co-occurs.3883- id: computer_networks3884  number: 253885  name: Computer Networks3886  area: data_distributed3887  definition: 'Design, protocols, measurement and performance of communication networks: Internet architecture and transport, routing, wireless and mobile networks, 5G/6G and software-defined networking, network management, sensor and vehicular networks, content delivery and caching, network coding and information theory applied to networking. Physical-layer signal processing is included only when framed as networking.'3888  openalex_topics:3889  - id: T101383890    weight: 1.03891    note: network traffic and congestion control3892  - id: T102463893    weight: 1.03894    note: mobile ad hoc networks3895  - id: T105753896    weight: 1.03897    note: wireless communication networks research3898  - id: T107143899    weight: 1.03900    note: software-defined networks and 5G3901  - id: T111583902    weight: 1.03903    note: wireless networks and protocols3904  - id: T114783905    weight: 1.03906    note: caching and content delivery3907  - id: T118963908    weight: 1.03909    note: opportunistic and delay-tolerant networks3910  - id: T135533911    weight: 1.03912    note: age of information optimization3913  - id: T107613914    weight: 1.03915    note: vehicular ad hoc networks3916  - id: T123263917    weight: 0.93918    note: network packet processing3919  - id: T106513920    weight: 0.93921    note: IPv6, mobility, handover, networks, security3922  - id: T100803923    weight: 0.83924    note: energy-efficient wireless sensor networks3925  - id: T105793926    weight: 0.83927    note: cognitive radio networks and spectrum sensing3928  - id: T107963929    weight: 0.83930    note: cooperative communication and network coding3931  - id: T128013932    weight: 0.83933    note: Bluetooth and wireless technologies3934  - id: T114093935    weight: 0.83936    note: advanced wireless network optimization3937  - id: T120793938    weight: 0.83939    note: IoT networks and protocols3940  - id: T102323941    weight: 0.73942    note: optical network technologies3943  - id: T108473944    weight: 0.73945    note: advanced optical network technologies3946  - id: T122033947    weight: 0.63948    note: mobile agent-based network management3949  - id: T114983950    weight: 0.63951    note: security in wireless sensor networks3952  - id: T101253953    weight: 0.63954    note: advanced wireless communication techniques3955  - id: T119323956    weight: 0.63957    note: wireless body area networks3958  - id: T135353959    weight: 0.63960    note: wireless sensor networks and IoT3961  - id: T104003962    weight: 0.53963    note: network security and intrusion detection3964  - id: T108293965    weight: 0.53966    note: interconnection networks3967  - id: T107423968    weight: 0.53969    note: peer-to-peer networks3970  - id: T128793971    weight: 0.53972    note: distributed sensor networks and detection3973  - id: T143533974    weight: 0.53975    note: wireless sensor networks for data analysis3976  - id: T122163977    weight: 0.53978    note: network time synchronization3979  - id: T115983980    weight: 0.53981    note: Internet traffic analysis3982  - id: T120423983    weight: 0.53984    note: satellite communication systems3985  - id: T113213986    weight: 0.53987    note: error-correcting code techniques3988  - id: T114583989    weight: 0.53990    note: advanced wireless communication technologies3991  - id: T113923992    weight: 0.53993    note: energy harvesting in wireless networks3994  - id: T127913995    weight: 0.53996    note: full-duplex wireless3997  - id: T109643998    weight: 0.53999    note: wireless communication security4000  - id: T101484001    weight: 0.44002    note: advanced MIMO systems4003  - id: T108514004    weight: 0.44005    note: optical wireless communication4006  - id: T121314007    weight: 0.44008    note: wireless signal modulation classification4009  - id: T111304010    weight: 0.34011    note: coding theory and cryptography4012  - id: T107114013    weight: 0.34014    note: target tracking and data fusion in sensor networks4015  - id: T102734016    weight: 0.34017    note: IoT and edge/fog computing4018  - id: T117974019    weight: 0.34020    note: graph theory and CDMA systems4021  - id: T107674022    weight: 0.34023    note: advanced photonic communication systems4024  openalex_subfields:4025  - id: 17054026    weight: 0.34027  arxiv_categories:4028  - id: cs.NI4029    weight: 1.04030  - id: cs.IT4031    weight: 0.54032  - id: math.IT4033    weight: 0.54034  - id: eess.SP4035    weight: 0.34036  dblp_streams:4037  - key: journals/ton4038    weight: 1.04039  - key: journals/cn4040    weight: 1.04041  - key: journals/tmc4042    weight: 1.04043  - key: conf/infocom4044    weight: 1.04045  - key: conf/sigcomm4046    weight: 1.04047  - key: conf/conext4048    weight: 1.04049  - key: conf/imc4050    weight: 1.04051  - key: conf/mobihoc4052    weight: 1.04053  - key: conf/wowmom4054    weight: 1.04055  - key: conf/lcn4056    weight: 1.04057  - key: conf/icnp4058    weight: 1.04059  - key: conf/mobicom4060    weight: 1.04061  - key: conf/ewsn4062    weight: 1.04063  - key: conf/mass4064    weight: 1.04065  - key: conf/icc4066    weight: 1.04067  - key: conf/globecom4068    weight: 1.04069  - key: conf/wcnc4070    weight: 1.04071  - key: conf/pimrc4072    weight: 1.04073  - key: journals/tnsm4074    weight: 1.04075  - key: journals/comcom4076    weight: 1.04077  - key: journals/winet4078    weight: 1.04079  - key: journals/adhoc4080    weight: 1.04081  - key: journals/wpc4082    weight: 1.04083  - key: journals/network4084    weight: 1.04085  - key: journals/cm4086    weight: 1.04087  - key: journals/comsur4088    weight: 1.04089  - key: journals/wc4090    weight: 1.04091  - key: journals/ijcomsys4092    weight: 1.04093  - key: journals/tccn4094    weight: 1.04095  - key: journals/monet4096    weight: 1.04097  - key: journals/ejwcn4098    weight: 1.04099  - key: journals/telsys4100    weight: 1.04101  - key: journals/wicomm4102    weight: 1.04103  - key: conf/noms4104    weight: 1.04105  - key: conf/iwcmc4106    weight: 1.04107  - key: conf/ccnc4108    weight: 1.04109  - key: conf/comsnets4110    weight: 1.04111  - key: conf/icoin4112    weight: 1.04113  - key: conf/icccn4114    weight: 1.04115  - key: conf/iscc4116    weight: 1.04117  - key: conf/eucnc4118    weight: 1.04119  - key: journals/rfc4120    weight: 1.04121  - key: conf/nsdi4122    weight: 0.84123  - key: conf/ipsn4124    weight: 0.84125  - key: conf/vtc4126    weight: 0.84127  - key: journals/jsac4128    weight: 0.84129  - key: journals/tcom4130    weight: 0.84131  - key: journals/twc4132    weight: 0.84133  - key: journals/jnca4134    weight: 0.84135  - key: journals/icl4136    weight: 0.84137  - key: journals/wcl4138    weight: 0.84139  - key: journals/iet-com4140    weight: 0.84141  - key: journals/ieicet4142    weight: 0.84143  - key: journals/ett4144    weight: 0.84145  - key: journals/phycomm4146    weight: 0.84147  - key: journals/ojcs4148    weight: 0.84149  - key: conf/wcsp4150    weight: 0.84151  - key: journals/ieicetb4152    weight: 0.84153  - key: journals/jocn4154    weight: 0.84155  - key: conf/IEEEants4156    weight: 0.84157  - key: conf/isncc4158    weight: 0.84159  - key: conf/iccchina4160    weight: 0.84161  - key: conf/mobisys4162    weight: 0.74163  - key: conf/sensys4164    weight: 0.74165  - key: journals/fi4166    weight: 0.74167  - key: journals/ijdsn4168    weight: 0.74169  - key: conf/milcom4170    weight: 0.74171  - key: journals/tvt4172    weight: 0.64173  - key: journals/iotj4174    weight: 0.64175  - key: journals/tnse4176    weight: 0.64177  - key: journals/tgcn4178    weight: 0.64179  - key: conf/icton4180    weight: 0.64181  - key: journals/ppna4182    weight: 0.64183  - key: journals/iot4184    weight: 0.64185  - key: conf/icct4186    weight: 0.64187  - key: conf/bmsb4188    weight: 0.64189  - key: conf/spawc4190    weight: 0.64191  - key: journals/tit4192    weight: 0.54193  - key: conf/isit4194    weight: 0.54195  - key: conf/ofc4196    weight: 0.54197  - key: conf/ecoc4198    weight: 0.54199  - key: journals/mis4200    weight: 0.54201  - key: conf/icccnt4202    weight: 0.54203  - key: conf/ictc4204    weight: 0.54205  - key: journals/itiis4206    weight: 0.54207  - key: journals/sensors4208    weight: 0.34209  - key: conf/acssc4210    weight: 0.34211  - key: journals/tsp4212    weight: 0.24213  - key: conf/itw4214    weight: 0.54215  - key: journals/entropy4216    weight: 0.14217  - key: conf/icact4218    weight: 0.54219  - key: journals/tetc4220    weight: 0.14221  - key: conf/percom4222    weight: 0.34223  - key: conf/wf-iot4224    weight: 0.44225  - key: journals/js4226    weight: 0.34227  - key: conf/ieeesensors4228    weight: 0.24229  keywords:4230  - pattern: (?i)\b(computer|wireless|mobile|cellular|vehicular|sensor|ad[- ]hoc|mesh|satellite|optical|software-?defined|data ?cent(er|re)|core|access|backbone|overlay|delay-?tolerant|body area|underwater|LoRa(WAN)?|5G|6G|NB-?IoT|LTE|Wi-?Fi|IP|content-?centric|named data|information-?centric|non-?terrestrial|integrated|heterogeneous|programmable|intent-?based|self-?driving|zero-?touch|open radio access|radio access|time-?sensitive|deterministic|in-?vehicle|home|campus|enterprise|wide area|local area|personal area|low-?power wide|multi-?hop|peer-?to-?peer) networks?\b|\bnetworking\b4231    weight: 1.04232    field: both4233  - pattern: (?i)\b(TCP|UDP|QUIC|BGP|OSPF|IPv[46]|MPTCP|routing (protocols?|algorithms?|tables?)|congestion control|packet (loss|scheduling|processing|classification|forwarding|switching|headers?)|MAC (protocols?|layer)|medium access control|network (protocols?|topolog(y|ies)|slicing|function virtuali[sz]ation|measurement|traffic|management|coding|calculus|simulation|emulation|performance|planning|operators?|infrastructure|stack|layers?|devices?|interfaces?|cards?|services?|automation|digital twins?|telemetry|monitoring|tomography|utility|economics)|NFV\b|SDN\b|OpenFlow|P4\b|programmable (switches|data planes?)|data plane|control plane|traffic (engineering|classification|prediction|shaping|analysis)|quality of service|QoS\b|QoE\b|throughput|end-?to-?end (delay|latency)|bandwidth allocation|spectrum (sharing|allocation|sensing|management)|channel (allocation|assignment|access)|beamforming|MIMO|massive MIMO|OFDM(A)?|NOMA|RIS-?(aided|assisted)|reconfigurable intelligent surfaces?|mmWave|millimeter[-4234      ]wave|THz communications?|channel estimation|resource allocation (in|for) (wireless|cellular|5G|6G|networks?)|handover|handoff|base stations?|small cells|user equipment|O-?RAN|Open RAN|RAN\b|Wi-?Fi|802\.11|802\.15|Bluetooth|BLE\b|Zigbee|LTE|5G NR|NR\b|age of information|AoI\b|URLLC|eMBB|mMTC|network (densification|coverage)|cell-?free|D2D\b|device-?to-?device|V2X|V2V|vehicular communications?|CDN\b|content delivery|edge caching|multicast|anycast|DNS\b|CDNs?|middleboxes?|NAT\b|firewalls? (rules|placement)|DDoS mitigation at|interdomain|AS-?level|Internet (measurement|topology|routing|architecture|protocols?|traffic|outages?|censorship|of Things)|RTT\b|jitter|bufferbloat|active queue management|flow (scheduling|completion time|tables?)|load balancing in (data ?cent|networks?)|RDMA networks?|InfiniBand|optical (networks?|switching|transport|access)|PON\b|passive optical|wavelength (division|assignment)|WDM|free-?space optical|visible light communication|VLC\b|LiFi|underwater (acoustic|communication)|satellite4235      (networks?|communications?|constellations?)|LEO (satellite|constellation)|UAV (networks?|communications?|relays?)|network (security|intrusion) in|wireless (security|jamming|eavesdropping)|physical layer security|cross-?layer|protocol (design|stack|verification))\b4236    weight: 0.94237    field: both4238  - pattern: (?i)\b(information theory|channel capacity|coding theorem|error[- ]correcting codes?|channel codes?|LDPC|polar codes?|turbo codes?|rate-?distortion|source coding|network coding|index coding|coded caching|compressed sensing for|Shannon|mutual information bounds|outage probability|ergodic capacity|secrecy capacity|wiretap)\b4239    weight: 0.64240    field: both4241  - pattern: (?i)\b(intrusion detection|DDoS|network security|anomaly detection in network|botnets?|traffic anomaly)\b4242    weight: 0.44243    field: both4244  - pattern: (?i)(?<!neural )(?<!Neural )(?<!social )(?<!Social )(?<!citation )(?<!graph neural )(?<!Bayesian )(?<!bayesian )(?<!regulatory )(?<!gene )(?<!road )(?<!power )(?<!supply )(?<!transport )(?<!transportation )(?<!water )(?<!brain )\b(networks?|Internet|wireless|protocols?|routing|packets?|latency|bandwidth|antennas?|transceivers?|links?|channels?|relays?)\b4245    weight: 0.24246    field: both4247  exclusions: []4248  related:4249  - distributed_computing4250  - edge_computing4251  - cybersecurity4252  - cloud_computing4253  - applied_cryptography4254  parent_of: []4255  child_of: []4256  provenance: 43 topics of OpenAlex subfield 1705 reviewed (networking ones at 0.5-1.0, non-networking ones such as T13745 media studies or T11187 nonlinear dynamics left unmapped) plus Engineering 2208 wireless/optical topics at 0.3-0.8. ToN/CN/TMC/INFOCOM/SIGCOMM/CoNEXT/IMC/MobiHoc pure; ICC/GLOBECOM/WCNC/PIMRC counted as networking venues although they also carry physical-layer work.4257- id: cybersecurity4258  number: 264259  name: Cybersecurity4260  area: security_privacy4261  definition: 'Protecting computing systems, networks, software and users from attack: vulnerability discovery and exploitation, malware and intrusion detection, authentication and access control, system and hardware security, web and mobile security, digital forensics, security of AI systems, security operations and human factors of security. Cryptographic primitives and protocols are applied_cryptography; data-protection techniques are privacy_preserving_computation.'4262  openalex_topics:4263  - id: T104004264    weight: 1.04265    note: network security and intrusion detection4266  - id: T107344267    weight: 1.04268    note: information and cyber security4269  - id: T139834270    weight: 1.04271    note: cybersecurity and information systems4272  - id: T112414273    weight: 1.04274    note: advanced malware detection4275  - id: T116444276    weight: 1.04277    note: spam and phishing detection4278  - id: T124794279    weight: 1.04280    note: web application security vulnerabilities4281  - id: T120344282    weight: 1.04283    note: digital and cyber forensics4284  - id: T118004285    weight: 0.94286    note: user authentication and security systems4287  - id: T114244288    weight: 0.84289    note: security and verification in computing (TEEs, OS security)4290  - id: T125194291    weight: 0.84292    note: cybercrime and law enforcement4293  - id: T121224294    weight: 0.74295    note: PUFs and hardware security4296  - id: T114984297    weight: 0.74298    note: security in wireless sensor networks4299  - id: T122214300    weight: 0.74301    note: cybersecurity and cyber warfare studies4302  - id: T115044303    weight: 0.64304    note: advanced authentication protocols4305  - id: T116144306    weight: 0.64307    note: cloud data security4308  - id: T103884309    weight: 0.64310    note: steganography and watermarking4311  - id: T109174312    weight: 0.64313    note: smart grid security and resilience4314  - id: T109644315    weight: 0.64316    note: wireless communication security4317  - id: T139994318    weight: 0.64319    note: digital rights management4320  - id: T108284321    weight: 0.64322    note: biometric identification and security4323  - id: T109274324    weight: 0.64325    note: access control and trust4326  - id: T102374327    weight: 0.54328    note: cryptography and data security4329  - id: T123574330    weight: 0.54331    note: digital media forensic detection4332  - id: T140424333    weight: 0.54334    note: technology and security systems4335  - id: T116894336    weight: 0.44337    note: adversarial robustness (ML security)4338  - id: T110454339    weight: 0.44340    note: privacy, security and data protection4341  - id: T115984342    weight: 0.44343    note: Internet traffic analysis and secure e-voting4344  - id: T109514345    weight: 0.44346    note: cryptographic implementations (side channels)4347  - id: T110174348    weight: 0.34349    note: chaos-based image encryption4350  - id: T129434351    weight: 0.34352    note: COVID-19 contact tracing4353  - id: T132704354    weight: 0.24355    note: QR code applications4356  - id: T102704357    weight: 0.24358    note: blockchain security4359  - id: T121314360    weight: 0.24361    note: wireless signal modulation classification (spectrum security)4362  - id: T115124363    weight: 0.34364    note: anomaly detection techniques (intrusion/fraud detection)4365  openalex_subfields: []4366  arxiv_categories:4367  - id: cs.CR4368    weight: 1.04369  dblp_streams:4370  - key: conf/ccs4371    weight: 1.04372  - key: conf/uss4373    weight: 1.04374  - key: conf/sp4375    weight: 1.04376  - key: conf/ndss4377    weight: 1.04378  - key: conf/esorics4379    weight: 1.04380  - key: conf/raid4381    weight: 1.04382  - key: conf/acsac4383    weight: 1.04384  - key: journals/tdsc4385    weight: 1.04386  - key: journals/compsec4387    weight: 1.04388  - key: journals/istr4389    weight: 1.04390  - key: journals/ijisec4391    weight: 1.04392  - key: journals/scn4393    weight: 1.04394  - key: conf/IEEEares4395    weight: 1.04396  - key: conf/eurosp4397    weight: 1.04398  - key: journals/jcs4399    weight: 1.04400  - key: conf/pst4401    weight: 1.04402  - key: journals/tifs4403    weight: 0.94404  - key: conf/trustcom4405    weight: 0.94406  - key: journals/dud4407    weight: 0.84408  - key: conf/icccsec4409    weight: 0.64410  - key: conf/dsn4411    weight: 0.54412  - key: journals/tches4413    weight: 0.54414  - key: conf/fc4415    weight: 0.54416  - key: journals/popets4417    weight: 0.44418  - key: conf/satml4419    weight: 0.44420  - key: journals/iacr4421    weight: 0.34422  - key: journals/cr4423    weight: 0.24424  - key: journals/tnsm4425    weight: 0.14426  - key: journals/tr4427    weight: 0.14428  keywords:4429  - pattern: (?i)\b(cyber-?security|information security|computer security|network security|systems? security|software security|web security|hardware security|mobile security|IoT security|cloud security|application security|security (vulnerabilit(y|ies)|analysis|evaluation|assessment|threats?|attacks?|flaws?|breaches?|incidents?|monitoring|operations?|awareness|polic(y|ies)|engineering|testing|protocols?|mechanisms?|guarantees|properties|controls?|risks?|requirements|patches?|advisories|researchers?|practitioners?|tools?|audits?|hardening|posture)|secure (systems?|software|coding|boot|enclaves?|hardware|communication|channels?|protocols?|messaging|design|by design|updates?|storage|execution))\b4430    weight: 1.04431    field: both4432  - pattern: (?i)\b(malware|ransomware|botnets?|phishing|spam (detection|filtering)|intrusion (detection|prevention|response)|IDS\b|IPS\b|NIDS|HIDS|DDoS|denial[- ]of[- ]service|exploits?|exploitation|zero-?day|vulnerabilit(y|ies)|CVE-?\d+|CWE\b|buffer overflows?|memory (safety|corruption|errors?) (bugs?|vulnerabilit)|use-?after-?free|ROP\b|return-?oriented|control-?flow (integrity|hijack)|CFI\b|side-?channel|Spectre|Meltdown|Rowhammer|cache (timing|attacks?)|fault injection attacks?|glitching|penetration testing|pentest|red team|blue team|threat (intelligence|hunting|model(ing|s)?|actors?|landscape)|attack (surface|graphs?|vectors?|trees?|scenarios?|detection|campaigns?)|APTs?\b|advanced persistent threats?|cyber-?attacks?|cyber ?threats?|cyber ?defen[cs]e|cyber ?warfare|cyber ?crime|cyber ?resilience|cyber ?range|forensics?|honeypots?|honeynets?|sandbox(ing)? (analysis|evasion)|binary (analysis|rewriting|hardening|lifting)|reverse engineering|firmware (analysis|security|rehosting)|supply[-4433      ]chain (attacks?|security)|SBOM|software bill of materials|dependency confusion|typosquatting|code injection|SQL injection|XSS\b|cross-?site|CSRF|clickjacking|browser (security|fingerprinting)|web tracking|ad fraud|click fraud|credential (stuffing|theft)|password (cracking|managers?|policies|strength)|account (takeover|hijacking)|SIM swap|social engineering|security (information and event|operations center)|SIEM|SOC\b|EDR\b|XDR\b|log-?based detection|anomaly-?based detection|signature-?based|evasion attacks?|obfuscation|packers?|deobfuscation|anti-?virus|endpoint (protection|security)|patch(ing)? (management|latency)|bug bount(y|ies)|responsible disclosure|CTF\b|capture the flag|ethical hacking|vulnerability (scanning|assessment|management|disclosure|discovery|detection|prediction)|exploit (generation|mitigation)|ASLR|stack canaries|secure (compilation|compilers?)|moving target defense|deception technology|cyber (insurance|risk)|ICS security|SCADA security|OT security|automotive security|CAN4434      bus (attacks?|intrusion)|drone (security|hijacking)|GPS spoofing|medical device security|smart contract (vulnerabilit|exploits?|attacks?)|DeFi (attacks?|exploits?)|rug pull|flash loan attacks?)\b4435    weight: 1.04436    field: both4437  - pattern: (?i)\b(authentication|access control|authori[sz]ation|identity (management|and access)|biometric (authentication|security|spoofing)|password(s|-based)?|multi-?factor|two-?factor|2FA|MFA\b|CAPTCHA|single sign-?on|SSO\b|OAuth|OpenID|FIDO2?|WebAuthn|passkeys?|zero[- ]trust|trusted execution environments?|TEEs?\b|SGX\b|TrustZone|SEV\b|TDX\b|confidential computing|remote attestation|PUFs?\b|physical(ly)? unclonable|hardware (trojans?|root of trust|security modules?)|HSMs?\b|TPM\b|secure (boot|element)|anti-?tamper|logic locking|IC (piracy|counterfeit)|RBAC|ABAC|capability-?based security|information flow (control|security)|non-?interference|sandboxing|isolation (mechanisms|boundaries)|privilege (escalation|separation)|least privilege|Android (permissions?|malware|security)|iOS security|app (permissions?|vetting|stores? security)|mobile (malware|banking trojans?))\b4438    weight: 0.84439    field: both4440  - pattern: (?i)\b(adversarial (attacks?|examples?|machine learning|ML)|backdoor(s|ed)?|trojan(ed|ing)? (models?|neural)|data poisoning|model (stealing|inversion|extraction|hijacking)|membership inference|prompt injection|jailbreak(s|ing)?|LLM (security|attacks?)|AI security|security of (LLMs?|AI|machine learning|ML models?|deep learning)|ML-?based (intrusion|malware|anomaly) detection|deep learning for (security|malware|intrusion)|adversarial malware|evasion of (classifiers|detectors)|deepfake (detection|attacks?)|AI-?generated (phishing|malware)|LLM-?generated attacks?|agent (security|hijacking)|MCP security|tool poisoning)\b4441    weight: 0.84442    field: both4443  - pattern: (?i)\b(steganograph(y|ic)|steganalysis|watermark(ing|s)?|digital forensics?|memory forensics|disk forensics|network forensics|mobile forensics|anti-?forensics?|tamper(ing)? detection|image (forgery|manipulation) detection|provenance of media|C2PA|content authenticity|e-?voting security|election security|secure voting)\b4444    weight: 0.74445    field: both4446  - pattern: (?i)\b(security|secure|privacy|attack(s|ers?)?|adversar(y|ies|ial)|threats?|vulnerab\w+|malicious|exploit\w*|defen[cs]es?|mitigations?|detection of (attacks|intrusions)|trust(ed|worthy)?)\b4447    weight: 0.34448    field: both4449  exclusions:4450  - (?is)^(?!.*(cyber|computer|network|software|information security|system security|attack|malware|vulnerab|intrusion|authentication|cryptograph|encryption|access control|threat model)).*\b(food|energy|water|national|social|border|maritime|job|economic|financial|human|global|regional|international|homeland|tenure|livelihood|nutritional|health|supply|income|employment|housing|seed|climate|environmental|ontological|emotional|attachment|collective|state|public|private|military|defence|defense) security\b4451  related:4452  - applied_cryptography4453  - privacy_preserving_computation4454  - computer_networks4455  - ai_safety4456  - blockchain4457  - formal_verification4458  - operating_systems4459  - software_engineering4460  parent_of: []4461  child_of: []4462  provenance: '33 OpenAlex topics mapped: security topics of 1702, 1705, 1710, 1711, 1708 plus Social Sciences cyber-warfare, access control and data-protection topics at reduced weight. CCS/USENIX Security/S&P/NDSS/ESORICS/RAID/ACSAC/TDSC/Computers & Security pure; TIFS 0.9 (also media forensics); IACR ePrint 0.3 (mostly cryptography). The 1.0 keyword patterns require a computing qualifier; bare ''security'' is 0.3 and non-computing senses are vetoed when no computing term co-occurs.'4463- id: applied_cryptography4464  number: 274465  name: Applied Cryptography4466  area: security_privacy4467  definition: 'Design, analysis, implementation and deployment of cryptographic primitives and protocols: symmetric and public-key schemes, hash functions, signatures, key exchange, post-quantum cryptography, zero-knowledge proofs, secure multi-party computation and homomorphic encryption as primitives, cryptanalysis, side-channel-resistant implementations, cryptographic hardware, provable security, quantum key distribution. Deployment of these primitives for data protection is privacy_preserving_computation; ledgers are blockchain.'4468  openalex_topics:4469  - id: T102374470    weight: 1.04471    note: cryptography and data security4472  - id: T109514473    weight: 1.04474    note: cryptographic implementations and security4475  - id: T116934476    weight: 1.04477    note: cryptography and residue arithmetic4478  - id: T111304479    weight: 0.94480    note: coding theory and cryptography4481  - id: T110174482    weight: 0.74483    note: chaos-based image/signal encryption4484  - id: T100204485    weight: 0.54486    note: quantum information and cryptography4487  - id: T115044488    weight: 0.54489    note: advanced authentication protocols4490  - id: T116144491    weight: 0.44492    note: cloud data security (encrypted outsourcing)4493  - id: T121224494    weight: 0.44495    note: PUFs and hardware security4496  - id: T107644497    weight: 0.34498    note: privacy-preserving technologies (SMPC, HE)4499  - id: T102704500    weight: 0.34501    note: blockchain technology4502  - id: T118004503    weight: 0.34504    note: user authentication4505  - id: T113214506    weight: 0.24507    note: error-correcting codes4508  - id: T115984509    weight: 0.24510    note: secure e-voting4511  openalex_subfields: []4512  arxiv_categories:4513  - id: cs.CR4514    weight: 0.54515  - id: cs.IT4516    weight: 0.24517  - id: math.IT4518    weight: 0.24519  - id: quant-ph4520    weight: 0.14521  dblp_streams:4522  - key: journals/iacr4523    weight: 1.04524  - key: conf/crypto4525    weight: 1.04526  - key: conf/eurocrypt4527    weight: 1.04528  - key: conf/asiacrypt4529    weight: 1.04530  - key: conf/tcc4531    weight: 1.04532  - key: conf/pkc4533    weight: 1.04534  - key: journals/joc4535    weight: 1.04536  - key: journals/tches4537    weight: 1.04538  - key: journals/dcc4539    weight: 1.04540  - key: conf/fc4541    weight: 0.64542  - key: conf/ccs4543    weight: 0.44544  - key: conf/esorics4545    weight: 0.44546  - key: conf/uss4547    weight: 0.34548  - key: conf/sp4549    weight: 0.34550  - key: conf/ndss4551    weight: 0.34552  - key: journals/tifs4553    weight: 0.34554  - key: journals/ffa4555    weight: 0.34556  - key: journals/ijisec4557    weight: 0.34558  - key: journals/scn4559    weight: 0.34560  - key: journals/istr4561    weight: 0.34562  - key: journals/tit4563    weight: 0.24564  - key: journals/qip4565    weight: 0.24566  - key: journals/compsec4567    weight: 0.24568  - key: journals/cr4569    weight: 0.14570  - key: conf/isit4571    weight: 0.14572  - key: conf/eurosp4573    weight: 0.34574  - key: journals/tdsc4575    weight: 0.34576  - key: conf/IEEEares4577    weight: 0.24578  - key: conf/trustcom4579    weight: 0.24580  keywords:4581  - pattern: (?i)\bcryptograph(y|ic|ically|ers?)\b|\bcryptosystems?\b|\bcryptanaly(sis|tic|ses|ze|se)\b|\bcrypto(graphic)? (primitives?|schemes?|protocols?|libraries|implementations?|hardware|agility|standards?)\b4582    weight: 1.04583    field: both4584  - pattern: (?i)\b(encryption|decryption|encrypted|ciphers?|ciphertexts?|plaintexts?|digital signatures?|signature schemes?|public[- ]key|private[- ]key|secret[- ]key|symmetric[- ]key|asymmetric (encryption|cryptograph)|key (exchange|agreement|encapsulation|management|derivation|generation|distribution|recovery|schedule)|hash functions?|SHA-?(2|3|256|512)|BLAKE|AES\b|RSA\b|ECC\b|elliptic[- ]curves?|ECDSA|EdDSA|Ed25519|Curve25519|Diffie-?Hellman|discrete logarithm|lattice-?based|LWE\b|learning with errors|ring-?LWE|module-?LWE|NTRU|code-?based|McEliece|hash-?based signatures?|multivariate cryptograph|isogen(y|ies)|SIKE|CSIDH|post-?quantum|quantum-?resistant|quantum-?safe|PQC\b|Kyber|ML-?KEM|Dilithium|ML-?DSA|Falcon|SPHINCS|homomorphic|FHE\b|HE schemes?|zero-?knowledge|ZKPs?\b|zk-?SNARKs?|zk-?STARKs?|Bulletproofs|Groth16|PLONK|succinct (arguments?|proofs?)|secure multi-?party|MPC\b|secret sharing|Shamir|oblivious (transfer|RAM|PRF)|garbled circuits?|private set intersection|PSI\b|commitment4585      schemes?|identity-?based encryption|IBE\b|attribute-?based encryption|ABE\b|functional encryption|searchable encryption|proxy re-?encryption|authenticated encryption|AEAD|GCM\b|ChaCha20|Poly1305|MACs?\b|message authentication codes?|HMAC|block ciphers?|stream ciphers?|S-?boxes?|Feistel|substitution-?permutation|differential cryptanalysis|linear cryptanalysis|algebraic attacks?|meet-?in-?the-?middle|side-?channel (resistant|resistance|countermeasures?|attacks? on)|masking (schemes?|countermeasures?)|constant-?time|timing attacks? on|power analysis|DPA\b|CPA\b|electromagnetic analysis|fault attacks?|random oracle|standard model|provable security|security (proofs?|reductions?)|IND-?CCA|IND-?CPA|EUF-?CMA|UC (framework|security)|universal composability|cryptographic (protocols?|hardware|accelerators?)|TLS (1\.3)?|SSL\b|Signal protocol|double ratchet|end-?to-?end encrypt(ed|ion)|E2EE|secure messaging|password-?authenticated|PAKE|threshold (signatures?|cryptography|ECDSA|encryption)|multi-?signatures?|blind4586      signatures?|ring signatures?|group signatures?|verifiable (random functions?|delay functions?|computation|secret sharing|encryption)|VRFs?\b|VDFs?\b|PRFs?\b|pseudorandom (functions?|generators?|permutations?|number generators?)|TRNG|true random number|entropy source|key (escrow|rotation)|certificates?|PKI\b|certificate (transparency|authorities)|X\.509|HSM|white-?box cryptograph|lightweight cryptograph|ASCON|PRESENT cipher|SIMON|SPECK|cryptocurrency (wallets?|signatures?)|Schnorr|BLS signatures?|pairing-?based|bilinear pairings?|supersingular|format-?preserving|order-?preserving|deterministic encryption|tokeni[sz]ation of data)\b4587    weight: 1.04588    field: both4589  - pattern: (?i)\b(quantum key distribution|QKD\b|quantum cryptograph\w*|BB84|E91|quantum random number|quantum-?secure|device-?independent|quantum (money|signatures?|commitment|oblivious))\b4590    weight: 0.84591    field: both4592  - pattern: (?i)\b(finite fields?|Galois fields?|GF\(2\^|number[- ]theoretic|modular (arithmetic|exponentiation|multiplication|reduction)|Montgomery (multiplication|ladder|reduction)|residue number systems?|RNS\b|polynomial multiplication (for|in) (lattice|crypto|NTT)|NTT\b|number theoretic transform|Boolean functions? (nonlinearity|bent)|bent functions?|S-?box (design|construction)|coding theory|linear codes?|cyclic codes?|BCH|Reed-?Solomon|MDS codes?|secret sharing schemes?)\b4593    weight: 0.54594    field: both4595  - pattern: (?i)\b(chaotic|chaos-?based|hyper-?chaotic|DNA-?based) (image |signal |video |audio |data )?encryption\b|\bimage encryption\b|\bimage (scrambling|ciphering)\b4596    weight: 1.04597    field: both4598  - pattern: (?i)\b(encrypt\w*|decrypt\w*|keys?|signatures?|ciphers?|hashing|hashes|secrecy|confidentiality|integrity)\b4599    weight: 0.24600    field: both4601  exclusions: []4602  related:4603  - cybersecurity4604  - privacy_preserving_computation4605  - blockchain4606  - quantum_computing4607  - computational_complexity4608  - computer_architecture4609  parent_of: []4610  child_of: []4611  provenance: T10237/T10951/T11693/T11130 are the OpenAlex cryptography hosts; chaos-based image encryption (T11017) is a large applied sub-literature. IACR ePrint, CRYPTO/EUROCRYPT/ASIACRYPT/TCC/PKC, JoC, TCHES and DCC are pure venues.4612- id: blockchain4613  number: 284614  name: Blockchain Systems4615  area: security_privacy4616  definition: 'Distributed ledgers and the systems built on them: consensus for permissioned and permissionless chains, smart contracts and their security, scalability (sharding, layer-2, rollups), cryptocurrencies and DeFi mechanisms, blockchain applications and governance, measurement of blockchain ecosystems. Generic BFT consensus theory is shared with distributed_computing; primitives are applied_cryptography.'4617  openalex_topics:4618  - id: T102704619    weight: 1.04620    note: blockchain technology applications and security4621  - id: T139134622    weight: 0.84623    note: blockchain in education and learning4624  - id: T107424625    weight: 0.24626    note: peer-to-peer networks4627  - id: T107724628    weight: 0.24629    note: distributed systems and fault tolerance (BFT)4630  - id: T115984631    weight: 0.24632    note: secure e-voting4633  - id: T107644634    weight: 0.14635    note: privacy-preserving technologies4636  openalex_subfields: []4637  arxiv_categories:4638  - id: cs.CR4639    weight: 0.24640  - id: cs.DC4641    weight: 0.24642  - id: cs.GT4643    weight: 0.14644  dblp_streams:4645  - key: conf/blockchain4646    weight: 1.04647  - key: conf/icbc4648    weight: 1.04649  - key: conf/aft4650    weight: 1.04651  - key: conf/fc4652    weight: 0.74653  - key: conf/bpm4654    weight: 0.34655  - key: journals/jtaer4656    weight: 0.24657  - key: journals/fi4658    weight: 0.24659  - key: journals/ppna4660    weight: 0.24661  - key: conf/ccs4662    weight: 0.14663  - key: journals/tifs4664    weight: 0.14665  - key: journals/tdsc4666    weight: 0.14667  - key: journals/tnsm4668    weight: 0.14669  - key: journals/tsc4670    weight: 0.14671  - key: journals/tcss4672    weight: 0.14673  - key: journals/compsec4674    weight: 0.14675  - key: journals/itiis4676    weight: 0.14677  - key: journals/iotj4678    weight: 0.054679  - key: journals/tnse4680    weight: 0.14681  - key: conf/trustcom4682    weight: 0.24683  keywords:4684  - pattern: (?i)\bblock-?chains?\b|\bblockchain-?(based|enabled|powered)\b4685    weight: 1.04686    field: both4687  - pattern: (?i)\b(smart contracts?|distributed ledgers?|DLT\b|crypto-?currenc(y|ies)|Bitcoin|Ethereum|Solidity|EVM\b|Ethereum Virtual Machine|Hyperledger( Fabric)?|decentrali[sz]ed finance|DeFi\b|NFTs?\b|non-?fungible tokens?|proof[- ]of[- ](work|stake|authority|space|elapsed time|history|replication)|PoW\b|PoS\b|mining pools?|miners?|sharding (in|for|of) blockchain|layer[- ]2|rollups?|optimistic rollup|payment channels?|Lightning Network|cross-?chain|atomic swaps?|bridges? (between|across) (chains|blockchains)|decentrali[sz]ed (applications?|exchanges?|autonomous organi[sz]ations?|identity|storage networks?)|dApps?\b|DAOs?\b|Web3|tokenomics|token (economics|design)|MEV\b|maximal extractable value|front-?running|stablecoins?|central bank digital currenc|CBDCs?|zk-?rollups?|consensus (mechanisms?|protocols?|algorithms?) (for|in|of) (blockchain|permissioned|permissionless|ledgers?)|double-?spending|51% attacks?|selfish mining|transaction fees? (market|mechanism)|EIP-?1559|gas (fees?|optimi[sz]ation|costs?)|Merkle4688      (trees?|proofs?) for ledgers?|UTXO|wallets?|private keys? management for|oracles? (problem|for blockchain|networks?)|Chainlink|IPFS|Filecoin|Solana|Cardano|Polkadot|Cosmos SDK|Tendermint|Avalanche consensus|Algorand|Libra|Diem|Monero|Zcash|privacy coins?)\b4689    weight: 1.04690    field: both4691  - pattern: (?i)\b(Byzantine (fault[- ]toleran(t|ce)|agreement|consensus|generals)|BFT\b|PBFT|HotStuff|Nakamoto consensus|longest-?chain|GHOST protocol|DAG-?based (consensus|ledgers?)|hashgraph|IOTA|Tangle)\b4692    weight: 0.84693    field: both4694  - pattern: (?i)\b(decentrali[sz]ed|decentrali[sz]ation|immutable (ledgers?|records?)|tamper-?proof|tamper-?evident|trustless|permissioned|permissionless|ledgers?|tokens?|crypto(-?assets?)?)\b4695    weight: 0.44696    field: both4697  exclusions:4698  - (?is)^(?!.*(blockchain|ledger|smart contract|cryptocurrenc|Bitcoin|Ethereum|consensus|decentrali)).*\b(block chains? of|blocks? of (amino|residues|carbon|polymers?))\b4699  related:4700  - applied_cryptography4701  - distributed_computing4702  - cybersecurity4703  - privacy_preserving_computation4704  - computer_networks4705  parent_of: []4706  child_of: []4707  provenance: T10270 (168k works) is the OpenAlex blockchain topic and is sufficient alone; T13913 covers educational applications. BLOCKCHAIN/ICBC/AFT pure, FC 0.7; 'blockchain' is an unambiguous 1.0 keyword.4708- id: computer_architecture4709  number: 294710  name: Computer Architecture4711  area: hardware_emerging4712  definition: 'Organisation and design of processors, memory systems and digital hardware: microarchitecture, caches and memory hierarchies, interconnects and networks-on-chip, FPGAs and reconfigurable computing, embedded and real-time systems, hardware/software co-design, electronic design automation, VLSI and low-power design, processing-in-memory. Accelerators specialised for ML are ai_accelerators (a child); kernels are operating_systems.'4713  openalex_topics:4714  - id: T109044715    weight: 1.04716    note: 'embedded systems design: FPGA, HLS, SoC, co-design'4717  - id: T115224718    weight: 1.04719    note: VLSI and FPGA design techniques4720  - id: T129414721    weight: 1.04722    note: embedded systems and FPGA design4723  - id: T132924724    weight: 1.04725    note: embedded systems and FPGA applications4726  - id: T100544727    weight: 0.84728    note: parallel computing and optimization (multi-core, GPU, processor architecture)4729  - id: T103634730    weight: 0.84731    note: low-power high-performance VLSI design4732  - id: T115274733    weight: 0.84734    note: 3D IC and TSV technologies4735  - id: T110324736    weight: 0.64737    note: VLSI and analog circuit testing4738  - id: T108294739    weight: 0.64740    note: interconnection networks and systems4741  - id: T105024742    weight: 0.64743    note: advanced memory and neural computing (RRAM, in-memory computing)4744  - id: T131824745    weight: 0.64746    note: quantum-dot cellular automata4747  - id: T109334748    weight: 0.54749    note: real-time systems scheduling4750  - id: T121224751    weight: 0.54752    note: PUFs and hardware security4753  - id: T111814754    weight: 0.54755    note: advanced data storage technologies (SSD, NVM)4756  - id: T140984757    weight: 0.44758    note: energy efficiency in computing4759  - id: T105584760    weight: 0.44761    note: semiconductor devices and circuit design4762  - id: T141174763    weight: 0.44764    note: IC and semiconductor failure analysis4765  - id: T123264766    weight: 0.34767    note: network packet processing (NICs, hardware)4768  - id: T103234769    weight: 0.34770    note: analog and mixed-signal circuit design4771  - id: T126114772    weight: 0.34773    note: reservoir and optical computing hardware4774  - id: T101874775    weight: 0.14776    note: RF integrated circuit design4777  openalex_subfields:4778  - id: 17084779    weight: 0.64780  arxiv_categories:4781  - id: cs.AR4782    weight: 1.04783  - id: cs.ET4784    weight: 0.34785  - id: cs.PF4786    weight: 0.34787  - id: cs.DC4788    weight: 0.14789  - id: cs.OS4790    weight: 0.14791  dblp_streams:4792  - key: conf/isca4793    weight: 1.04794  - key: conf/micro4795    weight: 1.04796  - key: conf/hpca4797    weight: 1.04798  - key: conf/asplos4799    weight: 1.04800  - key: journals/taco4801    weight: 1.04802  - key: conf/hotchips4803    weight: 1.04804  - key: journals/tc4805    weight: 0.84806  - key: journals/tcad4807    weight: 0.84808  - key: journals/tvlsi4809    weight: 0.84810  - key: conf/dac4811    weight: 0.84812  - key: conf/date4813    weight: 0.84814  - key: conf/iccad4815    weight: 0.84816  - key: conf/iccad24817    weight: 0.84818  - key: conf/aspdac4819    weight: 0.84820  - key: journals/jsa4821    weight: 0.84822  - key: journals/mam4823    weight: 0.84824  - key: journals/tecs4825    weight: 0.84826  - key: conf/fccm4827    weight: 0.84828  - key: conf/fpga4829    weight: 0.84830  - key: conf/fpl4831    weight: 0.84832  - key: conf/fpt4833    weight: 0.84834  - key: journals/trets4835    weight: 0.84836  - key: conf/islped4837    weight: 0.84838  - key: conf/glvlsi4839    weight: 0.84840  - key: conf/rtss4841    weight: 0.74842  - key: conf/rtas4843    weight: 0.74844  - key: journals/integration4845    weight: 0.74846  - key: conf/isocc4847    weight: 0.64848  - key: journals/jssc4849    weight: 0.54850  - key: conf/isscc4851    weight: 0.54852  - key: journals/jcsc4853    weight: 0.54854  - key: journals/mj4855    weight: 0.44856  - key: conf/cicc4857    weight: 0.44858  - key: journals/tetc4859    weight: 0.44860  - key: conf/mlsys4861    weight: 0.44862  - key: conf/iscas4863    weight: 0.34864  - key: journals/tcasI4865    weight: 0.34866  - key: journals/tcasII4867    weight: 0.34868  - key: journals/tcas4869    weight: 0.34870  - key: conf/mwscas4871    weight: 0.34872  - key: conf/newcas4873    weight: 0.34874  - key: conf/irps4875    weight: 0.34876  - key: journals/ieiceee4877    weight: 0.34878  - key: conf/apccas4879    weight: 0.34880  - key: conf/icecsys4881    weight: 0.34882  - key: journals/tr4883    weight: 0.24884  - key: journals/tbcas4885    weight: 0.24886  - key: conf/sc4887    weight: 0.24888  - key: conf/ipps4889    weight: 0.24890  - key: journals/tpds4891    weight: 0.24892  - key: conf/ppopp4893    weight: 0.24894  - key: journals/ieicetd4895    weight: 0.24896  - key: journals/ieiceta4897    weight: 0.24898  - key: journals/tsusc4899    weight: 0.14900  - key: conf/dsn4901    weight: 0.24902  - key: journals/tetci4903    weight: 0.14904  - key: conf/biocas4905    weight: 0.24906  - key: journals/cee4907    weight: 0.24908  - key: journals/ijcta4909    weight: 0.24910  keywords:4911  - pattern: (?i)\b(computer|processor|micro-?|system|memory|cache|chip|hardware|GPU|CPU|accelerator|multi-?core|many-?core|heterogeneous|domain-?specific|RISC-?V|dataflow|von Neumann|non-?von-?Neumann|SIMD|vector|VLIW|superscalar|in-?order|out-?of-?order|chiplet|reconfigurable|FPGA|SoC|NoC|storage|SSD|DRAM|NVM|server|cluster|interconnect|network-?on-?chip|tiled|spatial|CGRA|TPU|NPU|neuromorphic|quantum computer|instruction[- ]set|ISA|microprocessor|embedded|real-?time|automotive|avionics|safety-?critical) architectures?\b|\bmicro-?architectur\w*\b|\barchitectural (support|simulation|exploration|design|vulnerabilit|side)\b4912    weight: 1.04913    field: both4914  - pattern: (?i)\b(branch predict(ion|ors?)|out-?of-?order (execution|cores?)|speculative execution|instruction[- ]level parallelism|ILP\b|SIMD\b|vector (processors?|extensions?|units?|ISAs?)|AVX-?\d*|SVE\b|pipelin(ing|ed) (processors?|datapaths?)|cache (hierarch(y|ies)|coherence|replacement|partitioning|misses?|side[- ]channels?|compression|prefetch)|prefetch(ing|ers?)|memory (hierarch(y|ies)|controllers?|bandwidth|subsystems?|consistency|wall|disaggregation|expansion|pooling|compression|encryption hardware|scheduling)|DRAM|HBM\d?\b|high-?bandwidth memory|NVM\b|non-?volatile memor(y|ies)|persistent memory|Optane|processing-?in-?memory|PIM\b|near-?(data|memory) (processing|computing)|in-?memory computing|compute-?in-?memory|CIM\b|network-?on-?chip|NoCs?\b|on-?chip (networks?|interconnects?|memory)|interconnects?|chiplets?|3D (ICs?|stacking|integration)|2\.5D|TSVs?\b|FPGAs?\b|field-?programmable gate|reconfigurable (computing|hardware|architectures?|logic)|CGRAs?\b|coarse-?grained reconfigurable|high-?level4915      synthesis|HLS\b|hardware/software co-?design|hardware-?software co-?design|HW/SW|RTL\b|register-?transfer level|Verilog|SystemVerilog|VHDL|SystemC|Chisel|Bluespec|logic synthesis|physical design|placement and routing|place[- ]and[- ]route|floorplan|timing (analysis|closure)|clock (tree|domain|gating)|design space exploration|DSE\b|system-?on-?chip|SoCs?\b|MPSoCs?|ASICs?\b|VLSI|CMOS (design|circuits?|scaling)|low-?power (design|architectures?|processors?)|DVFS|dynamic voltage|power gating|thermal (management|throttling)|dark silicon|RISC-?V|x86|ARM (Cortex|processors?|cores?|architecture)|AArch64|ISA (extensions?|design)|instruction set|custom instructions?|gem5|SimpleScalar|cycle-?accurate|performance (counters?|modeling|evaluation|analysis) of (processors?|architectures?|hardware|GPUs?)|roofline|memory-?bound|compute-?bound|TLB\b|virtual memory hardware|page walks?|hardware (prefetch|transactional|accelerat|support for|implementation|design|description|security|trojans?|verification|emulation|simulation)|GPU4916      (architecture|microarchitecture|warps?|SMs?|streaming multiprocessors?)|warp scheduling|tensor cores?|SRAM|eDRAM|scratchpad|systolic|dataflow (architectures?|accelerators?|execution)|spatial (architectures?|accelerators?)|wafer-?scale|photonic interconnects?|optical interconnects?|silicon photonics for computing|superconducting (logic|electronics|computing)|cryogenic (CMOS|computing)|stochastic computing|approximate (computing|arithmetic|adders?|multipliers?)|arithmetic (units?|circuits?)|floating-?point units?|FPUs?\b|multipliers?|adders?|ALUs?\b|bit-?serial|number (formats?|representations?) for hardware|posit arithmetic|bfloat16|logic (gates?|circuits?) design|fault-?tolerant (hardware|architectures?)|soft errors?|radiation-?hardened|ECC memory|chip (design|multiprocessors?|area|yield)|die (area|size)|tape-?out|foundry|EDA\b|electronic design automation|hardware (fuzzing|verification|testing)|design for test|DFT\b|scan chains?|built-?in self-?test|BIST\b|ATPG|hardware emulation|prototyping4917      on FPGA)\b4918    weight: 1.04919    field: both4920  - pattern: (?i)\b(embedded systems?|real-?time (systems?|scheduling|operating|embedded|tasks?|guarantees)|worst-?case execution time|WCET|schedulability|cyber-?physical|automotive (software|systems|ECUs?|electronics)|avionics|mixed-?criticality|time-?triggered|AUTOSAR|microcontrollers?|MCUs?\b|SoC (design|integration)|firmware|bare-?metal|energy harvesting (devices|systems|computing)|intermittent computing|wearable (electronics|hardware)|sensor nodes? (hardware|design))\b4921    weight: 0.84922    field: both4923  - pattern: (?i)\b(hardware|chips?|processors?|CPUs?|GPUs?|silicon|circuits?|transistors?|semiconductors?|cores?|caches?|memory|latency|throughput|energy efficiency|power consumption|area overhead)\b4924    weight: 0.34925    field: both4926  exclusions:4927  - (?is)^(?!.*(processor|chip|hardware|FPGA|VLSI|circuit|memory|cache|silicon|microarchitect|embedded|SoC|ASIC|CMOS|GPU|CPU|RISC|instruction)).*\b(software|enterprise|information|network|service-?oriented|microservices?|cloud|data|security|landscape|naval|urban|building|brand|organi[sz]ational|business|blockchain|neural network|transformer|model|protocol|Internet|web|application|system|solution|reference|deep learning|learning|algorithm|choice|financial|market) architectures?\b4928  related:4929  - ai_accelerators4930  - operating_systems4931  - compilers4932  - sustainable_computing4933  - quantum_computing4934  - distributed_computing4935  - cybersecurity4936  parent_of:4937  - ai_accelerators4938  child_of: []4939  provenance: OpenAlex 1708 (Hardware and Architecture) has 8 topics, all reviewed; architecture work also lives in Engineering 2207/2208 (FPGA, VLSI, 3D IC) and T10054. ISCA/MICRO/HPCA/ASPLOS/TACO/Hot Chips pure; EDA venues 0.8; circuits venues 0.3-0.5. Non-hardware senses of 'architecture' are vetoed when no hardware term co-occurs.4940- id: ai_accelerators4941  number: 304942  name: Accelerators and AI Hardware4943  area: hardware_emerging4944  definition: 'Hardware and hardware-aware software for efficient machine-learning computation: GPU/TPU/NPU design and programming, ASIC and FPGA DNN accelerators, neuromorphic and spiking hardware, in-memory and analog/photonic computing for AI, quantisation and sparsity exploited by hardware, efficient LLM inference and serving systems, ML compilers'' hardware mapping, benchmarks such as MLPerf. A child of computer_architecture.'4945  openalex_topics:4946  - id: T105024947    weight: 1.04948    note: 'advanced memory and neural computing: memristors, neuromorphic hardware, in-memory computing'4949  - id: T126114950    weight: 0.84951    note: 'neural networks and reservoir computing: optical/photonic neural networks'4952  - id: T109044953    weight: 0.54954    note: 'embedded systems design: hardware accelerators, HLS'4955  - id: T100544956    weight: 0.34957    note: 'parallel computing: GPU computing, CUDA'4958  - id: T100364959    weight: 0.34960    note: 'advanced neural network applications: model compression, lightweight networks'4961  - id: T115224962    weight: 0.34963    note: VLSI and FPGA design4964  - id: T129414965    weight: 0.34966    note: embedded systems and FPGA design4967  - id: T132924968    weight: 0.34969    note: embedded systems and FPGA applications4970  - id: T103634971    weight: 0.34972    note: low-power VLSI design4973  - id: T131824974    weight: 0.24975    note: quantum-dot cellular automata4976  - id: T103204977    weight: 0.24978    note: neural networks (hardware implementation)4979  openalex_subfields: []4980  arxiv_categories:4981  - id: cs.AR4982    weight: 0.64983  - id: cs.ET4984    weight: 0.54985  - id: cs.NE4986    weight: 0.24987  - id: cs.LG4988    weight: 0.14989  - id: cs.DC4990    weight: 0.14991  dblp_streams:4992  - key: conf/mlsys4993    weight: 1.04994  - key: conf/hotchips4995    weight: 0.64996  - key: conf/isca4997    weight: 0.54998  - key: conf/micro4999    weight: 0.55000  - key: conf/hpca5001    weight: 0.55002  - key: conf/fccm5003    weight: 0.55004  - key: conf/fpga5005    weight: 0.55006  - key: conf/asplos5007    weight: 0.45008  - key: conf/dac5009    weight: 0.45010  - key: conf/iccad5011    weight: 0.45012  - key: conf/iccad25013    weight: 0.45014  - key: conf/fpl5015    weight: 0.45016  - key: journals/taco5017    weight: 0.45018  - key: conf/isscc5019    weight: 0.45020  - key: conf/islped5021    weight: 0.45022  - key: journals/trets5023    weight: 0.45024  - key: conf/date5025    weight: 0.35026  - key: journals/tcad5027    weight: 0.35028  - key: journals/tvlsi5029    weight: 0.35030  - key: journals/tc5031    weight: 0.35032  - key: journals/tecs5033    weight: 0.35034  - key: journals/jsa5035    weight: 0.35036  - key: journals/jssc5037    weight: 0.35038  - key: conf/aspdac5039    weight: 0.35040  - key: journals/mam5041    weight: 0.35042  - key: journals/tetc5043    weight: 0.35044  - key: conf/glvlsi5045    weight: 0.35046  - key: conf/biocas5047    weight: 0.35048  - key: conf/sc5049    weight: 0.35050  - key: journals/tetci5051    weight: 0.25052  - key: journals/tcasI5053    weight: 0.25054  - key: journals/tbcas5055    weight: 0.25056  - key: conf/iscas5057    weight: 0.25058  - key: conf/ipps5059    weight: 0.25060  - key: conf/ppopp5061    weight: 0.25062  - key: journals/tpds5063    weight: 0.25064  - key: journals/aisy5065    weight: 0.15066  - key: journals/natmi5067    weight: 0.15068  - key: journals/tnn5069    weight: 0.15070  - key: journals/jpdc5071    weight: 0.15072  - key: journals/ieiceee5073    weight: 0.15074  - key: conf/isocc5075    weight: 0.35076  - key: journals/integration5077    weight: 0.25078  - key: journals/ncs5079    weight: 0.15080  keywords:5081  - pattern: (?i)\b(AI|DNN|CNN|GNN|RNN|LSTM|neural[- ]network|deep[- ]learning|machine[- ]learning|ML|DL|inference|training|transformer|LLM|attention|tensor|matrix|GEMM|sparse|SNN|spiking|neuromorphic|photonic|optical|analog|in-?memory|PIM|RRAM|memristor|FPGA|ASIC|hardware|domain-?specific|systolic|dataflow|edge|energy-?efficient|low-?power|reconfigurable|custom|dedicated|specialized|GPU|convolution|graph processing|recommendation|embedding|vision|NLP|diffusion|generative) accelerat(or|ors|ion)\b|\baccelerator (design|architectures?|chips?)\b5082    weight: 1.05083    field: both5084  - pattern: (?i)\b(TPUs?\b|tensor processing units?|NPUs?\b|neural processing units?|IPUs?\b|systolic arrays?|tensor cores?|GPU (kernels?|programming|utili[sz]ation|clusters? for (training|inference)|scheduling for (DNN|ML|inference)|memory for (training|LLM))|CUDA (kernels?|cores?|programming|implementation|graphs?)|H100|H200|B200|A100|V100|GH200|GB200|NVIDIA (GPUs?|Hopper|Ampere|Blackwell|Volta|Jetson)|AMD (MI\d+|Instinct|ROCm)|Cerebras|Groq|Graphcore|Gaudi|Trainium|Inferentia|Apple Neural Engine|Jetson (Nano|Orin|Xavier)|Coral TPU|Edge TPU|Movidius|Loihi|TrueNorth|SpiNNaker|BrainScaleS|Tianjic|Eyeriss|DianNao|Cambricon|Hailo|Mythic|Lightmatter|Tenstorrent|SambaNova|Ascend 910|Kunlun|Hanguang)\b5085    weight: 1.05086    field: both5087  - pattern: (?i)\b(neuromorphic (computing|hardware|chips?|processors?|systems?|engineering|devices?|architectures?)|spiking neural networks? (hardware|accelerat|on-?chip|processors?|implementation)|SNN (hardware|accelerat|processors?)|memristive|memristors?|RRAM|ReRAM|PCM-?based (computing|synapses?)|FeFET|MRAM-?based computing|crossbar (arrays?|architectures?)|compute-?in-?memory|in-?memory computing|processing-?in-?memory|analog (computing|in-?memory|neural network hardware|AI chips?)|mixed-?signal (neural|AI)|photonic (computing|neural networks?|accelerat|processors?|tensor)|optical (neural networks?|computing|accelerat)|diffractive (neural|optical)|reservoir computing hardware|stochastic computing for neural|approximate computing for (neural|DNN)|quanti[sz]ation-?aware|mixed-?precision (training|inference|arithmetic)|FP8|FP4|INT8|INT4|W4A16|W8A8|4-?bit (quanti[sz]ation|weights)|bit-?serial|binary neural networks?|BNNs?\b|XNOR-?net|ternary (weights|networks)|sparsity (exploitation|acceleration|support)|structured5088      sparsity|2:4 sparsity|pruning for hardware|hardware-?aware (NAS|neural architecture|pruning|quanti[sz]ation|training|design)|hardware-?efficient|model compression for (deployment|edge|hardware)|efficient (inference|transformers?|attention|LLM (inference|serving|deployment))|LLM (serving|inference) (systems?|engines?|optimi[sz]ation|efficiency|acceleration|on (edge|mobile|CPU|GPU))|inference (serving|engines?|latency|throughput|acceleration|optimi[sz]ation)|serving systems?|KV[- ]cache (compression|quanti[sz]ation|management|eviction)|FlashAttention|PagedAttention|vLLM|TensorRT-?LLM|SGLang|TGI\b|llama\.cpp|speculative decoding|continuous batching|weight-?only quanti[sz]ation|GPTQ|AWQ|SmoothQuant|LLM\.int8|QLoRA|kernel fusion|operator fusion|roofline|MLPerf|DNN (inference|training) (on|for) (FPGA|edge|mobile|GPU|ASIC)|FPGA-?based (CNN|DNN|neural|accelerat|inference)|ASIC (for|design for) (neural|DNN|CNN|AI)|DNN (accelerat|hardware|dataflow|mapping)|accelerator (mapping|scheduling|compilers?)|dataflow5089      (mapping|optimi[sz]ation) for (DNN|CNN)|loop (tiling|unrolling) for (CNN|DNN|accelerat)|weight stationary|output stationary|on-?chip (buffers?|memory) for (DNN|CNN)|AI (chips?|hardware|silicon|processors?)|deep learning (hardware|chips?|processors?|accelerat)|machine learning (hardware|chips?|accelerat)|training (hardware|chips?|accelerat)|wafer-?scale (engine|AI)|AI (super)?computers?|GPU (clusters?|pods?) for (training|LLM)|multi-?GPU (training|inference)|tensor (parallel|slicing) on (GPUs?|accelerators?)|NVLink|NVSwitch|interconnects? for (AI|GPU|accelerators?)|HBM for (AI|accelerators?)|memory wall (in|for) (AI|DNN|LLM)|energy (per|efficiency of) inference|TOPS/W|TOPS\b|GOPS/W|pJ/MAC|MAC (units?|arrays?|utili[sz]ation)|multiply-?accumulate)\b5090    weight: 1.05091    field: both5092  - pattern: (?i)\b(energy efficiency|throughput|latency|FLOPS|utili[sz]ation|speedup) (of|for|on|over) (the )?(accelerators?|hardware|FPGAs?|GPUs?|chips?|inference|TPUs?|NPUs?|edge devices?)\b5093    weight: 0.85094    field: both5095  - pattern: (?i)\b(hardware|FPGA|ASIC|GPU|chip|silicon|accelerat\w+|on-?chip|CMOS|energy-?efficient|low-?power|edge devices?)\b5096    weight: 0.35097    field: both5098  exclusions:5099  - (?is)^(?!.*(neural|DNN|CNN|deep learning|machine learning|AI\b|inference|LLM|transformer|training|GPU|FPGA|ASIC|hardware|chip|neuromorphic|memristor|in-?memory|photonic)).*\b(particle accelerators?|linear accelerators?|LINAC|accelerator (physics|beam|cavity|magnets?|pedal)|accelerated (aging|weathering|corrosion|degradation|testing|approval|rehabilitation|healing)|hardware (store|retail))\b5100  related:5101  - computer_architecture5102  - deep_learning_architectures5103  - compilers5104  - edge_computing5105  - sustainable_computing5106  - distributed_computing5107  - llm5108  parent_of: []5109  child_of:5110  - computer_architecture5111  provenance: No OpenAlex topic isolates ML accelerators; T10502 (memristors/neuromorphic/in-memory, Engineering 2208) and T12611 (photonic NNs) are the closest; GPU/FPGA accelerator work sits in T10904/T10054/T11522. MLSys is the only near-dedicated stream; architecture venues at 0.4-0.5. Keyword patterns on 'X accelerator', chip names and efficient-inference systems carry the category; particle-accelerator senses are vetoed.5112- id: operating_systems5113  number: 315114  name: Operating Systems5115  area: hardware_emerging5116  definition: 'System software that manages hardware and provides execution abstractions: kernels and drivers, scheduling, memory management, file and storage systems, virtualisation and containers, OS security and isolation, I/O and networking stacks, real-time and embedded OS, systems support for new hardware (persistent memory, CXL, SmartNICs). Distributed coordination is distributed_computing; hardware design is computer_architecture.'5117  openalex_topics:5118  - id: T111815119    weight: 0.85120    note: 'advanced data storage technologies: file systems, SSDs, I/O'5121  - id: T109335122    weight: 0.85123    note: real-time systems scheduling5124  - id: T114245125    weight: 0.65126    note: 'security and verification in computing: OS security, hypervisors, TEEs'5127  - id: T123265128    weight: 0.55129    note: network packet processing (kernel bypass)5130  - id: T140675131    weight: 0.45132    note: virtual desktops, remote desktop5133  - id: T101015134    weight: 0.35135    note: 'cloud computing: virtualization, VMs'5136  - id: T121275137    weight: 0.35138    note: system performance and reliability, logs5139  - id: T116755140    weight: 0.35141    note: open source software (Linux)5142  - id: T109045143    weight: 0.25144    note: embedded systems design5145  - id: T107725146    weight: 0.25147    note: distributed systems and fault tolerance5148  - id: T127995149    weight: 0.25150    note: mobile applications (Android)5151  - id: T100545152    weight: 0.25153    note: parallel computing (multi-core runtimes)5154  openalex_subfields: []5155  arxiv_categories:5156  - id: cs.OS5157    weight: 1.05158  - id: cs.DC5159    weight: 0.25160  - id: cs.PF5161    weight: 0.25162  - id: cs.AR5163    weight: 0.15164  - id: cs.CR5165    weight: 0.055166  dblp_streams:5167  - key: conf/osdi5168    weight: 1.05169  - key: conf/sosp5170    weight: 1.05171  - key: conf/eurosys5172    weight: 1.05173  - key: conf/usenix5174    weight: 1.05175  - key: conf/fast5176    weight: 1.05177  - key: journals/tos5178    weight: 1.05179  - key: conf/asplos5180    weight: 0.65181  - key: conf/rtss5182    weight: 0.65183  - key: conf/rtas5184    weight: 0.65185  - key: conf/mobisys5186    weight: 0.45187  - key: conf/middleware5188    weight: 0.35189  - key: journals/tecs5190    weight: 0.35191  - key: journals/jsa5192    weight: 0.35193  - key: conf/nsdi5194    weight: 0.35195  - key: conf/dsn5196    weight: 0.35197  - key: journals/spe5198    weight: 0.35199  - key: journals/mam5200    weight: 0.35201  - key: conf/socc5202    weight: 0.35203  - key: conf/cloud5204    weight: 0.35205  - key: conf/hpdc5206    weight: 0.25207  - key: journals/tc5208    weight: 0.25209  - key: journals/tpds5210    weight: 0.25211  - key: conf/mlsys5212    weight: 0.25213  - key: journals/computing5214    weight: 0.25215  - key: conf/icdcs5216    weight: 0.15217  - key: journals/tcc5218    weight: 0.15219  - key: conf/ipps5220    weight: 0.15221  - key: conf/isca5222    weight: 0.15223  - key: conf/micro5224    weight: 0.15225  - key: conf/hpca5226    weight: 0.15227  - key: journals/taco5228    weight: 0.15229  - key: conf/sec5230    weight: 0.15231  - key: conf/percom5232    weight: 0.15233  - key: journals/jss5234    weight: 0.15235  - key: conf/uss5236    weight: 0.15237  - key: conf/sp5238    weight: 0.055239  - key: conf/ccs5240    weight: 0.055241  - key: journals/tdsc5242    weight: 0.15243  - key: conf/sigcomm5244    weight: 0.15245  keywords:5246  - pattern: (?i)\boperating systems?\b|\bOS (kernels?|design|support|level|services|scheduler|virtuali[sz]ation|security|abstractions?|research|noise|jitter|interfaces?)\b|\bOSes\b|\bsystems software\b5247    weight: 1.05248    field: both5249  - pattern: (?i)\b(Linux (kernel|scheduler|drivers?|namespaces|cgroups|systems?)|kernel (modules?|bypass|extensions?|development|schedulers?|space|drivers?|bugs?|fuzzing|vulnerabilit|hardening|isolation|concurrency|verification|crashes|panics|patches|APIs?|data structures)|eBPF|BPF programs?|device drivers?|system calls?|syscalls?|user ?space|microkernels?|unikernels?|monolithic kernels?|exokernel|library OS|seL4|Fuchsia|Zephyr|FreeRTOS|RTOS\b|real-?time operating|Android (framework|runtime|kernel|OS|binder)|Windows (kernel|drivers?)|macOS kernel|XNU|file systems?|filesystems?|FS\b|ext4|Btrfs|ZFS|F2FS|XFS|journaling|log-?structured|copy-?on-?write|page cache|buffer cache|virtual memory|page (tables?|faults?|replacement|migration)|TLB\b|memory (management|allocation|allocators?|mapping|paging|swapping|deduplication|tiering|disaggregation|compaction|reclamation|safety in kernels?|bandwidth management)|huge pages|transparent huge|NUMA (awareness|placement|balancing)|process (scheduling|isolation|management|migration)|thread5250      scheduling|CPU scheduling|schedulers? (for|in) (Linux|kernels?|multicore|data ?cent|heterogeneous)|CFS\b|EEVDF|interrupt (handling|latency|coalescing)|I/O (stacks?|scheduling|virtuali[sz]ation|paths?|performance|schedulers?)|io_uring|NVMe (SSDs?|drivers?|over fabrics)|SSDs?\b|flash (storage|translation layer|memory management)|FTL\b|zoned (namespaces|storage)|ZNS|persistent memory (programming|file systems?|allocators?)|PMEM|CXL\b|compute express link|memory expanders?|far memory|virtual machine monitors?|VMMs?\b|hypervisors?|Xen|KVM|QEMU|VMware|Hyper-?V|Firecracker|gVisor|microVMs?|containers? (isolation|runtimes?|security|images?|startup)|namespaces and cgroups|cgroups|Docker (runtime|engine|containers?)|OCI (runtime|images?)|containerd|runc|sandbox(ing|es)|WebAssembly (runtime|system interface|WASI)|boot(ing|loaders?|strap)|firmware (updates?|interfaces?)|BIOS|UEFI|trusted (boot|computing base)|TCB\b|crash (consistency|recovery|dumps?)|fault (isolation|containment) in (OS|kernel)|Rust5251      (for Linux|in the kernel|OS)|seccomp|capabilit(y|ies)-?based (OS|security|systems)|CHERI|address space (isolation|layout)|ASLR|kernel (integrity|protection|exploits?)|privilege (levels?|rings?)|ring 0|supervisor mode|system (daemons?|services) management|init systems?|systemd|power management (in|for) (OS|Linux|mobile)|energy-?aware scheduling|DVFS governors?|thermal throttling in|mobile OS|smartphone (OS|kernel|power)|wearable OS|IoT (OS|operating)|TinyOS|Contiki|RIOT OS|embedded (Linux|OS|runtimes?)|hardware (abstraction|virtuali[sz]ation)|paravirtuali[sz]|nested virtuali[sz]ation|live (migration|patching|update)|hot-?patching|checkpoint/restore|CRIU|fork\(\)|exec\(\)|POSIX|system (configuration|administration)|package managers?|Nix(OS)?|reproducible builds)\b5252    weight: 1.05253    field: both5254  - pattern: (?i)\b(storage systems?|distributed file systems?|key-?value stores?|object storage|block storage|storage (stacks?|engines?|disaggregation|tiering|class memory)|RDMA|DPDK|SR-?IOV|SmartNICs?|DPUs?\b|data processing units?|IPUs?\b|kernel-?bypass|user-?space networking|TCP (stack|offload)|network stacks?|serverless (runtimes?|platforms?|cold starts?)|cold starts?|function (isolation|sandboxes?)|lightweight (virtuali[sz]ation|isolation|VMs?)|confidential VMs?|enclaves? (OS|runtime)|TEE (OS|runtime)|GPU (drivers?|virtuali[sz]ation|scheduling in OS|memory management)|accelerator (OS|virtuali[sz]ation|management)|resource (isolation|contention|management in (OS|kernels?))|tail latency|performance isolation|noisy neighbou?rs?|QoS in (OS|kernels?)|workload (consolidation|co-?location|interference))\b5255    weight: 0.65256    field: both5257  - pattern: (?i)\b(kernels?|runtimes?|schedulers?|scheduling|virtuali[sz]ation|concurrency|threads?|locks?|synchroni[sz]ation|I/O|storage|drivers?|isolation|hypervisor|containers?|processes|memory)\b5258    weight: 0.35259    field: both5260  exclusions:5261  - (?is)^(?!.*(operating system|kernel|Linux|file system|virtual|hypervisor|scheduler|driver|memory management|syscall|I/O|storage|container|runtime|boot|firmware)).*\b(kernel (methods?|machines?|ridge|density|trick|functions?|SVM|PCA|regression|smoothing|estimation|mean embedding|Hilbert|convolution kernels?|size|regularization|alignment)|convolution(al)? kernels?|GPU kernels? for (matrix|stencil)|wheat kernels?|corn kernels?|palm kernels?|heat kernel|Gaussian kernel)\b5262  related:5263  - computer_architecture5264  - distributed_computing5265  - cloud_computing5266  - cybersecurity5267  - programming_languages5268  - edge_computing5269  parent_of: []5270  child_of: []5271  provenance: 'No OpenAlex topic is OS-centred: storage (T11181), real-time scheduling (T10933), OS security/hypervisors (T11424) and virtualization (T10101) are the hosts, so each is partial. OSDI/SOSP/EuroSys/USENIX ATC/FAST/TOS are pure streams (cs.OS alone suffices on arXiv). Kernel-method senses of ''kernel'' are vetoed when no OS term co-occurs.'5272- id: quantum_computing5273  number: 325274  name: Quantum Computing5275  area: hardware_emerging5276  definition: 'Computation and information processing exploiting quantum mechanics: quantum algorithms and complexity, quantum error correction and fault tolerance, qubit hardware platforms and control, quantum software, compilers and simulators, variational and NISQ algorithms, quantum machine learning, quantum communication and key distribution, quantum networking. Quantum physics without a computational or information-processing framing is out of scope; post-quantum cryptography is applied_cryptography.'5277  openalex_topics:5278  - id: T100205279    weight: 1.05280    note: quantum information and cryptography5281  - id: T106825282    weight: 1.05283    note: quantum computing algorithms and architecture5284  - id: T106225285    weight: 0.35286    note: quantum mechanics and applications5287  - id: T118035288    weight: 0.35289    note: superconducting and THz device technology5290  - id: T118045291    weight: 0.35292    note: quantum many-body systems5293  - id: T114145294    weight: 0.35295    note: quantum optics and atomic interactions5296  - id: T131825297    weight: 0.35298    note: quantum-dot cellular automata5299  - id: T103825300    weight: 0.25301    note: quantum and electron transport phenomena5302  - id: T104255303    weight: 0.25304    note: cold atom physics5305  - id: T106575306    weight: 0.25307    note: topological materials5308  - id: T126115309    weight: 0.25310    note: quantum reservoir computing5311  - id: T112615312    weight: 0.25313    note: quantum chaos and dynamical systems5314  - id: T100225315    weight: 0.25316    note: semiconductor quantum structures and devices5317  - id: T111305318    weight: 0.15319    note: coding theory (quantum codes)5320  - id: T120025321    weight: 0.15322    note: computability (quantum complexity)5323  - id: T112625324    weight: 0.15325    note: quantum mechanics and non-Hermitian physics5326  openalex_subfields: []5327  arxiv_categories:5328  - id: quant-ph5329    weight: 1.05330  - id: cs.ET5331    weight: 0.35332  - id: cs.CC5333    weight: 0.15334  - id: cs.IT5335    weight: 0.15336  - id: math.IT5337    weight: 0.15338  - id: physics.comp-ph5339    weight: 0.15340  dblp_streams:5341  - key: journals/quantum5342    weight: 1.05343  - key: journals/qip5344    weight: 1.05345  - key: conf/qce5346    weight: 1.05347  - key: conf/tqc5348    weight: 1.05349  - key: journals/entropy5350    weight: 0.25351  - key: journals/tit5352    weight: 0.15353  - key: conf/isit5354    weight: 0.15355  - key: journals/iacr5356    weight: 0.15357  - key: journals/tcad5358    weight: 0.15359  - key: conf/dac5360    weight: 0.15361  - key: conf/date5362    weight: 0.15363  - key: journals/tc5364    weight: 0.15365  - key: conf/isca5366    weight: 0.15367  - key: conf/micro5368    weight: 0.15369  - key: conf/hpca5370    weight: 0.15371  - key: conf/asplos5372    weight: 0.15373  - key: journals/jcphy5374    weight: 0.15375  - key: journals/cphysics5376    weight: 0.15377  - key: journals/symmetry5378    weight: 0.15379  - key: conf/stoc5380    weight: 0.15381  - key: conf/focs5382    weight: 0.15383  - key: journals/natmi5384    weight: 0.055385  - key: journals/ncs5386    weight: 0.15387  - key: journals/mlst5388    weight: 0.15389  - key: conf/sc5390    weight: 0.15391  - key: journals/tpds5392    weight: 0.055393  - key: conf/ipps5394    weight: 0.055395  keywords:5396  - pattern: (?i)\bquantum (comput(ing|ers?|ation|ational)|algorithms?|circuits?|gates?|processors?|hardware|supremacy|advantage|error[- ]correct(ion|ing)|error mitigation|codes?|annealing|annealers?|machine learning|neural networks?|kernels?|simulation|simulators?|emulat\w+|information|key distribution|cryptograph\w*|communication|internet|networks?|networking|teleportation|entanglement distribution|repeaters?|memor(y|ies)|sensing|metrology|software|programming|compil(ers?|ation|ing)|control|optimi[sz]ation|chemistry (simulation|algorithms?|on quantum)|walks?|Fourier|phase estimation|approximate optimi[sz]ation|variational|bits?|speed-?ups?|volume|random (circuits?|sampling)|dots? (for|as) qubits?|devices? for computing|technolog(y|ies)|instruction sets?|transpil\w+|benchmark\w*|cloud|service|workflows?|HPC|data (centers?|loading)|RAM|QRAM|generative|reinforcement|transformers?|Boltzmann|support vector|convolutional|federated|language models?|LLMs?|finance|chemistry|many-?body simulation5397      on|advantage experiments?|readout|crosstalk|calibration|characteri[sz]ation|tomography|process tomography|state preparation|amplitude (amplification|estimation|encoding)|linear (systems?|algebra) algorithms?|singular value|eigensolvers?|dynamics simulation|Monte Carlo (acceleration|algorithms)|game theory|secret sharing|money|signatures?|commitment|oblivious|zero-?knowledge|interactive proofs?|complexity|Turing|cellular automata|dot cellular automata|LDPC|surface codes?|resource (estimation|theory for computing)|logic synthesis|layout synthesis|mapping|routing (for|of) qubits?|qubit (mapping|routing|allocation))\b5398    weight: 1.05399    field: both5400  - pattern: (?i)\b(qubits?|qudits?|QAOA|VQE\b|variational quantum|VQAs?\b|NISQ|surface codes?|colou?r codes?|stabili[sz]er codes?|toric codes?|CSS codes?|qLDPC|quantum LDPC|magic state|T-?gates?|T-?count|Clifford\+T|fault-?tolerant quantum|logical qubits?|physical qubits?|transmons?|superconducting qubits?|flux(onium)? qubits?|trapped[- ]ions?|ion[- ]traps?|neutral atoms?|Rydberg (atoms?|arrays?|blockade)|photonic (qubits?|quantum)|boson sampling|Gaussian boson|spin qubits?|silicon qubits?|quantum dots? qubits?|NV cent(er|re)s? qubits?|Majorana (zero modes|qubits?|fermions for)|topological (qubits?|quantum comput)|anyons? (for|in) (computing|braiding)|braiding|Shor'?s algorithm|Grover'?s? (algorithm|search)|HHL\b|Harrow-?Hassidim|quantum Fourier transform|QFT\b|Hamiltonian simulation|Trotteri[sz]ation|Trotter (steps?|error)|qubitization|block encoding|LCU\b|linear combination of unitaries|QSVT|quantum signal processing|amplitude amplification|QKD\b|BB84|E91|B92|decoy state|measurement-?device-?independent|entanglement5401      (swapping|purification|distillation|witnesses?|entropy)|Bell (states?|inequalit(y|ies)|tests?|pairs?)|GHZ states?|cluster states?|measurement-?based quantum|one-?way quantum|decoherence|dephasing|T1\b|T2\b|coherence times?|gate fidelit(y|ies)|two-?qubit gates?|CNOT|CZ gates?|iSWAP|Toffoli|randomized benchmarking|cross-?entropy benchmarking|XEB\b|gate set tomography|quantum (noise|channels?|Shannon|capacity|discord|coherence resource|error channels?)|depolarizing (noise|channel)|Pauli (noise|twirling|frames?)|post-?quantum|quantum-?safe|Qiskit|Cirq|PennyLane|QuTiP|OpenQASM|QASM|Q#\b|Quipper|Silq|Braket|tket|Quantinuum|IonQ|Rigetti|D-?Wave|IBM Quantum|Google Sycamore|Sycamore|Zuchongzhi|Jiuzhang|Quantum Volume|CLOPS|cross-?resonance|ZZ (coupling|crosstalk)|tunable couplers?|Josephson (junctions?|parametric)|dilution refrigerator (for|and) (qubits?|quantum)|cryo-?CMOS|cryogenic control|quantum-?classical (hybrid|interface|co-?design)|hybrid quantum|tensor networks? (simulation|contraction|methods?)5402      (of|for) quantum (circuits?|computing)|matrix product states? (for|and) quantum (circuits?|computing)|Schrödinger-?Feynman|stabili[sz]er simulation|Clifford (circuits?|gates?|group|simulation)|Ising machines?|coherent Ising|quantum-?inspired|annealing (schedules?|hardware)|adiabatic quantum|QUBO\b|quadratic unconstrained binary)\b5403    weight: 1.05404    field: both5405  - pattern: (?i)\bquantum\b|\bentangle(d|ment)\b|\bsuperposition\b|\bHamiltonian\b|\bunitar(y|ies)\b5406    weight: 0.45407    field: both5408  exclusions:5409  - (?is)^(?!.*(qubits?|quantum (comput\w*|algorithms?|error|circuits?|gates?|information|annealing|key distribution|cryptograph|machine learning|simulat\w+|advantage|supremacy|communication|internet|networks?|sensing|metrology|software|programming|walks?|processors?|hardware|codes?|teleportation|repeaters?|memory)|QKD|NISQ|QAOA|VQE|post-?quantum)).*\b(quantum (dots?|chemistry|mechanics|mechanical|field theory|gravity|Hall|wells?|cascade lasers?|efficiency|yield|chemical|Monte Carlo|phase transitions?|criticality|spin liquids?|materials?|optics|electrodynamics|fluids?|anomalous|oscillations?|confinement|transport|many-?body (physics|localization)|biology|cosmology)|quantum-?confined|quantum (defects|emitters) in)\b5410  related:5411  - applied_cryptography5412  - computational_complexity5413  - computer_architecture5414  - scientific_computing5415  - compilers5416  parent_of: []5417  child_of: []5418  provenance: T10020 and T10682 (both CS 1702) are the OpenAlex hosts; Physics 31 topics on qubit platforms (superconducting, cold atoms, many-body, quantum optics) mapped at 0.2-0.3 because only a fraction of their works concern computing. Quantum, QIP, QCE, TQC pure streams; quant-ph alone suffices. Quantum-physics senses without a computing term are vetoed.5419- id: scientific_computing5420  number: 335421  name: Scientific Computing5422  area: computational_science5423  definition: 'Numerical and computational methods and software for mathematical models of science and engineering: numerical linear algebra, discretisation of differential equations, solvers and preconditioners, simulation frameworks, uncertainty quantification, reduced-order and surrogate models, scientific machine learning (PINNs, neural operators), high-performance scientific software and performance portability, mathematical software, computational physics/chemistry/engineering tooling. Domain biology is computational_biology; parallel systems software is distributed_computing.'5424  openalex_topics:5425  - id: T116975426    weight: 1.05427    note: numerical methods and algorithms5428  - id: T103395429    weight: 1.05430    note: advanced numerical methods in computational mathematics5431  - id: T112455432    weight: 1.05433    note: advanced numerical analysis techniques5434  - id: T114165435    weight: 1.05436    note: numerical methods for differential equations5437  - id: T127275438    weight: 0.95439    note: differential equations and numerical methods5440  - id: T107925441    weight: 0.85442    note: matrix theory and algorithms5443  - id: T105145444    weight: 0.85445    note: numerical methods in engineering5446  - id: T134875447    weight: 0.85448    note: statistical and numerical algorithms5449  - id: T136505450    weight: 0.85451    note: computational physics and Python applications5452  - id: T112055453    weight: 0.75454    note: numerical methods in inverse problems5455  - id: T132865456    weight: 0.75457    note: modeling and simulation systems5458  - id: T112065459    weight: 0.75460    note: model reduction and neural networks5461  - id: T124045462    weight: 0.65463    note: mathematical approximation and integration5464  - id: T119865465    weight: 0.65466    note: scientific computing and data management (workflows)5467  - id: T117515468    weight: 0.65469    note: lattice Boltzmann simulation5470  - id: T111955471    weight: 0.65472    note: simulation techniques and applications5473  - id: T101735474    weight: 0.55475    note: computational fluid dynamics5476  - id: T112635477    weight: 0.55478    note: electromagnetic simulation and numerical methods5479  - id: T138065480    weight: 0.55481    note: mathematical and computational methods5482  - id: T123035483    weight: 0.55484    note: tensor decomposition and applications5485  - id: T105455486    weight: 0.45487    note: optimization and variational analysis5488  - id: T116945489    weight: 0.45490    note: fluid dynamics simulations5491  - id: T105915492    weight: 0.45493    note: theoretical and computational physics5494  - id: T100545495    weight: 0.45496    note: parallel computing (HPC applications)5497  - id: T120565498    weight: 0.45499    note: Markov chains and Monte Carlo methods5500  - id: T131165501    weight: 0.35502    note: heat transfer and numerical methods5503  - id: T142705504    weight: 0.35505    note: simulation and modeling applications5506  - id: T121005507    weight: 0.35508    note: advanced mathematical modeling in engineering5509  - id: T109635510    weight: 0.35511    note: advanced optimization algorithms5512  - id: T119485513    weight: 0.35514    note: machine learning in materials science5515  - id: T100295516    weight: 0.25517    note: climate variability and models5518  - id: T104665519    weight: 0.25520    note: meteorological phenomena and simulations5521  - id: T105415522    weight: 0.25523    note: nonlinear differential equations analysis5524  - id: T101945525    weight: 0.25526    note: nonlinear PDEs5527  - id: T125895528    weight: 0.25529    note: differential equations and boundary problems5530  - id: T102885531    weight: 0.25532    note: fractional differential equations5533  - id: T111525534    weight: 0.15535    note: stochastic processes and statistical mechanics5536  - id: T128095537    weight: 0.25538    note: contact mechanics and variational inequalities5539  - id: T137345540    weight: 0.15541    note: advanced computational techniques (expert systems)5542  - id: T136085543    weight: 0.35544    note: advanced computational techniques in science and engineering5545  - id: T133985546    weight: 0.45547    note: data analysis with R (statistical and mathematical software packages)5548  openalex_subfields:5549  - id: 17035550    weight: 0.15551  arxiv_categories:5552  - id: cs.NA5553    weight: 1.05554  - id: cs.MS5555    weight: 1.05556  - id: cs.CE5557    weight: 1.05558  - id: physics.comp-ph5559    weight: 0.85560  - id: math.OC5561    weight: 0.25562  - id: cs.DC5563    weight: 0.15564  dblp_streams:5565  - key: journals/siamsc5566    weight: 1.05567  - key: journals/jcphy5568    weight: 1.05569  - key: journals/cphysics5570    weight: 1.05571  - key: journals/jcam5572    weight: 1.05573  - key: journals/na5574    weight: 1.05575  - key: journals/siamnum5576    weight: 1.05577  - key: journals/toms5578    weight: 1.05579  - key: conf/iccS5580    weight: 1.05581  - key: journals/jocs5582    weight: 1.05583  - key: journals/jscic5584    weight: 1.05585  - key: journals/tomacs5586    weight: 0.85587  - key: journals/mcs5588    weight: 0.85589  - key: journals/cma5590    weight: 0.85591  - key: journals/cam5592    weight: 0.85593  - key: journals/ijcm5594    weight: 0.85595  - key: conf/xsede5596    weight: 0.85597  - key: journals/amc5598    weight: 0.75599  - key: journals/ewc5600    weight: 0.75601  - key: conf/wsc5602    weight: 0.75603  - key: journals/simpra5604    weight: 0.75605  - key: journals/jcmse5606    weight: 0.75607  - key: journals/computation5608    weight: 0.75609  - key: journals/ijhpca5610    weight: 0.65611  - key: journals/cce5612    weight: 0.65613  - key: journals/jcc5614    weight: 0.65615  - key: journals/gandc5616    weight: 0.65617  - key: journals/jamc5618    weight: 0.65619  - key: conf/sc5620    weight: 0.55621  - key: journals/cnsns5622    weight: 0.55623  - key: journals/ncs5624    weight: 0.55625  - key: journals/envsoft5626    weight: 0.55627  - key: journals/appml5628    weight: 0.55629  - key: journals/siamam5630    weight: 0.55631  - key: journals/aes5632    weight: 0.55633  - key: journals/jossw5634    weight: 0.55635  - key: journals/softx5636    weight: 0.55637  - key: journals/mlst5638    weight: 0.45639  - key: journals/esi5640    weight: 0.45641  - key: journals/cstat5642    weight: 0.45643  - key: journals/sac5644    weight: 0.45645  - key: journals/siamma5646    weight: 0.35647  - key: journals/cacie5648    weight: 0.35649  - key: journals/cmpb5650    weight: 0.35651  - key: journals/csda5652    weight: 0.35653  - key: journals/cssc5654    weight: 0.35655  - key: journals/cmc5656    weight: 0.35657  - key: journals/axioms5658    weight: 0.25659  - key: journals/mp5660    weight: 0.25661  - key: journals/jota5662    weight: 0.25663  - key: conf/ipps5664    weight: 0.25665  - key: journals/ecoi5666    weight: 0.25667  - key: journals/jns5668    weight: 0.25669  - key: journals/tpds5670    weight: 0.15671  - key: journals/jpdc5672    weight: 0.15673  - key: journals/siamjo5674    weight: 0.15675  - key: journals/symmetry5676    weight: 0.15677  - key: journals/entropy5678    weight: 0.15679  keywords:5680  - pattern: (?i)\b(scientific|numerical|high-?performance|computational|simulation) (computing|simulations?|methods?|analysis|modell?ing|software|linear algebra|workflows?|physics|science|fluid dynamics|mechanics|chemistry|materials science|engineering|electromagnetics|acoustics|astrophysics|geoscience|seismology|codes?|libraries|kernels?|applications?|frameworks?|solvers?|schemes?|algorithms?|experiments?|studies)\b|\bscientific (machine learning|ML|software|codes?|applications?|workflows?|visuali[sz]ation)\b|\bSciML\b5681    weight: 1.05682    field: both5683  - pattern: (?i)\b(finite (element|difference|volume) (methods?|schemes?|discreti[sz]ations?|analysis|solvers?|models?|simulations?)|FEM\b|FEA\b|FDM\b|FVM\b|isogeometric|spectral (methods?|elements?)|discontinuous Galerkin|DG methods?|multigrid|algebraic multigrid|AMG\b|domain decomposition|preconditioners?|preconditioning|Krylov|GMRES|BiCGStab|conjugate gradient|CG solvers?|sparse (linear (systems?|solvers?)|matrix|matrices|direct solvers?|factori[sz]ation)|linear solvers?|iterative solvers?|eigenvalue (problems?|solvers?|computations?)|eigensolvers?|Lanczos|Arnoldi|SVD\b|singular value decomposition|QR (factori[sz]ation|decomposition|algorithm)|LU (factori[sz]ation|decomposition)|Cholesky|BLAS|LAPACK|ScaLAPACK|MAGMA|cuBLAS|PETSc|Trilinos|hypre|FEniCS|deal\.II|MFEM|Firedrake|MOOSE|OpenFOAM|LAMMPS|GROMACS|NAMD|AMBER|Quantum ESPRESSO|VASP|CP2K|Gaussian \d\d|ORCA|GAMESS|NWChem|molecular dynamics (simulations?|codes?|software|packages?|engines?)|MD simulations?|Monte Carlo (simulations?|methods?|integration|sampling)|lattice5684      Boltzmann|particle-?in-?cell|PIC (simulations?|codes?)|smoothed particle|SPH\b|N-?body|fast multipole|FMM\b|Barnes-?Hut|adaptive mesh refinement|AMR\b|mesh (generation|refinement|adaptation|quality)|unstructured (meshes?|grids?)|structured grids?|stencil (computations?|codes?)|time[- ]stepping|time integration|Runge-?Kutta|implicit (schemes?|solvers?|time)|ODE solvers?|PDE solvers?|partial differential equations?|PDEs?\b|ordinary differential equations?|ODEs?\b|stiff (systems|equations|ODEs)|boundary value problems?|initial value problems?|uncertainty quantification|UQ\b|polynomial chaos|stochastic (collocation|Galerkin|PDEs?)|sensitivity analysis|Sobol|reduced[- ]order model(s|ing)?|ROM\b|model order reduction|MOR\b|proper orthogonal decomposition|POD\b|dynamic mode decomposition|DMD\b|surrogate model(s|ing)?|emulators?|Gaussian process emulat|Kriging for simulation|physics-?informed (neural|machine learning|deep)|PINNs?\b|neural operators?|Fourier neural operator|FNO\b|DeepONet|operator5685      learning|neural (PDE|ODE) solvers?|differentiable (physics|simulation|programming|solvers?)|automatic differentiation|adjoint (methods?|sensitivity|solvers?)|inverse problems?|data assimilation|Kalman filter for (simulation|assimilation)|ensemble Kalman|4D-?Var|floating-?point (arithmetic|precision|errors?|formats?)|mixed-?precision (arithmetic|solvers?|algorithms?|iterative)|interval arithmetic|verified (numerics|computing)|rounding errors?|numerical (stability|accuracy|precision|errors?)|computer algebra|symbolic computation|symbolic-?numeric|quadrature|cubature|numerical integration|interpolation (schemes?|methods?)|splines?|radial basis functions?|RBF\b|tensor (decompositions?|trains?|networks? for (PDE|simulation)|methods? for)|low-?rank (approximation|tensor)|hierarchical matrices|H-?matrices|fast (solvers?|transforms?)|FFT\b|fast Fourier|HPC (applications?|codes?|software|workflows?|systems? for science)|exascale (computing|applications?|software|codes?)|ECP\b|petascale|supercomput\w+|performance5686      portability|Kokkos|RAJA|SYCL|OpenACC|OpenMP offload|CUDA (for|implementation of) (simulation|solvers?|PDE)|GPU-?accelerated (simulation|solvers?|computing|codes?|linear algebra)|GPU (implementation|acceleration) of (numerical|simulation|solvers?|FEM|molecular)|co-?design of (scientific|HPC)|scientific (workflow|data) management|in[- ]situ (visuali[sz]ation|analysis)|checkpoint(ing)? (for|of) (simulation|HPC)|research software (engineering|sustainability)|RSE\b|reproducib(le|ility) (of|in) (computational|scientific|simulation))\b5687    weight: 1.05688    field: both5689  - pattern: (?i)\b(climate (model(s|ing|ling)?|simulations?|codes?)|earth system model|weather (prediction|forecasting|model)s?|numerical weather|NWP\b|ocean (model|circulation model)|atmospheric (model|dynamics simulation)|seismic (simulation|inversion|imaging|wave propagation)|CFD\b|turbulence (simulation|model(s|ing)?|DNS|LES)|direct numerical simulation|large-?eddy simulation|Navier-?Stokes solvers?|combustion simulation|plasma simulation|magnetohydrodynamic|MHD simulation|astrophysical simulation|cosmological simulation|gravitational (wave|N-?body) simulation|density functional theory|DFT (calculations?|simulations?|codes?)|ab initio (calculations?|molecular dynamics|simulations?)|first-?principles (calculations?|simulations?)|quantum chemistry (calculations?|software|methods?)|electronic structure (calculations?|codes?|methods?)|coupled cluster|Hartree-?Fock|machine learning (interatomic|force field)|neural network potentials?|MLIPs?\b|multiscale (modeling|simulation)|multiphysics|fluid-?structure5690      interaction|FSI\b|structural (analysis|mechanics simulation)|crash simulation|topology optimi[sz]ation|computational (electromagnetics|acoustics|biomechanics|hemodynamics|geomechanics|hydrology|materials)|digital twins? (of|for) (physical|engineering|industrial))\b5691    weight: 0.85692    field: both5693  - pattern: (?i)\b(simulations?|solvers?|numerical|discreti[sz]ation|convergence (rate|order|analysis)|stability analysis|error (estimates?|analysis|bounds?)|a posteriori|a priori|accuracy|computational (cost|efficiency|time)|high-?order|mesh|grid|time step)\b5694    weight: 0.35695    field: both5696  exclusions: []5697  related:5698  - distributed_computing5699  - computational_biology5700  - algorithms5701  - computer_graphics5702  - ai_accelerators5703  - autonomous_scientific_discovery5704  - compilers5705  - ml_theory5706  parent_of: []5707  child_of: []5708  provenance: Numerical topics are split between CS 1703 (T11697, T10792), Mathematics 26 (T11416, T12727, T11205, T13487) and Engineering 22 (T10339, T11245, T10514, CFD); mapped with weights by numerical-method content. SIAM SISC/JCP/CPC/JCAM/ToMS/ICCS/JoCS pure; cs.NA/cs.MS/cs.CE suffice alone.5709- id: computational_biology5710  number: 345711  name: Computational Biology5712  area: computational_science5713  definition: 'Computational methods for biological and biomedical data: bioinformatics and genomics, protein structure and design, molecular modelling and computational drug discovery, single-cell and multi-omics analysis, systems and synthetic biology, biomedical text mining, computational neuroscience, biomedical and health informatics methods, DNA/molecular computing. Medical image analysis is shared with computer_vision; numerical methods as such are scientific_computing.'5714  openalex_topics:5715  - id: T102115716    weight: 1.05717    note: computational drug discovery methods5718  - id: T108875719    weight: 1.05720    note: bioinformatics and genomic networks5721  - id: T122545722    weight: 1.05723    note: machine learning in bioinformatics5724  - id: T139375725    weight: 0.95726    note: genetics, bioinformatics and biomedical research5727  - id: T120295728    weight: 0.85729    note: DNA and biological computing5730  - id: T117105731    weight: 0.65732    note: biomedical text mining and ontologies5733  - id: T100445734    weight: 0.65735    note: protein structure and dynamics5736  - id: T112895737    weight: 0.65738    note: single-cell and spatial transcriptomics5739  - id: T108855740    weight: 0.65741    note: gene expression and cancer classification5742  - id: T100155743    weight: 0.55744    note: genomics and phylogenetic studies5745  - id: T128595746    weight: 0.55747    note: cell image analysis5748  - id: T102225749    weight: 0.45750    note: genomics and chromatin dynamics5751  - id: T108625752    weight: 0.45753    note: AI in cancer detection5754  - id: T112875755    weight: 0.45756    note: cancer genomics and diagnostics5757  - id: T119865758    weight: 0.45759    note: scientific computing and data management (bioinformatics pipelines)5760  - id: T137025761    weight: 0.35762    note: machine learning in healthcare5763  - id: T112135764    weight: 0.35765    note: genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalities5766  - id: T116425767    weight: 0.35768    note: genomics and rare diseases5769  - id: T124225770    weight: 0.35771    note: radiomics and ML in medical imaging5772  - id: T100525773    weight: 0.35774    note: medical image segmentation5775  - id: T104295776    weight: 0.35777    note: EEG and brain-computer interfaces5778  - id: T116015779    weight: 0.35780    note: neuroscience and neural engineering5781  - id: T128745782    weight: 0.35783    note: digital imaging for blood diseases5784  - id: T101205785    weight: 0.25786    note: bacterial genetics and biotechnology5787  - id: T118795788    weight: 0.25789    note: protist diversity and phylogeny5790  - id: T100665791    weight: 0.25792    note: gut microbiota5793  - id: T119485794    weight: 0.25795    note: ML in materials (molecular ML)5796  - id: T105815797    weight: 0.25798    note: neural dynamics and brain function5799  - id: T119085800    weight: 0.25801    note: protein interaction studies5802  - id: T137595803    weight: 0.25804    note: medical imaging and pathology5805  - id: T118195806    weight: 0.35807    note: data-driven disease surveillance5808  - id: T125685809    weight: 0.15810    note: plant taxonomy and phylogenetics5811  - id: T116365812    weight: 0.25813    note: AI in healthcare and education5814  - id: T144005815    weight: 0.25816    note: medical coding and health information5817  openalex_subfields:5818  - id: 13125819    weight: 0.25820  arxiv_categories:5821  - id: q-bio.QM5822    weight: 1.05823  - id: q-bio.GN5824    weight: 1.05825  - id: cs.CE5826    weight: 0.25827  dblp_streams:5828  - key: journals/bioinformatics5829    weight: 1.05830  - key: journals/bib5831    weight: 1.05832  - key: journals/bmcbi5833    weight: 1.05834  - key: journals/ploscb5835    weight: 1.05836  - key: journals/tcbb5837    weight: 1.05838  - key: journals/jcb5839    weight: 1.05840  - key: conf/recomb5841    weight: 1.05842  - key: conf/bcb5843    weight: 1.05844  - key: conf/psb5845    weight: 1.05846  - key: journals/jcheminf5847    weight: 1.05848  - key: journals/candc5849    weight: 1.05850  - key: journals/biodb5851    weight: 1.05852  - key: conf/bibm5853    weight: 0.85854  - key: journals/jcisd5855    weight: 0.85856  - key: journals/nar5857    weight: 0.65858  - key: journals/jbi5859    weight: 0.65860  - key: journals/biosystems5861    weight: 0.65862  - key: journals/ficn5863    weight: 0.65864  - key: journals/cbm5865    weight: 0.55866  - key: journals/cmpb5867    weight: 0.55868  - key: journals/jcc5869    weight: 0.55870  - key: journals/titb5871    weight: 0.45872  - key: journals/artmed5873    weight: 0.45874  - key: journals/neuroimage5875    weight: 0.45876  - key: conf/biostec5877    weight: 0.45878  - key: journals/jamia5879    weight: 0.35880  - key: journals/midm5881    weight: 0.35882  - key: conf/amia5883    weight: 0.35884  - key: journals/npjdm5885    weight: 0.35886  - key: conf/embc5887    weight: 0.35888  - key: journals/tbe5889    weight: 0.35890  - key: journals/mbec5891    weight: 0.35892  - key: conf/isbi5893    weight: 0.35894  - key: conf/cbms5895    weight: 0.35896  - key: conf/bmei5897    weight: 0.35898  - key: journals/patterns5899    weight: 0.35900  - key: conf/cinc5901    weight: 0.35902  - key: journals/ecoi5903    weight: 0.35904  - key: journals/jocn5905    weight: 0.25906  - key: journals/cars5907    weight: 0.25908  - key: journals/mia5909    weight: 0.25910  - key: journals/tmi5911    weight: 0.25912  - key: conf/miccai5913    weight: 0.25914  - key: journals/bmcmi5915    weight: 0.25916  - key: journals/fdgth5917    weight: 0.25918  - key: journals/ijmi5919    weight: 0.25920  - key: journals/jdi5921    weight: 0.25922  - key: journals/cin5923    weight: 0.25924  - key: journals/jmihi5925    weight: 0.25926  - key: journals/cmig5927    weight: 0.25928  - key: journals/mlst5929    weight: 0.25930  - key: journals/ncs5931    weight: 0.25932  - key: journals/jms5933    weight: 0.15934  - key: journals/cce5935    weight: 0.15936  - key: journals/cogcom5937    weight: 0.15938  - key: journals/natmi5939    weight: 0.15940  - key: conf/medinfo5941    weight: 0.35942  - key: conf/mie5943    weight: 0.35944  - key: journals/bspc5945    weight: 0.35946  - key: journals/jmlr5947    weight: 0.025948  keywords:5949  - pattern: (?i)\b(bioinformatics?|computational (biology|genomics|neuroscience|chemistry|drug (design|discovery)|biomedicine|pathology|oncology|epidemiology|immunology|proteomics|structural biology|biophysics|medicine|psychiatry|phenotyping|ecology|evolution)|systems biology|synthetic biology|biomedical (informatics|data science|text mining|NLP|knowledge graphs?|ontolog)|cheminformatics|chemoinformatics|health informatics|clinical informatics|medical informatics|neuroinformatics|phylogenetics?|phylogenomics|metagenomics?|pharmacogenomics|immunoinformatics|biostatistics for genomics|biocomputing|DNA computing|molecular computing|biological computing)\b5950    weight: 1.05951    field: both5952  - pattern: (?i)\b(genom(e|es|ic|ics)|transcriptom(e|ic|ics)|proteom(e|ic|ics)|metabolom(e|ic|ics)|epigenom(e|ic|ics)|microbiom(e|ic|ics)|single-?cell (RNA|sequencing|analysis|data|omics|atlas|clustering)|scRNA-?seq|snRNA-?seq|RNA-?seq|ChIP-?seq|ATAC-?seq|Hi-?C\b|DNA (sequencing|methylation|sequences?|barcod)|sequence (alignment|assembly|analysis|motifs?|logos?)|read (alignment|mapping|assembly)|genome (assembly|annotation|wide association|editing|browsers?|graphs?)|pangenom|GWAS|QTL\b|variant (calling|annotation|effect|prioriti[sz]ation)|SNPs?\b|indels?|structural variants?|copy number|gene (expression|regulatory networks?|ontology|set enrichment|prioriti[sz]ation|fusion|annotation)|GRNs?\b|differential expression|enrichment analysis|pathway (analysis|enrichment|databases?)|KEGG|Reactome|protein (structure prediction|folding|design|function prediction|language models?|interactions?|docking|engineering|families|domains|sequences?|contact maps?)|AlphaFold|RoseTTAFold|ESM-?[23]|ESMFold|ProtTrans|molecular5953      (docking|dynamics|property prediction|generation|design|representation|fingerprints?|graphs?|similarity)|drug (discovery|design|repurposing|repositioning|targets?|response prediction|likeness|combination)|virtual screening|QSAR|QSPR|ADMET|binding (affinity|sites?|pockets?)|ligands?|de novo (drug|molecule|molecular|protein|peptide|antibody) (design|generation)|antibod(y|ies) (design|engineering|modeling)|CRISPR (design|guide|screening)|guide RNA design|metagenom|microbiome analysis|multi-?omics|pan-?cancer|biomarker (discovery|identification)|survival (analysis|prediction) (of|for|in) (patients|cancer)|precision (medicine|oncology)|electronic health records?|EHRs?\b|EMRs?\b|clinical (decision support|NLP|prediction models?|text|notes|trials? (matching|design|emulation)|data warehouses?)|medical (coding|ontolog|concept)|UMLS|SNOMED|ICD-?1[01]|FHIR|OMOP|phenotyp(e|ing) (algorithms?|from EHR)|neural (encoding|decoding) of|spike sorting|connectom|brain (networks?|imaging analysis|simulation|atlas|parcellation)|neural5954      (population|circuit) models?|computational (models? of neurons?|psychiatry)|population genetics|coalescent|phylogenetic (trees?|inference|reconstruction|comparative)|molecular evolution|epidemiological model(ing|s)|compartmental models?|SEIR|SIR models?|disease (transmission|spread) model|cell (segmentation|tracking|type annotation|atlas|lineage)|histopatholog|digital pathology|whole-?slide images?|radiomics|radiogenomics|DNA (computing|storage|data storage|origami)|molecular (computing|programming|circuits?)|biological (networks?|sequences?|data(bases?)?|computing|pathways?|systems?)|protein-?protein interaction|PPI networks?|mass spectrometry (data|analysis|proteomics)|peptide identification|flow cytometry analysis|spatial (transcriptomics|omics)|cell-?cell communication|trajectory inference|pseudotime|batch (effect|correction) (in|for) (single|RNA|omics)|dimensionality reduction (of|for) (single-?cell|omics)|UMAP (of|for) (cells|single)|Seurat|Scanpy|Bioconductor|Biopython|BLAST|HMMER|BWA|Bowtie|STAR5955      aligner|GATK|samtools|Nextflow|Snakemake|Galaxy (platform|workflows?)|bioRxiv|GEO datasets?|TCGA|UK Biobank|ENCODE|PDB\b|Protein Data Bank|UniProt|ChEMBL|PubChem|ZINC database|DrugBank|MIMIC-?(III|IV))\b5956    weight: 1.05957    field: both5958  - pattern: (?i)\b(biological|biomedical|clinical|medical|health(care)?|patients?|diseases?|cancer|tumou?rs?|proteins?|genes?|cells?|cellular|neurons?|neuronal|brain|molecular|molecules?|drugs?|pharmac\w+|omics|sequencing|biology|biologists?|physicians?|hospitals?)\b5959    weight: 0.35960    field: both5961  exclusions: []5962  related:5963  - scientific_computing5964  - nlp5965  - computer_vision5966  - ml_theory5967  - autonomous_scientific_discovery5968  - privacy_preserving_computation5969  - generative_ai5970  parent_of: []5971  child_of: []5972  provenance: Computational-biology topics live in CS 1703 (T10211 drug discovery) and Biochemistry 13 (T10887, T12254, T11710, T13937, T12029); genomics/protein topics (T10222, T10044, T11289...) are mapped at 0.4-0.6 because only part of their works are computational. Bioinformatics/BIB/BMC Bioinf/PLoS CB/TCBB/JCB/RECOMB/PSB/BCB pure; medical-informatics venues partial.5973- id: computer_graphics5974  number: 355975  name: Computer Graphics5976  area: perception_interaction5977  definition: 'Synthesis and manipulation of visual content from models: rendering, geometry processing and modelling, animation and simulation for graphics, neural rendering and 3D representations, visualisation, procedural content, game and VR engines. Image understanding is computer_vision; pixel-space generative models are generative_ai; user studies of VR are hci.'5978  openalex_topics:5979  - id: T104815980    weight: 1.05981    note: computer graphics and visualization techniques5982  - id: T122905983    weight: 1.05984    note: human motion and animation5985  - id: T109965986    weight: 0.85987    note: computational geometry and mesh generation5988  - id: T107995989    weight: 0.85990    note: data visualization and analytics5991  - id: T107195992    weight: 0.85993    note: 3D shape modeling and analysis5994  - id: T143395995    weight: 0.45996    note: image processing and 3D reconstruction5997  - id: T107895998    weight: 0.35999    note: interactive and immersive displays6000  - id: T108886001    weight: 0.36002    note: augmented reality6003  - id: T106486004    weight: 0.36005    note: virtual reality6006  - id: T135186007    weight: 0.36008    note: architecture and computational design6009  - id: T126986010    weight: 0.36011    note: 3D modeling in geospatial applications6012  - id: T142546013    weight: 0.36014    note: digital media and visual art6015  - id: T118976016    weight: 0.26017    note: digital holography and microscopy6018  - id: T112116019    weight: 0.26020    note: 3D surveying and cultural heritage6021  - id: T107756022    weight: 0.26023    note: image synthesis6024  openalex_subfields:6025  - id: 17046026    weight: 0.66027  arxiv_categories:6028  - id: cs.GR6029    weight: 1.06030  - id: cs.CG6031    weight: 0.56032  - id: cs.CV6033    weight: 0.16034  - id: cs.HC6035    weight: 0.16036  dblp_streams:6037  - key: journals/tog6038    weight: 1.06039  - key: journals/cgf6040    weight: 1.06041  - key: conf/siggraph6042    weight: 1.06043  - key: conf/siggrapha6044    weight: 1.06045  - key: journals/cg6046    weight: 1.06047  - key: journals/vc6048    weight: 1.06049  - key: conf/pg6050    weight: 1.06051  - key: conf/visualization6052    weight: 1.06053  - key: journals/tvcg6054    weight: 0.86055  - key: conf/3dim6056    weight: 0.56057  - key: conf/cccg6058    weight: 0.46059  - key: journals/dcg6060    weight: 0.36061  - key: conf/vr6062    weight: 0.36063  - key: conf/ismar6064    weight: 0.36065  - key: journals/jei6066    weight: 0.26067  - key: journals/vr6068    weight: 0.26069  - key: conf/cvpr6070    weight: 0.16071  - key: journals/mta6072    weight: 0.16073  - key: journals/entcom6074    weight: 0.36075  - key: conf/cig6076    weight: 0.36077  - key: journals/cacie6078    weight: 0.16079  keywords:6080  - pattern: (?i)\bcomputer graphics\b|\bgraphics (hardware|pipeline|processing|applications?)\b|\bSIGGRAPH\b6081    weight: 1.06082    field: both6083  - pattern: (?i)\b(rendering|ray[- ]tracing|path[- ]tracing|rasteri[sz]ation|shading|shaders?|global illumination|radiance|radiosity|BRDFs?|BSDFs?|photo-?realistic|real-?time rendering|differentiable rendering|neural rendering|inverse rendering|Monte Carlo rendering|light transport|participating media|subsurface scattering|anti-?aliasing|level of detail|LOD\b|texture (synthesis|mapping|compression)|image-?based (rendering|lighting)|HDR (imaging|rendering)|tone mapping|appearance (modeling|capture))\b6084    weight: 0.96085    field: both6086  - pattern: (?i)\b(mesh(es|ing)?|geometry processing|subdivision surfaces?|NURBS|B-?splines?|signed distance (fields?|functions?)|SDFs?\b|implicit surfaces?|tessellation|remeshing|surface (parameteri[sz]ation|reconstruction)|point[- ]set surfaces|geometric modeling|solid modeling|CAD (models?|modeling)|boundary representation|B-?rep|constructive solid|isosurface|marching cubes|Laplacian (smoothing|editing)|discrete differential geometry|as-?rigid-?as-?possible|shape (analysis|matching|correspondence|deformation|interpolation|modeling|grammars?))\b6087    weight: 0.86088    field: both6089  - pattern: (?i)\b(character animation|skeletal animation|motion capture|mocap|motion (synthesis|retargeting|editing|matching)|physics-?based (animation|character)|cloth simulation|hair simulation|fluid (simulation|animation) (for|in) graphics|position-?based dynamics|material point method|skinning|rigging|inverse kinematics for animation|facial animation|crowd simulation|procedural animation|keyframe)\b6090    weight: 1.06091    field: both6092  - pattern: (?i)\b(3D (modeling|modelling|shapes?|content|assets?|scenes? (generation|synthesis)|Gaussians?|avatars?)|NeRFs?|neural radiance fields?|Gaussian splatting|3DGS|volume rendering|volumetric (rendering|video|capture)|neural (implicit|fields?|scene representations?)|novel view synthesis|view synthesis|free-?viewpoint|light fields?|digital humans?|avatars?|virtual (humans|characters|try-?on))\b6093    weight: 0.86094    field: both6095  - pattern: (?i)\b(scientific|information|data|volume|flow|medical|immersive) visuali[sz]ation\b|\bvisual analytics\b|\bvisuali[sz]ation (techniques?|systems?|design|tools?|research|pipeline)\b|\bInfoVis\b|\bSciVis\b|\bvisual encodings?\b|\bglyphs?\b|\btreemaps?\b|\bparallel coordinates\b6096    weight: 0.86097    field: both6098  - pattern: (?i)\b(procedural (generation|modeling|content|textures?)|game engines?|Unity|Unreal Engine|GPU (shaders?|rendering|ray)|Vulkan|OpenGL|DirectX|WebGL|WebGPU|real-?time graphics|interactive graphics|graphics APIs?)\b6099    weight: 0.76100    field: both6101  - pattern: (?i)\b(computational geometry|Voronoi|Delaunay|convex hull|triangulations?|mesh generation|geometric (algorithms?|computing)|computational (design|fabrication)|3D printing (design|geometry)|digital fabrication|architectural geometry)\b6102    weight: 0.66103    field: both6104  - pattern: (?i)\b(3D|geometry|geometric|shapes?|surfaces?|animation|visual)\b6105    weight: 0.26106    field: both6107  exclusions: []6108  related:6109  - computer_vision6110  - hci6111  - generative_ai6112  - scientific_computing6113  - algorithms6114  parent_of: []6115  child_of: []6116  provenance: All 4 topics of OpenAlex subfield 1704 mapped (T13615 transportation safety is the unmapped one), plus animation (Engineering 2207) and visualization (1707). TOG/CGF/SIGGRAPH are near-pure; TVCG shared with HCI.6117- id: privacy_preserving_computation6118  number: 366119  name: Privacy-Preserving Computation6120  area: security_privacy6121  definition: 'Computing on, releasing or sharing data while limiting what is learned about individuals: differential privacy, homomorphic encryption, secure multi-party computation and TEEs applied to data analysis and ML, anonymisation and synthetic data, private information retrieval, privacy attacks on models and their defences, machine unlearning, privacy engineering and regulation (GDPR). Federated learning is a child; cryptographic constructions as such are applied_cryptography.'6122  openalex_topics:6123  - id: T107646124    weight: 1.06125    note: privacy-preserving technologies in data (federated learning, differential privacy, SMPC, k-anonymity)6126  - id: T110456127    weight: 0.66128    note: privacy, security and data protection6129  - id: T129436130    weight: 0.56131    note: COVID-19 digital contact tracing6132  - id: T116146133    weight: 0.46134    note: cloud data security (outsourced encrypted data)6135  - id: T102376136    weight: 0.36137    note: cryptography and data security6138  - id: T129216139    weight: 0.36140    note: European criminal justice and data protection6141  - id: T109276142    weight: 0.36143    note: access control and trust6144  - id: T118006145    weight: 0.26146    note: user authentication6147  - id: T139996148    weight: 0.26149    note: digital rights management6150  - id: T116936151    weight: 0.26152    note: cryptography and residue arithmetic (HE arithmetic)6153  - id: T115986154    weight: 0.26155    note: secure e-voting6156  - id: T108286157    weight: 0.26158    note: biometric identification (template protection)6159  - id: T116896160    weight: 0.26161    note: adversarial ML (membership inference)6162  openalex_subfields: []6163  arxiv_categories:6164  - id: cs.CR6165    weight: 0.46166  - id: cs.LG6167    weight: 0.16168  - id: cs.DB6169    weight: 0.16170  - id: cs.CY6171    weight: 0.16172  dblp_streams:6173  - key: journals/popets6174    weight: 1.06175  - key: conf/pst6176    weight: 0.66177  - key: journals/dud6178    weight: 0.56179  - key: conf/satml6180    weight: 0.46181  - key: conf/trustcom6182    weight: 0.46183  - key: conf/ccs6184    weight: 0.36185  - key: conf/uss6186    weight: 0.36187  - key: conf/sp6188    weight: 0.36189  - key: conf/ndss6190    weight: 0.36191  - key: journals/tdsc6192    weight: 0.36193  - key: conf/esorics6194    weight: 0.36195  - key: conf/IEEEares6196    weight: 0.36197  - key: journals/tifs6198    weight: 0.26199  - key: journals/iacr6200    weight: 0.26201  - key: journals/compsec6202    weight: 0.26203  - key: journals/istr6204    weight: 0.26205  - key: journals/ijisec6206    weight: 0.26207  - key: conf/fat6208    weight: 0.26209  - key: journals/tkde6210    weight: 0.16211  - key: conf/sigmod6212    weight: 0.16213  - key: journals/pvldb6214    weight: 0.16215  - key: journals/cr6216    weight: 0.26217  - key: conf/nips6218    weight: 0.056219  - key: conf/icml6220    weight: 0.056221  - key: journals/jamia6222    weight: 0.16223  - key: journals/titb6224    weight: 0.16225  keywords:6226  - pattern: (?i)\bprivacy-?preserving\b|\bprivacy-?enhancing\b|\bprivacy-?enhanced\b|\bPETs?\b|\bprivacy-?aware\b|\bprivacy-?friendly\b|\bprivacy-?protecting\b|\bprivacy-?first\b|\bprivate (computation|inference|training|learning|information retrieval|set intersection|aggregation|analytics|statistics|record linkage|data (analysis|release|sharing|publishing)|queries|counting|mean estimation|synthetic)\b6227    weight: 1.06228    field: both6229  - pattern: (?i)\b(differential(ly)?[- ]privac(y|ate)|DP-?SGD|DP-?FTRL|local differential privacy|LDP\b|central DP|shuffle (model|DP)|Rényi differential|Gaussian mechanism|Laplace mechanism|exponential mechanism|privacy (budget|amplification|accounting|accountant|loss|guarantees?|leakage|attacks?|risks?|threats?|auditing|audit|breaches?|violations?|harms?|threat models?|implications|preserving|protection|mechanisms?|filters?|definitions?)|\(ε|epsilon-?delta|ε-?differential|moments accountant)\b6230    weight: 1.06231    field: both6232  - pattern: (?i)\b(homomorphic encryption|fully homomorphic|somewhat homomorphic|FHE\b|HE-?based|CKKS|BFV\b|TFHE|SEAL library|secure multi-?party computation|secure (two|multi)-?party|MPC-?based|MPC protocols? for (machine learning|inference|training|data)|secret sharing(-| )based (computation|learning)|garbled circuits? for|oblivious (transfer|RAM|inference|shuffling)|ORAM|trusted execution environments? for (privacy|private)|SGX-?based (privacy|private)|private information retrieval|PIR\b|zero-?knowledge proofs? (for|of) (machine learning|inference|training|data)|zkML|k-?anonymity|l-?diversity|t-?closeness|anonymi[sz](ation|ed|ing)|pseudonymi[sz]|de-?anonymi[sz]ation|re-?identification (risks?|attacks?)|linkage attacks?|synthetic data (generation|release) (for|with) privacy|privacy-?preserving (machine learning|deep learning|data mining|data publishing|record linkage|federated|inference|training|analytics|blockchain|computation|aggregation|statistics|queries|authentication|recommendation|biometrics|smart6233      grid|IoT|cloud|genomics)|PPML\b|PPDM\b|PPRL\b|membership inference|model inversion|attribute inference|property inference|gradient (leakage|inversion)|reconstruction attacks? (on|against) (models?|training data)|training data (extraction|leakage|memori[sz]ation)|data (leakage|minimi[sz]ation|protection by design)|machine unlearning|certified (unlearning|removal)|right to be forgotten|right to erasure|GDPR|CCPA|HIPAA (compliance|privacy)|data protection (regulation|laws?|impact assessment|authorities)|DPIA|consent management|cookie (consent|banners?)|privacy (polic(y|ies)|by design|engineering|compliance|regulation|laws?|labels?|nutrition labels?|dashboards?|settings|preferences|controls?)|purpose limitation|data (brokers?|sovereignty|trusts?)|personal data (processing|protection)|PII\b|personally identifiable)\b6234    weight: 1.06235    field: both6236  - pattern: (?i)\b(location privacy|trajectory privacy|genomic privacy|health data privacy|user privacy|data privacy|information privacy|individual privacy|privacy concerns?|privacy risks?|privacy (threat|attack) models?|privacy-?utility (trade-?off|tradeoff)|privacy (of|in|for) (users|individuals|patients|children|IoT|smart|mobile|location|voice|AR|VR|LLMs?|language models?|federated|blockchain|recommender|social)|inference attacks?|side-?channel (leakage|privacy)|website fingerprinting|traffic analysis attacks?|Tor\b|onion routing|anonymous (communication|credentials|networks?|messaging)|mix-?nets?|metadata privacy|unlinkability|unobservability|plausible deniability|contact tracing (apps?|privacy|protocols?)|DP-?3T|exposure notification)\b6237    weight: 0.86238    field: both6239  - pattern: (?i)\bprivacy\b|\bprivate\b|\bconfidential(ity)?\b|\banonymous\b|\bsensitive (data|attributes?|information)\b6240    weight: 0.46241    field: both6242  exclusions:6243  - (?is)^(?!.*(comput|data|algorithm|protocol|model|system|encrypt|differential|anonym|learning|inference|database|app|online|digital|users?)).*\b(privacy (in|of) (nursing|hospital rooms?|the home|toilets?|bedrooms?|bathrooms?)|private (practice|sector|hospitals?|schools?|equity|insurance|property|lands?|forests?|firms?|companies|banks?|clinics?|households?))\b6244  related:6245  - applied_cryptography6246  - cybersecurity6247  - ai_safety6248  - database_systems6249  - blockchain6250  - federated_learning6251  - ml_theory6252  parent_of:6253  - federated_learning6254  child_of: []6255  provenance: 'T10764 (97k works) keywords list federated learning, differential privacy, SMPC, k-anonymity: it is the host of both this category and its child. PoPETs is the only pure venue; security venues partial. Non-computing senses of ''private/privacy'' are vetoed when no computing term co-occurs.'6256- id: federated_learning6257  number: 376258  name: Federated Learning6259  area: security_privacy6260  definition: 'Training models across multiple clients or institutions without centralising their raw data: federated averaging and optimisation under heterogeneity, communication efficiency, client selection, personalisation, secure aggregation and privacy of federated systems, robustness to malicious clients, vertical and cross-silo federated learning, federated fine-tuning of foundation models, decentralised/gossip learning. A child of privacy_preserving_computation; also linked to distributed_computing and edge_computing.'6261  openalex_topics:6262  - id: T107646263    weight: 0.76264    note: privacy-preserving technologies (federated learning, non-IID data, communication efficiency)6265  - id: T102736266    weight: 0.16267    note: IoT and edge computing (federated learning at the edge)6268  - id: T113076269    weight: 0.16270    note: domain adaptation / personalisation6271  - id: T116896272    weight: 0.16273    note: adversarial robustness (Byzantine clients)6274  openalex_subfields: []6275  arxiv_categories:6276  - id: cs.LG6277    weight: 0.26278  - id: cs.DC6279    weight: 0.26280  - id: cs.CR6281    weight: 0.16282  - id: cs.NI6283    weight: 0.16284  dblp_streams:6285  - key: journals/tmc6286    weight: 0.16287  - key: journals/iotj6288    weight: 0.16289  - key: journals/tpds6290    weight: 0.16291  - key: journals/tifs6292    weight: 0.056293  - key: conf/satml6294    weight: 0.16295  - key: journals/tnse6296    weight: 0.16297  - key: journals/tnsm6298    weight: 0.056299  - key: journals/twc6300    weight: 0.056301  - key: journals/jsac6302    weight: 0.056303  - key: conf/infocom6304    weight: 0.056305  - key: journals/tnn6306    weight: 0.056307  - key: journals/tcc6308    weight: 0.056309  - key: conf/nips6310    weight: 0.026311  - key: conf/icml6312    weight: 0.026313  - key: conf/iclr6314    weight: 0.026315  keywords:6316  - pattern: (?i)\bfederated (learning|optimi[sz]ation|training|averaging|analytics|transfer learning|reinforcement learning|graph (learning|neural)|fine-?tuning|LLMs?|foundation models?|unlearning|recommendation|recommender|distillation|clustering|evaluation|inference|systems?|settings?|frameworks?|clients?|servers?|rounds?|aggregation|edge|IoT|healthcare|medical|split|meta-?learning|continual|domain|representation|contrastive|self-?supervised|semi-?supervised|prompt|instruction|benchmarks?|datasets?|simulations?|deployments?|platforms?)\b6317    weight: 1.06318    field: both6319  - pattern: \bFL\b6320    weight: 0.56321    field: both6322  - pattern: (?i)\b(FedAvg|FedProx|FedSGD|SCAFFOLD|FedNova|FedOpt|FedAdam|FedAdagrad|FedYogi|FedBN|FedPer|FedProto|FedDyn|FedMA|MOON\b|Ditto|pFedMe|FedRep|FedALA|FedLoRA|FedIT|FedBERT|personali[sz]ed federated|cross-?silo|cross-?device|non-?IID (data|clients?|settings?|distributions?)|statistical heterogeneity|client (drift|heterogeneity|selection|sampling|participation|dropout|unavailability|stragglers?)|secure aggregation|SecAgg|split learning|SplitFed|decentrali[sz]ed (learning|training|SGD|optimi[sz]ation|federated)|gossip (learning|SGD|averaging)|collaborative learning (without|across) (sharing|institutions?|data silos?|hospitals?)|swarm learning|vertical federated|horizontal federated|VFL\b|HFL\b|federated-?learning|Flower framework|FATE\b|FedML|TensorFlow Federated|TFF\b|LEAF benchmark|FedScale|model poisoning in|Byzantine-?robust (aggregation|federated)|Krum|Trimmed mean|free-?riders? in federated|incentive mechanisms? for federated|federated (unlearning|forgetting))\b6323    weight: 1.06324    field: both6325  - pattern: (?i)\b(communication-?efficient (distributed|learning|training|federated)|gradient (compression|sparsification|quanti[sz]ation) (for|in) (distributed|federated)|model aggregation|aggregation server|local (updates?|epochs?|training|steps?) (on|at) (clients?|devices?|the edge)|global model (and|is) (local|aggregated)|parameter server (for|and) (clients|devices)|on-?device (training|learning) (without|with) (sharing|privacy))\b6326    weight: 0.66327    field: both6328  - pattern: (?i)\b(privacy-?preserving (distributed|collaborative|decentrali[sz]ed) (learning|training|machine learning|deep learning)|data silos?|clients?|edge devices? (train|collaborat)|without (sharing|centrali[sz]ing|uploading|exchanging) (raw |local |private |their )?data)\b6329    weight: 0.66330    field: both6331  exclusions:6332  - (?is)^(?!.*(learning|training|model|client|aggregat|distributed|privacy)).*\b(federated (states?|republic|search|identity|database|cloud|governance|architecture|systems? of|network|information systems?|authentication|SSO|single sign)|federation of)\b6333  related:6334  - privacy_preserving_computation6335  - distributed_computing6336  - edge_computing6337  - ml_theory6338  - ai_safety6339  - foundation_models6340  parent_of: []6341  child_of:6342  - privacy_preserving_computation6343  provenance: No OpenAlex topic or DBLP stream isolates federated learning (it lives inside T10764 and in ML/networking venues), so 'federated <learning-term>' patterns and algorithm names (FedAvg, FedProx, SCAFFOLD...) carry the category at 1.0; bare 'FL' is 0.5 and case-sensitive. Non-ML senses of 'federated' are vetoed when no learning term co-occurs.6344- id: ai_safety6345  number: 386346  name: AI Safety and Alignment6347  area: ai_ml6348  definition: 'Making AI systems safe, aligned, robust, fair, interpretable and governable: alignment and preference learning framed as a safety problem, red-teaming and jailbreaks, adversarial robustness and backdoors, hallucination and truthfulness, bias and fairness, mechanistic interpretability, evaluation of dangerous capabilities, AI governance and regulation. Generic system security is cybersecurity; XAI as a statistical method only is ml_theory.'6349  openalex_topics:6350  - id: T108836351    weight: 1.06352    note: 'Ethics and Social Impacts of AI: AI safety, alignment, fairness, governance'6353  - id: T116896354    weight: 0.66355    note: adversarial robustness, backdoors, prompt injection6356  - id: T120266357    weight: 0.56358    note: explainable AI / mechanistic interpretability6359  - id: T138516360    weight: 0.46361    note: law, AI and intellectual property6362  - id: T122626363    weight: 0.36364    note: hate speech and cyberbullying detection (harm mitigation)6365  - id: T111476366    weight: 0.36367    note: misinformation and its impacts6368  - id: T105256369    weight: 0.26370    note: human-automation interaction and safety6371  - id: T143076372    weight: 0.16373    note: bioethics and human rights6374  openalex_subfields: []6375  arxiv_categories:6376  - id: cs.CY6377    weight: 0.56378  - id: cs.AI6379    weight: 0.26380  - id: cs.LG6381    weight: 0.16382  - id: cs.CL6383    weight: 0.16384  - id: cs.CR6385    weight: 0.16386  dblp_streams:6387  - key: conf/fat6388    weight: 1.06389  - key: conf/aies6390    weight: 1.06391  - key: journals/aiethics6392    weight: 1.06393  - key: conf/satml6394    weight: 1.06395  - key: journals/ais6396    weight: 0.56397  - key: journals/natmi6398    weight: 0.26399  - key: conf/nips6400    weight: 0.16401  - key: conf/iclr6402    weight: 0.16403  - key: conf/icml6404    weight: 0.16405  - key: journals/tai6406    weight: 0.26407  - key: journals/dai6408    weight: 0.16409  - key: conf/sp6410    weight: 0.16411  - key: conf/ccs6412    weight: 0.16413  keywords:6414  - pattern: (?i)\bAI (safety|alignment|governance|regulation|ethics|risks?|act|auditing|accountability|harms?|misuse|incidents?|oversight|assurance|red[- ]teaming)\b6415    weight: 1.06416    field: both6417  - pattern: (?i)\b(aligned|alignment of|align(ing)?|misaligned|misalignment of) (large )?(language models?|LLMs?|AI (systems?|models?)|foundation models?|agents?)\b|\bsuper-?alignment\b|\bvalue alignment\b|\bhuman values?\b6418    weight: 1.06419    field: both6420  - pattern: (?i)\b(jail-?break(s|ing)?|red[- ]teaming|prompt injection|backdoor (attacks?|defenses?)|data poisoning|model (stealing|extraction|inversion)|membership inference|adversarial (prompts?|suffixes?)|refusal|safety (training|fine-?tuning|guardrails?|alignment|benchmarks?|evaluations?)|guardrails?|harmful (content|outputs?|responses?|requests?)|unsafe (outputs?|behavio(u)?rs?))\b6421    weight: 1.06422    field: both6423  - pattern: (?i)\badversarial (examples?|attacks?|robustness|training|perturbations?|defenses?|vulnerabilit)\b|\bcertified robustness\b|\brobustness (certification|verification)\b6424    weight: 0.86425    field: both6426  - pattern: (?i)\b(algorithmic|AI|model|machine learning|ML|LLM|gender|racial|demographic|social) (fairness|bias(es)?|discrimination|transparency|accountability|audits?|auditing)\b|\bbias (mitigation|amplification|in (LLMs?|language models?|AI))\b|\bdebiasing\b6427    weight: 1.06428    field: both6429  - pattern: (?i)\b(responsible|trustworthy|ethical|safe|harmless|honest|helpful|human-?centered|human-?compatible|beneficial) (AI|artificial intelligence|machine learning|LLMs?|agents?)\b6430    weight: 1.06431    field: both6432  - pattern: (?i)\b(mechanistic interpretability|sparse auto-?encoders? (for|on) (LLM|language|features)|activation (steering|patching)|circuit discovery|probing classifiers?|representation engineering|superposition hypothesis|induction heads|feature visuali[sz]ation|concept (bottleneck|activation vectors?)|model editing|knowledge editing)\b6433    weight: 1.06434    field: both6435  - pattern: (?i)\b(hallucinations?|truthfulness|factuality|sycophancy|deceptive alignment|deception|reward hacking|specification gaming|goal misgeneralization|scalable oversight|weak-?to-?strong|constitutional AI|RLHF|preference (learning|optimi[sz]ation)|human feedback|over-?optimi[sz]ation|situational awareness|sandbagging|power-?seeking|instrumental convergence|corrigib)\b6436    weight: 0.86437    field: both6438  - pattern: (?i)\b(existential risks?|catastrophic risks?|x-?risk|frontier (AI|models?)|dangerous capabilit(y|ies)|misuse of AI|dual-?use|AGI (safety|risk|alignment)|superintelligen|loss of control|AI (doom|pause)|compute governance|responsible scaling|model (cards?|evaluations? for safety)|capability evaluations?|system cards?)\b6439    weight: 1.06440    field: both6441  - pattern: (?i)\b(toxic(ity)?|hate speech|harmful|offensive|abusive) (language|content|speech|text|generation|detection)\b|\bcontent moderation\b|\b(misinformation|disinformation|fake news) (detection|generation|and LLMs?)\b6442    weight: 0.56443    field: both6444  - pattern: (?i)\b(watermark(ing)?|detect(ing|ion) of|detecting) (LLM|AI|machine)-?generated (text|content|images?)\b|\bAI-?text detection\b6445    weight: 0.86446    field: both6447  - pattern: (?i)\b(machine unlearning|right to be forgotten|differential privacy for (LLM|language)|memori[sz]ation (in|of) (LLM|language models?)|training data extraction)\b6448    weight: 0.56449    field: both6450  - pattern: (?i)\b(uncertainty (quantification|estimation|calibration)|out-?of-?distribution detection|distribution shift|safe (reinforcement learning|RL|exploration)|runtime monitoring of (neural|ML)|verification of neural networks?)\b6451    weight: 0.46452    field: both6453  - pattern: (?i)\b(ethics|ethical|societal (impact|implications)|social (impact|implications)|regulation|policy|governance|accountability|transparency|explainability|interpretability|fairness|bias|safety|risk)\b6454    weight: 0.26455    field: both6456  exclusions:6457  - (?i)\b(multiple sequence|read|genome|sequence|image|spinal|wheel|dental|teeth|occlusal|fib(er|re)|beam|optical|antenna|shaft|laser) alignment\b(?!.*(AI|LLM|language model|RLHF|human values))6458  related:6459  - llm6460  - ml_theory6461  - cybersecurity6462  - privacy_preserving_computation6463  - ai_agents6464  - hci6465  - reinforcement_learning6466  parent_of: []6467  child_of: []6468  provenance: T10883 (field 33, Social Sciences) explicitly lists 'AI safety', 'AI alignment', 'algorithmic fairness'; T11689 and T12026 host the technical robustness/interpretability halves. FAccT, AIES, SaTML and AI & Ethics are the dedicated venues; the generic ethics/governance words are kept far below threshold.6469- id: sustainable_computing6470  number: 396471  name: Sustainable Computing6472  area: hardware_emerging6473  definition: 'The energy, carbon, water and material footprint of computing and how to reduce it: energy-efficient and carbon-aware systems, data-centre energy and cooling, Green AI and the cost of training and inference, life-cycle and embodied carbon of hardware, green software engineering and networking, energy harvesting and intermittent computing, computing for sustainability when the object studied is the computing system. Generic low-power circuit design is computer_architecture; energy-efficient communication is computer_networks.'6474  openalex_topics:6475  - id: T140986476    weight: 1.06477    note: 'energy efficiency in computing: data centre energy, server power'6478  - id: T122386479    weight: 1.06480    note: 'green IT and sustainability: green computing, green AI'6481  - id: T100806482    weight: 0.36483    note: energy-efficient wireless sensor networks6484  - id: T103636485    weight: 0.36486    note: low-power VLSI design6487  - id: T113926488    weight: 0.36489    note: energy harvesting in wireless networks6490  - id: T101016491    weight: 0.26492    note: cloud computing (data centres)6493  - id: T119546494    weight: 0.26495    note: energy efficiency and management6496  - id: T104356497    weight: 0.26498    note: environmental impact and sustainability6499  - id: T105026500    weight: 0.16501    note: energy-efficient neuromorphic computing6502  - id: T109336503    weight: 0.16504    note: real-time scheduling (energy-aware)6505  - id: T142966506    weight: 0.16507    note: climate change and sustainable development6508  openalex_subfields: []6509  arxiv_categories:6510  - id: cs.CY6511    weight: 0.26512  - id: cs.DC6513    weight: 0.26514  - id: cs.AR6515    weight: 0.26516  - id: cs.NI6517    weight: 0.16518  - id: cs.PF6519    weight: 0.16520  - id: cs.ET6521    weight: 0.16522  dblp_streams:6523  - key: journals/suscom6524    weight: 1.06525  - key: journals/tsusc6526    weight: 1.06527  - key: journals/tgcn6528    weight: 0.86529  - key: conf/islped6530    weight: 0.56531  - key: conf/ithings6532    weight: 0.36533  - key: journals/tcc6534    weight: 0.26535  - key: journals/tetc6536    weight: 0.26537  - key: journals/fgcs6538    weight: 0.16539  - key: journals/jsa6540    weight: 0.16541  - key: journals/tpds6542    weight: 0.16543  - key: conf/ccgrid6544    weight: 0.16545  - key: journals/cluster6546    weight: 0.16547  - key: journals/tjs6548    weight: 0.16549  - key: journals/ais6550    weight: 0.16551  - key: conf/fat6552    weight: 0.16553  - key: journals/aiethics6554    weight: 0.16555  - key: journals/tecs6556    weight: 0.16557  - key: journals/computer6558    weight: 0.16559  - key: journals/cacm6560    weight: 0.16561  - key: journals/cm6562    weight: 0.16563  - key: journals/network6564    weight: 0.16565  - key: conf/sc6566    weight: 0.16567  - key: journals/tnsm6568    weight: 0.16569  - key: journals/tsg6570    weight: 0.16571  - key: journals/patterns6572    weight: 0.16573  - key: journals/natmi6574    weight: 0.056575  - key: journals/ncs6576    weight: 0.16577  - key: journals/jocs6578    weight: 0.16579  keywords:6580  - pattern: (?i)\b(sustainable|green|carbon-?aware|carbon-?efficient|carbon-?neutral|carbon-?free|energy-?aware|energy-?efficient|energy-?proportional|low-?carbon|net-?zero|zero-?carbon|climate-?aware|eco-?friendly|environmentally[- ]friendly|frugal|lean) (computing|AI|artificial intelligence|machine learning|deep learning|software( engineering| development| design)?|data ?cent(er|re)s?|cloud|HPC|supercomput\w+|networking|networks?|ICT|IT\b|information technology|communications?|blockchain|mining|LLMs?|language models?|NLP|systems?|hardware|architectures?|scheduling|inference|training|computation|algorithms?|coding|programming|edge|IoT|5G|6G|wireless|datacent(er|re)s?|clusters?|servers?|GPUs?|chips?|processors?|storage|databases?|web|internet|digital)\b6581    weight: 1.06582    field: both6583  - pattern: (?i)\b(carbon (footprints?|emissions?|intensity|accounting|offsets?|costs?|impact|budgets?|aware(ness)?|efficiency|tax(es)? on|neutrality of|credits? for|dioxide emissions? (of|from) (computing|AI|data))|CO2(e|-?eq|-?equivalent)? (emissions?|footprint)|greenhouse gas(es)? (emissions?)? (of|from|and) (computing|AI|data ?cent|ICT|software|training|cloud|blockchain|digital)|embodied (carbon|emissions?|energy|footprint)|operational (carbon|emissions?)|life-?cycle (assessment|analysis|emissions?|carbon) (of|for) (computing|hardware|AI|data ?cent|servers?|smartphones?|ICT|devices?|software|electronics)|LCA of (ICT|hardware|data|AI|computing|electronics)|environmental (impact|footprint|costs?|sustainability|burden|implications?) of (computing|AI|artificial intelligence|machine learning|deep learning|LLMs?|language models?|data ?cent(er|re)s?|training|inference|software|blockchain|cryptocurrenc|Bitcoin|ICT|the internet|digital (technolog|infrastructure|services)|cloud|HPC|GPUs?|neural)|e-?waste|electronic6584      waste|WEEE|rebound effects? (of|in) (ICT|digital|computing|AI)|Jevons|sustainability of (AI|computing|ML|machine learning|software|data ?cent(er|re)s?|HPC|blockchain|digital)|Green500|Top500 (energy|power)|energy (consumption|usage|efficiency|footprint|costs?|demand|requirements?|profiling|measurement|modeling|budget|savings?) (of|for|in|during) (AI|training|inference|LLMs?|large language|deep learning|neural networks?|machine learning|data ?cent(er|re)s?|computing|software|blockchain|Bitcoin|mining|cryptocurrenc|HPC|supercomput|GPUs?|servers?|cloud|mobile apps?|smartphones?|web|video streaming|the internet|ICT|digital|edge|IoT devices?|federated|transformers?|generative)|power (consumption|usage|draw|cap(ping)?|budgets?|management|efficiency|demand) (of|for|in|at) (data ?cent(er|re)s?|GPUs?|servers?|training|inference|HPC|AI|supercomput|clusters?|cloud)|PUE\b|power usage effectiveness|WUE\b|water usage effectiveness|CUE\b|data ?cent(er|re)s? (energy|power|cooling|efficiency|sustainability|water|carbon|emissions|heat6585      reuse|waste heat|renewable|siting|demand response|load shifting|electricity)|cooling (of|for|in) data ?cent|liquid cooling (of|for) (servers|GPUs|data)|immersion cooling|free cooling|waste heat (recovery|reuse) (from|of) data|water (footprint|consumption|usage|use) of (AI|data ?cent|computing|LLMs?|training)|renewable(-?powered| energy (for|in|powered) (data ?cent|computing|cloud|HPC|AI|training|blockchain))|solar-?powered (data|computing|servers?|edge|IoT)|demand response (for|in|and) data ?cent|carbon-?aware (scheduling|computing|workload|training|shifting|load)|temporal (load|workload) shifting for carbon|spatial (load|workload) shifting for carbon|carbon-?intensity (signals?|aware|forecast)|grid carbon|marginal emissions? (factor|rate)|energy harvesting (for|in|powered) (IoT|sensors?|computing|devices?|wearables?)|battery-?free (devices?|computing|sensing|IoT)|batteryless|intermittent computing|energy-?harvesting devices?|ambient (RF|energy) harvesting for|green (software|coding|programming|IT|ICT|networking|cloud|AI|ML|NLP|data6586      ?cent(er|re)s?|HPC|computing|blockchain|mining|5G|6G|edge|IoT|DevOps|software engineering|web|design patterns|metrics|certification|procurement) (practices|metrics|patterns|principles|engineering|movement|initiatives?|standards?|foundation)?|Green Software Foundation|software carbon intensity|SCI\b|CodeCarbon|carbontracker|ML CO2 impact|experiment-?impact-?tracker|energy (labels?|efficiency ratings?) for (software|AI|apps?|models?)|FLOPs? (as|vs\.?|versus) (energy|carbon)|energy (per|per-?)(inference|token|query|FLOP|operation|bit|training run)|joules? per (inference|token|query|operation|bit)|energy-?delay product|EDP\b|performance-?per-?watt|perf/W|FLOPS/W|TOPS/W|GFLOPS/W|GOPS/W|energy-?efficient (scheduling|resource management|virtual machine|VM|consolidation|server|routing|protocols?|MAC|caching|offloading|inference|training|accelerators?|architectures?|processors?|memory|storage|algorithms?|software|coding|code|programming|data processing|query processing|databases?|deep learning|neural|AI|machine6587      learning|LLMs?|computing|HPC|supercomput|data ?cent|cloud|edge|IoT|wireless|networks?|communications?|5G|6G|blockchain|consensus|mining|web|mobile|smartphones?|embedded|FPGA|GPU|hardware|chips?|design))\b6588    weight: 1.06589    field: both6590  - pattern: (?i)\b(energy[- ]efficien(t|cy)|low[- ]power|power[- ]efficient|energy (consumption|saving|savings|optimi[sz]ation|reduction|management|harvesting|usage|cost|budget|constraints?|profile|model|footprint)|DVFS|dynamic voltage and frequency|power (management|capping|gating|budgets?|consumption|efficiency|usage)|thermal (management|efficiency)|cooling|heat dissipation|battery (life|lifetime|drain|consumption)|renewable energy|solar|wind power|smart grid|demand response|electricity (consumption|costs?|prices?|usage))\b6591    weight: 0.56592    field: both6593  - pattern: (?i)\b(sustainab(le|ility)|green|carbon|climate|environmental|emissions?|footprint|ecolog\w+|circular economy|e-?waste|recycl\w+|obsolescence|right to repair|digital sobriety|frugal)\b6594    weight: 0.36595    field: both6596  exclusions:6597  - (?is)^(?!.*(computing|comput\w+|data ?cent(er|re)|software|AI\b|artificial intelligence|machine learning|deep learning|neural network|LLMs?|language models?|cloud|HPC|GPUs?|servers?|processors?|chips?|hardware|algorithms?|networking|ICT|blockchain|internet|digital|IoT|wireless|smartphones?|electronics|semiconductor|IT\b|information technology|training|inference|code|programming)).*\b(green|sustainable|carbon|energy|climate|environmental)\b6598  related:6599  - cloud_computing6600  - computer_architecture6601  - ai_accelerators6602  - edge_computing6603  - distributed_computing6604  - computer_networks6605  - ai_safety6606  parent_of: []6607  child_of: []6608  provenance: T14098 (CS 1708, 7k works) and T12238 (Engineering 2208, 27k works) are the only topics centred on the footprint of computing; energy-efficient WSN/VLSI/harvesting topics shared at 0.3. SUSCOM, T-SUSC and T-GCN are the dedicated streams; generic 'energy-efficient' terms are 0.5 and 'green/sustainable' 0.3, with a veto when no computing term appears anywhere in the text.6609- id: autonomous_scientific_discovery6610  number: 406611  name: Autonomous Scientific Discovery6612  area: computational_science6613  definition: 'AI and automation systems that perform or substantially drive the scientific process: AI scientist and research-agent systems, automated hypothesis generation and literature synthesis, self-driving laboratories and closed-loop experimentation, AI-driven discovery of materials, molecules, equations, algorithms or theorems, autonomous experimental design, benchmarks for research agents, and the epistemology and evaluation of machine-generated science. Using ML inside a scientific pipeline without autonomy is scientific_computing or computational_biology; LLM agents in general are ai_agents.'6614  openalex_topics:6615  - id: T119486616    weight: 0.66617    note: 'machine learning in materials science: materials discovery, high-throughput experimentation, materials informatics'6618  - id: T102116619    weight: 0.36620    note: computational drug discovery6621  - id: T119866622    weight: 0.36623    note: scientific computing and data management (workflows)6624  - id: T139046625    weight: 0.36626    note: artificial intelligence applications (AI in science)6627  - id: T119376628    weight: 0.36629    note: research data management6630  - id: T119756631    weight: 0.26632    note: evolutionary algorithms (symbolic regression)6633  - id: T112066634    weight: 0.26635    note: model reduction and neural networks (equation discovery)6636  - id: T109066637    weight: 0.16638    note: AI planning (experiment planning)6639  - id: T131266640    weight: 0.16641    note: scientific research and discoveries6642  - id: T107786643    weight: 0.16644    note: philosophy and history of science6645  - id: T141006646    weight: 0.16647    note: scientific research and technology6648  - id: T139766649    weight: 0.16650    note: web visibility and informetrics (science of science)6651  openalex_subfields: []6652  arxiv_categories:6653  - id: cs.AI6654    weight: 0.26655  - id: cs.LG6656    weight: 0.16657  - id: cs.DL6658    weight: 0.26659  - id: physics.comp-ph6660    weight: 0.26661  - id: q-bio.QM6662    weight: 0.16663  - id: cs.CE6664    weight: 0.26665  - id: cs.MA6666    weight: 0.16667  - id: cs.CY6668    weight: 0.16669  dblp_streams:6670  - key: journals/mlst6671    weight: 0.76672  - key: journals/ncs6673    weight: 0.66674  - key: journals/natmi6675    weight: 0.56676  - key: journals/patterns6677    weight: 0.46678  - key: journals/jcheminf6679    weight: 0.36680  - key: journals/jcisd6681    weight: 0.26682  - key: journals/scientometrics6683    weight: 0.26684  - key: conf/jcdl6685    weight: 0.26686  - key: journals/aisy6687    weight: 0.26688  - key: journals/dai6689    weight: 0.26690  - key: journals/frai6691    weight: 0.26692  - key: journals/jossw6693    weight: 0.26694  - key: conf/xsede6695    weight: 0.26696  - key: journals/jasis6697    weight: 0.16698  - key: journals/softx6699    weight: 0.16700  - key: journals/tai6701    weight: 0.16702  - key: journals/ais6703    weight: 0.16704  - key: journals/cphysics6705    weight: 0.16706  - key: journals/sncs6707    weight: 0.16708  - key: journals/ijdsa6709    weight: 0.16710  - key: journals/bdcc6711    weight: 0.16712  - key: conf/aaai6713    weight: 0.056714  - key: conf/nips6715    weight: 0.056716  - key: conf/iclr6717    weight: 0.056718  - key: conf/icml6719    weight: 0.056720  - key: journals/synthese6721    weight: 0.16722  keywords:6723  - pattern: (?i)\b(autonomous|automated|automating|automation of|AI-?driven|AI-?assisted|AI-?enabled|AI-?powered|AI-?based|AI-?generated|AI-?augmented|LLM-?driven|LLM-?based|LLM-?powered|LLM-?assisted|LLM-?generated|agent-?based|agent-?driven|agentic|closed-?loop|self-?driving|robotic|machine-?learning-?driven|ML-?driven|ML-?guided|machine-?guided|data-?driven|algorithmic|computational|end-?to-?end|fully automated|human-?AI) (scientific (discovery|research|experimentation|experiments?|method|process|inquiry|workflows?|reasoning|hypothes\w+|writing|peer review|literature|ideation|insight|knowledge discovery|laborator\w+)|science|discovery (of|in) (materials|molecules|catalysts|drugs|laws|equations|physical laws|governing equations|new (physics|chemistry|mathematics)|proteins|alloys|polymers|reactions|synthesis routes|theorems|algorithms|conjectures)|materials discovery|molecular discovery|drug discovery pipeline|hypothesis (generation|testing|discovery|formulation|ranking)|literature (review|synthesis|mining|survey|search)6724      (at scale|generation|automation)?|theorem (proving|discovery)|conjecture (generation|discovery)|mathematical discovery|experimental (design|planning|campaigns?|loops?)|experiment (design|planning|selection|execution)|research (assistants?|agents?|pipelines?|workflows?|automation|ideas?|ideation|proposals?|questions?)|peer review(ers?)?|paper (writing|generation|reviewing|review)|manuscript (generation|writing)|idea generation|laborator(y|ies)|labs?|chemist|synthesis planning|retrosynthesis|reaction (optimi[sz]ation|discovery)|materials (acceleration|synthesis|design|exploration)|knowledge discovery|scientific knowledge (graph|extraction|synthesis))\b6725    weight: 1.06726    field: both6727  - pattern: (?i)\b(self-?driving lab(s|oratory|oratories)?|SDLs?\b|autonomous (laborator\w+|experiment\w*|research|discovery|exploration of (chemical|materials)|materials (platform|synthesis|research)|synthesis|chemistry|science|scientist|agents? for (science|research|discovery)|workflows? for (science|discovery))|AI scientist|AI co-?scientist|AI (for|in|4) ?science|AI4Science|AI-?enabled science|ML for science|machine learning for (scientific discovery|science)|scientific (machine learning agents?|foundation models?|LLMs?|agents?|discovery (with|using|via|through|by) (AI|machine learning|LLMs?|agents?|deep learning|neural|automated|autonomous)|language models?|reasoning (with|in) LLMs?|data (agents?|discovery agents?))|LLMs? (for|in|and|as) (science|chemistry|biology|materials|physics|mathematics|research|scientific|discovery|experiment)|language models? (for|in|as) (science|chemistry|biology|materials|scientific|scientists?|discovery|experiment)|ChemCrow|Coscientist|FunSearch|AlphaEvolve|AlphaTensor|AlphaProof|AlphaGeometry|AlphaDev|AlphaFold6728      (3|database)|GNoME|Eureka\b|AI Feynman|SINDy|PySR|symbolic regression|equation (discovery|learning|identification)|discover(y|ing|ed) (of )?(governing|physical|scientific|conservation|dynamical) (equations|laws|principles)|law discovery|automated (hypothesis|theory|experiment\w*|discovery|literature|materials|reaction|retrosynthesis|synthesis planning|lab(oratory)?|science|scientific|reasoning for (mathematics|discovery)|conjecturing|proof discovery|data analysis|statistician|machine learning|data science|modeling|model discovery|design of experiments|feature discovery)|high-?throughput (experimentation|screening|computation|virtual screening|materials|synthesis|DFT|simulations?|discovery)|Bayesian optimi[sz]ation (for|of|in|guided) (materials|experiments?|chemistry|synthesis|reactions?|discovery|molecules|design|process)|active learning (for|in|guided) (materials|chemistry|experiments?|molecular|drug|science|discovery|synthesis|catalysts?)|inverse design|generative (models?|design|AI)6729      for (molecules|materials|proteins|catalysts|crystals|drugs|chemistry|discovery)|materials (informatics|genome|acceleration platforms?|project)|cloud lab(s|oratory|oratories)?|lab(oratory)? automation|robotic (chemist\w*|chemistry|synthesis|laborator\w+|experiment\w*|platforms? for (science|chemistry|biology|materials))|mobile robotic chemist|Emerald Cloud Lab|Strateos|AutoML for science|scientific (claim|fact) (verification|checking|extraction)|literature-?based discovery|LBD\b|hypothesis (generation|generators?|machines?)|research (ideation|idea generation)|AI-?generated (research|papers?|hypotheses|reviews?|science)|machine (scientists?|discovery)|robot scientists?|Adam and Eve|Eve robot|discovery (engines?|pipelines?|platforms?|systems?|loops?) (for|of|in) (materials|science|chemistry|drugs?|molecules|biology)|automated (theorem proving|reasoning) (for|in) (mathematics|discover)|AI (for|in) (mathematics|theorem|math research)|LLM (agents?|systems?|pipelines?|frameworks?) for (science|research|discovery|chemistry|biology|materials|experiment|data6730      analysis|literature)|agents? for (scientific|science|research|discovery|chemistry|biology|materials|experiment|lab)|science (of science|agents?|automation|LLMs?|benchmarks?)|SciAgents|ChemAgents|BioPlanner|AI (Scientist|Researcher|Co-?Scientist)|Sakana|Virtual Lab|AI Virtual Cell|AI (lab|laboratory)|closed-?loop (optimi[sz]ation|experiment\w*|discovery|synthesis|materials|learning for))\b6731    weight: 1.06732    field: both6733  - pattern: (?i)\b(benchmarks? for (scientific|AI scientist|research agents?|discovery|science|AI4Science|lab)|ScienceAgentBench|MLAgentBench|MLE-?bench|DiscoveryBench|SciCode|LAB-?Bench|ChemBench|MatSciBench|PaperBench|SciBench|ResearchBench|CORE-?Bench|AAAR|BixBench|SciReplicate|ReplicationBench|SWE-?bench for science|TheoremQA|TPBench|AlgoTune|evaluating (AI|LLM|machine)-?generated (research|papers?|hypotheses|science))\b6734    weight: 1.06735    field: both6736  - pattern: (?i)\b(scientific|science|discovery|experiment(s|al|ation)?|laborator(y|ies)|research|hypothes[ie]s|materials|molecules|chemistry|theorems?|conjectures?)\b6737    weight: 0.36738    field: both6739  exclusions:6740  - (?is)^(?!.*(AI\b|artificial intelligence|machine learning|deep learning|neural|LLMs?|language models?|agents?|autonomous|automated|automation|robot|Bayesian optimi[sz]ation|active learning|symbolic regression|algorithm|computational|closed-?loop|high-?throughput|self-?driving)).*6741  related:6742  - ai_agents6743  - llm6744  - scientific_computing6745  - computational_biology6746  - formal_verification6747  - algorithms6748  - information_retrieval6749  - ai_safety6750  parent_of: []6751  child_of: []6752  provenance: No OpenAlex topic or DBLP stream isolates autonomous discovery; T11948 (materials discovery, high-throughput experimentation) is the closest host and MLST/Nat. Comput. Sci./Nat. Mach. Intell. the closest venues. Keyword patterns on '<automation term> <science term>', named systems (Coscientist, FunSearch, AlphaEvolve, AI Scientist...) and research-agent benchmarks carry the category; a veto removes texts with no AI/automation term at all.6753assignment_rule:6754  score: sum of weights of matched signals, each signal type capped at 1.0, then sum over signal types6755  signal_types:6756  - openalex_topics6757  - openalex_subfields6758  - arxiv_categories6759  - dblp_streams6760  - keywords6761  threshold: 1.06762  primary: argmax of score; ties broken by the more specific category (child before parent), then by lower number6763  exclusions: if any exclusion regex matches the concatenated title+abstract, the category is vetoed for that work6764  keyword_field: title patterns are matched on the title only; abstract on the abstract only; both on title+abstract6765  notes: 'OpenAlex topic weights assume the work''s primary topic (or any of its up-to-three topics; the classifier takes the max over matched topics before capping). Weights below 1.0 are deliberate: such signals must be corroborated by another signal type to reach the threshold.'6766